ELECTRIC CHARGE AND FIELD Electrostatics- no net motion of charge.

COULOBMS LAW -Between two point charges -Describes the relationship between electric charge and electric field Is the basic law of interaction for point electric charges. For charges q 1 and q2 separated by a distance r, the magnitude of the force on either chare is proportional to the product q1q2 and inversely proportional to r2. The force on each charge is along the line joining the two charges-repulsive if q1 and q2 have the same sign, attractive if they have opposite signs. The forces form an action-reaction pair and obey Newtons Third Law. In SI units the unit of electric charge is the coulomb, abbreviated C. The principle of superposition of forces states that when two or more charges each exert a force on a charge, the total force on that charge is the vector sum of the force exerted by the individual charges. In SI units *k (Coulombs constant)= 8.99 x 109 Nm2/C2 *F= electric force *q= charge *r= radius/distance between two charges = 8.988 x 109

* (Epsilon-zero/naught)= 8.854 x 10-12 C2/Nm2 E= 9.11 x 10-31 kg P=1.673 x 10-27 kg N= 1.675 x 10-27 kg e= 1.6 x 10-19 C

ELECTRIC FIELD AND FORCE; N/C A vector quantity. Is the force per unit charge exerted on a test charge at any point, provided the test charges that cause the field. The electric field produced by a point charge is directed radially away from o r toward the charge. ; Electric field at a point as the electric force divided by the charge . experienced by a test charge at the point,

NOTE: Electric Field inside a conductor is ZERO! SUPERPOSITION OF ELECTRIC FIELDS This principle stats that the electric field of any combination of charges is the vector sum of the fields caused by the individual charges. To calculate the electric field caused by a continuous distribution of charge, divide the vector sum or each component sum, usually by integrating. Charge distributions are described by linear charge density , surface charge density , and volume charge density . ELECTRIC FIELD LINES Field lines provide a graphical representation of electrical fields. At any point on a field line, the tangent to the line is in the direction of at that point. The number of lines per unit area (perpendicular to their direction) is proportional to the magnitude of at that point.

ELECTRIC DIPOLES An electric dipole is a pair of electric charges of equal magnitude q but opposite sign, separated by a distance d. The electric dipole moment is defined to have magnitude p = qd. The direction of is from negative toward positive charge. An electric dipole in an electric field experiences a torque equal to the vector product of and . The magnitude of the torque depends on the angle between and . The potential energy U for an electric dipole in an electric field also depends on the relative orientation of and .

GAUSSS LAW CHARGE AND ELECTRIC FLUX; Nm /C Electric Flux is a measure of the flow of electric through a surface. It is equal to the product of an area element and the perpendicular component of , integrated over a surface. THREE CASED IN W/C ZERO NET CHARGE INSIDE A BOX AND NO NET ELECTRIC FLUX THROUGH THE SURFACE OF THE BOX. 1. Empty box w/ =0 2. Box w/ 1 positive and 1 equal-magnitude negative charge 3. Empty box immersed in a uniform electric field. GAUSSS LAW; alternative for Coulombs Law ; Total E Flux through a closed surface is equal to the
2

total (net) electric charge inside the surface, divide by Holds for irregular surfaces of any shapes/sizes Only holds to closed surface enclosing a charge = surface integral (closed) = q1 + q2 + q3 ++ qn Gausss Law states that the total electric flux through a closed surface integral of the component of E normal to the surface equals a constant times the total charge Qencl enclosed by the surface. Gausss Law is logically equivalent to Coulombs Law, but its use greatly simplified problems with a high degree of symmetry. When Excess charge is placed on a conductor and is at rest, it reside entirely on the surface, = 0 everywhere in the material of the conductor. NOTE: **Wrong illustration on the right -> Every field line that passes through the smaller sphere also passes through the large sphere thus, Total flux is equal through each sphere (Flux = independent of the R).

Electric field of various symmetric charge distributions: The following table lists electric fields caused by several symmetric charge distributions. In the table, q, Q, , and refer to the magnitudes of the quantities. Charge Distribution Point in Electric Field Electric Field Magnitude
Single point charge q Charge q on surface of conducting sphere with radius R Infinite wire, charge per unit length Infinite conducting cylinder with radius R, charge per unit Distance r from q

Outside sphere, r > R Inside sphere, r < R Distance r from wire Outside cylinder, r > R Inside cylinder, r < R

Solid insulating sphere with radius R, charge Q distributed uniformly throughout volume

Outside sphere, r > R Inside sphere, r < R

Infinite sheet of charge with uniform charge per unit area Two oppositely charged conducting plates with surface charge densities + and -

Any point

Any points between plates