3G Fundamentals

INDOSAT- NOKIA 3G Demo Jakarta, 05 Jan 2006

Reji Warrier System Marketing Manager Radio Access Network reji.warrier@nokia.com

NOKIA Reji Warrier

Vision of UMTS Specification

Worldwide specified Clear added value to GSM and backward compatible with GSM/ISDN Full support for multimedia and advanced services Generic radio access Services must not be limited by the network capability. UMTS Release 99 network evolution enhanced GSM core network enhanced service infrastructure

new radio interface solution more efficient more flexible

WCDMA FDD-mode TDD-mode

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International Mobile Telephone - 2000 r 3G Systems

or Framew k fo

IMT-2000 radio interface options

CDMA
Direct Spread
(on paired frequency spectrum)

TDMA
(on unpaired frequency spectrum)

FDMA
(on unpaired frequency spectrum)

Multi Carrier
(on paired frequency spectrum)

Time Code

Single Carrier
(on paired frequency spectrum)

Time Code

3G systems
cdma2000 FDD mode
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UWC-136 (EDGE) TDD mode

(DECT)

UMTS

Network evolution
HW/SW Changes HLR & AC & EIR
IP Networks

BTS

BSC

TCSM

MSC&VLR

PSTN ISDN

BTS

BSC

TCSM SGSN

Value Added Service Platform(s): SMSC, VMS

IN
IP Networks

TRX Change & Transmission Upgrade GGSN BTS RNC MGW

Higher GPRS rates are to existing networks to support Packed Data data is added obtained by introducing EDGE in the GSM network 3G-SGSN GPRS adds improved data services with a new Packets witched backbone Where Data Awasthenetwork for new from Sub-Systems (BSS,Features like HSCSD Even Rel'3; new BTS, Radio Network services) were of NSS and OSS) GSM GSM are (value added and differentiation (e.g. Pre-Paid) UMTSRatesintroduced is increased by3implementation partGateway, networks Media IN at in start, VAS made servicesController, elementsof GSM 3G-SGSN SGSN and GGSN are two main
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The subsystems of UMTS

ATM WCDMA

Uu

Iu

Service Service Platform Platform

UE UE
UE = User Equipment RAN = Radio Acces Network CN = Core Network NMS = Network Management System

RAN RAN

CN CN
O&M

NMS NMS

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UMTS Rel. 99: UTRAN

UTRAN (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network)
Node B
Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)

CN (Core Network)
3G MSC/VLR
circuit switched (cs) domain

Iub Uu UE Uu UE Node B Node B Iub Node B

RNC

Iu-CS

Iur

RNC

Iu-PS

3G SGSN
packet switched (ps) domain

Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)

RNC UE
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Radio Network Controller User Equipment = Mobile Equipment (ME) + Universal SIM (USIM)

Radio Network Controller Tasks & Functions

WCDMA radio resource management incl. Radio resource management of channel configurations, traffic and control channels, handovers, power control. Telecom functionality incl. Location & connection management, ciphering, Iu and Iub channel management, ATM switching and multiplexing Maintenance incl. Fault localisation and reconfiguration Operation incl. RNC and Node B parameter modification

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Node B Tasks & Functions

Radio Channel functions. O&M Processing.
Interfacing with NMS and RNC for alarm and control (Operations and Maintenance) functions. Logical to physical channel mappings. Encoding/Decoding Spreading/Despreading user traffic and signalling.

RNC
Iub Interface ATM

10 10 10 01 01 01 01 00 01

Uu Interface WCDMA

Cellular Transmission management

Managing ATM switching and multiplexing over the Iub interface. Control of AAL2/AAL5 connections. Control of the physical transmission interfaces E1, PDH, SDH or microwave.
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Air Interface management.

Controlling Uplink and Downlink radio paths on the Uu Air Interface. Baseband to RF conversion. Antenna multicoupling.

Network architecture of Rel 4

Separation of control plane from user plane, simpler and more efficient Statistical multiplexing gain and convergence with PS core as ultimate aim More efficient transmission reduces costs this allowing more complex services to be offered Evolutionary phase towards Release 5 which in turn will offer even more advanced services GERAN implementation

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HSDPA Release 5
AMC, adaptative modulation and coding 16 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation used in good radio link conditions Automatic Retransmission Query (ARQ) as error detection mechanism provides efficient retransmissons support for services requiring high data rates in downlink, e.g. Internet browsing and video on demand. High data rates up to 10Mbit/s

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Wireless Principle
Transmission Type

Simplex Transmission Half Duplex Transmission Duplex Transmission

Radio Communication

Analogue :- Voice over the air Digital :- 0s & 1s are transmitted over the air

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FDD and TDD

Duplex Transmission Frequency Division Duplex
tim e

Time Division Duplex

tim e
Uplink Downlink Uplink

Up lin k

Do w

nli

Downlink Uplink Downlink

frequency
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nk

frequency

With FDMA, the users transmit simultaneously using separate frequencies

Used for broadcast. Different broadcasts in the same region. FDMA is used in cellular communications. Used higher power and lower frequencies
tim m m ob e2 ile ph m on ob e3 ile ph on e4 ho n ob ile p m e1 ob ile p ho n e

carrier band
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frequency

Space Division Multiple Access

Growing customer demand. Geographical region into smaller areas called cells. Each cell would use a frequency different than those of its nearest neighbours. Same frequency can be used multiple times in the same geographical region. Two freq in one cell. Basic limit of one call per frequency.
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TDMA divides the frequency into multiple time slices

Mobile Phone 3 Dividing the frequency into multiple time slices so that multiple users can access the same frequency at the same time.
tim e

Mobile Phone 2 Mobile Phone 1 Mobile Phone 4 Mobile Phone 3

Mobile Phone 2 Mobile Phone 1 Mobile Phone 4 Mobile Phone 3 Mobile Phone 2 Mobile Phone 1 carrier band
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TDMA frame

TDMA frame frequency

Code Division Multiple Access

The user data is combined at the transmitters side with a code, then transmitted. On air, all transmission get mixed. At the receivers side, the same code is used as in the transmitters side.
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Sharing the frequency by using different codes

Power (P)

Time
Codes

Frequency
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WCDMA air interface properties

Originating Bit WCDMA Received Bit

Power

Frequency Band

Duration (spreading factor)

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Spreading and sharing the same space

P User A P P f Data P User B P Data after spreading f Transmission over the air f Despread User B signal A at the receiver f

f
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Managing interference in CDMA

p sign al

interferen ce sign al

interferen ce

f T ransm issio n o ver th e air

f
Despread sign al at the receiver

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3G Access Rate targets

3G Radio Access

Pedestrian & Office (<10 km/h): bit rate <= 2 Mb/s

Outdoor (< 150 km/h): bit rate 384 kb/s, target 512 kb/s

Outdoor (<250 km/h): bit rate 144 kb/s, preferably more

Environment Rural Outdoor (Speed < 250 km/h) Urban/Suburban (Speed < 150 km/h)

RT Service Peak Rate (Delay fixed 20 300 ms) 144 384 kb/s 384 512 kb/s

NRT Service Peak Rate (Delay varies 20 300 ms) 144 384 kb/s 384 512 kb/s - 2 Mb/s (Special conditions)

Indoor/Low Range Outdoor - 2 Mb/s (Speed < 10 km/h) (Special conditions)

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CDMA theory

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Differences between WCDMA & GSM

High bit rates
WCDMA Carrier spacing Frequency reuse factor 5 MHz 1 1500 Hz Radio resource management algorithms 5 MHz bandwidth gives multipath diversity with Rake receiver Load-based packet scheduling Supported for improving downlink capacity GSM 200 kHz 118 2 Hz or lower Network planning (frequency planning) Frequency hopping

Spectral efficiency

Power control frequency Quality control Frequency diversity

Different quality requirements

Packet data Downlink transmit diversity

Timeslot based scheduling with GPRS Not supported by the standard, but can be applied

Efficient packet data

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WCDMA Capacity

128 kbps

144 kbps

"Cell breathing"
64 kbps

144 kbps

f1 144 kbps

f1

64 kbps

8 kbps

64 kbps

The size of cell varies according the traffic load

64 kbps 64 kbps

Low load 200 kbps -> large coverage

NOTE! WCDMA capacity is a function of radio environment, user mobility/location and propagation conditions. Examples above are just examples of WCDMA cell capacities of a 3 sector macro cell BS configuration.
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High load 800 kbps -> smaller coverage

Mobile Station Base Station

Where are codes used?

Dedicated User Channel

Call set-up, SMS etc. messages Signalling

Voice, video and other user data Data

C hannel Coding Channels Radio Framing Spreading & Channelisation Scrambling

M odulation R AKE Tx Air interface

In the Uplink (UE Node B), the user's data and signalling information is separated by Channelisation Codes In the Downlink (Node BUE), cells are seperated by Scrambling Codes In the Downlink (Node B UE), In the Uplink (UE Node B), user connections are separated by terminals are separated by Channelisation Codes Scrambling Codes

signalling data

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Interference in CDMA
Interference

Interference is caused by mobiles in the neighbouring cells as well as by mobiles in the same cell area (uplink)
Signal

Total interference experienced by BTS is summary of all those If interference increases the needed output power from MS needs to be increased as well.

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Power control in WCDMA

Fast, accurate power control is of utmost importance particularly in UL;

UEs transmit continuously WCMDA often uses 1 frequency Poor PC leads to increase interference > reduced capacity

From BTS perspective every UE accessing network increase interference WCMDA capacity is proportional to interference level > minimise interference PC maintains link quality by adjusting UE (UL) and BTS (DL) powers every slot Mitigates 'near far effect', by providing minimum required power for each connection UEs and BTSs should always be at the lowest possible transmission power PC utilises Signal-to-Interference Ratio (SIR) independently for each connection Provides protection against shadowing and fast fading

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Power control
P1 P2

Node B

Node B

RNC

Open Loop Power Control (Initial Access) Closed Loop Power Control

Outer Loop Power Control

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Open Loop Power Control

Controlled by UE Determines how much power UE should use during random access procedure (UL) Network informs UE of current network status; CPICH power (RNP parameter)
UL required C/I ratio (RNP parameter) UL interference

UE uses these parameters to calculate initial power of RACH preamble If access request is not detected power of preamble is increased in steps After detection of MS signal, the initial SIR is calculated in RNC MS Output Power AICH

Preamble

Preamble

Preamble

Preamble

Mesage Part

RACH
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Fast Loop Power Control

Located in BTS and UE Controls the power of the dedicated physical channels Power control changes can occur every slot (i.e. 1500 times per second) BTS and UE continuously compare recevied SIR with SIR target and inform each other to either increase or decrease its power (using TPC commands)

Without Power Control

Received power at BS Received power at BS MS4

With Optimum Power Control

MS3 MS1 MS2

MS2 MS1 MS3 MS4

MS1 MS2 MS3 MS4

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Closed Loop Power Control

Adjusts the SIR for every user based on BER/FER observation. Initial, max. and min. SIR values are set by AC Needed to track changes in radio environment Aims to provide required quality UL quality evaluation is made after MDC RNP parameters control the threshold comparison process for SIR target and the reporting of these results If SIR target reaches its maximum (I.e. radio conditions deteriorate even though SIR target is inceased, system has to take action; inter-frequency / inter-system handover RRC connnection release

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Handover types
BSC Inter-System GSM900/1800

MSC

CN

RNC

Intra-System

Inter-System

WCDMA FDD

WCDMA TDD
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Active cells and soft handovers

RNC
selection /
duplication frame

CN

o i l i t y in f e reliab fram

fra

me rel i

ab ilit

yi

nf o

1) Connection to BS1
P

4) Connection to BS2 3) Drop BS1

2) Add BS2 Soft handover window

BS1

BS2

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Handover types
Node B Node B Node B
Multipath Signal through Sector 1 Sector 1 f1 Sector 2 f1

Frequency f1

Frequency f1

Sector 3 f1

Multipath Signal through Sector 3

Soft Handover

Node B

BTS

Softer Handover
RNC
Iur

RNC

UMTS

GSM900/1800

Node B

Node B

Inter-System Handover

Iub

Iub

Node B
Frequency f1 Frequency f2

Node B
Frequency f1
4

Hard/Inter-Frequency Handover
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Frequency f1

Load Control
Overload threshold x Load Target threshold y Overload Control Preventive Load Control

Power

Time

Estimated capacity for NRT traffic. Measured load caused by non-controllable load (RT)
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Admission Control
25

Interference Margin (dB)

20

15

Defines the limit (the first UL overload threshold) for the UL interference margin, after which the BS starts its load control actions to prevent overload.

Planned uplink interference margin; defines the optimum operating poit up to which the AC can operate.

10

Offset

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

Load
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Summary
Power Admission Control Load Control Overload actions Packet Scheduler PS decreases the bitrates and drops NRT bearers PS decreases the bitrates of NRT bearers P_CellMax

PrxThreshold or PtxThreshold

AC does not admit Load preventive LC new bearers actions

PrxTarget+PrxOffset or PtxTarget+PtxOffset

AC does not admit new bearers

No actions

AC admits RT bearers normally

No actions

PS does not increase NRT load, PrxTarget or but can change PtxTarget NRT bitrates PS increases the amount of NRT bearers Load

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Features of WCDMA
Efficient use of spectrum Limited frequency management Low mobile station transmit power Uplink and downlink resource utilisation independent Wide variety of data rates Improvement of multi-path resolution Statistical multiplexing advantage Increased standby-time from higher rate control channels.

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Features of WCDMA
Efficient use of spectrum ( disco trans dec inter, incr cap NRT data when not enough RT..) Limited frequency management Low mobile station transmit power Uplink and downlink resource utilisation independent ( Diff bit rates in UL/DL) Wide variety of data rates Improvement of multi-path resolution Statistical multiplexing advantage ( More channels/user in one carrier) Increased standby-time from higher rate control channels. ( wideband spectrum, ms listens only part of the time )

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Key operator benefits

New service capabilities means new business opportunities for operators, (further differentiation) Revenue opportunity with increased data/voice traffic New frequency spectrum The path towards IP mobility

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Key end-user benefits

Integrated customised services Simplified service provisioning and service upgrades Wireless personal Internet Multimedia messaging Enhanced e-mail Telecommuting Improved quality of service Support for video/audio clips
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Thank You Jakarta, 05 Jan 2006

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Review Questions
1. In UMTS, there are two methods used for transport through the air interface. The first is UMTS-FDD. What is the second one? a. TDD, Time Doubled Division b. CDD, Code Division Duplex c. TDD, Time Division Duplex d. CDD, Code Divided Data

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Review Questions
2. Which of the following sentences best describes the phenomenon called cell breathing? a. When more capacity is used, the cell spreads in size. b. When more capacity is used, the cell shrinks in size. c. The cell will adjust its size in line with the furthest users. For example, if the user is 5 km away, the cell is 5 km. If the user is 2 km away, the cell is 2 km. d. Cell breathing is the height of the cell: from 2 - 3 km towards the atmosphere.

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Review Questions
3. There are two types of codes used in UMTS. These are the channelisation and scrambling codes. Why are the scrambling codes used? a. To separate downlink physical channels in a cell. b. To separate user data and signalling in the network. c. As security to check if the User Equipment (UE) is not stolen. d. To separate different cells in the downlink direction.

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Review Questions
4. The Iur-interface is used between two RNCs. What is the purpose of this interface? a. There is no use for this interface. b. It is used for soft handovers. c. It is used to transfer software files. d. It is used when a RNC has a hardware failure.

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