Experimental Modal Analysis

Slides to accompany lectures in ME 599/699:

Vibro-Acoustic Design in Mechanical Systems

2002 by A. F. Seybert Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Kentucky Lexington, KY 40506-0503 Tel: 859-257-6336 x 80645 Fax: 859-257-3304 seybert@engr.uky.edu

Goals of the Lecture

Experimental Modal Analysis

Understand how experimental modal analysis complements other methods of vibration analysis Learn to perform experimental modal analysis on a simple system Understand how modal information is extracted from measured data Correlate measured natural frequencies and modes with those obtained analytically and numerically

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ME 599/699 VibroAcoustic Design

Principles
Experimental Modal Analysis Every mechanical system (structure) has a large number (theoretically infinite) natural frequencies. Associated with each natural frequency is a displacement pattern (mode) in which the structure prefers to vibrate.

First vibration mode

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Second vibration mode

ME 599/699 VibroAcoustic Design

Principles (cont.)
Experimental Modal Analysis A natural frequency may be detected experimentally by exciting the structure with a harmonic force and varying the frequency until resonance is achieved. At resonance, the mode associated with the natural frequency may be observed. By roving an accelerometer over the surface, the mode may be recorded and plotted.

F sin 1t

F sin 2 t

First vibration mode

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Second vibration mode

ME 599/699 VibroAcoustic Design

Principles (cont.)
Experimental Modal Analysis Excitation by an impulsive load (impact force) will produce a transient response consisting of a superposition of all the modes of vibration and their corresponding natural frequencies. Accelerometer is moved and impact test is repeated at as many points where a mode is desired.
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impulse

response

Acceleration (m/s2)

ME 599/699 VibroAcoustic Design

Hammer Delivers Measurable Impact Force

Experimental Modal Analysis

Piezoelectric load cell

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ME 599/699 VibroAcoustic Design

Principles (cont.)
Experimental Modal Analysis
H ij = Ai ( ) Fj ( )

Acceleration (m/s2 )

Hij FFT

Impulse response and frequency response function (FRF) at point i due to impact at point j. Hij is invariant because it is a ratio of the response to the input. Repeat for all points i = 1 to N while holding j fixed (requires moving the accelerometer of having a large number of them.)
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Freq (Hz)

Point-Picking to get Mode Shape

Experimental Modal Analysis These are the relative values of each mode at point i: Hij(? 1), Hij(? 2), etc.

Hij

Freq (Hz)

We can visualize each mode k by plotting Hij(? k ), i = 1 to N, over the surface of the structure. Hij(? k ):
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i=1

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Point-Picking Method
Experimental Modal Analysis

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ME 599/699 VibroAcoustic Design

Reciprocity
Experimental Modal Analysis Static beam deflection by reciprocity P(xo ) x y(x) y y y(xo ) P(x) x

y ( x | x o ) = y ( xo | x )
For dynamic (FRF) measurement:

H ij = H ji

Thus, we can fix the accelerometer (i) and move the impact point (j).
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Modal Analysis Example

Experimental Modal Analysis

&& x j (t )

Fi (t )

PC
Foam Pad Steel beam (1/2x1/2x18-1/8)

H ji ( ) =

Aj ( ) Fi ( )

Determine first four modes and natural frequencies experimentally Compare with theory (see vibration book) for free-free beam Compare with ANSYS model
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Modal Parameter Extraction

Experimental Modal Analysis For each mode of the structure we want: Natural frequency Damping Mode shape Methods: Peak picking (SDOF) Circle fit (SDOF) MDOF curve fitting

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Peak Picking Method

Experimental Modal Analysis
H ji (k )

H ji ( k )

The mode shapes are found by plotting the peak value at k for all the FRFs measured (from the excitation point j to each point i).
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n k 2 1 2 k

k 1 2

Peak Picking Method - Features

Experimental Modal Analysis

assumes a SDOF FRF accuracy depends on the reliability of the peak value modes must be well-separated (little modal overlap) damping must be small (so that n k ) but not too small so that peak value has high measurement uncertainty a quick approach for preliminary evaluation and trouble shooting

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ME 599/699 VibroAcoustic Design

Circle Fit Method

Experimental Modal Analysis Also assumes SDOF FRF (same shortcomings of PPM) Plot of mobility (reciprocal of impedance) is a circle in the complex (Nyquist) plane Process fits SDOF mobility function to measured data using least squares (better than PPM) Natural frequency, damping, and mode shapes are found from fitted functions Re (1/Zm) SDOF model FRF data Im (1/Zm)
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MDOF Curve Fitting

Experimental Modal Analysis Every FRF has the form:
b0 + b1s + + bm s m H (s ) = a0 + a1s + + ap s p (m p )

as and bs from curve fit

The roots of the characteristic equation are the eigenvalues:

(s ) = a0 + a1s + + a p s p = (s + 1 )(s + 2 ) (s + p ) = 0 i , = i i j i 1 i2 i

Natural frequency and damping ratio for each mode

Partial fraction expansion to obtain residues: n Ai H (s ) = 2 Ai = H (s ) s 2 + 2 i i s + i2 s + 2 i i s + i2 i =1

s = i

Ai for all FRFs are used to plot mode shape for each mode i
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Example MDOF Curve Fit

Experimental Modal Analysis

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ME 599/699 VibroAcoustic Design

Example MDOF Curve Fit

Experimental Modal Analysis

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