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Organismo Pblico Descentralizado de la Administracin Pblica Estatal

MANUAL DE TERCER CUATRIMESTRE DE MANTANIMIENTO INDUSTRIAL (M-DC-01)

ALTAMIRA, TAMAULIPAS.

MAYO 3,2012

Blvd. de los Ros km.3+100, Puerto Industrial Altamira. Altamira, Tam. C.P. 89608 Tel/Fax (833)260 0252 al 54 www.utaltamira.edu.mx

TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction . Objective Vibration . Introduction . Basic Concepts . Amplitude and frequency Types of vibration . Lateral .. Axial . Torsional VALVES .. Introduction . Regulating valve Phrasal verbs list 2 4 4 4 5 7 7 7 8 9 9 10 10 20

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1. OBJECTIVES This course covers the following areas pertaining to mechanical equipment: Vibrations Valves Steam Traps Flow sheets FIRST PARTIAL 1. VIBRATIONS

INTRODUCTION Vibrations are found almost everywhere in power plants. Rotating machinery vibrates due to unbalances, misalignments and imperfect bearings, piping and heat exchangers vibrate due to flow pulsations, structures vibrate because vibrations are transmitted onto them from various equipment that they house, and even power lines vibrate due to a wind gusts. These are just typical examples and not a complete list. Vibration, in general, reduces equipment life and, in extreme cases, can result in equipment damage or even catastrophic failures. On the other hand, existence of vibration can also be used to diagnose equipment problems and provide early warning before any expensive damage occurs. Vibration control monitoring are essential for safe and economic plant operation. There is a broad use of vibration monitoring in the operation and maintenance of nuclear plants. Some large and expensive pieces of equipment, such as turbine-generators, main heat transport pumps and boiler feed pumps, are monitored on a continuous basis. Other equipment has vibration readings taken and assessed periodically to evaluate the condition of the equipment and prevent costly damage. This forms part of a predictive maintenance program. In this section the basic characteristics and causes of vibration, the consequences of excessive vibration, and the methods of its prevention will be covered. This knowledge will enable you to understand some preventive operating and maintenance practices. Exercise: 1. Explain why does rotating machinery vibrate? 2. Why do heat exchangers vibrate? 3. What are used for the vibration readers? 4. What kind of maintenance is realized with the readers? 5. Why will be useful to know the basic characteristics of vibration?

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2. BASIC CONCEPTS Lets start with an object supported rigidly at one end and moving in one plane as shown in Figure 1. We could view it as, for example, an approximation of a 1-beam embedded in a wall, a cantilevered centrifugal pump impeller, or a fuelling machine snout. Imagine that the object is deflected to one of the maximum position and then let go. The object will move through the equilibrium position to the opposite maximum position, back through the equilibrium position to the original maximum position and so on. This repetitive motion about the equilibrium position is called vibration. It is the part that occurs between two consecutive passes through the equilibrium position in the same direction is called one cycle. Figure 1 shows how to displacement of a fixed point on the object changes during one cycle. Amplitude and Frequency Referring to Figure 1, we can define some basic characteristics of vibration. Amplitude Amplitude (A) is the maximum displacement from the equilibrium position or the maximum velocity or acceleration, depending on the vibration transducer used. For simplicity, we will focus on displacement, in which case the customary unit for vibration amplitude is a micron (1 m) . This is a small fraction of a meter: 1m = 10m. Frequency Frequency (f) is the number of vibration cycles per unit of time. The unit of frequency is a hertz (Hz), which is one cycle per second. Since the rotational speed of rotating machinery is expressed in revolutions per minute (RPM) , it is common to express the frequency of its vibration in cycles per minute (CPM). Because one minute has 60 seconds, the relationship between hertz and CPM is : 1Hz = 60 CPM.

1. EXERCISE OF COMPREHENTION AND UNDERSTANDING.

1.1 TRANSLATION PRACTICE. Translate into Spanish the reading Basic Concepts. ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________
Altamira, Tam. ________________________________________________________________________________________ C.P. 89608 Tel/Fax (833)260 0252 al 54 www.utaltamira.edu.mx Blvd. de los Ros km.3+100, Puerto Industrial Altamira.

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________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________. II.- Write down the general idea of this reading, in Spanish ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________. III. Look up the next words definition in English. o o o o o o o o o Beam Cantilevered CPM Displacement Fixed point Impeller Motion RPM Transducer

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3. Forced and Natural Frequencies

A. - Forced frequency of vibrations is the frequency that results from application of a pulsating force. An object subjected to a repeated excitation force vibrates at the same frequency as the applied force. This type of vibration is referred to as forced vibration. B. - Natural frequency is at which the object would vibrate after the initiating force is removed and the object is left on its own. This type of vibration is referred to as free or natural vibration. In practice, due to friction and energy transmission to surrounding objects, the amplitude of free vibration decreases until the object comes to rest. A classic example is a plucked guitar string, and an example from a plant would be a vibrating pipe after a water hammer blow. C. - What causes natural vibration to continue after the initial disturbance has been removed? It is a

combination of the objects inertia and stiffness. The latter produces a restoring force and / or torque when the object is not in its equilibrium position. The term restoring reflects the fact that the force/torque is always directed towards the equilibrium position and attempts to restore the equilibrium state. In most cases, this force/torque is the result of stresses produced in the object when it is removed from the equilibrium position. For example, a restoring torque is produced in a deflected pipe or a twisted shaft. The review what happen during one cycle, refer to Figure 2 in which the spring represents the de objects stiffness, while the suspended mass its inertia. EXERCICE: Write down the main ideas of the paragraphs A, B, C in the following lines. ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________. QUESTIONS 1.- What is force vibration? 2.- What is Natural frequency? 3. How is natural vibration caused? 4. Where is restoring torque produced?
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FIGURE 2 HERE. Page 5 3. 2 Forced and Natural Frequencies After the object is deflected and released, the restoring force will accelerate the object according to the Newtons Law of Acceleration. The restoring force will them diminish ad become zero at the equilibrium position. However, due to its inertia, the object cannot stop infinitely quickly. Instead, it will move the opposite side of the equilibrium position where the opposite restoring force will decelerate the object. At the maximum displacement, the objects velocity is zero, but the restoring force is still there and will accelerate the object again toward the equilibrium position. The object will continue to move from one side to the other. If the object were friction-free and perfectly isolated such that no energy could leave or enter, the object would vibrate forever with constant amplitude. In reality, vibration will sooner or later cease because of friction and energy transmission to the surroundings. The natural frequency of a free vibration is the same every time this vibration occurs, regardless of amplitude (unless the object gets deformed plastically). For example, when the initial amplitude is doubled, so is the restoring force/torque. The object accelerates/decelerate twice as fast, and therefore it needs exactly the same time to complete one cycle. It turns out that every object has infinitely many frequencies, each corresponding to a different type and mode of vibration. These are described below. TYPES OF VIBRATION There are three types of vibration in term s of the direction of motion and deformation experienced by the vibrating object Lateral Axial, and Torsional Legend: T= restoring torque =angular displacement from equilibrium position; k = Torsional stiffness FIGURE 3 HERE PAGE 6 4. Lateral, Axial, Torsional
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( Figures 1 and 2);

(Figure 3)

Lateral Lateral vibration is the most common. It occurs when the object deflects/bends laterally to its longitudinal axis. When the object is supported loosely, it can vibrate laterally without bending ( Figure 4 and b). Examples of equipment subjected to lateral vibration are rotating machinery shafts, pipes and heat exchangers tubes.

Axial Axial vibration occurs when the object is subjected to pulsating axial forces. This can happen, for example, in rotating machinery shafts, pipes, and fuel bundle strings in the reactor fuel channels.

Torsional Torsional vibration occurs when the object goes through a pulsating angular motion around an axis of reference ----- usually its own longitudinal axis. Typical examples are rotating machinery shafts and turbine or compressors blades. Very seldom, if ever, does an object experiences only one type of vibration. The reason is a vibrating object is typically subjected to many pulsating forces acting simultaneously. Some of them excite lateral vibrations, other axial or Torsional. Furthermore, each of the vibration can have different modes. Figure. 4 shows some of them for a constant diameter shaft vibrating laterally: Modes (a) and (b) show rigid shafts in loose or soft bearing, while modes (c) and (d) concern a flexible shafts in tight and stiff bearings.

a.)

c.)

b.)

d.)

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FIGURE 4. HERE PAGE 7. Mode 8c) has only two nodes (point where displacement is zero) in the bearings, while mode (d) has three nodes: two in the bearings and one in the middle. Other modes with 4, 5, and more nodes also exist. In fact, each object has infinitely many modes for each type of vibration. Fortunately, the higher modes have their natural frequencies so high above the range of forces frequencies that they not occur. The concept of natural frequencies is important for prevention of excessive vibration. For the reason explained later, we should avoid situations where a forced frequency equals a natural frequency. We must therefore know the factors affecting the values of natural frequencies. This will help understand how some operating conditions can change these frequencies.

SECOND PARTIAL 1. VALVES

INTRODUCTION Valves are the most common components in nuclear power plants. There are several thousand of them in each unit of the plant. They come in many different designs and are used for a multitude of services. From an operating viewpoint, it is practical to classify them according to the function they perform in the systems. A valve can usually provide one of the following services. Regulating, Isolating, Back flow prevention, or Pressure relief. Valves can be manually operated o can be equipped with an actuator. Actuator can be powered by a number of mediums: o o o Pneumatic, Electric, or Hydraulic

In a previous course you looked at valves classified by their closing element: ball, gate diaphragm, globe, etc. In this section we will look at valves from the point of view of their service or purpose in the system. REGULATING VALVE SERVICE Valves performing a regulating function are normally referred to as control valves. The equipment code designation for control valves is CV.A control valve is often the final device in a control loop. A control valve can be open or closed or at any position in between as determined by the control scheme. Control valves are typically fitted with a valve positioner. A valve positioner is a device that compares the control signal (representative of the desired valve position) and compares itBlvd.thelos Ros km.3+100, position and Altamira. to de actual valve Puerto Industrial then sets the Altamira, Tam.
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valve to the desired position by manipulating the driving force on the valve. The majority of control valves in a CANDU station use a pneumatic operator to drive them. A few use hydraulics. One of the important design parameters of control valve is the valve characteristic. If it is to properly control a system action the valve must have the proper characteristic. The discussion will remove around globe valves. It is very common to use globe valves as control valves however; they are by no means the only type used for this service. Vee-Ball valves, needle valves and butterfly valves are also used extensively and even they do not comprise a complete list.

2. VALVE CHARACTERISTICS From the operating viewpoint, it is important to know bow much fluid will pass through a valve when it is at a certain position and what pressure drop will the valve cause. Both parameters: flow and pressure drop are a function of so called valve trim. Valve trim, in general, is all removable parts of the valve in contact with the process fluid. Practically, it is the seat and the closing element i.e., plug, gate, disc, ball, etc. Figure 9 shows a typical glove valve. Figure 9 here page 21 Measuring the flow through a valve at different stem position and plotting the data graphically obtain the flow characteristic. The flow through the valve is pressure dependent. However, the valve manufacturer does not know the pressure differential across the valve after it is installed in a system.. That is why valves are tested by the manufacturers and flow characteristic produced at a constant pressure differential. This characteristic provide by the manufacturer is called inherent flow characteristic. The relationship between the travel and flow will depend on the shape of the valve trim. The most typical inherent flow characteristics are in Figure 10. Valve characteristics are associated with another term: valve gain or sensitive. It is defined as the ratio of the change in flow to the change in travel when there is a constant differential pressure across it. In reality the gain is the slope of the valve characteristic. Quick Opening Characteristic The quick opening characteristics produces the maximum change in flow at low valve travels with a nearly linear relationship. Further increases of valve

Fig.1 An original valve design compared to the same valve as retrofitted

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3. COUPLINGS Introduction Shaft couplings are transmission components that allow the machine designer and equipment user to connect or extend the driving and driven shaft. Coupling applications may be found in all industrial systems and the method for coupling selection is usually derived from coupling manufacturers literature and specifications. The basic purpose of a coupling is to join two shafts and to end. The coupling should be capable of transmitting the rated torque capacity of the shaft while accommodating any misalignment between the shafts. There are three principal types of mechanical couplings: rigid, flexible and universal joints. When selecting a coupling, consideration should be given to the following drive features: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Speed of the unit Horsepower requirements Torque capacities Shaft sizes Space limitations Installation and removal requirements Availability of spare coupling parts Problems with alignment Type of alignment practices Vibration and balancing requirements of the machine.

When selecting a coupling for a particular application, a service factor requirement should be considered, as well the type of prime mover and driven implement should be known. In some applications, in order to accommodate the required shaft bores, larger sized coupling may have to be selected even though the horsepower and other requirements may be handled by a smaller sized coupling. EXERCISES: Answer the questions about the reading. 1. What do allow the couplings? 2. - What is the basic purpose of couplings? 3. - Mentioned the three main types of couplings mechanisms. ____________________________________________________. 4. - What are the considerations taken when is a coupling selected? Blvd. ____________________________________________________. de los Ros km.3+100, Puerto Industrial Altamira.

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5. - What should you consider when selects a coupling in particular? ____________________________________________________. In you dictionary look for the meaning of the following a. join. ____________________ b. shaft ____________________ c. misalignment ____________________ d. horsepower ____________________ Translate the following sentences The basic purpose of a coupling is to join two shafts end to end. ___________________________________________________

There are three principal types of mechanical couplings: rigid, flexible and universal
joints. _______________________________________________________

When selecting a coupling for a particular application, a service factor requirement should be
considered. _____________________________________________________________________ 4. RIGID COUPLINGS RIGID COUPLINGS Rigid couplings provide a fixed union between two shafts. Consequently, the shafts must have accurate alignment during their operation and solid bearing support which will provide for smooth, deflection free operation. A rigid coupling cannot tolerate or accommodate any misalignment between the driver and driven unit. Therefore accurate alignment and effective bearing support is of utmost (=extreme) importance. Shaft misalignment on units joined by rigid couplings can cause premature bearing failure, vibration problems and internal alignment and deflection problems between the machines bearing bore. In a high number of coupling applications, misalignment is the rule rather than the exception. Sources of misalignment may occur from factors such as: Poor alignment practices Bearing wear Structural deflections Thermal expansions Settling of machine foundations.

Another problem is axial movement of the shafts developed by thrust loads, thermal expansion or machine movement such as an electric motor shaft moving axial seeking magnetic center position. EXERCISES: Translate the first paragraph of the reading.
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________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________

Read again the paragraphs and look for the opposite of the following words. 1. Rigid 2. Solid 3. Misalignment 4. High 5. Extreme __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ THIRD PARTIAL 1. RIBBED TYPE

RIBBED TYPE This coupling is used in heavy load and torque services where two shafts of the same diameter are positively coupled together. The two halves of the coupling are split parallel to the shafts axis. A special long key can be used to position the two shafts with a special long keyway in each. Ribbed couplings permit quick and easy removal or installation. If the alignment is accurately maintained there will be no coupling wear and no maintenance requirements. The two shafts must be of the same diameter for a stock ribbed rigid coupling application. See illustration # 2. ________________________________________________

FLANGE FACE TYPE This coupling is used to connect equal or unequal diameter shafts. It consists of two flanged halves bored and keyed to fit each shaft. Two set screws are provided for securing the flanged halves to their respective shafts. The flanged halves are constructed with male and female type fit or are joined together with bolts positioned in closely fitted holes in the flanges.
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This ensures that minimal eccentricity exists. This rigid coupling must be aligned precisely in order for it to be assembled. The alignment accuracy is necessary so the male-female fit joints together without force and the size on size flange bolts and holes match properly. Flange face couplings are easily installed and removed on rotating equipment. Some type of press or puller arrangement is used to aid in removing the flanges. The flanges are installed with a slight interference fit on the shaft; therefore heating the coupling halves are necessary for installation. These couplings require no maintenance and there should be no wearing parts if the flanges are properly torque and alignment is maintained during operating conditions.

EXERCISES: Write 5 words that you dont understand and their meaning in Spanish. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Write complete sentences with each one of the words. 1.-_____________________________________________________________ 2.-_____________________________________________________________ 3.-_____________________________________________________________ 4.-_____________________________________________________________ 5.-_____________________________________________________________ Paraphrase the first paragraph. ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________

2. THREADED RIGID TYPE

THREADED RIGID TYPE This coupling is a special type commonly used on applications such as vertical pumps. The drive unit is connected to the pump by a series of drive shafts joined by threaded couplings. This coupling will transmit the torque between the driver and the pump very adequately as long as the shafts have been securely threaded into the coupling. 3. FLEXIBLE COUPLINGS
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FLEXIBLE COUPLINGS Flexible couplings are the most common shaft coupling device in power transmission use. They have a mayor advantage over rigid couplings as they are to compensate for a small amount of misalignment. In some applications it is nearly impossible to completely eliminate all chances of misalignment between the shafts of separately built machines. Such misalignment of shafts always leads to eventual problems of bearing failure, fatigue failure of shafts, vibration increase, seal failure and worn or broken coupling parts. There are three types of shaft misalignment: Parallel offset Angular A combination of parallel and angular conditions.

Any one of these conditions can because by improper machine installation a procedure, settling of machine foundations or supports, poorly installed and supported piping at the driver or driven machinery, or by the effects of thermal growth changes due to ambient and machine operation temperatures. Flexible couplings could be classified three ways: Material flexibility Mechanical flexibility Couplings that provide flexibility using a combination of material and mechanical principles. No lubrication Smooth, uniform power transmission Non metallic flexing elements are considered non conductive.

Other major advantages of material flexible couplings are:

5. UNIVESAL JOINT

UNIVERSAL JOINT Universal joints are used to connect shafts that intersect at angles greater
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types of universal joints used for power transmission purposes industrial applications. The two most common types are the single and the double universal joint. Single joint is the simplest of universal joints. It is commonly used to join the drive shaft and differential in rear wheel drive automobiles and trucks. It is also used on mobile equipment, farm machinery and industrial drives. The single joint consists of a yoke arrangement cast or fitted to the ends of the driver and driven shafts. The yoke is drilled to accommodate a cross section fitting. Bushings or antifriction bearing are located in the drilled holes of the yoke. Power is transmitted from one shaft to another through the yoke arrangement. The major limitation of this type of universal joint is a limit on operating speed arising from velocity fluctuations. This type of universal joint is classed as a non-constant velocity joint. Double universal joint has a center section connected on each and with separate universal joints just as if two single universal were connected back to back. A double universal joint design can be used effectively where parallel offset misalignment much more efficiently than a single universal joint. Most large universal joints of the double joint design will have a splined slip connection. This compensates for continuous changes in alignment due to a machinery temperature changes or load angle shifts. Both single and double universal joints use cross section made of hardened steel fitted into either a bushing or antifriction bearing pressed into the drilled holes of the yoke. Lubrication is essential for the joint to ensure longer wearing of the bearings and cross member pins. See illustration # 25. EXERCISES: Answer the following questions about the reading a). Why would you use the universal joints? b). What are the two types of universal joints most common? c). Is the limitation principal universal joints? d). Why is the lubrication essential ?

ESSENTIAL PHRASAL VERBS

Agree with Be about you Be out of Blow up BLOW UP Estar de acuerdo Estar a punto de Quedarse sin Estallar una Bomba inflar averiarse BREAK DOWN volver a llamar CALL BACK "I'm afraid the manager isn't here at the moment, All women are bad drivers. I dont agree with you I was about to leave the house when my friend arrived. We are out of gas The bomb blew up killing six people. We blew up at least a hundred balloons for the Christmas party. - My car broke down on the way to Monterrey

seguir. continuar
CARRY ON

cumplir (una promesa)

CARRY OUT

I'm sorry if I interrupted you. Please carry on. The President Ros km.3+100, Puertopromise Blvd. de los carried out his Industrial Altamira. Altamira, Tam. to reduce taxation. C.P. 89608
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llevar a cabo
CARRY OUT

- poner en orden
CLEAR UP

- encontrar, dar con

COME ACROSS

consumir menos
CUT DOWN ON

The execution was carried out at seven o'clock in the morning. It took four hours to clear up after the party I came across an old friend on the metro in Madrid. You must cut down on cholesterol or you'll have a heart attack.

cortar, desconnectar
CUT OFF

When we didn't pay the bill, the electricity was cut off.
We cut up the birthday cake and gave everyone a slice. I was five before I knew how to do up my shoelaces. Whats MS DOS? Its got something to do with computers The shops are shut so well have to do without sugar. The car drew up at the zebra crossing. You have to get off the bus at the next stop if you want the station. - Quick! Get on the train, it's about to leave If you don't like the dress, the shop will give you your money back. If you find phrasal verbs difficult, don't give - You'll get cancer if you don't give up smoking. Hold on for a minute as Pablo will be back in five minutes My ex-girlfriend hung up When I phoned her I cant keep up with my father When we go cycling as he goes too fast. My grandfathers old house was knocked down and a bank was built When I got to the airport, I realized I had left my passport behind. She opened the door and let in the cat My mother looks after the children when we go away. I spent two hours looking for my glasses before I found them Im looking forward to the Easter holidays Theres a car coming, LOOK OUT! If you dont understand the Word look it up in a dictionary. Put ten pence in the machine and you will get a cup of coffee Put on the light, its getting dark Put your coat on or youll get a cold. We ranBlvd. de los Ros km.3+100, Puerto Industrial Altamira. out of petrol so we had to get the

CUT UP DO UP DO WITH DO WITHOUT DRAW UP DRAW out GET OFF GET ON GIVE BACK GIVE UP GIVE UP HANG ON/HOLD ON HANG UP Keep up with KNOCK DOWN LEAVE BEHIND LET IN LOOK AFTER LOOK FOR LOOK FORWARD TO Look out Look up Put in Put on Put on Run out of

cortar en pedazos abrochar, atar . tener algo que ver con, tener relacin con pasarse sin, prescindir de pararse Arrastrar, jalar hacia afuera bajar (de un autobs, tren) subir (a un autobs, tren, moto) devolver perder la esperanza, rendirse dejar (de fumar, beber) esperar Colgar ( el telfono) Mantenerse ( a la altura de ) derribar, atropear, demoler - olvidar, dejar dejar entrar cuidar buscar esperar con ilusin . Tener cuidado. !ojo! look out - buscar algo (en un libro, diccionario Meter, introducir encender Ponerse ropa Quedarse sin algo

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Set off Take after Take off Take off Take out Throw away Turn down Turn up Turn on Ponerse en camino parecerse despegar Quitarse la ropa Extraer,sacar Tirar( en la basura) Bajar volumen Poner el volume ms fuerte Encender ( television,luces,ets) bus We set off to Madrid at five oclock to avoid the traffic. Pablo takes after his mother: they are both optimistic. The flight was delayed for two hours and the plane eventually took off at 6 p.m. Take off your coat and make yourself confortable. He took out a cigarette and lit it Dont throw these papers away: theyre important. Turn down the radio, its too loud Turn up the radio. I cant hear it Turn on the television, please. I want to see the news.

Verbs List
TIEMPO PRESENTE accept achieve act add admit agree allow announce annoy argue assume attend avoid beat bend blow bother break bring build burn burst care carry catch causes change choose commit connect contain continue control cover cry cut dare decide describe design dial dig TERCERA PERSONA accepts achieves acts adds admits agrees allows announces annoys argues assumes attends avoids beats bends blows bothers breaks brings builds burns bursts cares carries catches causes changes chooses commits connects contains continues controls covers cries cuts dares/dare decides describes designs dials digs TIEMPO PASADO accepted achieved acted added admitted agreed allowed announced annoyed argued assumed attended avoided beat bent blew bothered broke brought built burned burst cared carried caught caused changed chose committed connected contained continued controlled covered cried cut dared decided described designed dialed dug TIEMPO FUTURO will accept will achieve will act will add will admit will agree will allow will announced will annoy will argue will assume will attend will avoid will beat will bend will blow will bother will break will bring will build will burn will burst will care will carry will catch will cause will change will choose will commit will connect will contain will continue will control will cover will cry will cut will dare will decide will describe will design will dial will dig PARTICIPIO PARTICIPIO TRADUCCIN PASADO PRESENTE ESPAOL accepted accepting aceptar achieved achieving lograr acted acting actuar added adding agregar admitted admitting admitir agreed agreeing acordar allowed allowing permitir announced announcing anunciar annoyed annoying irritar argued arguing discutir assumed assuming asumir attended attending asistir avoided avoiding evitar beat beating golpear bent bending doblar blown blowing soplar bothered bothering molestar broken breaking romper brought bringing traer built building construir burned burning quemar burst bursting reventar cared caring preocuparse carried carrying cargar caught catching atrapar caused causing causar changed changing cambiar chosen choosing escoger committed committing cometer connected connecting conectar contained containing contener continued continuing continuar controlled controlling controlar covered covering cubrir cried crying llorar cut cutting cortar dared daring atreverse decided deciding decidir described describing describir designed designing disear dialed Blvd. de los Ros km.3+100, Puerto Industrial Altamira. dialing marcar(telfno) Altamira, Tam. dug digging excavar C.P. 89608
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discover discuss draw drive drop earn enter expect face fail feed feel fight fill find discovers discusses draws drives drops earns enters expects faces fails feeds feels fights fills finds discovered discussed drew drove dropped earned entered expected faced failed fed felt fought filled found will discover will discuss will draw will drive will drop will earn will enter will expect will face will fail will feed will feel will fight will fill will find discovered discussed Drawn Driven dropped Earned entered expected faced failed fed felt fought filled found discovering discussing drawing driving drooping earning entering expecting facing failing feeding feeling fighting filling finding descubrir discutir dibujar conducir dejar caer ganar entrar esperar enfrentar fallar alimentar sentir pelear llenar encontrar

TIEMPO PRESENTE Finish fly Follow

Forbid Force Forget Forgive Fry Get Give Go Grow Guess handle Hang Have Hear Help Hide Hit Hold Hope Hug Hurt Improve Include Increase Keep Knock Know Lay Learn Leave Lend Let Lie Light Like Listen Live Look Lose Make Mark Mean Measure Meet Move Need Note

TERCERA PERSONA finishes flies follows

forbids forces forgets forgives fries gets gives goes grows guesses handles hangs has hears helps hides hits holds Hopes hugs hurts improves Includes increases keeps knocks knows lays learns leaves lends lets Lies lights likes listens lives looks loses makes marks means measures meets moves needs notes

TIEMPO PASADO finished flew followed

forbade forced forgot forgave fried got gave went grew guessed handled hung had heard helped hid hit held Hoped hugged hurt improved included increased kept knocked Knew laid Learned left lent let lied Lighted/lit liked listened lived looked Lost made marked meant measured met moved needed noted

TIEMPO FUTURO Will finish Will fly Will follow

Will forbid Will force Will forget Will forgive Will fry Will get Will get Will get Will grow Will guess Will handle Will hang Will have Will hear Will help Will hide Will hit Will hold Will hope Will hug Will hurt Will improve Will include Will increase Will keep Will knock Will know Will lay Will learn Will leave Will lend Will let Will lie Will light Will like Will listen Will live Will look Will lose Will make Will mark Will mean Will measure Will meet Will move Will need Will note

PARTICIPIO PASADO finished flown followed

PARTICIPIO PRESENTE finished Flying followed

TRADUCCIN ESPAOL terminar volar seguir

forbidden forbidding prohibir forced forcing forzar forgotten forgetting olvidar forgiven forgiving perdonar fried frying frer gotten getting Conseguir given giving Dar gone giving Ir grown Growing Crecer guessed guessing Pensar handled Handling Manejar. hung hanging colgar had having Tener/haber heard hearing Or helped helping Ayudar hidden hiding Esconder hit hitting Golpear held Holding Sostener hoped hoping Esperar hugged hugging abrazar hurt hurting Lastimar improved improving Mejorando included including Incluir increased increasing Incrementar kept Keeping Conservar/guardar knocked knocking Golpear/noquear knew knowing Conocer/saber laid laying poner learned learning Aprender left leaving Dejar/abandonar lent lending Prestar let letting Permitir lied lying Mentir Lighted/lit lighting encender liked liking Gustar listened listening Escuchar lived living Vivir looked looking ver lost losing perder made making Hace marked marking marcar meant meaning Significar measured measuring Medir met meeting Reunir/conocer moved moving Mover needed Blvd. de los Ros km.3+100, Puerto Industrial Altamira. needing Necesitar Altamira, Tam. noted noting Notar

C.P. 89608 Tel/Fax (833)260 0252 al 54 www.utaltamira.edu.mx

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Notice Observe Obtain Offer Open Operate order Overtake Pass Pay Permit Place Plan notices observers obtains offers opens operates orders overtakes Passes pays permits places plans noticed observed obtained offered opened operated ordered overtook passed paid permitted placed planned Will notice Will observe Will obtain Will offer Will open Will operate Will order Will overtake Will pass Will pay Will permit Will place Will plan noticed observed obtained offered opened operated ordered overtaken passed paid permitted placed planned noticing observing obtaining offering opening operating ordering Overtaking passing paying permitting placing planning Notar Observar Obtener Ofreciendo Abrir Operar Ordenar rebasar Pasar Pagar Permitir Colocar Planear

Play Plug point Pour Pray Prefer Prepare

Present Prevent Proceed Produce Program Prove Pull Put Raise Reach React Read Receive Recognize Reduce Regret Relieve Remember Rent Reply Report Represent Rescue Return Ride Ring Rise Rub Run Save Say Scare See Seem Sell Seal Send Serve Sear Search Secure Shake shine Shoot Shop Show Shrink

plays plugs points Pours prays prefers prepares

presents prevents proceeds produces programs proves pulls puts raises reaches reacts reads receives recognizes reduces regrets relieves remembers rents replies report represents rescues returns rides rings rises rubs runs saves says scares sees seems sells seals sends serves sears searches secures shakes Shines shoots shops shows shrinks

played plugged pointed poured prayed preferred prepared

presented prevented proceeded produced programmed proved pulled put raised Reached reacted read received recognized reduced regretted relieved remembered rented replied reported represent rescued returned rode rang rose rubbed ran saved said scared saw seemed sold sealed sent served seared searched secured shook shone shot shopped showed shrank

Will play Will plug Will point Will pour Will pray Will prefer Will prepare
Will present Will prevent Will proceed Will produce Will program Will prove Will pull Will put Will raise Will reach Will react Will read Will receive Will recognize Will reduce Will regret Will relieve Will remember Will rent Will reply Will report Will represent Will rescue Will return Will ride Will ring Will rise Will rub Will run Will save Will say Will scare Will see Will seem Will sell Will seal Will send Will send Will sear Will search Will secure Will shake Will shine Will shoot Will shop Will show Will shrink

played plugged pointed poured prayed preferred prepared

playing plugging pointing pouring praying preferring preparing

Jugar Enchufar apuntar verter Rogar/rezar Preferir Preferir

presented presenting Presentar prevented preventing Prevenir proceeded proceeding Proceder produced producing Producir programmed programming programar proved proving Probar pulled pulling Jalar put putting Poner raised Raising elevar reached reaching alcanzar reacted Reacting reaccionar read reading Leer Received Receiving Recibir recognized recognizing Reconocer reduced Reducing Reducir regretted regretting Lamentar relieved relieving Aliviar remembered remembering Recordar rented renting Rentar replied replying Responder reported reporting Reportar represented representing Representar rescued rescuing Rescatar returned renting Rentar ridden riding Montar/pasear rung ringing Timbrar risen rising Subir rubbed rubbing frotar run running Correr/trabajar saved saving Ahorrar said saying Decir scared scaring Asustar saw seeing Ver seemed seeming Parecer sold selling vender sealed sealing Sellar sent sending Enviar sent serving servir seared searing quemar searched searching Buscar/analizar secured securing Asegurar Shaken shaking Agitar shone shining brillar shot shooting Disparar shopped Shopping Comprar shown Blvd. deshowing km.3+100, Mostrar Industrial Altamira. los Ros Puerto shrunk Shrinking Encoger Altamira, Tam.
C.P. 89608 Tel/Fax (833)260 0252 al 54 www.utaltamira.edu.mx

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shut Sit Slip Smell sound Speak Spend Spill Split Stand Stare Start Stay Steal stem stick stiff Stop strain strap Stress String Strive strike struggle stumble submerge submit subtract surprise Swear Sweat Sweep Swing Take tear Tend Test thread thrive throttle thrust tilt time tinge torque topple trace Warn wash waste Watch wear Wear out weary wedge weigh weld whirl whirr whistle wind wire withstand wrap wreathe wrench wring shuts sits Slips smells sounds speaks spends Spills splits stands stares starts stays steals stems sticks stiffs stops strains straps stresses string strives strikes struggles stumble Submerges submits subtracts surprises swears sweats sweeps swings takes tears tends tests threads thrives throttles thrusts tilts times tinges torques topples traces warns washes wastes watches wears Wears out wearies wedges weighs welds whirls whirrs whistles winds wires withstands wraps wreathes wrenches wrings shut sat slipped smelled sounded spoke spent spilled Split stood stared started stayed stole stemmed stuck Stiffed stopped strained strapped stressed strung strove struck struggled stumbled submerged submitted subtracted surprised swore sweated swept swung took tore tended tested threaded throve throttled trusted tilted timed tinged torqued toppled traced warned washed wasted watched wore Wore out wearied wedged weighed welded whirled whirred whistled wound wired withstood wrapped wreathed wrenched wrung Will shut Will sit Will slip Will smell Will sound Will speak Will spend Will spill Will split Will stand Will stare Will start Will stay Will steal Will stem Will stick Will stiff Will stop Will strain Will strap Will stress Will string Will strive Will strike Will struggle Will stumble Will submerge Will submit Will subtract Will surprise Will swear Will sweat Will sweep Will swing Will take Will tear Will tend Will test Will thread Will thrive Will throttle Will thrust Will tilt Will time Will tinged Will torque Will topple Will trace Will warn Will wash Will waste Will watch Will wear Will wear out Will weary Will wedge Will weigh Will weld Will whirl Will whirr Will whistle Will wind Will wire Will withstand Will wrap Will wreathe Will wrench Will wring Shut shutting cerrar sat sitting Sentarse slipped slipping deslizar smelled smelling oler sounded sounding sonar spoken speaking Hablar spent spending Pasar/gastar spilled spilling derramar split splitting Dividir/partir stood standing Estar de pi stared staring mirar started starting iniciar stayed staying permanecer stolen stealing robar stemmed stemming detener stuck sticking atascado stiffed stiffing endurecer stopped stopping Detener strained straining torcer strapped strapping atar stressed stressing desgastar strung stringing Extender/mover striven striving esforzarse struck striking golpear struggled struggling luchar stumbled stumbling tropezar submerged submerging sumergir submitted submitting someter subtracted subtracting Sustraer/restar surprised surprising sorprender sworn swearing Jurar sweated sweating sudar swept sweeping barrer swung swinging columpiar took taking Tomar/llevar torn tearing Romper/rasgar tended tending Tender a hacer tested testing Poner a prueba threaded threading enhebrar thriven thriving prosperar throttled throttling ahogar trusted thrusting empujar tilted tilting Inclinar/ladear timed timing cronometrar tinged tingeing teir torqued torquing Forzar/torcer toppled toppling volcarse traced tracing Forzar/torcer warned warning Prevenir washed washing lavar waste wasting malgastar wasted watching observar worn wearing Uso/deterioro Worn out Wearing out desgastar wearied wearing cansar wedged wedging acuar weighed weighing pesar Welded welding soldar whirled Whirling Hacer girar whirred Whirring rechinar whistled whistling silbar wound whistling enrollar wired wiring cablear withstood withstanding resistir wrapped wrapping Envolver wreathed wreathing ceir wrenched wrenching arrancar wrung Blvd. dewringing km.3+100, torcer Industrial Altamira. los Ros Puerto
Altamira, Tam. C.P. 89608 Tel/Fax (833)260 0252 al 54 www.utaltamira.edu.mx

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Bibliografa Basaraba, Bruce M. IPTS INDUSTRIAL TRADES TRAINING MAN. Printed by Quebecor Jasper Printing. Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. www.iptbooks.com. Bentley's Haestad Methods Water Solutions are the industry's www.bentley.com/en-US/Products/.../Haestad.htm JOHN AND SARAH FREE MATERIALS (C) 1996: Phrasal Verbs. Consultado en internet, Enero,2011 MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT. www.pdfee.com/...mechanical+equipment/.../2 - Estados Unidos (consultado en Enero, 2011) PREFIXES WITH NEGATIVE MEANING. Prefix. Meaning. Examples ... www.u-46.org/roadmap/files/ELL/Cognates1.pdf

Blvd. de los Ros km.3+100, Puerto Industrial Altamira. Altamira, Tam. C.P. 89608 Tel/Fax (833)260 0252 al 54 www.utaltamira.edu.mx