NEWTON COLLEGE D-16/85 SEC-3 ROHINI PREPERED BY LALTESH VASHISTHA PH:9990470395

CHAPTER-7

Control and co-ordination

STIMULI: The changes in the environment to which the organism respond and react are called stimuli. CO-ORDINATION The working together of organs in a systematic manner so as to produce a proper response to stimulus is called co-ordination. NERVOUS SYSTEM (ANIMALS) The functional and structural unit of nervous system is neuron. RECEPTORS That organs which detect the changing taken place in the environment is called receptor. There are various types of receptors associated with all the sense organs 1. Phono receptor It detects sound, present in ears 2. Olfactory receptor It detects smell, present in nose 3. Gustatory receptor It detects taste, present in tongue 4. Photo receptor It detects light, present in eyes 5. Thermo receptor It detects heat or light, sensitive to touch, present in skin Structure of neuron or nerve cells The neuron has three components 1. Cell body 2. Dendrites 3. Axon The information is sent in the form of an impulse. 1) Cell body - It is like a typical animal cell, which contains cytoplasm and nucleons. 2) Dendrites Fibre like structure arising from cell body of neuron is called dendrites 3) Axon- the longest fibre on the cell body of neuron is called axon Passage of Information from one neuron to another neuron. Ist of all the information aquired at the end of the dendrites tips of the nerve cell. It sets of a chemical reaction that creates an electrical impulse. This impulse travel from dendrite to the cell body then along the axons to its end At the end of the axon sets of the release of some chemicals. This chemical cross the gap called synapse from one neuron to another Synapse The junction between two neurons over which nerve impulse pass from one neuron to next neuron is called synapse. REFLEX ACTION The sudden, spontaneous and involuntary response to stimulus is called the reflex action.

e.g.: Hand is withdrawn when it accidentally touches a hot object.

The reflex actions are carried out by spinal cord. Brain dont involve carrying the decision of reflex action as, it is a thinking tissue, so it take time to send message to the effecter organs. It is sufficient time to harm us. REFLEX ARC. The path followed by reflex action is called reflex arc. Reflex actions are carried by three types of nerves: 1. Sensory neuron - Carry the information from receptors to spinal chord or brain. 2. Motor neuron - Bring the information from spinal cord to effectors organ. 3. Relay neuron - It is the junction b/w the sensory nerve and motor nerve where the exchange of information takes place.

Schematic pathway: STIMULUS RECEPTOR ORGAN (sensory neuron) SPINAL CORD (motor neuron) EFFECTOR ORGAN RESPONSE

IMP Q. Q. Does brain involve in reflex action? If not why? Reflex action is an instant action towards stimuli but brain is a thinking tissue so it think before sending message to instruct muscle to move. And it is sufficient time to get harm us. Therefore brain do not involve in reflex action. All the reflex action is carried out by spinal chord. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM(CNS)

 It consist of 2 parts (i) Brain (ii) Spinal Chord SPINAL CHORD Spinal cord is made up of nerves which supply information to think about it also perform the function of reflex action. It is protected by back bone. BRAIN Brain is a thinking tissue, which consists of dense network of intricately arranged neurons. It sits in the forward end of the skull. It is protected by bony box called cranium or skull. It receive the information from all parts of the body and integrate in it. Brain is mainly divided into 3 parts 1 Fore brain 2 Mid brain 3 Hind brain

Fore Brain
Forebrain is the main thinking part of the brain. It has separate parts for sensory impulse and motor impulse. Separate area for fore brain is specialized for hearing, smell, sight, taste etc. All voluntary actions and memories or capability to think is stored in the fore brain. All decisions are carried by sensory region send to motor area which control the movement of voluntary muscles. All these sensory and motor regions are the part of cerebrum of fore brain. The sensation of feeling full of stomach is carried in forebrain; it has separate part associated with it. MID BRAIN Mid brain control reflex movement of the head, neck and trunk in response to visual and auditory stimulus. Certain involuntary actions like change in size of pupil etc are also carried by the mid brain. HIND BRAIN It has three parts: Pons Medulla oblongata Cerebellum PONS: it helps in regulating of respiration. MEDULLA: it controls various involuntary actions such as heartbeat, blood pressure, breathing, vomiting etc. CEREBELLUM: It helps in maintaining posture of body. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM It facilitates the communication between CNS and all parts of body. It consists of mainly two nerves. Cranial nerves: they arise from brain. Spinal nerves: they arise from spinal cord.

PROTECTION OF BRAIN TISSUE Brain tissue is protected by a bony box structure which is called cranium or skull. The brain is contained in fluid filled balloon which is called cerebrospinal fluid. It protects brain from mechanical shocks. ACTION CAUSED BY NERVOUS TSSUE When the action or movement is to be performed then muscles tissue do the final job. Q How do animals muscles tissue move? Ans. When a nerve impulse reaches the muscles, then the muscles fibre cause the muscles to move. Q. How does muscle cell move? Ans. Muscles cell move by changing their shape so that they become shortened. Q. How do muscles cell change their shape? Ans. Muscles cell has a special protein called contractile proteins, that change both their shape and their arrangement in the cell in response to nervous electrical impulse. When this happen then new arrangement of proteins give the muscle cell a shorter form.

CO-ORDINATION IN PLANTS: Plants lack nervous and muscular system. Plants respond to stimuli by showing 2 types of movements growth independent and growth dependent. Growth independent movements are usually quicker than growth dependent ones, and involve the use of electrochemical signals by the plant. To achieve this movement, the plant cells change shape by altering their water content.Eg. Drooping of leaves of a touch-me-not plant when it is touched. Growth independent movement is also called nastic movement. These movements neither take place towards stimulus nor away from stimulus. Q-What happens when the leaves of a touch-me-not plant are touched? A-When the leaves of a touch-me-not plant are touched; the plant uses electrical-chemical means to convey this information from cell to cell. Plant cells at the leaf base change their shape by changing the amount of water in them. This results in folding and drooping of leaves.
TROPIC MOVEMENT (GROWTH DEPENDENT MOVEMENT OR DIRECTIONAL MOVEMENT)

Movement of part of plant towards stimulus is called tropic movement or tropism.Tropic movements are shown in response to environmental factors such as light, gravity, water and chemicals. Plant roots are positively geotropic and negatively phototropic whereas plant shoots are usually negatively geotropic and positively phototropic. Pollen tubes show chemotropism by growing towards the ovules. Conduction of information by electro-chemical means in plants and animals plants animals No specialised tissue for conduction of information Specialised for conduction of information

Cells change their shape by changing Cells change their shape due to the the amount of water in them presence of specialised proteins Movements due to growth: 1. Growth of tendrils: When a tendril comes in contact with a support, then the part of the tendril away from the support grows more rapidly than the part of the tendril that is in contact with the object, thus the tendril circles around the object and appears to cling to it. This type of movement is also called thigmotropism. 2. Phototropism: Directional movement of a plant/plant part in response to light, for example: shoots show positive phototropism. 3. Geotropism: Directional movement of a plant/plant part in response to gravity, for example: roots show positive geotropism. 4. Chemotropism: Directional movement of a plant/plant part in response to chemicals, for example- growth of the pollen tube towards the ovule. 5. Hydrotropism: Movement of a part of a plant in response to water, for example: roots of plant always move towards water. LIMITATIONS OF USE OF ELECTRICAL IMPULSE IN ANIMAL CELL There are mainly two limitations to use the electrical impulse in animal cell1. They reach only those cells that are connected by nervous tissue, not each and every cell in animal body. 2. Cell can not continually create and transmit electrical impulse. Because of these limitations most multicellular organism use another means of communications between cells which is called chemical communications or hormones. Plant hormones or phytohormones: These are chemical substances produced naturally by plants; they are capable of being translocated and regulate one or more physiological processes when present in low concentrations.
HORMONE Auxins Gibberellins FUNCTION They are released in response to light, promote cell elongation, also the development of seedless fruits

Growth of stem, seed germination, flowering Cytokinins Cell division (in fruits and seeds) , breaking of seed dormancy Abscisic Acid Inhibits growth, promotes wilting of leaves. Ethylene Promotes fruit ripening processes. Hormones in Animals: The hormones in animals are produced by the endocrine glands, and they too play an important role in control and coordination. Hormones are chemical substances that control and coordinate activities of living organisms and also their growth. The term hormone was introduced by Bayliss and Starling. Animal hormones do not bring about directional growth depending on environmental cues, but promote controlled growth in various areas to maintain the body design. The various endocrine glands in humans are hypothalamus, pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, thymus, pancreas, adrenal glands, ovary (in female) and testis (in males). Features and functions of hormones:
1. They are secreted by the endocrine glands and are called chemical messengers. 2. They are poured directly into blood stream as endocrine glands have no ducts of their own (ductless glands). 3. They usually have their effect at sites different from the sites where they are made. They act on specific areas called target organs. 4. Hormones coordinate body activities and growth 5. They are released in minute quantities.

Hormone
Growth Hormone

Endocrine Gland
Pituitary

Function
Regulates growth and development of body

Deficiency may cause

Dwarfism

Thyroxin Adrenaline Insulin Testosterone Oestrogen

Thyroid Gland Adrenal gland Pancreas testis ovary

Regulates growth and development of body Controls carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism Regulates blood sugar levels Causes development of sexual organs and secondary sexual characteristics in males Causes development of sexual organs and secondary sexual characteristics in females

Goitre -Diabetes ---

How does our body respond to emergency situations like fight?

In case of flight or fight reaction to an emergency situation, Adrenal glands release adrenaline into blood i.The heart begins to beat faster resulting in supply of more oxygen to the muscles. ii. The blood to the digestive system and skin is reduced due to the contraction of muscles around small arteries in these organs. This diverts the blood to our skeletal muscles. iii. The breathing rate increases because of the contraction of the diaphragm and the rib muscles. iv. All these responses together enable the body to be ready to deal with the situation.

Why are some patients of diabetes treated by giving injections of insulin?

Insulin produced by the pancreas regulates the level of blood sugar glucose inthe blood. When a persons pancreas does not produce enough insulin, blood sugar level rises, a disease called diabetes. Such diabetic patients are given injections of insulin so that the sugar level in the blood can be controlled.

Why is the use of iodized salt advisable?

Difference between nervous and endocrine system: Nervous system Mode of Electrical impulses communication Speed of Very quick communication Can reach Only cells connected by nervous system Continuity Cannot continuously transmit impulses

Iodine is important for the thyroid gland to make thyroxin hormone. Thyroxin regulates carbohydrates, proteins and fat metabolism in the body so as to provide the best balance for growth. If iodine is deficient in the diet, thyroxin cannot be produced and the thyroid gland at the neck swells, a condition called goitre. Use of iodized table-salt can provide the required amount of iodine in the diet.

Endocrine system Chemical compounds

slow

All cells of the body Can act steadily and persistently

Prepared by laltesh vashistha (Newton college) ph 09990470395