Information Media for Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Published by: Working Group for Water Supply

and Sanitation Advisor: Director General for Urban and Rural Development, Department of Public Works Board of Trustee: Director of Human Settlement and Housing, National Development Planning Agency Republic of Indonesia Director of Water and Sanitation, Ministry of Health Director of Water Supply Development, Department of Public Works Director of Natural Resources and Appropriate Technology, Director General on Village and Community Empowerment, Department of Home Affairs Director for Facilitation of Special Planning Environment Management, Department of Home Affairs Chief Editor: Oswar Mungkasa Board of Editor: Ismail, Johan Susmono, Indar Parawansa, Poedjastanto Editor: Maraita Listyasari, Rewang Budiyana, Rheidda Pramudhy, Joko Wartono, Essy Asiah, Mujiyanto, Andre Kuncoroyekti Design/Illustrator: Rudi Kosasih Production: Machrudin Distribution: Meiza Aprizya, Agus Syuhada Address: Jl. Cianjur No. 4, Menteng, Jakarta Pusat Phone/Fax.: 62-21-31904113 http://www.ampl.or.id e-mail: redaksipercik@yahoo.com redaksi@ampl.or.id oswar@bappenas.go.id Unsolicited article or opinion items are welcome. Please send to our address or e-mail. Don't forget to be brief and accompanied by identity. This magazine can be accessed at Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Website at www.apml.or.id

From the Editor Your Voice Main Feature PWSS Implementation Awaiting Private Sector Contribution What do we mean by Corporate Social Responsibility? Private Sector Cares, Is Beginning Interview CFCD Chairman, Thendri Supriatno Synergy for Community Empowerment Report Green City Green Community An Urge to Care to Waste Article Regional Waste Management, Why Not? Megumi, Drinking Water from an Unlimited Source Water, Between the Principles of Sustainability and Demand for Prosperity in the Midst of Shortage and Need Between the Monopolistic Rights of the Present Generation and Inheritance to the Future Generations Studies Analytical Study on Kabupaten Level WSS Service in the Era of Decentralization Kaleidoscope Sanimas (Sanitation for the Community). Between Hope and Reality Around WASPOLA Around WWES Innovation Water Pump Without Engine Institution Training Centre for Housing Scale Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Facility (BPAB-PLP), Bekasi Revival from listlessness Book Info CD Info Website Info IATPI Clinic Agenda WSS Bibliography
This magazine is a translation of the official Bahasa version.

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F R O M T H E E D I TO R

Dear readers, Time flies so fast. We did not realize Percik is now 2 years old. This magazine was published for the first time in August 2003 carrying with it the National Policy for Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Development in its main feature. At that time, the facing was still so simple. The contents were not too many. The rubrik consists of main feature, interview, opinion, visist, mirror, book info, website info, and miscellaneous. From time to time we gradually make improvement. In second and third editions, changes were made, both in terms of facing and the rubrik, Percik is trying to find its form. It was in the fourth edition, along with organizational development, Percik finds its present form. There is, however, some modification here and there but none of it is significant. We are quite pleased that in spite of its still relatively young in age Percik has attracted the readers' attention, especially those connected to water supply and environmental sanitation from the buraucracy (central and regional levels), university, NGO and the general community. At least this is evidenced from the incoming letters, article writing and e-mails addressed to the editor. This could happen because of the efforts exerted by each and everyone of WSS Working Group members who acts as Percik "marketing officer" in any WSS related event he/she presents. Besides,

Percik is distributed free of charge to all regional governments in Indonesia. Dear readers, today Percik is pa-

cing into the third year of its life. We realize that many are still left to be done to put this segmented magazine into order. Many things we still have to think together. Including how long this magazine will survive, considering that up to now Percik's existence relies fully on government subsidy, therefore it can be distributed gratis. It not impossible, some day the budget is discontinued. From the side of readers empowerment, distribution for free is unsuitable because Percik always tries to convey the

message of community self-reliance. Let's hope this free distribution is not against the principles of community education. We are deeply contemplating on it. Perhaps the reader may come up with a brilliant idea that helps to make Percik sustains with the readers' participation. What is certain is, we are continuously putting things into order so that we can offer you with the best. This time we appear with a slightly different design. We hope this change could make our eyes more focused in reading it. Besides, we also add new rubriks, innovation, study and institution. We consider there are things worthy of note from the new rubriks. Several new rubriks are being contemplated for appearance in the following editions. This is merely for the sake of information dissemination to all WSS stakeholders. It is obvious, the existing rubriks are still unable to satisfy the issues and problems and recent development taking place around us. Changes may not cease simply because good deed has been done. Therefore, we are continuously looking forward to inputs and comments as well as support from you. For without you this magazine is nothing. Let's work together to put it forward so that Percik may contribute to the development of water supply and environemntal saniation sector in Indonesia. Best regards.

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Suggestion for a New Rubrik
Acknowledge with thanks receipt of Percik ed. July 2005. Percik is indeed offering very valuable information to its community of readers. We would propose to add more rubriks consisting of regional report, art and culture (short story, review and poem), and article writing competitition for Percik annual commemoration. We know exactly that the three items have ever been presented. We would be ready to help and be a correspondent when needed.
Sulaiman Pirawan Jl. Danau Sintarum Gg. H. Namawi 68 Kel. Sui Bangkong. Pontianak 78116

buy it from vendors. Through this media, we would like to tap the knowledge/field experience from any one to process brackish water into drinkable water. Considering the economic condition of the population the most possible means of doing this is through an applied technology. We hope Percik would facilitate in fulfilment the expectation of south Pati community.
Ir. Budi Waluyo Kasubdin Cipta Karya Diskimpras Kab. Pati Central Java

Percik really intends to become a means for information sharing in the subject of water supply and environmental sanitation. Your request will be complied with by our distribution section. (Editor)

Request for Copies of Percik

I am an activist of an environmental related institution in Yogyakarta. I'd appreciate if I could have copies of Percik for our reference.
Tri Apriyadi Yayasan DAMAR Karanggayam CT VIII/26A, Depok, Sleman Yogyakarta 55281

Thanks for your input. As for regional rubrik we admit that up to now it is still missing, however, we continuously publish successes and failures of activities taking place in the regions within the existing rubrik. Regarding art and culture, for the time being it seems rather difficult for us to fulfill it considering Percik is dedicating itself in water supply and sanitation. Article writing competition is quite interesting, and WSS WorkingGroup has organized one last year. The feedback looks excellent. (Editor)

We hope with the publication of this information some competent stakeholder will get excited in helping you solve the problem. (Editor)

Relevant Content
I am a student studying on a fellowship at ITB (Bandung Institute of Technology). I am quite interested after reading Percik of July 2005 edition in the campus' library. The information is quite relevent with our lectures in connection with development of the villages, especially in Workshop subject matter, where in the field we are faced with problems widely discussed in this magazine, such as poor sanitation, water source polluted with domestic and industrial wastes. Percik serves as a valuable reference for knowing problems related to other areas. Therefore, I would highly appreciate it if I could subscribe this magazine starting from the first edition. If the hard copy is out of print the soft copy will serve my purpose. Pray to God that Percik will survive.
Arfianto Ahmad Rural Development Management Division Dept. of Architecture ITB Labtek IX B Building Jl. Ganesa 10,Bandung

Info on Brackish Water

We acknowledge with thanks receipt of Percik of May 2005 edition. Hope Percik would unceasingly increase its quality and will become a means for sharing of information among water supply and environmental sanitation observers. We would like to inform you that our region, Pati, especially the southern part covering 8 kecamatans, 72 villages, and 163.381 inhabitants are in shortage of drinking water. The existing water source is brackish with high calcium content. As such this water is not used for drinking and cooking. The community have to take water from other villages or

Similar requests come from Yudhi Kristian Jl. Sadang Subur 1/48, Sadang Sari RT 2/14, Sadang Serang, Bandung 40134; Ida Sukmawati Jl. Akar Wangi II/17 Kompleks Pertanian Atsiri Permai, Citayam, Depok; Arie Istandar, USAEP Indonesia, Plaza DM 18th floor, Ste 1807, Jl. Jend. Sudirman Kavling 25, Jakarta 12910; Dinas Lingkungan Hidup, Kebersihan dan Pertamanan, Sawahlunto City, Jl. Lubang Tembok, Kelurahan Saringan, Kecamatan Lembah Segar, Sawahlunto City, Sumatra Barat; Robert Ainslie, John Hopkins University-Centre of Communication, Tifa Bldg 5th floor, Jl. Kuningan Barat 26 Jakarta. We will send copies to all of them. Beside inputs and above requests we also received acknowledgement and thanks for the Percik we sent them. The senders are among others Deputy for Environmental Pollution Control, State Ministry of Environment, Regional Secretary Kabupaten Batang Hari, and PDAM of the City of Semarang. And many others. (Editor)

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Awaiting Private Sector Contribution

Development paradigm has changed. No more pivoted on economic growth, rather it is now on sustainable development. The industrial sector is also changing its basic thinking. No more simply profit oriented, rather it is environmental care, natural as well as social economical. Has it touched water supply and environmental sanitation sector?
The condition of the world population, especially in the poor and developing nations, does not move up in proportion to the progresses made in the industrialized nations. Data of 2000 indicates that 2,4 billion of world population has no access to acceptable sanitation, 81 percent of whom live in rural villages. Besides, 1,1 billion people have no access to water supply, 86 percent of them in villages. We should not be surprised this causes diseases such as diarrhoea and so on. It is estimated that in 2015 the world will be inhabited by 7 billion people. The biggest population growth takes place in the developing nations. The additional population will increase the num-ber of people living without access to acceptable sanitation by 3,4 billion in 2015. WHO estimates 150 million additional world population must have access to sanitation annually. Indonesian situation is not too far from the above picture. Data from 2002 indicate that Indonesian population who have a basic sanitation facility made of pit or septic tank is only 63,5 percent. In the villages the proportion is somewhat lower, 52,2 percent while in rural areas 77,5 percent. The figures indicate the available proportion without telling us what the quality is really like. Therere is strong doubt if the above data tell us the real condition. The real fact may be much worse. It is estimated that many of the basic sanitation facilities do not meet the environmental and sanitation requirement anymore.

WSS Implementation,

ive years ago in September, UN General Assembly mandates Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) as the targets for global community to reduce poverty and

improve health and welfare of all the population. Two years later, in the World Summit on Sustainable Development, the United Nations reconfirmed MDGs and adds a special target on sanitation and hygiene.

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If this situation is connected to MDGS target what Indonesia has to do to reach the target is something difficult, indeed. Especially if the financial burden is imposed solely on government - which actually should be the community's - considering the government has admitted that it does not have enough development budget. Worse still is the fact that water supply and sanitation sector does not obtain the attention it deserves from the policy makers including from the legislatures. Private Sector Contribution A new development paradigm arises, especially in the developing nations, that all involved parties must take share and care in development process. The state, as much as possible, is limited to facilitation function. The state also should embrace the private sector and the community. From the side of the community, there is emerging a community empowerment programme to make it capable of developing itself with less government support. Whereas with the private sector, there was formerly reluctance to directly deal with the community. This was natural because they considered that they have paid taxes and other levies to the government, therefore it is the latter's job to work with community development. But, as it finally turned out, the private sector has no choice but to get involved, because of the different interests. What is expected by the private corporations does not necessarily comply with the government programme. Therefore, in the decade of 1970s the change in business paradigm did occur. They did not think singly in terms of profit (single bottom line), but also care for the environment, natural as well as social economical. The paradigm changes from shareholders responsibility to stakeholders responsibility. This fact stimulates the industrial world to review their corporate vision and mission. The CEOs put corporate social responsibility and corporate sustainability as part of Good Corporate Governance. The seed of this awareness emerged in 1992 World Summit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Today the global environment has undergone changes, corporate reputation and image is not viewed singly from the profit side but to also include (1) financial competence, (2) quality of product and service, (3) customer focus, (4) human resources excellence and sensitiveness, (5) reliability, (6) innovativeness, (7) environmental responsibility, (8) social responsibility, and (9) Good Corporate Governance. The efforts to achieve the above objectives consist of (1) fairness to all stakeholders (not limited only to shareholders), (2) proactive and acts as agent of change in community empowerment within the area of operation; (3) efficient, careful against unnecessary spending especially in relation to problem solution focused on stakeholders in the area of operation. What then is implementable by the corporate? The corporate can launch a community development (CD) programme; relation development (RD) programme targeted to (1) empowerment of local human resources (including students and youth); (2) strengthening of economic condition of the surrounding community; (3) development of public facilities; (4) community

What do we mean by Corporate Social Responsibility?

broader connotation than corporate influence to the community for the benefit of the corporation and the community in general (Marsden and Andriof. Warwick Business School UK, 2001). While in Indonesia Business Link, CSR is mentioned as business decision related in business ethic that is not motivated merely on marketing, public relations, or other commercial benefits. CSR is considered capable of providing competitive superiority for the company and may help in improving its financial performance and access to capital, improving brand image and sales, maintaining quality of work power, improving decision making in critical issues, handiling risk more efficiently, and reducing long term costs.

orporate (CSR) is

Social

Responsibility to Good

Through CSR program a company can contribute to directly the community for poverty reduction, equity, participation, peace, and security, and environmental protection. The company that develops a new business model will become a business leader of the 21th century (Mark M. Brown, UNDP in Business and Poverty; Bridging the Gap, 2002). From there emerged a term corporate philantrophy which means how big and small companies provide cash contribution for various social, economical etc. as part of the overall corporate citizenship strategy. There are many benefits can be obtained from CSR such as improveing brand image, reducing poverty, resolving conflicts, environmental conservation, social investment, and sustainable development.
(MJ)

synomym

Corporate Citizenship (GCC) has a

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health improvement; (5) socio cultural activities, etc. In this case the corporate may play an important role in triggering water supply and sanitation development. It is undeniable, that WSS condition is still far from expectation. Therefore the opportunity for the industrial sector to gain respect from the community is open wide. The more so, the government is ready with a national policy for WSS development which substantively contains community development principles. With synergy between the government and the industrial sector, both private and public, the target for WSS sector development could be approached. Era of Autonomy Potentially the regional government has a big opportunity to trigger community empowerment in water supply and environmental sanitation sector. It can develop a program in collaboration with the industrial sector. The business corporations may no more function as source of donation for an empowerment program. The corporate must be invited to directly involve. As it was brought forward by Thendri Supriatno, Chairman of Corporate Forum for Community Development (CFCD) the corporations are pleased for cooperation with the regional government. The corporations members of the forum expect that the Pemda would act as facilitator and regulator to make community empowerment process flow smoothly. Pemda should realize that the industrial sector will find difficulty to allocate fund for charity purposes. They realize that by mere extending gifts will only create dependency and therefore uneducative. They also realize that a facility will be sustained if the community is directly involved from the very beginning, in planning, implementation, evaluation and maintenance. One more opportunity that should
SOURCE: WWES

Potentially the regional government has a big opportunity to trigger community empowerment in water supply and environmental sanitation sector. It can develop a program in collaboration with the industrial sector

more competent for field activities compared to government employees who used to deal with bureaucratic matters. Concluding Remark At any rate all corporations wish to survive. What is important is how to build an excellent communication between the government and the industrial sector. They have social investment. The questtion is how to spend this fund effectively for an equitable collaboration development activities involving three parties - government, private sector and community. This pattern is expected to benefit all of the three parties. The corporation can have a favourable business atmosphere, the government can proceed with its programmes and obtains an added value from the business, and the community's welfare is improving. More than that, the development target, especially water supply and environmental sanitation, is achieved. (MJ)

be exploited from the business corporation is the entrepreneural spirit and excellent organization. The industrial sector has a big supply of skilled human resources that could be utilized e.g. for poverty reduction and propelling people's economic gear. They are naturally

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Private Sector Cares, Is Beginning

he effort made by the private sector to care for the surrounding environment, including water supply and sanitation is beginning. However, because of the limited size and area, the echo seems inaudible. Take PT Unilever Indonesia Tbk for instance, one that has a Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) programme implemented through Yayasan Unilever Peduli (Unilever Care Foundation). The Yayasan operates in four programme areas, namely environment, UKM (small and micro enterprises), community health improvement, and humanitarian assistance. Silvi Tirawaty, Environment Program Manager PT Unilever Indonesia Tbk, explained that in terms of environment her company is handling waste problem. "We have a deep concern with the condition of river Brantas especially the part that flows past the city of Surabaya. Approximately 60 percent is caused by by domestic wastes," she said The corporation tries to educate the families to care to waste material. During the early phase, the yayasan tried its activity in RW 3 of Jambangan village, Surabaya city. Several members of the community were recruited as cadres. They are individualas with strong environmental inclination. They were given 3-day training on the subject of waste material, regreening, sanitation, and personality development. The wife of the Mayor was involved in the dedication of the cadres. In carrying out its mission the yayasan works together with a university in Surabaya. This university contributed its knowledge is composting unit made from used drums to let domestic waste decomposes naturally. Within a month these cadres were expected to influence their neighbours.

At the same time, the cadres started voluntarily treat their waste right from the house. The result, sufficiently good. Gradually the rate pollution is decreasing and the community begins to imitate what the environmental cadres are doing. During all this process, Unilever acts as facilitator. "Early 2005 this program started rolling in 5 RWs (25 RTs)," said Silvi. Dissemination was done through road show by the cadres to other RWs. This process produced 70 new cadres making the whole total of 120 cadres. To instill dynamic and programme sustainability, continued Silvi, a competetion was held to select the best RT in waste and sanitation management. This activity managed to trigger the community to make the environment clean and hygienic. Besides, the the community begins to benefit from the separation of their wastes. Inorganic waste can be sold. In this process, Unilever develops a connecting link between the community and the recycling industry. The proceeds are used to develop medicinal herb garden. To boost further community care, according to Silvi, her company is working together with the biggest Jawa Timur newspaper to launch an environmental campaign entitled 'Surabaya Green and Clean' and environmental competition in the city of Surabaya. This campaign is featured for 3 consecutive months in the paper. From this campaign 8 nominators were selected to join the next Unilever programme. Currently, according to Silvi, her company has a running program in 14 villages (51 RTs) covering approximately 11 thousand inhabitants. "If this could roll on, it will reduce garbage burden to the river Brantas," she explained. Besides the above programme, the

Yayasan is also collaborating with local NGOs to form coordination forum to improve community care to environment. The local Dinas Kesehatan acts as facilitator. In addition to the Yayasan, Unilever has a brand image related programme. For instance, Lifebuoy has a diarrhoeal reduction programme, hygiene improvement through MCK development in Bandung, Makassar, and Yogyakarta. Pepsodent has a programme that promotes twice a day toothbrushing habit to reduce toothache which is quite common in Indonesia. "The focus is on health, i.e. Integrated Health Promotion Program," explained Silvi. On air garbage care program is also transmitted by Delta-Female Radio Network (JDFI). This company organizes Green Ciy Green Community (GCGC) program in Jakarta. The program is implemented in collaboration with Dinas Kebersihan DKI Jakarta, InSWA (Indonesian Association of Waste Materials), Ministry of Environment, Yayasan Kirai (a Jakarta based NGO that provides help to develop scavengers), Carrefour, and Unilever (producer of Lifebouy). For details please read Report. PT Merck Tbk, a pharmaceutical corporation, has an anaemia free campaign programme. It works together with Yogyakarta government in Healthy Yogya 2005 programme. This company educates the community to take iron containing diet. This campaign is conducted as a response to the high prevalence of anaemia in Indonesia. Those are a few examples of companies that care to community, particularly in water supply and environmental sanitation. It does not imply that many other companies that are not mentioned here are not doing the same. (MJ)

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Chairman of CFCD, Thendri Supriatno

Synergy for Community Empowerment

It might be only few who know of a forum of business companies in Indonesia that dedicates itself to community empowerment. The forum is called Corporate Forum for Community Development (CFCD). Established on 24 September 2004, the forum membership consists of big companies (mining, oil and gas, estate plantation, steel industry, fertilizers, consulting firm, forestry, paper industry, food, telecommunication, and cross sectoral). The vision of this forum is corporate social responsibilty in community empowerment and sustainable corporate growth. The misson is to act as a multistakeholder network centre and the foremost CSR/CD learning centre. This forum has a big potential to go together with the government, central as well as regional, to undertake community empowerment efforts. In order to reveal what swe mean by Community Social Responsibility Percik made an interview with Thendri Supriatno, CFCD Chairman, last September. The following the excerpts of the discussion:

SOURCE:MUJIYANTO

corporate social responsibility (CSR). But CSR is not limited to this aspect, it also includes for instance selling dangerous products yet without polluting the environment. Who are the targets of CSR programme? We are interested in how to coexist with the community around us. In oil industry we have the so-called ring 1, ring 2 and ring 3. If we cannot make harmony with ring 1, one cannot expect that we can do it with ring 2 and ring 3. Ring is the internal kabupaten where the company is operating, ring 2 the surrounding kabupatens, ring 3 up to the province. This means, if the company has its activities in the region it must take into consideration the said three rings. What is the importance of CSR to the company? There are many examples around us that CSR is beneficial to the company.

That is what we call social investment. Imagine we are producing dangerous product, and there is a case where we face a trial before the court, how much will it cost to the company? This does not count closure of the company and face a public court. Currently the awareness of community civil rights is growing. In Indonesian context, in the era of regional autonomy with human rights issue and public education, legal reform, all has increased the community awareness of the rights. Gone are the days of lying to public, cheating and non ethical business practices. That was the past. The choice is within the changing environment. If we do not change ourselves we will be crushed down because the paradigm has also changed. Based on such consideration we establish among ourselves a Corporate Forum for Community Development (CFCD). How much is the budget allocated by the company? In public companies there is the socalled PKBL at 1,5 - 2,0 percent pursuant to SK 236. In private companies this amount varies greatly because there is no rule on that. Take Medco Energy for instance, during normal times it sets aside 2 percent. But during the tsunami disaster it set aside up to Rp 18 billion. What does the company get from implementing CSR program? Actually there many things. Each company has a different intention from the other. But the benefit is that we can exist together the community that even-

ould you briefly explain the difference between Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Community Development (CD)? CSR embraces a more extensive scope than community development bacause CD is one aspect of CSR. Business companies undertake CD activities within the framework of implementing its

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tually creates a favourable atmosphere for doing business. Once I was accused of being ill-intentioned. A company can legimately obtain coexistence with the community. Some company puts it as supreme intention, i.e. seeking God's favour. Some disburse it as zakat (tithe). We take it from the earth, therefore we have to return it to the community. Some merely for the sake safeguarding against nuisance. Motivation does vary widely. At least the company becomes safe. Good image. That is the implication and not the objective. If a company has a good image it has no friction with the community, and as a good company, wouldn't investors take a look at it? The investors would not be willing to invest in a risky company. So, the other objective is to build investror's confidence, especially for public companies. For non public companies, this is to safeguard its shareholder value. What is (are) the consequence(s) for companies not conducting CSR? There are many cases where companies not willing to do this are suffering from losses. For example, an unnamed paper industry, was experiencing a nagging problems that cost hundreds of million dollars to resolve. But if the AMDAL is implemented properly, meaning not polluting the environment, it may have to spend 10 million dollars. What is (are) the constraint(s) in implementing CSR? Not all companies are conducting it. Those conducting some are just for the sake of courtesy, not looking it as something beneficial. Some consider that undertaking CD is only for image building. This is because of lack awareness and understanding. Among the various companies CSR understanding vary widely. How far is the synergy between CSR and government programmes?

It is still below expectation, but the movement towards it is beginning. At least there are several regional governments that begin to build contacts with us. The best thing to do is for the head of administration, the governor, to take a serious attention about this matter. If they couldcreate a favourable business climate the friction with the community can be brought to a minimum. The impact is, regional revenue increases. This is a sample of supreme government intention. The next intention is community development because the governor must realize that he will not be able to do it alone because of budget limitation. That is why, let us cooperate, try which one is more effective. With the misunderstanding from some companies about CSR programme, what has been (will be) done to straighten it out? With the varied understanding, several colleagues from other companies and myself are taking a community development course in University of Indonesia to establish a group. That is CFCD. From there we conduct training from a simple one up to conflict resolution in a company. Then we will share the knowledge and experience to others. How do you see the government understanding about community development? Regional governments each have their own characteristics. Some region has less disciplined officers or lack of understanding. What is meant by CD or what is CSR. Sometimes they come to a company only for collecting CD budget for them to manage. In this case this is not a corporate CD and certainly will not achieve its purpose. Let the community know that this activity is initiated by the corporation. No self contemptuous is intended. But this is our form of care. As for the government, it is their job because we pay taxes, and so forth. There is still this kind of understanding.

But in Riau, the governor understands fully the CFCD movement and willingly supports it. The provincial officers and CFCD representatives do sit together in a team for poverty alleviation and other programmes. Indeed the outcome is still yet to be seen. But the effort towards that direction is indeed beginning. Therefore I often call upon our colleagues, if some regional government may have no budget for its staff to attend a particular CSR training, why not help them. We hope that a better understanding is growing so that the government officers will better understand and therefore we can speak the same language. Some regions that attended the training said that in essence there is no difference, what is different is the funding source. CFCD follows a tripartite concept. How to work in synergy among the government, corporation and the community. How to develop synergy directly with the community? To be honest, the community has been mistakenly educated. Sometimes the corporate also makes a wrong move, giving fish rather than teach them to fish. This is what we call Santa Claus Syndrome. Eventually there is a back fire because of the mistake in education. And worse even, because there are many irresponsible persons, repeat offenders. It also frequently happens, that because it is charity program, some individuals who call themselves community leaders make use of the situation. Besides, charity will lead to dependency. Therefore, the community must be involved early on since the planning stage. What do you expect the government should do to make CSR programme successful? There must be a change in mindset. Give a more favourable atmosphere, better regulation, and act as a fair regulator. The government must educate the public together with us. (mujiyanto)

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Green City Green Community

An Urge to Care to Waste

middle aged lady parked her fine car exactly in front of a tent bearing a banner that reads "Green City, Green Community". A pile of bundled old newspapers was carried out of her car. An officer from the tent came out to lend a hand. One by one the bundle was weighed using a scale tied to a tree branch. "Is the voucher the same as usual," asked the lady. "I am sorry to say, it has changed ma'am. Since 13 July the voucher has been increased to 50 kgs. Not 10 kgs as it was before," said the officer. "In that case, I won't give it to you. I'd rather sell it to a scavenger," said the lady. At last the pile is reloaded to her car. And off she went in her nicely polished car. This attitude may represent Jakarta citizens. Everything is valued in terms of money regardless it is for the sake of common interest. "Indication of care to fellow citizens is still way from expectation. What is obvious is business signal," said Anom who monitors the 'Green City Green Community' (GCGC) programme at Carrefour Lebakbulus, site of the scene. What has happened is in obvious contrast to the expectation of the programme designer. This programme which was initiated by Delta Female Indonesia Netwok (JFDI) -a radio communication nework- expects GCGC could improve community care, especially the upper middle class, about waste material. Especially so, considering daily garbage production in Jakarta is 7 thousand tons. "We hope this programme would produce a snowball effect for garbage handling management in Indonesia, especially Jakarta,"

SOURCE:MUJIYANTO

said Ujang Nugraha, JFDI corporate secretary, in Jakarta last August. GCGC came into being as a form the radio network's concern about the amount of garbage that is continuously increasing and garbage handling management is still much to be desired. More than that, community care to separate domestic waste materials is still wanting. What happens is still far behind that in other countries. "This is a complex problem involving a multitude of sectors. We also want this to be overcome, therefore we try to take a role to play and at the same time invite the interested parties to get involved," Udjang further explains. The parties involved in this programme are JDFI, Dinas Kebersihan Jakarta, InSWA (Association of Waste Material Indonesia), Ministry of Environment (KLH), Yayasan Kirai (NGO

focusing on Jakarta scavengers' development), Carrefour, and Unilever (producer of Lifebuoy). There are two main activities in this program. First, off air by stimulating the community to directly participate in collecting inorganic waste at certain locations. Second, on air through talk show about waste material inviting competent resource persons in this field. The programme which started on 16 June made available a garbage bin each in all Carrefour compunds in Jakarta (Lebak Bulus, MT Haryono, Duta Merlin, Cempaka Putih, Puri Mall, and Mega Mall Pluit). Next to the garbage bin, a 2x2 m2 tent is erected in the parking area and is attended by two officers. Garbage collection is done every Wednesday and Saturday from 10.00 to 16.00 hours. In the afternoon the

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garbage is transported to the scavengers centre. The waste material is not dumped to Final Disposal Site, rather it is brought to scavengers for them to make benefit from. "This is a reduce effort since the very beginning," said Anom. In the beginning of the programme, one who brought in 10 kgs of waste was given Rp 10 thousand shopping voucher from Carrefour and 3 pieces of Lifebouy soap. Since the launching of the programme the amount of garbage coming in was steadily increasing. The peak was in 9 July when the total waste reached 6,815 tons from 101 members of the community. The daily average was 3,732 tons. Most of the waste is in the form of paper. Somehow the amount was then decreasing. This was because on 13 July the ceiling was changed from 10 kgs to 50 kgs of waste. From that day the amount collected went down to 1,767 tons a day on average. The number of participants was also decreasing from a daily average of 53 to 34. The ceiling increase, according to Udjang, was intended to measure the community awareness. Whether they bring their garbage to the bins because they care or because of some other reason. Based on an evaluation, admittedly or not, the awareness of upper middle class is still in a low position. What becomes obvious is an indication of strong business motive. The facts revealed by Anom explain the phenomenon. Several times it was found someone who tried to cheat the weighing. Anom told a story that he found a used water container filled with water, a rock wrapped in rag, and inserting engine block into the garbage. "This indeed makes no sense," he said. Roughly speaking, the charactrisic of the participants are upper middle class families who have a car and came to know about the programme from

Based on an evaluation, admittedly or not, the awareness of upper middle class is still in a low position. What becomes obvious is an indication of strong business motive

JDFI radio. Some exemplary participants are there, however, those who deliberately come to dispatch their garbage without expecting any incentive and refuse to accept the voucher. They, according to Anom, are very few in number and mostly students. Therefore, from the aspect building

community care, this programme is considered futile, but from the objective aspect this is well targeted. According to him, educational level highly determines level of care. Roesdan Sjah Alam Perdana, GCGC Chief Officer, considers a positive implication has been revealed by this activity, that cooperation among the involved parties. "In the beginning the cooperation was quite difficult to build. Now the communication is flowing smoothly and intensively," said he further. Besides, the care of those who were involved in this attempt is also increasing. What becomes certain is, the activities that was initially to last for three months is now extended up to the end of the year. This is because the sponsors consider this program should be continued in order to improve community care to waste material. And, not the least important, this program has built a good image to the involved parties, especially the sponsors. (mujiyanto)
SOURCE:MUJIYANTO

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An Ideal Type of Community Based WSS Development is There on the Shore of Lake Limboto

he village of Dembe I is a settlement located along the shore of Lake Limboto. At a glance this village is similar to other villages elsewhere. Friendly, highly religious and socially cohesive people, quite responsive to any foreigner looking for help. There is a mosque in this village indicating the religiosity and a school organized by Muhammadiyah identifying that the people are followers of modern Islam teaching. On 18 August 2005 the Governor of Gorontalo, Ir Hj. Fadel Muhammad, accompanied by Chairman of Bappeda, and officials from 4 kabupatens and kota (municipality), led a group of Bappenas officials (WSS Working Group Jakarta) to this village. He wanted to show to the road show participants of no leass than 30 people that Gorontalo has a WSS development model that conforms to the national policy. The governor said that: "..Dembe will be made a model for community based WSS development throughout Gorontalo." What the complete story looks like a paper written on the basis of historic time lines method will reveal it. Formerly having shortage of clean water supply In the midst of WSS development problems faced by Gorontalo and other regions in Indonesia, the village of Dembe springs up with its specific uniqueness and superiority, though some other viallges may have something comparable. Dembe is highly self reliant, in

By: Alma Arief *) the sense that it is capable of solving its water supply problem and capable of maintaining facility properly in the midst of scores WSS projects of the past (built and funded by the government in 1995/6) are currently standing as monuments.

Microbiological examination conducted by Health Agency indicates that water from the wells in Dembe does not meet health requirement

In the past Dembe was also encumbered with water supply problems. Prior to 1999, Dembe community used well water for their daily need, in spite of its inferior quality. Microbiological examination conducted by Health Agency indicates that water from the wells in Dembe does not meet health requirement. The wells have been polluted from intrusion of murky and yel-

lowish coloured, smelly and bacteria containing water from Lake Limboto. It is said, according to participants of a discussion, the inhabitants were infested with skin disease, and many diarrhoeal cases, and other water borne diseases. While those who live in the upper section, on the mountain slopes, find it difficult to dig a well because water table is too deep, 30 metres and deper. Taking the above apprehension as point of departure, Umar Latif who was then the secretary of LKMD (village resilience council) and presently Muhammadiyah orgnization held a discussion with his neighbours to identify the problems and to find the possible way out. It came to a conclusion to find a clean water source, which was actually not too difficult. Somewhere around 2,5 km from the village mosque there is a water source located at Gunung Batu Didia. One with sufficiently big discharge capacity, though Umar cannot express how big it is. He only says that the noise of water splash can be heard from the distance of 50 m. In 1998 he and his friends conducted more intensified meeting to make a planning. This planning involved other elements of the community: village administration, community leaders, religious leaders, youth leader, businessmen, and fishermen of Lake Limboto, women representatives. It was concluded from the meetings to lay down a water supply facility using bamboo as conveyance.

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SOURCE:OSWAR MUNGKASA

With a capital of 650 bamboo rods donated by Ja'far Sulaiman, the community worked out constructing a conveyance line down to the foot of the fort (Otanaha Fort). At this place a reservoir was built and it is still standing up to now. The bamboo conveyance line was functioning since 1998 and is used by 150 families. Bamboo construction was only the initiation of a bteer construction that followed. This was only to show that they have done something, and they were now confident enough to build a better quality water supply piping system covering a larger segment of the community. In the meetings that followed it was concluded to submit a proposal for construction of a water supply system to the Mayor. The proposal was submitted in 2000 and was approved in 2001. The village was given a subsidy of Rp 200 million for the piped water supply system construction. Operational Stage The construction was done by a contractor, the community contributed labour for hauling materials. Those who worked as paid labourers were given wage at a half rate of Rp 20.000 a day, the other half is considered as contribution. In August 2002 the construction works started and was finished in October the same year. The new facility was inaugurated by the Mayor and Chairman of DPRD in January 2003. The new system serves 188 home connections or 2.850 pepople plus public hydrant users. Since there are still many families cannot enjoy the service, more hydrants were built for the benefit of the public, the poorer families, the mosque and the school. For 23 months the community could enjoy water supply service for free. But it was later realized that the facility needs maintenance and repair, thus using without collecting any payment will led to disfunction if the facility is broken someday. To run the manage-

At this moment there are still many Dembe families cannot subscribe to the established facility. They are requesting for services, but we have to consider the available capacity

ment the community met to elect a Drinking Water Management Committee, this Committee was given training by PDAM (Regional Utility/Water Company). The training participants consisted of five members of the Committee, three (3) in administrative and two (2) in technical matters. Realizing that the facility will not sustain unless there is a contribution the Committee chaired by Umar Latif invited all the users into a meeting. A series of meetings held in the mosque and the village hall cama to a conclusion that each customer including the social facility is levied with a payment in accordance with the quantity of water

used. Now that the flow meter was to be affixed to all users. The tariff was set at Rp 800/m3 for home connection, and Rp 500/m3 for social service (less priviledged families, mosque, school, etc.). This tariff level is half of the PDAM. During the meetings there are pros and cons, but the majority are willing to obey. The cons claimed that the facility was a contribution from the Mayor for the less previlleged families. According to Umar Latif who currently is the Chairman of Muhammadiyah Youth of Dembe, those who were in disagreement and put the case as pretext are the more prosperous members of the community. Quite amazing, indeed.

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Expansion and Maintenance At this moment there are still many Dembe families cannot subscribe to the established facility. They are requesting for services, but we have to consider the available capacity. Up to now, those who have no home connection may use the hydrants or make a private arrangement with a neighbour to get water from him. Some customer pays a monthly contribution up to Rp 70.000, and when asked why it was so high the owner said: "our neighbours living behind our house make connection from ours." When asked how many families have no home connection, and how they get water service, Latif provides us with the following details: the village consists of 7 sectors. In Sector II there are 153 families without home connection, they have got one hydrant, Sector III there are 9 families and they are given one

hydrant and a drum collector, in Sector I there are 15 families and are given one hydrant. The other members of the community particularly the less privi-

The problem mostly comes from technical and environmental aspects, also social. As for institutional and financial related problems they are mostly not so prominent
SOURCE:WWES

ledged may make private arrangement with the neighbour or use the public hydrant. The principle is, the well to do help the poor. At this time there are many outstanding requests for new home connection, but we cannot comply with the requests. At the most there are only three additional home connections to be made. To make a home connection, in accordance with the regulation as set forth together, the user is charged with a total cost at Rp 480.000 of which Rp 150.000 is paid in advance. The balance is payable in 10 installments. This flow meter and other accessories we have to ask the services of PDAM, payable in installments. Problem and solution Because of the requests for new home connections, Latif is contemplating on building an additional facility from a different water source. But this is still in mind considering the high costs involved. Up to now, the money collected from monthly dues is still used for the repayment of the water flow meters. The Committee members work voluntarily without salary. They may receive some payment when they do some real job such as fixing a breakdown. And the amount is quite meager. If there is a breakdown, the community would lend their hands to fix it, and this happens quite often. To do this they may work all day, and they only get a little pocket money. For youth (5 representatives were present in the discussion) the pocket money is Rp 20.000 and for the Committee members Rp 60.000. The problem mostly comes from technical and environmental aspects, also social. As for institutional and financial related problems they are mostly not so prominent. From the technical aspect there are two things frequently occur, they are broken pipe because of excessive water

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October 2005

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SOURCE:WWES

pressure and the shifting of water spring. When asked why they do not fix a pressure release, Latif only said that they have failed to affix an automatic pressure release. While the shifting of water spring also happens frequently. When it happened the community would gather to fix it together, expand the water capture structure. Several times water spring moves out of the existing water capture structure. Basically the socially related problem can be resolved internally. For example, refusal to pay contribution which was brought up into the meeting was later resolved, and also a customer who refused to have a flow meter affixed to his home connection. This customer deliberately broke the device, but immediately the Committee responded by closing down the service to his dwelling, and for days he did not have water service. Finally the customer, who happens to be a government employee, came to the Committee crying for his repentance. The Committee forgave him and his connection was resumed. The strict action taken by Dembe Committee against disobedience of a commonly agreed regulation is a must otherwise it will lead to other disobediences such as paying contribution, using water as one likes, etc. Several cases such as in Talumelito, Lonuo (Gorontalo) and Banyu Mudal (Kebumen) indicate that service failure and facility disfunction start from disobedience that is not promptly and properly handled by the respective committee. The villages of Lonuo and Talumelito in an evaluation conducted by UI Research Centre and the World Bank in 1998 were considered as two of the best four villages in facility management. This is based on well kept record keeping and well functioning water users' management committee (UPS and KPS). Peresently the facility in these two villages is not functioning any more, it began with disobedience such tapping,

water use for unintended purpose (fish pond), and so on that the community at the tail end got no water and refused to pay. This was then followed by the other, and finally all the payment system came to disorder. As far as institutional aspect is concerned everything seems to run well. The committee consists of 12 members of which five of them run the day to day activities. Contribution runs relatively smoothly and is well recorded in the Committee office. The office was formerly a storage house owned by the village administration. Lessons learned There are several lessons learned from the Dembe WSS development: 1. The community as well as the government are in agreement in the application of demand responsiveness approach. Community participation is invited in 2. all phases of the process beginning from concept formulation, planning, implementation of pilot project, proposal submission, facility construction and management.

3. Being rich is no guarantee that he submits to a payment system and a poor does not always mean he is unable to pay. 4. Documentation of activities includes proper financial recording. 5. Strict Committee action against disobedience to regulation is a must otherwise it will lead to further disobediences. 6. Technical and environmental difficulties should be anticipated early on, and preventive models must be integrated in facility construction, such as shifting of the water spring, release valves, etc. 7. Regeneration of committee officers and upholding of regulation must be inherited. The Committee has been involving the younger generations (5 high school graduates) to be included in the team.
*)

-Active in Water and Sanitation Policy -Researcher at Center for Science and Technology, University of Indonesia

and Action Planning Project at Gorontalo

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Regional Waste Management,

Why Not?
an for his lifetime is always followed by waste problem. Waste problem is actually part of life consequences because each activity produces waste or garbage. The fall of a mountain of garbage at TPA (Final Disposal Site) Leuwigajah taking the lives of 140 people is one of the most tragic disasters in the history of a city waste management. It is not only in Bandung, but waste management in many cities is also in critical condition. Kompas Jatim of 14 July 2005 wrote that domestic waste management in the city of Sidoarjo is in a critical condition. Currently TPA at Tambak Kalisogo which started operation in 2002 has exceeded its initial capacity. Garbage is now piling as high as 7 m or 70.000 cu. m. whereas the fence is built only 4 m high. Only 60 percent of total Sidoarjo waste is dumped in this TPA. The daily waste material production is 3.677 m3 only 2.200 m3 is dumped to TPAs of Kalisogo and Barengkrajang each has 2 ha surface area. The condition of TPA Benowo of Surabaya is also equally apprehensive. A land area of 26 ha is designed to last for 16 years and at current pile of 20 m high it is estimated to last only up to 2008. According to the record in Dinas Kebersihan of the city of Surabaya, the average waste dumped to TPA Benowo is 6.000 m3 daily. With 6.000 m3 dumped into the area the height rises by 2,3 cm a day. In a month it raises to 69 cm or 8,28 m a year. With an average shrinking rate of 25percent the yearly height increase is 6,21 m. This means in 16 years it will reach the height of 99,6 metres. Whereas, according to Wahyono Hadi of ITS Surabaya, Leader of Consultant Team for the TPA Benowo con-

By: Muhamad Zainal Arifin*) struction, the TPA was designed for 16 years of effective use at a maximum pile height of 32 metres (Kompas Jatim 15 March 2005). Looking at the apprehensive situation related to waste management, the step taken by Kabupaten Sidoarjo administration is apparently similar to that of Surabaya city, i.e. adding new land space. According to Hariadi Purwantoro, Head of Dinas Kebesihan and Pertamanan, Kabupaten Sidoarjo is currently preparing 2 ha new land at Kupang village to replace the present TPA (Kompas Jatim 14 July 2005). Surabaya city administration does not want to be left behind. A plan has been set to enlarge TPA Benowo to 140 ha from currently 26 ha. Then the ques-

tion is, when will this land condemnation for city waste dumping ground of Surabaya come to an end? Is there no better and elegant solution to this waste problem? Waste material problem does not only relate to TPA. Waste management system involves a multitude of stakeholders. It includes garbage producer, management, policy maker, informal sector, scavengers, and the community subject to management impact. Consequently, the solution calls for an involvement of the related stakeholders and applying a variety of different approaches. Additionally, waste material is also connected to different aspects, political, social, economical, cultural, and environmental. We have to admit that in many places garbage is not treated
SOURCE:WWES

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October 2005

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SOURCE:WWES

exhaustively, it consists merely of collecting, transport, dump, merely for sake of removal for one's immediate surrounding. Management disorder arises as a consequence of an accumulation of prolonged destructive steps, beginning from choice of technology, incomptetent operation, city management misunderstading, till community carelessness to material problem. Therefore, waste management of places like Surabaya and other cities in Indonesia, the only way out is using regional approach. With the stipulation of regional autonomy does not mean that one particular region does no care about the problem of others. Several regions must collectively take care of their common problem, such as waste material. Waste material management basically knows no administative boundary, sector nor department. In an absence of cooperation amongst municipalitykabupaten-province that are actually interdependent and influence each other, waste material problems become more and more complex along with the increase of population. And besides with cooperation the burden of management costs will become lesser for each of the parties involved. To support regional waste material management, there are several steps to taken into consideration. First, the ligislature needs to develop a Waste Material Law. With the Law as a legal umbrella it is expected that the management will be viewed from a holistic approach. Without a legal umbrella the management will always be based on partial aproach and a reactive undertaking. An absence of a national legal umbrella may, additionally, trigger conflict of interests between two or more regions in waste management. At the regional level such as Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang and Bekasi (Jabodetabek) a collaborative waste material management system develop-

With the stipulation of regional autonomy it does not mean that one particular region does no care about the problem of others. Several regions must collectively take care of their common problem, such as waste material
ment is under way. With the establishment of Jabodetabek Waste Management Corporation (JWMC) a new cooperation era in regionally aproached waste management is beginning. Wth the rising trend such as JWMC there is a need for a national policy to embrace all the intrkabupaten/kota and inter provincial intersts in the context of cooperation in waste management. Second step is formation of body or instituion with national authority in connection with waste management and is directly responsible to the President.

To unify of the visions and missions of the involved parties, the establishment of a National Body for Waste Management is a pressing requirement. It is expected this Body will act as policy maker in anyting related to waste management. The task of thi Bdy is to coordinate through integration of the interests of the various different sectors, areas, agencies, community and stakeholders related to waste management. It is expected that this National Body will be able to formulate a more integrated policy and strategy for waste material management in Indonesia. In other countries formation of waste maerial management body has been done long time ago. In the Philippines for instance, A National Committee for Waste Management was established by ther Presidential Office. The members of the Committee consist of 14 government representatives, and 3 private sector is chaired by Minister of Environment and Natural Resources. In Canada there is also Federal Committee on Environmental Management System (FCOMS) one of its tasks is waste management policy.

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The third step, is waste management privatization. It has been a public secret that the government is incapable of handling garbage problem. Whereas if we see it from business angle, waste management is actually a promising business. Take Jakarta as an example, the daily waste production is 6.000 m3, and is dumped to 108 ha TPA Bantar Gebang in Bekasi. Besides causing a number of problems, the sea of garbage is at the same a sea of blessing for the scavengers, and currently also a promising business for mwaste management enterprise. The profir collected by PT Wira Guna Sarana (WGS) with a capacity at 2.000 tons of waste daily at a processing caost of Rp 53,000/ton equals to Rp 106 million/day. Therefore, in order to prevent wastes produced in the regions from being a useless waste and only to cause disaster, we need to contemplate an intergrated waste management system. The system must be effective, efficient, and reliable using an environmentally friendly technology. The system must be able to serve the entire community and provide the opporunity fotr the priveate sector to participate. Community empowerment that enables them to separate, which is organic waste whih is inorganic is key to success in integrated waste material management. In an integrated hi-tech waste management the role of private sector is highly necessary. There are several underlying reasons why private sector involvement must be put forward in waste management. First, government organization is too fat that makes it too lazy to deal directly with waste problems. Second, privatization is to return the true role of the government as state controller rather than implementer. Third, privatization will benefit the consumers of stakeholders because the private sector implemnts an incentive mechanism. Fourth, privatization stimulates competence thus leads to efficiency. Fifth, privatization will help the

SOURCE:WWES

Many countries have privatized waste management. Private sector involvement in management and financing will create a better performance in waste management

government in infrastructure development. Private sector involvement in waste management is believed to create a more efficient government, because private companies use business reference in management and can be focused in the solution of inferior performance and low productivity. Many countries have privatized waste management. Private sector involvement in management and financing will create a better performance in waste management. As an

example in Monterey an area in Mexico has transformed a sea of garbage into blessing. In the area, an institution called Simeprodeo has managed to convert waste material into power for one third of the street lighting. At an investment of USD 11 million the profit gained reaches USD2 million per annum (Kompas, 18 May 2005). For some extent the Dinas Kebersihan Surabaya has actually implemented privatization of waste management. A Rp 4,1 billion contract is awarded to a private company to carry out street and garbage cleaning operation. Again however, the step taken by the Dinas Kebersihan goes back to implementation of collecing, transport and dumping philosophy. The paradigm is "provided it is away from our direct eyesight" then the waste material problem is considered solved. We hope that with a regional waste management in the future Indonesia will be free from garbage problem. Finally, regional waste management, why not?!
* Student of Law Departement, Airlangga University 1st winner PPRI LIPI 2003 (Pemilihan Peneliti Remaja Indonesia)

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Oktober 2005

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Megumi Drinking Water from an Unlimited Source

abupaten Jembrana is one the regions of Bali located at the western end of the island is different from the other regions located in the middle and eastern part where tourism is the main industry. The biggest difference is because Jembrana lacks the artistic nuanse of Balinese culture to attract tourists. The livelihood depends primarily on agriculture, and not strong enough to develop its own region. One of the constraints to agricultural development is environmental degradation caused by forest damages that reduces water source and uncontrolled conversion of agricultural lands. Although Jembrana has the biggest groundwater reserve compared to other regions in Bali, but it is not used efficiently. As one of Bali's poorest kabupatens Jembrana tries its best to make a future oriented breakthrough taking into consideration the available resources potential. Considering that Jembrana does not have enough permanent surface water reserves, the alternative is to look to the sea as an unlimited source of water. The outcome is Megumi. Policy Breakthrough The booming of bottled water business using the existing spring water source by industrialists, Megumi was born as the only water produced from a yet unpopular in terms of business as a result of tradition of drinking mountain spring water. Balinesse have a strong belief that the sea is religiously tied with universal cleansing. Facing a communi-

Oleh: I Nyoman Karnatha *) ty not accustomed to unusual source of water and unfavourable image from business point of view does not make Kab. Jembrana lose spirit to try to study and develop business opportunity.

Megumi in Balinesne means more or less a place to live and earn a living. Megumi in Japanese means God Blessing. So the Megumi produced in Jembrana Bali utlizes hi-tec machinery from Japan. This signifies an close relationship btween twin cities Jembrana in Bali and Okahama in Japan.

This is the first and pioneering effort in the treatment of sea water to produce sweet water for drinking. Using DAIUGYN technology from Japan, sea water taken from the Indonesia Ocean is treated and sterilized by ozone to produce safe drinking water free from bacteria and chemical impurities. Ozone is the most effective means for killing bacteria and reduces iron and magnesium compounds. Based on a test made by Sucofindo, Megumi water contains 20 minerals each at a concentration well within safe treshold for drinkling water,

all elements are necessary to maintain health condition. Seawater from a depth of more than 300 m, according to several studies made in Japan and at the Department of Fishery and Marine Resouces Research Centre, contains a complete number of minerals that are comparable to what they are in the human body. Whereas the ordinary drinking water contains not more than 3-5 minerals. Megumi which is produced by a modern water treatment device and using O3 sterilizing system producing the most natural drinking water. Therefore, Megumi is an advanced breakthrough in terms of the application of marine researh findings in Indonesia. This is quite deffierent from the conventional water purification known so far including the one used by refillable water industry. Megumi in Balinesne means more or less a place to live and earn a living. Megumi in Japanese means God Blessing. So the Megumi produced in Jembrana Bali utlizes hi-tec machinery from Japan. This signifies an close relationship btween twin cities Jembrana in Bali and Okahama in Japan. Megumi's Prospect The birth of Megumi that must be introduced to the community can be viewed from two different angles: 1. From business angle, in the short term, Megumi at a relatively high (+Rp 7 billion) investment value and application hi tech component, will not be profitable, because being a new product it is still struggling to push itself into the

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market, determine its position, and changing the old community tradition of drinking water derived from mountain spring. In the long run, however, Megumi with an unlimited source of raw material provides a wide opportunity for commercial scale production. Besides, the advantage of deep seawater consumption regularly and in a sufficient quantity will neutralize harmful substances in human body that will reduce the risk of cancer, improve metabolism and resistance to diseases. 2. From the angle of strategic program, Megumni should be seen from the more extensive interests, i.e. environmental protection of the future. Megumi contains a bright prospect for the future, especially as it relates to the increasingly difficult and costlier water supply service. Though many experts say that water source of our country is still in highly surplus position, the fact is controversial. PDAM as the drinking water provider quite often has to face a problem and suffer from financial losses and consequently becomes the financial burden to the regional administration. This can also be viewed in the field how complicated is the water supply problem in Kab. Jembrana: Since the last decade, more or less, water discharge for agricultural purposes has been decreasing significantly that eventually adversely affecting land productivity, the rate of land conversion (9 percent a year) threatens the future of agriculture as a whole. Extensive exploitation of water sources causes conflicting interests with agricultural sector especially the subak community of Bali. Decreasing water resilience as a result of increasing critical land area and forest depletion (9.500 ha of forest area is in damaged condition, or 23 percent of the total area). Utilization of almost entirely groundwater relative to very little surface

After a trial production for approximately one year, Megumi which was initially handed over to a cooperative to manage, but it came to unfortunate difficulty.

water. Excessive groundwater exploitation as a consequence to population growth and development activities may lead to salt water intrusion and may adversely affect inland biotic life. Increasing in size of covered areas (dwelling and other buildings) decreases vegetative covered infiltration areas. Spreading of global environmental hazard and increasing domestic and industrial pollution have brought down the quality of environment especially water source. The abovementioned problems do not seem to improve despite progresses made in science and technology, it tends to get worse. The current government and community effort and determination to finding their solution does not seem resolutely strong enough nor has it been successful. This adversely affects inland water sources. If this condition prevails, then Megumi water will be able to provide a significant substitute when conventional water source such as presently being practised is in scarce quantity. It is now beginning to be felt that water of community consumption is increasing in price and compettition for new sources

is getting tighter. On the other hand, demand for water is stedily increasing and to sustin life we need sufficient amount of water considering 70 persent of human body consists of water. With the limited convensional water sources, the salt containing sea water will serve as a source for clean and drinkable water supply such as Megumi. After a trial production for approximately one year, Megumi which was initially handed over to a cooperative to manage, but it came to unfortunate difficulty. To improve management it is now transferred to Kabupaten Jembrana Public Company. Nevertheless, the new management is still being faced with a set of problems such as capitalization, human resources and equipment. Concluding Remark Megumi could be an alternative to solve water crisis problem. It has an obvious advantage that its source is bountiful and it contains additional potentials beside its function as drinking water. However, Megumi may not be the only solution because it still has limitation in terms of its production support and the community habit in water use up to now. Therefore, the best available solution is one that depends on environmental rehabilitation and protection for a sustainable environmental condition because of its extensive implication and perfectness. Up to now such an effort is still facing a number of contraints in terms of financing, education, moral and immediate interests of certain idividuals or groups; thus a general awareness and commitment for such must be built and honoured by all. Education in this respect must start as early as possible and should continue incessantly.
*) Senior Planner, Bappeda of Kabupaten Jembrana.

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October 2005

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Water
Between the Principles of Sustainability and Demand for Prosperity in the Midst of Shortage and Need Between the Monopolistic Rights of the Present Generation and Inheritance to the Future Generations
"Only increasing 10 percent efficiency in global water use we can save enough water to supply all settlement areas all over the world"
Sandra Postel (Worldwatch Institute)

By: I Gede Arya Sunantara*)

Student, MPRK Univ. Gadjahmada Yogyakarta Honorable Mention Article Writing Competition on Water Supply and Evironmental Sanitation Management

ater is the most abundant constituent of the earth, it covers 70 percent of the world surface, amount to approximately 1,4 billion km3. From the amount only a minute portion is being used, i.e. around 0,003 percent. Because most of it, about 97 percent is in the seas and oceans with a high salt content that makes it unsuitable for human consumption and almost all of the remaining 3 percent, about 87 percent is locked in the polar ice cover or too deep below the ground. The biggest problem in water supply does not develop solely from water shortage in relation to number of population but also from error in policy formulation, a fact realized very much later after the unexpected consequence becomes to reality (Middleton, no date). As it happens in Indonesia, in early 2003 there was a water shortage warning not only in densely populated

urban areas but also in rural villages, the areas that traditionally are intimate with rivers and forests. It makes no surprise when the annual average of Indonesian precipitation rate at 2,799 mm heavy rain is expected during dry

season, and conversely it becomes an enemy during wet seasons. Why is it that this nation's clean water source is continuously decreasing? In spite of amount of investment for this sector's development is almost depleting national or regional budget, the effort seemingly does not bring significant change. The main priority is, perhaps, to determine the wise use of the big government investment for a sustainable water supply service to the community.
SOURCE:INTERNET

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SOURCE:INTERNET

Real and Actual Description Water source availability as part of regional potential that is decreasing as a result of non-natural and technically induced forest degradation has caused a prolonged draught from mid till end of 2004 has been felt by the majority of population, especially on Java. The global finding on the decreasing water supply quantitatively and qualitatively connsequent to environmental degradation was first realized in the decade of 1970s, together with several other issues such as global warming, ozone depletion, decreasing air quality, population pressure and increasing environmental radioactivity (Alimi, 1995). But in Indonesia, during those years the impact was too small to be realized. Now, just about twenty years after the situation has changed, in the midst of the increasing demand for energy, synthetic products and land, water quantity and quality also becomes an important issue for the majority of Indonesians. When water supply management in this country is based on the principle of common property, Indonesian natural resources especially water is treated as disowned treasure so that everyone may freely occupy and exploit, since water is usually distributed for free or on a heavily subsidized tariff. This makes the least intention to use water efficiently, and to pay a subscription. If any, it won't be enough to maintain the facility accordingly. The end result is an extremely inefficient use. Whereas, if some segment of the nation is willing open their eyes and ears, the common property doctrine has long since reaped a sharp critism, especially by Francis T. Christy. Common property doctrine contains 4 detrimental consequences when used as underlying principle for natural, especially water resources management policy, they are namely: (i) extravagant use of natural resources; (ii) economic inefficiency; (iii) may lead to impoverization; and (iv) causing con-

Taking the above facts as point of departure and to prevent environmental pollution, especially disturbances to ground water reserve, it is but natural to put water as a national asset, so that its use is more calculated, technically including regulation on exploration, exploitation and process, and non technically including tax and levies for commercial use of water and observance to traditional law and local wisdom in water resources management.

flicts among users. Taking the above facts as point of departure and to prevent environmental pollution, especially disturbances to ground water reserve, it is but natural to put water as a national asset, so that its use is more calculated, technically including regulation on exploration, exploitation and process, and non technically including tax and levies for commercial use of water and observance to traditional law and local wisdom in water resources management. Water: Natural vs Human vs Financial Capital With the growing awareness of the

importance of community empowerment in water supply and environmental sanitation, the community as the primary element has not been freed from "traditional way of thinking" inherited by the new order regime, let alone the government that is still suffering from "institutional sickness." Therefore, both the community and the government still see the exploitative relationship with natural resources, especially water, as natural and acceptable concept. It is obvious from above the national economy is highly dependent upon natural resources though without optimism (let alone capacity) to sustain ecological balance through application of scientific

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management approaches. In other words, in this country, natural resources, especially water management is implemented by way of manipulation of natural characteristics for the sake of satisfying human desires. To sum up, nature is conceived as having willingness and submission to be manipulated, or as Murphy puts it, nature is treated as plastic that may be smelted and formed in any way one likes (Murphy, 1994). The implication is formation of reluctance to adopt precautionary principle in nature management (Riordan & Cameron, 1994). Water resources concept must be observed cautiously since focusing our attention to water singly as an environmental component with an economic value will not come to a comprehensive understanding, water can also be seen as an environmental component without economic value, as its position is playing an important role in sustaining the overall productivity of the water resources itself. This economic bias should be identified early from the beginning, so that the interlinkage between water with economic value and water without economic value (but it has other values: ecological, political, social, cultural, and religious) can be clearly understood. With the proper attention to water without, or less, economic value, an early warning system and early response system can be developed in order to avoid any possible conflict in water use, internal and among localities. The tendency to see water merely as an economic asset does not have to be implemented by way of conversion and excessive exploitation of water. Because the difference in understanding about economic value of water, and how the benefit from the value has a various different social implications. By focusing our attention to the economic value of water derived from a underlying concept that water existence in this world is as a natural capital, will

lead us to think that water can be exploited to the utmost benefit in the economic process (financial capital), and finally be converted into other forms of capital (human capital) (Usman and Santoso, 1999). From this viewpoint one could assume that the community together with the government (from the central to the village levels) have conducted deterioration to natural resources of this nation. It is made worse still that with the minimum (if not to say without) water resources management parameters attached to the involved agencies. Based on the above discussion it is indeed that the entire Indonesian community has been deceived with the success of National development,

because most of it has been obtained from nature deterioration, from the ambition of the authorities, all as a consequence to erratic conceptualization in seeing natural a "form" of capital. Water: Forest vs Wrong Viewpoint According to its function forest can be divided into: (1) Production Forest, (2) Protection Forest; and (3) Nature Conservation. In various regulations governing the functions of the forest, be it a UUPK, Minister's, Director General Decision, and others there is a profound mistake and entirely wrong definition as an erratic view in looking at forest. The basic mistake is on how the community define a production forest, in which it is said as a forest mainly for wood produc-

Forest management error will produce an immediate consequence as it will also produce a long range implication such water scarcity currently experienced in Indonesia which is yet followed by an increased rate of forest degradation. The need to sustain forest and the demand for water supply are equally complicated.
SOURCE:INTERNET

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tion. Because of this mistake there are many who then manage forest in a wrong way, since they miss to understand the services produced by a forest are not limited to wood and production only, but extends much more as support to water production process (Warsito, 1999). In principle, a production forest (whatever production it may yield) must produce a sustained and maximum yield (Marsono and Sulthoni, 1999). Forest management error will produce an immediate consequence as it will also produce a long range implication such water scarcity currently experienced in Indonesia which is yet followed by an increased rate of forest degradation. The need to sustain forest and the demand for water supply are equally complicated. It is therefore deemed necessary to bring to everyone's attention and be reminded again and again that forest resources is water resources buffer, although it belongs to the public (public goods), but it would be better if the use is based on the principle of sustainability, especially for the community at large. The renewable forest function does not absolutely necessary apply if the rate of deterioration has spread to other components such as water resources contained therein. In short, the present generation begins to experience the inheritance of his forefathers who damaged forests without mercy, in the form of decreasing of water supply, such as being experienced presently. Water: Community Asset vs. Government Asset Water resources utilization should be directed to renewable direction (biotic resources) especially in the light that water is one of those resources that is always in motion, across territorial boundaries, and policy boundaries that it requires inter-regional and inter community coordination. The next question is how far is community preparedness without constinuously demand for

remuneration especially on the pretext of ideological-political reasons. This slow and sure water resources potential depletion process and its future implication should be taken seriously into consideration particularly at the time when the community is no longer able to put water as an asset for themselves and their children, sustainability that makes the substantive content of water resources management is at stake. The fate of the water lacking generations of the future not only in their indigenous areas but also of the surroundings, even global water supply will be at stake, as also trans-regional even transnational consequences (Lay, 1999).

around its life, a conflict from the prople, by the people and for the people. Analytical solution Basically, water resources management and its implications as described above will lead to dualistic reallocation, i.e. advantage and disadvantage, in relation to government, private sector and the community as water users. The disadvantage is an excessive loss through leakages. Improvement of efficiency and management will be better if it is directly connected with maintenance problems (lack of conservation willingness and water resources recovery). There are, however, significant improvement cases particularly water service to the poor, but in terms of environment in general the achievement is not as dramatic as is expected. Beside leakage problem, management ( operation, recovery and maintenace) as decribed above, the problem related to worsening of water quality caused by industrial and untreated urban domestic wastes, and pollution from agricultural waste, must also be taken into consideration. For all of the above resons, water problem and its corollary appurtenances especially quality and quantity reduction as experienced by this nation, though not so severe yet, is not caused by shortage of water supply, but more because water is not managed properly and not equitably distributed. Such a wasteful use of water is not limited in a developing nation like Indonesia, excessive exploitation is also a serious problem in many states in United States. To mitigate water quality and quantity reduction problem of this country is done through prevention, and not through recovery. If properly managed water will be available at an amazingly cheap commodity. Now, it is up to the Indonesians together with the international community, in the developing and industrialized nations alike, to implement the concensus. Pray God.

This slow and sure water resources potential depletion process and its future implication should be taken seriously into consideration particularly at the time when the community is no longer able to put water as an asset for themselves and their children
The above argument tells us that in the realm of water resources management the community is still governed by derivation of immediate benefits, whereas in the long run the mistake will be paid at a very high cost. Therefore, how to bring the conflicting interests between sustainable long term supply and immediate drive to benefit from natural resources exploitation to a peaceful solution. Otherwise an extinction of community future by the community itself, at least a new conflict

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Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Condition in West Sumatera

he province of Sumatra Barat is located on the west coast of Sumatra and it is also known as Ranah Minang. Commanding an area of 42,2 km2 and 5.454.185 population it is divided into 12 kabupatens and 7 municipalities (kotas). Although it is relatively large in area and possessing a big natural resouces potential, it is yet under-exploited. Only 25 percent of the area can be readily utilised, the remaining majority is made up of hills, mountains, valleys and lakes. In 2002 the average per capita gross regional income is Rp 6,65 million per annum. Up to this time only 58,6 percent the population has access to water supply through various different systems, i.e piped water, pit well, hand pump, rainwater collector, and spring water collector. Of all the number only 16 percent gets PDAM water service, or equal to 136.621 home connections. PDAM charges the same tariff level to all of its users. While the number of families who have private latrine as an indicator of sanitation service is only 524 thousand or 51 percent of the total families, in the villages the ratio is even lower. In towns and cities the people are using toilet with septic tank, while in village the most common type is pit latrine. Almost half of Sumatra Barat population has no access to water supply system. The coverage rate may even lower now considering many WSS facilities are not functioning anymore. Especially so with the fact that service coverage data are calculated based on project design. Whereas environmental sanita-

By: Syarifuddin *) tion especially garbage transport and drainage have not been given the attention they deserve. Garbage issue is still considered as technical problem and therefore must be dealt with soley by technical agency. The conclusion from several workshops conducted by the provincial WSS Working Group reveals several problems and issues faced by WSS development in Sumatra Barat as the following: Low coverage and inequitable service; Ineffective, inefficient and unsustainable WSS development; Lack of willingness to protect the environment and lack of community awareness of hygienic life; Lack of interagency coordination in relation to WSS development; Lack of village level management team. If we relate to MDGs target that half of the population presently without access to sustainable and acceptable water service then the minimum target is to serve 80 percent of the population of 3.932.000 assuming that by 2015 Sumatra Barat will be inhabited by 4.916.000 people. Whereas the target for sanitation is 75 percent or 3.686.000 people. Taking the Benefit from Nagari Istitutional Potential Nagari institution as the lowest level government administration in Sumatra Barat is considered as a democratic

administration born from the community and not engineered by the authorities. This system honours 3 powers in nagari administration, i.e. people's sovereignity, parliament, and the administration. The national policy for community based WSS development which is oriented to sustainability and effective use is in strong compliance with the nagari system of administration in which both try to introduce changes that are oriented to more freedom and access to the people to take part in development activity and control. Thus policy reform is translated as change, improve and make available. Based on experience, policy does not mean the end but rather it is the base, an activity to support the mass of population does not necessarily a step towards improvement of life unless the implementation is properly guided. For that purpose it needs to develop critical awareness of the population, and a capacity to translate awareness into action. Policy reform basically consists of resistence against emancipation and a basic correction of the past and a basic concept for future development. In so doing and in connection with national policy for WSS development at the regional level may put nagari institution as a response to the to basic changes in the development pattern (top down) of the past into one that is oriented to providing more freedom and access to the people to either take part in implementation or in control.
*) WASPOLA Consultant for West Sumatera

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Analytical Study on Kabupaten Level WSS Service Development in the Era of Decentralization*)
SOURCE:EXCLUSIVE

study on kabupaten level WSS development after the enactment of law on decentralization was made to find out the kabupatens perceives it and what issues related to WSS development the implementation is handed over to the kabupatens. These questions must be answered satisfactorily because following the national policy formulation we must know for certain what implementation tools are needed to make sustainable WSS development a reality. The implementation tools will be assessed from 3 subject areas, i.e regional regulation, regional level planning and budget mechanism; and regional/local level institution. National Policy for Community Based WSS Development is a policy directed to improve services covering drinking water, toilet, drainage, garbage handling and wastewater management, implemented through a reform in government paradigm in WSS development. The government paradigm for such development implementation should be shifted to more community demand oriented, more room for community participation, more accountable, more responsive to poverty, gender, and empowerment to enable the community to participate in the development process, including more capable to provide financial contribution in accordance with equity and just principle. All this is summarized into eleven (11) WSS development basic principles covering the principles to treat water as economic goods as well as public goods, demand

resposiveness approach, environmentally sensitive, hygiene behaviour promotion, poverty sensitive, promoting an active participation of women, accountability in management, government as facilitator, active participation of the community, optimun and well targeted service, and cost recovery principles. Site of Study This kabupaten level study was conducted in regions with three different characteristics, first, four kabupatens the former field trial sites of the community based development policy, they are Musi Banyuasin, Solok, Solok, Subang and Sumba Timur; second, 3 kabupatens the former field trial sites of T2PTD (Regional Governance Reform) Programme, they are Bandung, Lamongan, and Takalar; third, 3 kabu-

patens representing neither the national policy not P2TPD program even been tried, namely Kuningan, Lumajang, and Sikka. Kabupaten with special characteristic is Solok because it is the site both field trials. Scope of Study In the three regional characteristics studies were made on the extent of the existing regulation, planning and budget mechanism, and institutional mechanism support the principles of the national policy for community based WSS development. The three subjects of study are selected because they are the tools for policy implementation, including this national policy for WSS development. However, because the principles of the national policy for WSS development are universal in nature,

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the support of a set of regulations, planning and budget mechanism, and institutional mechanism to these principles will be worthy of studying. Methodology The supporting power to the principles underlying the national policy for community based WSS development can be viewed from two angles. First, the existence of a regulation, planning and budget mechanism, and regional level institutional arrangement to accommodate the policy principles. Second, whether the regulation, planning and budget mechanism, and the regional institution mechanism are capable of accomodating the logical consequences of the national policy for community based WSS development at the regional level. To this end, the eleven policy principles are subjected to Weimar and Vinning (1989) policy analysis methodolgy. The analytical study of WSS service consists of document review and interview with the regional level stakeholders. The documents to be reviewed consist of regional regulation, and mid- and long term plans. The stakeholders selected for interview include key decision makers in the WSS development implementation agency (Regional Kimpraswil or Public Works and Agency of Health), and support agencies (Environment, Community Empowerment, Forestry, Agriculture), and other executive agencies (Bappeda, Finance Section of the Regional Secretary, and Legal Officer of the Secretariat; and the management institution for community based WSS development. Findings The findings from the study indicate that WSS development problems within the three regional charactirsistics are relatively similar. The problems are: The coverage of piped water service is relatively too small, except in Musi

Banyuasin. Outside the piped water service the community is consuming water with questionable quality. The coverage of non piping water supply system varies widely. In all regional characteristics one can find kabupatens with relatively big water supply service coverage, such as Subang, Lamongan, and Lumajang. The coverage of latrine, drainage, garbage disposal and wastewater treatment is low. WSS services of the urban and the rural areas are not equal. Services are concentrated in the cities. In all study characteristics the majority of the population lives from farming. In such areas conflict in water use for agriculture and domestic purposes is likely to happen. This kind of conflict is common in areas with permanent water shortage, such as Sikka and Sumba Timur. In Sumba Timur, the potential conflict is also triggered by water use for animal husbandry. Up to now a conflict that led to damaging of water facility is between the community and PDAM and government subsidized piping system. In all study characteristics, investment for water service system is considered too high. Up to now PDAM service and empowerment programmes are limited in areas with available water source, manageable with a relatively reasonable investment. The areas that are without water source and need a big amount of investment are still far from water and sanitation services. Exception is in Kabupaten Lumajang. The government of Kab. Lumajang tries its best to develop water supply facility in areas without water source and requires a very big investment. Up to now, the operational costs for such facilities are paid for by the regional government budget. The regions are experiencing environmental degradation, especially with

the shrinking of forest areas, thus reducing raw water source. Prevalence of environmentally based diseases such as diarrhoea, malaria, and upper respiratory tarct is still quite common. Hygiene behaviour is still not widely practiced in many community groups. Many of them do not use toilet, do not wash hands with soap, and do not indicate other habits that indicate hygiene behaviour. Analysis The regions have a wide variety of regulation, planning and budget mechanism, and institutional arrangement for WSS development implementation. Almost all of the regions have no specific regulation on WSS management. There are however, regions with regulation that indirectly supports WSS management. For instance, through delegation of authority to the lowest level of the government, the one closest to the community. Other forms of supporting regulation are delegation of financial management authority to the village and village fund allocation mechanism. These types of regulation tend to promote development mechanism involving formulation and decision making process undertaken through village level community participation. The types of regulation are mostly found in the kabupatens where the community based national policy was put into field trial and at the same time also the site of P2TPD. The next group are the sites of either the national policy for the community based WSS development or the P2TPD. There is no regional regulation that requires the community and the private sector distribute the costs and benefit of WSS services equitably to all users. Besides, there is no rule that deals with government role as facilitator and imposes a sanction system to those violating the rule.

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In some regions, the quality of vilage and kecamatan level government participation is frequently quite poor. This is because the planning at this level is dominated by village and kecamatan level government elements. Kabupaten Solok and its kecamatans are the only ones that are relatively accomodative to the community. The enactment of Joint Ministerial Circular Letter (JMCL) between Minister/Chairman of Bappenas and Minister of Home Affairs No. 0295/M.PPN/1/2005 050/166/SJ on Technical Guidelines for the Implementation of Development Plan 2005 has made possible for community participation to extend up to kota (municipality) level. It can be seen that there are two (2) general institutional patterns developing in all of the regions under study: The government plays a dominat role in WSS development. Government is unprepared with any concept and implementation of community empowerment based development model. The central government subsidy under the empowerment model is perceived as a slow moving programme, excessive burden to regional budget, and is difficult to adapt to the yearly plan and budget mechanism. All the regions under study have a Strategy Plan underlining environmental development and protection. Nevertheless, this regulation is developed in isolation and by a different agency, so that it is not focused on environmental protection measures for WSS development purposes. In all the regions there is no regulation that can make the regional government control the private sector or community involved in WSS management to also assume responsibility for environmental management and protection. Poverty sensitiviteness and increasing of women participation have not been given any mention in the regional

regulations. The kabupatens site of P2TPD implementation makes some mention about poverty sensitiveness in a document called Strategy Plan for Poverty Alleviation. From planning and budget support mechanism, all the regions under study provide no possibility for a selection based on programme design. The LAKIP (Government Agency Performance Accountability Report) does not provide any opportunity for the involved agenccies to assess and verify environmentally, poverty responsiveness, women involvement of a regional level WSS development programmes. However, budget accountability is being tried in the regions. This is stipulated in various financial management regulations. From institutional viewpoint, it often happens an overlapping and ambiguity as to what agency is to take the responsibility for water source protection.

All the regions under study have a Strategy Plan underlining environmental development and protection. Nevertheless, this regulation is developed in isolation and by a different agency, so that it is not focused on environmental protection measures for WSS development purposes.
The principle of promoting hygiene behaviour has been adopted by the regions as can be seen from the Strategy Plan that mandates all regions to implement environmental sanitation programmes, including hygiene behaviour promotion. The application of demand respon-

siveness approaches for optimum and correctly targeted service is intended to overcome ineffective WSS development since development does meet community aspiration. The regional regulation that supports both principles is among others in Kabupaten Solok that delegates the WSS service management responsibility to the lowest government institution, one that is closest to the population, i.e. the nagari institution. In general, the planning and budget mechanism does not guarantee full response to community demand. WSS development is a sectoral agenda and as such it is to be implemented by regional government level technical agencies. With the issuance of Joint Ministerial Circular Letter (JMCL) between Minister/Chairman of Bappenas and Minister of Home Affairs No. 0295/M.PPN/1/2005 050/166/SJ on the Technical Guidelines fot the Implementation of Development Plan 2005, the mechanisms such as the one initiated in Solok may potentially be adopted extensively elsewhere. Therefore the JMCL promotes the development of a specific forum called Regional Work Unit Forum at kecamatan level. Regional level regulations have, in general, included tariff system for drinking water and garbage cleaning and transport services. The gradated tariff system is being arranged in accordance with social economic classification and is intended as a cross subsidy mechanism. From planning and budget point of view, almost all of regions under study develop a stimulant fund to promote community contribution for development financing. In some regions where the national policy for community based WSS development meets with retardance the regional regulation is powerless in providing any meaningful support because the regulation formulation is still dominated by executitive-legislative regulation formulation mechanism.

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Recommendation 1. From the policy argumentation or substantive matter, it seems that the policy rationale that most frequently trigger controversy are the principles of water as economic goods and public goods, and cost recovery principle. In this case the national WSS development policy substantive matter should: a. Complemented with argument of the rights of the people to WSS service and state's responsibility in the fulfillment of these rights. b. Inclusion of preconditions to be met by the government if the people's rights to WSS service are decided to be fulfilled directly by the government agencies, and tranfered to the private sector or the community. c. Inclusion of participation mechanism that is applicable to the community in village, municipal and national level in WSS service management. 2. Socialization of national policy for community based WSS development should be undertaken with the support of a regional level policy implementation framework. 3. Strengthening regional level regulation is conducted to promote the enactment of regulations on: a. Equitable rights for everyone to hygienic water service. b. Government role to guarantee and fulfillment of the rights for everyone to water as basic rights. c. Government role to guarantee and fulfillment of the community rights to water sources. d. Guarantee protection to water sources. e. Prevent environmental degradation. f. Overall water and agrarian conflict resolution. g. Prevention of massive water exploitation by industrial sector. h. Guarantee inclusion of environmental protection costs by industrial sector in water resources utilization. i. Regional regulation formulation mechanism to reflect transparency, par-

Socialization of national policy for community based WSS development should be undertaken with the support of a regional level policy implementation framework.

ticipatory and accountability principles. 4. Strengthening planning and regional budget formulation mechanism to promote the application of the following planning and budget principles: a. Accomodating community participation, especially the poor families and women. b. Development of community representation system to represent all segments within the community, and is

institutionalized into some form of deliberative forum. c. Development of community proposal guardianship to the level where program decision and budget allocation is made. d. Provision of opportunity for planning and budget information to be accessible by everyone in the community. e. Designing accountability procedure that is accessible and controlled by the community. 5. Strengthening instituional mechanism that can be undertaken through the following efforts: a. Establishment of or strengthening regional level WSS team, involving a wide range of stakeholders. b. Strengthening the regional level institutions. c. Developmnet of institutional coordination mechanism in WSS development, applying cross sectoral approach. d. Strengthening village administration. e. Strengthening local civil community organization.
*) Part of WASPOLAS activities in 2005
SOURCE: INTERNET

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SANIMAS (Sanitation by the Community) Between Hope and Reality

t is undeniable that the urban is in apprehensible condition, especially the quarters where the poor live. If any, the quantity of sanitation facility is way below the necessity. It is not a surprise, therefore, if diarrhoeal diseases are endemic in those locations. Besides poor health condition the diseases cause considerable economic losses to the nation. According to 1997 data, economic losses due to illness is equivalent to 4,4 percent of GDP or Rp 47 trillion. This means that each family looses Rp 120.000 every month. Wastewater disposal system is one of the prime sources of problem in such a location. Based on BPS's (National Statistic Bureau) data of 2002, the total urban families with septic tank is 63,07 percent of the total population. The remainder defecate in the open, such as pond, rice field, river/lake, open pit, beach/open space, and others. The SANIMAS (Sanitation by the Community) tries to assume the role of sanitation service problem solving through demand responsive approach based on the available of technology choices. The community assume the responsibility for construction and management of the fund collected from internal sources, and in some case also subsidy from the regional (mostly) and central government, SANIMAS Project (AusAID) and NGO (such as BORDA). It is hoped that this model will serve as one of the alternatives the regional government could choose from for the future WSS development strategy. At this time SANIMAS is under field trial in 7 kotas (municipalities), namely Denpasar, Pamekasan, Mojokerto, Sidoarjo, Kediri, Blitar, and Pasuruan. The kotas are selected based on (i) availabi-

SOURCE:ANDRE

lity of counterpart budget; (ii) appointment of responsible sector for development; and (iii) employment of 2 local facilitators. Up to mid of this year, all the facilities have completed construction and start with operation. Not Smooth The selection of the above cities does not make SANIMAS project works smoothly. One interesting example is in Pamekasan, Madura. Shortly before the day for placing the first stone for the construction, the community came to refuse the project. Achmad Syaifudin, a staff of Bappeda Pamekasan, explained that the families living in the immediate neighbourhood are worried about the stench, especially the unpleasant feeling of one family living just in front of the community MCK. Finally, in this location the project came to a dead end. As a replacement the regional government

diverted the budget for construction of a Plus Plus MCK to another site, i.e. two pesantrens (religious educational institutions) the Mambaul Ulum, Bata Bata and the Darul Ulum, Banyuanyar, Palengaan. Pesantren is selected for reason that mostly it has a poor sanitation facility. The existing WC does not meet sanitation requirement. Most of the santris (students) defecate in the river. Or in a septic tank that is flushed directly into the river. During the dry season water is always in short supply. Different from Pamekasan, some cragginess is also experienced after the facility is in operation in Sidoarjo. The project was funded by the local community plus subsidy from regional budget, AusAID and the World Bank. It is located in RT 21 RW V, Kapasan, Sidokare village, Kecamatan Sidoarjo. The selection of the site was based on poor sanitation in the community. Eighty per-

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cent of its population has no toilet. The primary defecation facility is the river. They built a ladder to climb up and down the bank, although periodically the water surface in the river rises up by more than 1 meter. The MCK facility started construction on 15 August 2003 and began operation on 15 December 2003. In the beginning the facility was instrumental for changing the community habit of defecating in the river. They regularly use it and contribute Rp 200 after each use. In the meantime, one by one the defecation riggings (locally called helicopter) over the water surface were beginning to disappear. However, the habit did not last very long. Early this year they go back to the river. Helicopter riggings began springing up again. Surur Wahyudi from BORDA described this case is a consequence from the very beginning the construction was pushed too hard by the local government when the community hasn't been well prepared. And besides, this time RT/RW officials are changing, this to some extent influences management of the facility. And, moreover, this facility hasn't been officially handed over. "As to what reason behind it, I simply don't know," he said. Success Story Aside from the two cases mentioned above, almost all SANIMAS projects meet with some degree of success. Success in terms of sustainability and facility management. In Pamekasan, the regional government made the SANIMAS Phase I as a precious learning experience. In SANIMAS project Phase II the government shifted MCK development from urban settlements to pesantren institutions. Based on a survey, in pesantrens the ratio between an MCK over number of users is between one by 200 to 300. One can imagine how long the queue line is! This is much worse than the condition in the community, who have a

latrine for a smaller number of people. After a selection process, two pesantrens were named as SANIMAS project beneficiaries, i.e Pesantren Miftahul Qulub (MQ) at the village of Polangan, Kecamatan Galis, and Pesantren Sumber Bungur (SB), Pakong village of the kecamatan Pakong. Construction work started in November 2005, executed by BEST Surabaya. The facilities began

The MCK facility started construction on 15 August 2003 and began operation on 15 December 2003. In the beginning the facility is instrumental in changing the community habit of defecating in the river. They regularly use it and contribute Rp 200 after each use.
operation in March and April 2005, respectively. KH Abdul Manan, Headmaster of Pesantren MQ humbly thanks God for the selection of his pesantren for SANIMAS project. "Now no need for girl students to wait in a long queue. Formerly if there's one had a stomach problem everyone was nervous," he added. There are 350 girl students studying in the pesantren with only two toilets in function. The other five were in complete disorder. For bathing and washing they have to use a common pond. "We are in short of money. The students pay only very small tuition fee. Not enough to construct or repair an MCK facility," further described Manan. In terms of money the total cost for the construction of 6 toilets and 2 bathrooms in Pesantren MQ is Rp 154 million. The pesantren contributed Rp 23 million consisting Rp 5 million cash and the rest in kind. The major portion of the cost was paid by the regional go-

vernment and BORDA. The santris (students) may use the facility for free. But a six-man management team is always on duty to maintain cleanliness, water supply, and control over set previously such as to take off sandals when regulation using bathroom and toilet, and prohibition to wash clothing in the bathroom. In Pesantren SB, the MCK facility consisting of 6 toilet plus 2 bathrooms is capable to serve the need of 300 male students. Formerly the students were catered with one toilet. As a consequence, many of the santris had to defecate and wash in the water source located 10 minute walking distance from the pesantren. "With the facility from SANIMAS we could accelerate the learning process, keeping better cleanliness and health condition," says the Pesantren's Headmaster, KH Achmad Madani. The MCK is also used by the surrounding community, including the students of Aliyah (general education with more religious contents equivalent to senior high school) located nearby. Because of this MCK the Aliyah is now accredited to B level, a better qualification than it was before. Besides, the wastewater from the MCK is used for watering plants. The construction cost amounted to Rp 157 million, more expensive that Pesantren MQ. This is because the roof top is covered with cast concrete for future construction of office and health clinic for the santris. For the construction the pesantren contributed Rp 24 million consisting of Rp 5,5 million in cash and the rest in kind. The operation is undertaken by the santris under the coordination of Abdul Hamid, a trustee of the Pesantren. Users from outside the Pesantren may use it for free. The O&M costs are fully paid by the Pesantren. SANIMAS Project also reached Kampong Karang Kletak, Mandaran Rejo village, the city of Pasuruan. It started with construction in December

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2004 and began operation in April 2005. The facility consists of 6 toilets and 2 bathrooms. Different from similar SANIMAS in other locations, this project also includes a garden and the keeper's house. This is a learning experience from several facilities we helped to build and it turns out that the facility looks much better with a keeper's house," says Surur. This SANIMAS facility provides services to the local community consisting of 246 families or 762 members. Before the establishment of the present SANIMAS the community has had sanitation services already, including the one run by private organization, but still they were not enough to cover the need. Some of the population went to the pond to defecate. The construction cost of SANIMAS facility was Rp272 million. Asfan, the keeper of the SANIMAS facility explains that since the beginning of the operation it produces an average income of Rp 30.000 daily. This income is divided equally between the keeper and the local self-help group as the facility management organization. "Unfortunately not all of the community is attracted to use this new facility. They prefer to go to the pond to defecate. He says if he defecates in a WC the faeces won't come out," he says pointing to someone crouching on the pond not far from the new facility. Not far from Mandaran, there is another SANIMAS project that has been functioning sometime earlier. The project is located at Bakalan village, Kecamatan Bugul Kidul. It is built as a communal facility. Formerly there were only 2 out of 97 families have a toilet. The majority defecated in the river. According to Hasyim, secretary of local selfhelp organization (KSM) in the beginning of the construction the project had a difficulty with a community member who happens to be an employee of Health Agency. "Later it turned out that he felt offended because he was not asked to be member of the

SANIMAS Project also reached Kampung Karang Kletak, Mandaran Rejo village, the city of Pasuruan. It started with construction in December 2004 and began operation in April 2005

committee," says Hasyim. Construction work started in August 2003 and operation began the following December. For the construction each family was asked to contribute Rp 75.000 payable in 2 instalments. The total cost came to Rp 238 million. As for O&M cost each customer is charged Rp 2.200 per family. "For the first 3 months everything seemed OK, after that it stucked till now," says Hasyim. However, presently the management still has a cash balance of Rp 3 million. In the city of Mojokerto, SANIMAS project was located at Balongcok, Balongsari village, Kecamatan Magersari and at Miji village, Kecamatan Prajurit Kulon. The one mentioned earlier is a SANIMAS Phase I and the later Sanimas Phase II. Both are located in a densely populated quarter. The majority of the population has no toilet, they go to the river or ditches to defecate. One can imagine the stench of these places before. "We are quite happy", said Sofi, treasurer of KSM Miji Serasi, the selfhelp organization that runs the management of the facility. KSM applies a monthly contribution to its user member. The average monthly income is Rp 180.000, coming from Rp 6.000 for each household. And besides, the management also places a contribution box. Casual toilet user is charged Rp200 and bathroom Rp 300. On average it produces Rp 8-10.000 per day.

The fund collected exceeds the operational costs. The monthly average is Rp50.000 for electricity and attendance Rp200.000. "Since the beginning of its operation in April, we have a balance of Rp900.000 in cash," said Sofi happily. She also tells us that since April the "Buttock River" (nickname of river for defecation) is closed down. The Balongcok facility that has been operating since April 2004 is relatively in good condition. A contribution box is placed at the entrance. Up to May 2005 the balance of amount collected is Rp 1.163.000. The Balongcok community regularly pays contribution. The amount is Rp 150-180.000 a month. Fund collected from the box is Rp 50-80.000. The operational costs consist of Rp 70.000 for electricity and Rp 20.000 for the keeper. In the meantime, an MCK Plus is constructed at the Bungur hamlet, Madaeng village, Kecamatan Waru, Sidoardjo. It is located approximately 100 m from Bugur Asih bus station. The facility was built in November 2004 and began operation in April 2005. It consists of 5 toilets and 3 shower type bathrooms. The operational costs are paid from user contribution. The tariff is Rp 300 for children and Rp 500 for adult. Sanyoto, the MCK keeper explains that in the first month the amount collected was Rp830.000 and the second month Rp900.000. The income was used to pay the keeper at Rp 350.000 a month and water and electricity combined Rp 100.000 a month. The balance is kept by the KSM treasury. The users are mostly the travellers and boarders of the neighbourhood. "Most of the local families have had a private latrine", he says. That's the story of several SANIMAS facilities that Percik visited. Some are successful yet there are also that are problematic. What is certain, there are a lot of learning experience from the SANIMAS programme. Each region has its own characteristic so that strategy formulation must be adapted to the local condition. mujiyanto

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CLTS Training in Muaro Jambi, Muara Enim, and Bogor

fter the successful CLTS field trial in bringing changes to community behaviour in Lumajang District, a similar attempt was made in Kabupatens Muaro Jambi (Jambi), Muara Enim (South Sumatera), and Bogor (West Java). The training was intended to build a better understanding of the basic principles of CLTS approach, to promote the participants to spontaneously act as CLTS facilitator in their own respective villages, to change community behaviour from defecating in the open and to develop a hamlet level action plan as a follow-up to the training. At the same time similar training was also taking place at Muara Enim District. The event was attended by 42 participants consisting of representatives from Health Agency of Muara Enim, the provincial Health Agency of South Sumatera, Sanitarian, Kecamatan (sub-district) level community empowerment officer, Head of Puskesmas (Community Health Service Center) , WSLIC CPMU, DPMU and consultant team, CWSH project representatives, WSS Working Group. The training facilitators consisted of WSS Working Group, CLTS consultant, WASPOLA and WSLIC team of Muara Enim. Field practice was conducted in four (4) locations: Palai hamlet of Sebedang village, Babat village, Ibul village, and Tanjung Bunut village. The training in Muaro Jambi took place on 4-7 July 2005. This activity was attended by 40 participants representing Health Agency of Jambi province, district level Health Agency, DPMU of CWSH Project, teachers, sanitarian, PKK (Family Welfare Education) representatives, Head of Puskesmas, village headmen, and community leaders. The facilitators of this training were members from WSS Working Group, WASPOLA, and regional WSS

The basic principles of CLTS approach, to promote the participants to spontaneously act as CLTS facilitator in their own respective villages, to change community behaviour from defecating in the open and to develop a hamlet level action plan as a follow-up to the training
working group. Field practice was undertaken in the hamlets of Setiti and Sukamenanti both of Muaro Pijoan village, and hamlet 1 and 2 of Medalo Laut village. Meanwhile, CLTS training in Bogor District was conducted on 18-25 July 2005 and was attended by 40 participants, representing central WSS Working Group, regional Health Agencies of Bogor and Cirebon, Public Works of the West Java province and of Bogor District, D/PMU and WSLIC consultant, WSLIC Com-

munity empowerment consultant from Kab. Ciamis, provincial level community empowerment consultant, Puskesmas's Sanitarian, WASPOLA and WSP-EAP. The field training site was conducted in the villages of Cimande and Cimande Ilir, and hamlets of Sengked and Laladon of the village of Sukaresmi. In general, this training obtained a favourable response from the participants and the local community. In Muara Enim, the community of the villages of Babat, Ibul, Tanjung Bunut was triggered to start with change of behaviour from open defecation to using a hygienic toilet. In Bogor, 21 families confirmed determinate to immediately build a toilet. Nevertheless, in several villages, triggering does not produce a direct impact. Based on field experience, the community does need a toilet, but because of poverty and myths, the capacity to construct will never be expressed explicitly. Myth also develops within the community that toilet construction costs a lot of money and must be nicely/beautifully constructed in order to last long. (AK/MJ)
SOURCE:WWES

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Coordination Meetings on the Implementation of the National Policy for WSS Development in the Regions
n order to get a better picture on the progress of dissemination of the national policy for community based WSS development in the provinces and districts (WASPOLA 's working area) conducted a series of coordination meetings. For the eastern regions, the meeting was held in Makassar on 28-29 August 2005, and the western regions it took place in Bandung on 31 August-1 September 2005. The coordination meetings were also intended to sharpen the participants' perception on the importance of WSS database for WSS programme planning especially as it relates to MDGs. Makassar meeting This meeting was attended by 21 participants representing Central WSS Working Group and WASPOLA team (6 people), Province of South Sulawesi (4 participants, from Salayar District, Pangkep District and Takalar District), Province of Gorontalo (5 participants, from Pohuwato District, Bonebolango District and Gorontalo District), Province NTB (4 participants, from Lombok Barat District, Lombok Timur District and Sumbawa), and Province South-East Sulawesi (2 participants). Introduction was made by Oswar Mungkasa (Central WSS Working Group) and Rani Nurhadi from AusAID. Oswar highlighted several important issues especially it relation to MDGs target achievement particularly clarity of the present status of WSS coverage data. Based on the experience up to now the available WSS data are questionable and cannot tell us the actual WSS coverage. Specifically with funding, Rani Nurhadi, explained that AusAID is supporting WASPOLA financially from the beginning

up to the present. From AusAID viewpoint WASPOLA has achieved the expected output, as evidenced from the formulation of the national policy for community based WSS development and has been disseminated to 7 provinces. At the moment the institutionally based development policy is in progress. This further indicates that WASPOLA has been able to contribute to the efforts leading to sustainable community based WSS development in Indonesia. From the meeting a number of recommendations are suggested to central and provincial WSS Working Groups, as the following: A. Central Level Working Group 1. The central (national) level Working Group to facilitate the provincial team for the development of a concrete step to be taken in operationalization of the policy through (i) coordination meeting with provincial working group, (ii) the central working group makes it a requirement for the provincial team to submit a regular implementation progress report; 2. Establishment of central, provincial and district WSS working group network; 3. The future coordination meeting to consider inviting other involved elements from the regions. B. Provincial Working Group 1. Translation of Work plan into operation, especially database collection; 2. Take the benefit from district level activity. Bandung Meeting The coordination meeting was attended by 34 participants consisting of representatives from Central WSS Working

Group, WASPOLA, the province of Banten (2 from the province and one each from Pandeglang District, Lebak District and Tangerang Municipality), West Sumatera (2 from the province and one each from Tanah Datar District, Sijunjung District and Padang Municipality), Bangka Belitung (2 from the provincial level, one each from Pangkal Pinang Municipality, Bangka Barat District and Bangka Selatan District) and Central Java (2 from the provincial level and one each from Grobogan District, Pekalongan District and Kebumen District). Opening was made by Oswar Mugkasa (Central WSS Working Group) who discussed 3 important agendas to be dealt with by WSS Working Group during 2006. They are improvement and provision of WSS baseline data, improvement in communication strategy, and improvement to WSS multi-stakeholder network. Sofyan Iskandar of WASPOLA described that the role of WASPLOA of the organization is to provide support to WSS Working Group activities and operatonalization of WSS development policy in 2005 through the hands of the provinces based on the experiences gathered in 2003 and 2004 implementation. In the course of the same meeting Rewang Budiyatna of WSS Working Group took the opportunity to discuss with the audience about the stimulant fund for the regions. According to him, the fund is confirmed available but its disbursement is constrained by a regulation that prohibits the central government to funnel fund directly to the regions except in emergency case. Therefore, he suggested further, it is necessary to find a way out so that the stimulant fund could be disbursed down to the districts/municipalities as planned. (MJ)

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Road Show of National Policy for WSS Development in the Regions

o translate the national policy for community based water supply and environmental sanitation development into operation, WASPOLA together with WSS Working Group conducted a series of road show activities. This event is intended to present the operationalization of the policy to the stakeholders. With this it is hoped that the stakeholders especially the policy makers would then support to accelerate the regional strategy development process for sustainable WSS development.

Bangka Belitung, 27-29 July 2005

In this province the road show began with a talk show through Sonora radio, a local radio station, 19.00-21.00 hrs 27 July. The talk show invited Amri, Chairman of Bappeda (Local Development Planning Agency) Bangka Belitung, who discussed WSS related issues of Bangka Belitung (Babel), Nugroho Tri Utomo of WSS Working Group discussed the background of the national policy for community based WSS development, and Sofyan Iskandar of WASPOLA discussed about the role of WASPOLA itself. During the broadcast there were two responses from the listeners. First, the need for environmental protection in Babel because the degradation process is going unrestrained. Second, a question how to synchronize economic development and environmental protection. Stakeholder meeting was conducted in 28 July. The meeting was officially opened by the Deputy Governor of Babel. There were 40 participants attended the meeting representing the provincial level government agencies, district/municipal governments, members of legislative body, and the press. In his opening speech the Deputy Governor made special mention about environmental degradation in Babel. He is very much in agreement with the national policy. What he needs, though,

is a formal letter from the central government. This conforms to what the Bappeda wants. The road show was concluded with a visit to 3 locations, namely TPA (final garbage disposal ground) at Parit Enam, PDAM intake structure currently not functioning, and protection area at Kolong Kacang Pedang. These three locations are suffering from the burden of WSS related problems. All the participants took the opportunity to discuss the problems with Chairman of Bappeda for possible solution. An important note from the road show is that the policy makers are in full agreement with the national policy and they have serious attention to WSS related issues, the implementation strategy has been relegated to the districts/municipalities level.

king group, several important issues could be noted: The National Policy has been adopted in Lombok Barat. In 2005 Lombok Barat revised the draft of WSS strategy development plan and this year has allocated Rp 2 billion budget as stimulant for WSS physical construction. New districts (Lombok Timur and Sumbawa) will be added to implementation facilitation activities in 2005. Those districts have also allocated fund for the facilitation team's operational costs. Up to this time NTB is being faced with problems related to sustainable WSS development: Lack of reliable data to support WSS development planning; Degradation of environmental condition total number of water springs down from 700 to 250. It has been realized by the Regional Secretary that many of the facilities constructed in the past are no functioning, this problem calls for an integrated solution effort. In the future WSS development needs be integrated with economic implication.

Nusa Tenggara Barat (NTB), 11-12 August 2005

The road show consisted of a meeting of WSS related stakeholders in NTB, meeting with the governor, and meeting with provincial level WSS Working Group. The delegates from the central level were Endang Setyaningrum (WSS Working Group), Rick Pollard (WSP-EAP), Rani Nurhadi (AusAID), Subari and Nur Apriatman both from WASPOLA. During the discussions with the central Working Group, secretary of regional government and district WSS wor-

Gorontalo, 18 August 2005

SOURCE:WSES

The National Policy road show was attended by central WSS working group,

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WASPOLA and WSP-EAP. The agenda consisted of meeting with the governor and all heads of district administration, field visit and talk show in TVRI Gorontalo. The meeting was attended by 25 participants representing the involved provincial government agencies and heads of district administration. The meeting agenda started with report on policy implementation by the chairman of provincial Bappeda and followed by a speech by the Governor, Fadel Muhammad, on the status of WSS development in Gorontalo. Then followed a presentation on WSS Development Policy by Oswar Mungkasa (WSS Working Group) and closing by the Chairman of Bappeda. Several important issues worthy of note derived from the meeting are: CARE International Indonesia is currently developing community based WSS facility in 61 villages (as initial phase) in collaboration with the regional government. Financial support for physical construction amounts to USD192.769 (equivalent to appox. Rp1,9 billion). Budget allocation for 2005 WSS development amounts to Rp 13,3 billion from central and regional budget sources. Biggest problem is lack of community awareness to hygiene behaviour. This is evidenced from many facilities built but not being used for a variety of different reasons, including ineffective management team. Other reasons may be traced to unsuitable planning and lack of community involvement in the development. In the meantime, field visit was made to PDAM Gorontalo city, to Dembe 1 village and to one of the village which installs hydraulic ram to irrigate maize crop, presently the major product of Gorontalo. Water supply development was initiated by the community in 2002. Immediately after it was functioning, still in 2002, the community elected BPAB (water supply management team), installed 75 public faucets to serve the community. The management submitted request for a subsidy from the government and tied cooperation with PDAM. In 2003 the water supply facility and BPAB were officially dedicated by the mayor of Gorontalo and PDAM provides technical assistance to the community. Up to 2005 BPAB under the leadership of Umar Latief has been managing the 12 l/sec facility with 188 public faucets installed and a total of 2800 subscribers. Water price is set at Rp 4800/m3. The road show was concluded with a talk show in TVRI Gorontalo (local television channel). The resource persons consisted of Minami (Chairman of provincial Bappeda), Oswar Mungkasa (WSS Working Group), Sofyan Iskandar (WASPOLA). The event discussed several topics: status of WSS development in Gorontalo, background of formulation of National Policy for Community Based WSS Development. It is deemed necessary to create WSS development programme integrated with development of people's economy. Most of primary schools in Banten have no sanitation facility. It is necessary to introduce to school age children the subject of water supply and sanitation. Lack WSS related baseline data in Banten. It is necessary to reorganize the existing data and encouragement of interagency coordination from the central down to the district level. Health protection and diseases prevention effort is not given a proper attention as compared to treatment/healing.

Central Java, 21-22 September 2005

The workshop on operationalization and synergy in community based water supply and environmental sanitation development in Central Java was attended by 51 participants representing WSS Working Group of Central Java and similar groups of Districts Grobogan, Kebumen and Pekalongan, central WSS Working Group and WASPOLA. The workshop was opened by the Section Chief of Physical and Infrastructure Development, Bappeda Central Java. The agenda of the workshop consisted of presentation by Basah Hernowo, Director of Housing and Settlement Systems, Bappenas. He discussed WSS condition today and the target that must be achieved in line with MDGs 2015. According to him, WSS used to be viewed as technical matter, the government as provider, so when there is a need it was directly supplied and then everything was considered well done. In the future, he continued, WSS development must be done in sustainable manner, meeting the criteria of efficient service, continuous reliability, expanding coverage, sustainability, acceptable quality and quantity, and at a reasonable price. (MJ/AK)

Banten, 28-29 August 2005

The road show took place at the office of Banten provincial secretariat and was officially opened by the Chairman of Bappeda. It was attended by 13 participants from Banten WSS Working Group and 5 representatives from central WSS Working Group and WASPOLA. Several of the issues identified from the meeting were: 1. In line with MDGs Banten sets a coverage target of 74 percent water supply and 73 percent environmental sanitation. The biggest handicap is lack of community participation and inefficiency of WSS sector investment. 2. National Policy implementation started with Lebak District and presently is expanding to Pandeglang District and the city of Tangerang. 3. The problems entail:

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Regional Commitment, Better Management Through Public Participation

Second Southeast Asia Water Forum (SSAWF)

econd Southeast Asia Water Forum (SSAWF) was born from a global initiative on the importance of integral arrangement of water resources management. This idea was initiated in Chiang Mai, Thailand, on 17-21 November, 2003. The First Southeast Asia Water Forum (FSAWF) agreed to the following agenda: (i) promoting the participation of all stakeholders related to water resources management, (ii) development of policy and regulation, (iii) development of funding mechanism that takes into consideration economic, social and cultural aspects, (iv) building and strengthening IWRM (integrated water resources management) performance capacity, (v) initiation in the application of IWRM process, (vi) building a closer cooperation among government, non government and private institutions in the mitigation of negative impact from water effected disaster, and the like, (vii) continue with regional coordination in the management of river basin unit, (viii) identification of ways of improving irrigation system through decentralized management, and (ix) conducting a regional meeting once in two years for educational and transfer of information purposes among water resources practitioners and more extensive stakeholders. In the FSAWF water supply and sanitation (WWS) was not highlighted as a specific issue, the opposite is in SSAWF. In a conference held in Bali 29 August-3 September the public role and participation is strongly highlighted, and the committee put it as the theme of the conference "better water management through public participation".

SOURCE:DORMARINGAN H.S

Department of Public Works, Indonesia Water Partnership (IWP) and Global Water Partnership (GWP) were the leading actors in organizing the SSAWF. Three main issues were summarized into the following sub-themes: 1. Advancing national water agendas; 2. Managing water resources in river basins; 3. Managing water resources in growing cities. SSAWF was opened by the minister of Public Works, Djoko Kirmanto. The conference was attended by 11 members of Asean nations and delegates from several other countries (Japan, Australia, England, Netherlands, China, Srilanka, and others). In his opening speech Djoko highlighted the condition in Indonesia as it relates to achieving MDGs targets, "the MDG objective of serving 60 percent population by 2015 appears to be too ambitious for Indonesia." According to him, Indonesia will remain committed to achieve it through continuous effort and preparation of policy

D.G. Cipta Karya, Agus Widjanarko, delivering keynote speech in one of the sessions (above), Indonesian delegates in the preparation of Ministerial Declaration (below)

framework towards the achievement, such as Law No. 7/2004, Government Regulation No. 16/2005, National Action Plan, PDAM improvement and restructuring, and so on. National Agendas within MDGs Constellation Based on ADB data 700 million of the Asia-Pacific region population live without access to water supply and 2 billion are without acceptable sanitation. These data conform to those published by the World Bank. In the present SSAWF this issue is viewed from (i) the need for water sector reform, (ii)

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improvement of water resilience of the poor community in relation to achieving MDGs target, and (iii) application of integrated planning and management of water resources. Malfunctioning waterworks, management failure, lack of community participation, financial inefficiency, and several other similar stories, have urged a global and regional (SE Asia) initiative to a development that is oriented to government policy reform. Arriens Wouter, from ADB in his presentation "Why we need national water sector reform" indicates the need to have at least (i) legal clarity in water management, aimed at regulating the various interests within the framework of regional autonomy, formulation of legal framework, policy and strategy, (ii) improvement of stakeholders' participation in water management through private sector involvement, and mass media, (ii) improvement of economic value of water, through tariff reform, policy framework, rationalized subsidy, catalysing investment, and (iv) development of coordination mechanism, through development of management institution at all levels. In the context of MDGs target achievement, the Asia-Pacific region has made a significant progress. MDG Ambassador, Erna Witoelar, notes a number of hopes and challenges: (a) since 1990 the total of poor population has gone down from 23 to 16 percent, (ii) the target on education is believed achieved but more effort is needed, (c) Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia and the Philippines indicate a progress in poverty alleviation, (d) it is necessary to exert a stronger effort to improve human resources capacity in Laos, Myanmar and Cambodia, (e) there yet indication of malnutrition and hunger, (f) progress in HIV/AIDS prevention has been shown in Thailand and Cambodia, (g) a significant trade barrier is prevailing in ASEAN countries and therefore needs an integrated economic development. In the context of MDGs target achievement the national agenda in water management must be undertaken in synergy and sustainable manner, based on the progress made by the government. "A major factor to disparities in water access between the rich and the poor is lack of political will," says Erna further. Integrated Water Management The importance of integrated and sustainable water management has too frequently been voiced out. In the present SSAWF, the experience and lessons learned from integrated water resources management (IWRM) from 8 SEA nations were presented. The experience indicates that through stakeholder involvement, willingness to share information and ideas, bottom-up strategy development, application of IWRM principle as far down as the field level, and including water sector in the formulation of development strategy, a multistakeholder consensus in water management plan could be made a reality. Besides, SSAWF also notes that network and partnership establishment becomes an important matter to keep in mind. In the context of water resources management, NARBO (Network of Asian River Basin Organization) has been developed and promoting the application of sustainable water management principles. In many countries IWRM application sill faces a variety of constraints, such as bureaucratic, lack of human resources capacity, organizational overlapping with obscure function, lack of reliable baseline data and information system, lack of cost recovery and financial accountability. The other side of IWRM that calls for specific attention relates to how IWRM influences and relates to (i) ecosystem and livelihood issues, (ii) minimizing negative effect of water scouring, flood, inundation and other natural disasters, and (iii) upstream-downstream issue in the availability and feasibility of water utility. In the context of sustainable management, this SSAWF recommends the development of a mechanism and institutional arrangement that is focused on (i) cross-boundary water management for surface and underground water, etc, (ii) water use for different purposes such as for city water-work, agriculture, fishery, and environment, and (iii) cross jurisdictional territory, between central government and regional and local government. The challenge is hard indeed but it does not mean it is unmanageable. Water management of the urban, whose responsibility is it? Since 2002 the Southeast Asian countries have been focusing water management that is more oriented to the increased use demand. The growth of urban districts has brought with it more complicated problems and increased involvement of many parties, including the private sector. In the present SSAWF this is seen from the following viewpoints: capacity development for urban water supply, (ii) developing more credible water supply service, (iii) innovation in water supply and sanitation management, (iv) community empowerment in water service reform, and (v) water financing scheme. An experience from Pnom Penh Water Supply Authority (PPWSA) is an interesting example for urban water supply service management. PPWSA (equivalent to PDAM in Indonesia) Director explained how it has made changes in institutional, personnel, and financial. Through its revitalization programme PPWSA has been successful in bringing down water leakages from 44 to 10 percent, increase service access up to 97 percent, billing efficiency up to 98 percent. The key to the success is, according to Ek Sonn Chan the Drector, is ownership, external support, law enforcement. In terms of water management and urban issues, SSAWF encores commu-

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nity participation format and funding issue. Community participation was specifically discussed in the fourth day, 1 September in session Empowerment of civil society for water service reform, in which (i) how to facilitate an extensive public participation, (ii) how to create an acceptable climate for public participation, were discussed. In this session Law No. 7/2004 was used as an interesting example to be discussed. Another issue within this theme relates to urban water service financing. Beside presentation on the donor institution concept and perspective this theme also discussed financing alternative in the context of upstream-downstream relationship. The financing alternatives are base water pricing (BWP) formula and incentive/disincentive model (IDM). BWP, which represents ratio between conservation costs over quantity of water use is an applicable instrument and indicator for the evaluation of water resources protection effort. Whereas IGM which formulates source and use in upstream - downstream areas, is applicable for tax sharing allocation among provinces and districts within a given river basin. In the closing session, bearing a theme "Catching up, keeping up with growing cities" a dialogue was arranged between service provider to obtain lessons learned in WSS management and to find a better solution to the urban WSS management implementation challenges, including financing, private sector participation, service to the poor families, subsidy and efficiency issues. 'Balancing people's capacity to pay and ensuring efficient service, is this possible?" is an important question that we have to answer. SSAWF Follow-up and the Ministerial Declaration SSAWF was concluded on 3 September 2005, the commitment of Southeast Asian nations is summarized into a common action plan as the following: 1. Water for sustainable development Promote the achievement of agreement on water contribution to other sectors, for example water supply provision for domestic and industrial purposes, irrigation and drainage, energy, flood control, navigation and recreation, in the regional and national scale social economic development, and the government provides investment (at least within a minimum level) for services and infrastructure to support social economic development; Promote environmental conservation and action framework to the decision making, parliament, politician and translate it in the implementation of water related projects; Promote and support the regional government initiatives to efficient and sustainable water resources management, especially one pertaining to extraction of underground water. 2. IWRM Implementation Progressive IWRM implementation through the application of learning by doing and best practices approaches; promoting IWRM target achievement through technical cooperation and international funding arrangement; promotion of capacity improvement for monitoring and supervision; urging and promoting upstream-downstream phenomenon in conflict resolution and improvement of the stakeholders' knowledge about the importance of river basin organization (RBO). 3. Drinking water and environmental sanitation Promote programme implementation to improve water quality and expansion of access to drinking water and sanitation services in towns and villages, always keeping in mind the pro poor principle; Improvement of funding and government instrumentation in the WSS sector MDGs target achievement through developing the following schemes: innovative funding, decentralization, community based approach, private sector participation, public-private sector partnership, promoting small scale and community group provider, regulation, benchmark development, monitoring and information; Promoting and taking the necessary effort to guarantee raw water quality and quality acceptable to standard WSS service; Development of a clear standard for a reform in central and regional government intervention, implementation institution, private sector, and other stakeholders for an efficient WSS management; Development of a clear standard regarding the impact of WSS service provision to the regional government, national with poverty alleviation strategy and objectives; Promoting the development an instrument for "voice of user" approach in an effort to minimize inefficiency in rural and urban WSS service provision; Preparation of standard for the formulation of WSS management strategy and supply-demand management strategy through tariff setting, cross and direct subsidy and care campaign and education; Promotion of a variety of initiatives in view of problems faced in WSS provision in the cities and peripheries; Development of implementation standard for the protection of surface and underground water sources against pollution and excessive exploitation; Promote the development of water efficient and environmentally friendly and at the same time also sustainable and cost effective WSS system. In this case decentralized sanitation approach may become an effective al-

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Nippon Koei, Jakarta; JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency), Jakarta and Tokyo; Black and Vieth, Consultant Agency, Jakarta. 4. Water management for WASPOLA-WSES Working food and environment Group, Jakarta; Urge and promote funGrundfos, Pump Manuding innovation to defacturer, Jakarta; velop an efficient irriADB (Asian Development gation scheme incluBank), Manila; ding community based Caprari, Pump Manufactusmall farming, particirer, Jakarta; patory irrigation O&M Mekong River Commission for farmers and water (MRC), Cambodia; users' association; IUCN, world conservation Development of stanorganization, Thailand; dard to strengthen syKemitraan Air Indonesia nergy and minimizing Visitors from various nations are looking for information about National Policy (KAI, Indonesian Water policy and implemenat the WSS Working Group-WASPOLA stand Partnership), water organitation contradiction zation, Jakarta; between agricultural BORDA, non government orgaMyanmar, Philippines, and Vietnam. sector and environment and promote nization, Bali. water provision alternatives for food The WASPOLA-WSS Working GroWASPOLA-WSES WORKING production in arid regions; up stand was visited by more than 200 GROUP Exhibition in SSAWF Stimulate the formulation of an effecvisitors, from Indonesia and other counDuring the course of the conference, tive policy for groundwater managetries such as Philippines, Vietnam, WASPOLA-WSS Working Group toment for food production. Cambodia, Malaysia, Laos, China, Jagether with other organizations held an pan, Sri Lanka, Germany, Netherlands, exhibition. There were 11 stands made 5. Water resilience England, Australia and international available for the exhibition and each Development and implementation of organizations (WHO, Unicef, AusAID, was assigned to: local level strategy to deal with cliUSAID, ICRAF, World Bank, ADB and matic changes; others). Implementation of capacity improveVISITOR WASPOLA-WSES Several of the comments and inputs ment programme and financial supWORKING GROUP BOOTH from visitors are: port for technology development for WASPOLA-Pokja AMPL Booth Water supply and sanitation must the future in early warning system, become an integral part of water risk management, impact mitigation, 250 resources management; etc. Visitor The steps and efforts made by InPromote the development of conflict Cummulative 200 donesia in formulating National management strategy and promote Policy for Community Based WSS local water management ethics and 150 Development serves as an imporsolidarity in order to create good watant initiative in improving WSS ter governance. 100 service; During the course of the meeting, Presentation of issues and messages the delegates from each nation dis50 in caricature and cartoon is a creative cussed a draft of SE Asia Ministerial idea to deliver messages related to Declaration. On 2 September this sub0 water and community empowerject was discussed with the representaAgs29 Ags30 Ags31 1-Sep 2-Sep ment, without hurting anyone's feetives of Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, ling. Dormaringan H. Saragih Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Laos, Duration ternative through formulation of policy framework, institution and public acceptance.
Number of visitor

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Workshop on National Policy for Community Based WSS Development Operationalization with the Involved NGOs
n the framework of experience sharing of participatory approaches in WSS development among NGOs, the Directorate General for Regional Development Dept Home Affairs held a workshop on National Policy for Community Based WSS Development Operationalization with the involved NGOs in Surabaya on 5-7 September 2005. The purposes of the workshop (i) building a common understanding for synergy of NGOs and government efforts for the application of sustainable WSS development principles, (ii) sharing of experiences between NGOs in promoting community based approaches for WSS development as an initial effort towards partnership for policy implementation in the regions, and (iii) to agree in operational steps for partnership towards sustainable WSS development implementation. The workshop was attended by 84 participants representing 17 international, national as well as local NGOs. Opening was made by Dr. Ahmad Cahyana Jayadi, Director of Environment and Spatial Planning, DG Regional Development, Dept. Home Affairs. This workshop produces a common understanding among the participants that it is of the utmost importance to put the policy principles of the National Policy for Community Based WSS Development into application in order to achieve a sustainable development. Additionally, the workshop managed to map out the specific experiences of the 17 NGOs in the field of WSS development. The participants came to agree to an

SOURCE: WSS WORKING GROUP

Discussion: Workshop participants discussing WSS related issues and formulating regional agenda for the future

action plan for the establishment of water related NGO communication forum. Specifically the inputs that led to action plan were as the following: Establishing WSS development network;

Conducting periodic meeting; Conducting thematic dialogue related to WSS development issues; Establishing opportunity for dialogue with private sector. As an immediate follow-up to the workshop a meeting is scheduled for the second week of October 2005 to discuss next agenda. The host of the meeting will be IRI and WSS Working Group.
(MJ)

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Orientation to Community Empowerment for Provincial and District Level CWSH Project Technical Teams

he Directorate General for Community and Rural Development Dept. Home Affairs conducted an orientation workshop on community empowerment through the application of MPA/PHAST methodology for provincial and district level of CWSH project technical teams, held in Padang on 22-27 August 2005. This activity was attended by representatives from Health Agency, Community Development, Public Works from provincial and district the site of CWSH project of Jambi and Bengkulu provinces. This activity was intended to provide the technical teams with the necessary background on participatory methodology for application in CWSH project and to make them better understand the community demand. The activity was opened by K. Paimboan, Secretary of the Directorate General for Village and Community

Development, and was followed with a presentation by Basah Hernowo, Director of Housing and Human Settlement, Bappenas (National Development Planning Agency), on the application of MPA/PHAST in CWSH project as it relates to National Policy for Community Based WSS Development. Basah explained that the formulation of the National Policy for Community Based WSS Development was based on the fact that many of the facilities developed in the past are not sustaining. Besides, community demand for drinking water and environmental sanitation is increasing in line with population growth, and on the other hand the government capacity -particularly financing - is quite limited. Therefore, it is deemed necessary to develop an effort to fulfil the demand and at the same time develop community based WSS facility.

In the policy, Basah further said, the community takes the leading position. The community is subject in development, because they are the one who are most familiar with the problems, what they need and the potential they have to overcome the problem they are facing. One of the tools for the application of participatory approaches in WSS development is MPA/PHAST (Methodology for Participatory Assessments/Participatory Hygiene and Sanitation Transformation). MPA is applicable for conducting assessment in planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation processes. According to Basah, one of key to the success of this method is community contribution and active participation in all stages of the development process that builds the sense of belongingness and eventually sustainability of the facility. (MJ)

Workshop on Operationalization of National Policy for Community Based WSS Development in the Regions

he Directorate General of Cipta Karya, Department of Public Works conducted a workshop on operationalization of the national policy for community based WSS development at Pucak, Bogor on 2-4 August 2005. The workshop was attended by 45 participants from NGOs, Universities, provincial level Bappeda (Local Development Planning Agency) (Gorontalo, NTB, West Sumatera, Banten, Central Java, South Sulawesi, Bangka Belitung) and central level WSS Working Group and WASPOLA. The Workshop which was officially opened by Basah Hernowo, Director of Housing and Human Settlement,

FOTO: POKJA AMPL

Bappenas (National Development Planning Agency) was intended to build a better understanding about the principles and strategy for the policy implementation, lessons learned from policy operationalization, sharing of information and experience on the policy imple-

mentation and introduction to National Policy for Institutionally Based WSS Development. During the workshop process several important issues cropped up, such as the need to develop cooperation network among all WSS development related stakeholders in the operationalization of the national policy for community based WSS development. NGO as partner in WSS development plays very important role in establishing dialogues with the community. Besides, implementation of the operationalization must be undertaken in synergy with the existing programmes in the regions. (GT/MJ)

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National Discussion on Sanitation

ithin the framework of Habitat Day commemoration, the Directorate General for Cipta Karya, Dept. of Public Works organized a national discussion on sanitation, held on 6 July 2005 in Jakarta. This discussion put forward several sanitation related topics, including the design of sanitation development policy in Indonesia, education pattern to accelerate sanitation development, technical innovation in sanitation development and water sources protection, financing scheme and tariff/contribution for sanitation development and the role of the community and private sector in sanitation development in Indonesia. The discussion agenda was opened by the Director General for Cipta Karya Dept. of Public Works, Ir. Agus Widjanarko. Present as resource persons we-

SOURCE:WSES

re Basah Hernowo (Director of Housing and Settlement Systems, Bappenas), Dr. Sulistioweni (University of Indonesia), Dr. Enri Damanhuri (ITB Bandung), Abimanyu (Forkalim/PDAM Solo), and Surur Wahyudi (BORDA). There were several issues that emerged during the course of the discussions. The biggest challenge for sanitation development in Indonesia is translating

policy into strategy and steps to be taken and how sanitation policy could accommodate an active role of all the stakeholders. Community awareness to sanitation is the most influencing factor. Therefore, a campaign to improve community awareness is compulsory. One way of doing it is through education, formal and informal. Another issue that also cropped up is that the cost recovery principle is difficult to apply in wastewater management. This is a challenge in its own for us to resolve. Technological innovations in sanitation management are available, but the question is how to choose the most suitable alternative in accordance with the community's capacity to adopt and manage any of these technologies.
(AK/MJ)

Introduction of Community Participation Methods in the Districts Recuperating from Natural Disaster

he Directorate General for Community and Village Development of the Dept. of Home Affairs conducted and introductory workshop on community participation methods for the districts that are recuperating from disaster in Aceh and North Sumatra, held in Medan on 27-30 July 2005. The workshop was attended by 55 participants consisting of the provincial technical teams from Aceh and North Sumatra and representatives of 7 districts that were severely hit by the disaster. The purpose of the workshop was to introduce Methodology for Participatory Assessments (MPA)/Participatory Hygiene and Sanitation Transformation as a means for the implementation of community based WSS development, improvement of

community knowledge about national policy for community based WSS development, and helping the participants to develop action plan for CWSH project, both for the provincial and district level implementation. The activity was opened by the Secretary of Directorate General for Community and Rural Development, K. Paimbonan, who stressed the need for community empowerment for development implementation within the regional autonomy framework. Since, according to him, without it a programme will fail, let alone sustainable. The participants were also given explanation about the national policy for community based water supply and environmental sanitation development, which was presented by Basah

Hernowo, Director of Housing and Human Settlement, Bappenas. MPA/PHAST is known as a methodology to improve community participation in problem identification and analysis for solution. Community participation leads to sense of belongingness, building self-reliance and responsibility to undertake a sustainable water supply and environmental sanitation development in their respective community. After obtaining a complete picture of MPA/PHAST methodology and the tools used in it, the participants were directed to make simulation of several of MPA/PHAST methods. Then they would develop an action plan for implementation in their respective provinces and districts. (AK/MJ)

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Performance Based Information Workshop for Stakeholder Oriented PDAM (Regional Water Enterprise)
erpamsi (Association of Indonesian Water Supply Providers) in cooperation with USAID, USAEP and The Asia Foundation conducted a Performance Based Information Workshop for Stakeholder Oriented PDAMs held in Jakarta on 21 September. The workshop is directed towards formulation of strategy for information dissemination to the public and the govern-ment in order to improve company credibility. Paper presentation was made by Andi Pefta (University of Brawijaya Public Administration), Abdul Gani (Perpamsi), and Syafril Jamarin (CEO PDAM Pontianak). From the presentation and discussion it was revealed that PDAM are faced with several constraints in delivering indicative infor-

mation, they are (i) indicators that are needed by the stakeholders are omitted from report items, (ii) indicators are developed by several different institutions, (iii) indicators are hands off (not to be understood). Besides, issues related to poor community subsidy to PDAM performance also surfaced. Question arises as to whether the community subsidy is accounted from below the sales price, BEP price, or HPP price. Other questions relate to indirect cost that is bigger than the direct production cost. And miscellaneous costs that sometimes exceed 10 percent. These facts reveal a community saying that reads: "community is subsidizing PDAM for its inefficiency in spending budget allocation". PDAM of Pontianak city is one of the

few that is successful in its communication strategy and information delivery system to the stakeholders. As a result, all the stakeholders (regional government, DPRD (Local Legislative Board), users, partners, Perpamsi, etc) are committed to help PDAM that currently books 60.000 home connections. During the last 9 months the said PDAM has been conducting major internal reform. As a result, the rate of UFW (unaccounted for water) drops significantly from 51,4 percent to 37,8 percent only through internal management improvement, without additional investment. The reform also increases profit from Rp 46 million to approximately Rp 2 billion. And during the process there hasn't been any meaningful commotion. (GUS/MJ)

PAM Customers Education on Water Quality at Sub-District Tanah Abang

ORKAMI in cooperation with USAID/USAEP/Asia Foundation, PT. PAM Lyonnaise Jaya conducted PAM customer education, last September 10th 2005. This activity took place at the office of SubDistrict Tanah Abang, involving provincial level Health Agency, KPAM (Drinking Water Subscribers Committee) Central Jakarta Office, and YLKI (Indonesian Consumers Foundation). There were 65 PAM subscribers from Sub-District Tanah Abang attending the meeting. Job Supangkat, FORKAMI Coordinator informed the audience that there are still many customers who are unfamiliar with chlorine and what it is for in water treatment, some even relate chlo-

rine with a chemical for mosquito larva abatement. Many subscribers are worried that chlorine may be harmful to their health. This activity was intended to improve the PAM subscribers' knowledge about drinking water quality, improve the critical behavioural change in drinking water quality, and to stimulate water supply provider to improve water quality. The agenda consisted of interactive group discussion. Following presentation by resource persons, the participants were divided into groups each was assisted by a facilitator. It was in this group that the discussion took place more intensively. Several topics related to water quali-

ty were presented by the resource persons such as what is meant by faecal E. coli bacteria and why is it that this bacteria be made the focus of examination, pH and its significance, what makes water murky, what makes tap water smell, etc. Besides those topics, the participants were also given information about the rights of customers in relation to water quality and what institution is responsible to control water quality. The customers were also given opportunity to conduct water quality analysis of sample brought by the individual participants. The parameter analysed consist of the basic water parameter used as preliminary indicator of water quality in general. (MJ)

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Ciliwung Water Quality Monitoring

t least 80 junior high school boys and girls from SMP Negeri 115 and SMP Perguruan Rakyat 2 of Jakarta Selatan climbed down the banks of Ciliwung River to perform water quality testing, last August. As it were real scientist, the youngsters using water test kits made available for this event were conducting acidity (pH) measurement, dissolved oxygen content, turbidity value, water temperature and counting the living macro-invertebrates all of which are main indicators to determine water quality. This was one of a series of activities intended to build awareness of and care to water quality and water source protection, under a programme called Indonesia Programme for Water Quality Monitoring 2005 conducted by FORKAMI (Indonesian Forum for Water Quality Management Communication), sponsored by USAEP and Asia Foundation. Job Supangkat, FORKAMI Coordinator, explained that this activity is intended to sprinkler a bit of common awareness to work together to improve

SOURCE:FORKAMI

the availability and quality of water source, for the life of today and the future generations. The participants and the surrounding community could learn something and were given the opportunity to con-

duct water quality analysis using the kits made available by the organizer. The schoolboys and girls were divided into small groups each was accompanied by a FORKAMI volunteer facilitator. Based on the measurement, the pupils of both junior high schools came to a conclusion that the Ciliwung water is polluted. The data indicate pH value ranges between 7-8, turbidity on average at 80 JTU (Jackson Turbidity Unit), dissolved oxygen 2-2,4 mg/l, very few macroinvertebrates living in the water which indicates that it is no home for living organism, thus Ciliwung water is polluted. Beside the river activity the participants were also invited to take a look at water treatment plant at Pejompongan to see for themselves what it looks like with water treatment process from the beginning till it is ready for distribution to the consumer's homes. (MJ)

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I N N O VAT I O N

Water Pump Without Engine

SOURCE:EXCLUSIVE

ou might have heard about hydram pump. This device can pump up water without the help of an engine. It is propelled by dynamic power from water flowing down from a certain height. Water pressure is converted to motive power to push water up to higher elevation. These principles apply in the Water Pump Without Motor ( PATM) manufactured by Ade R. Purnama of Bandung, West Java. Ade has made several modifications and field tests that make his products worthy of field application at a higher capacity than the ordinary hydram pumps. In 1996 Ade obtained patent rights for his invention. Advantages PATM is unique because it uses natural strength from water pressure or water power. It is natural if we say that this device is efficient because it does not need an engine, no fuel and no electricity. And the maintenance cost is quite low. This equipment can operate continuously for 24 hours a day, and is capable of lifting water up to hundreds of meters from the water source. No need for a complicated operating system, because the equipment works automatically.

Operating System PATM system consists of 3 main parts: 1. Water source, may be a lake, river, pond or small dam with a discharge rate of at least 20 l/sec per PATM unit; 2. Pump unit, mounted 18 - 24 m from

the source at 2 - 5 m below water surface, and connected with 6 in diameter (medium type) surge pipe; 3. Outlet and conveyance network, can be mounted ten kilometres or more from the water source as long as the target destination is not more than 1.000 m (QD) above the water level in the source. The operating system begins with water flow from the source to inlet or connecting pipe to pump valve. The pressure from water inflow pushes the pump valve up to close position therefore stopping the inflow pipe. The sudden stop causes a high pressure within the pump. The high pressure exceeds the pressure within the air chamber within the conveyance valve thus water flows in again from the connecting pipe. The cycle repeats at a high frequency so that water flows continuously into the inlet and releases through the outlet.

In principle PATM operates on the basis of conversion of kinetic energy from water movement into dynamic pressure to produce torque or high power water hammer within the pipe. This pressure makes the inlet and outlet valves open and close alternately. The dynamic pressure continuously produces power within the inlet pipe enough to push water to flow up in the outlet pipe and is pushed further into the conveyance pipe. Thus, in principle PATM is multiplication of water pressure. Water Source Water pump without engine requires a sufficient big water source, at least 20 l/sec. To maintain continuity of water supply into the surge pipe, it is necessary that a weir is constructed around the water source to form some sort of a reservoir. (MJ)

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INSTITUTION

Training Centre for Housing Scale Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Facility (BPAB-PLP), Bekasi

Revival from listlessness

nly few who knew that in Bekasi there is a relatively presentable and sophisticated training center for central as well as regional level participants on the subjects of water supply and environmental sanitation (including solid waste handling, domestic wastewater and city scale drainage system) for settkement area. There are only a handful of institutions that ever make use of its services, in spite of the fact that it has been established there since 1990s. The centre which is known as TC Bekasi is a grant from Japanese government to Indonesian government, in this case Dept. of Public Works through grant aid programme JTA 150. It is standing on a 11.000 m2 land in the eastern part of Bekasi city, the TC is actually quite helpful in human resources capacity improvement programme, particularly in water supply and sanitation sector in a regional autonomy like it is today. This training facility is equipped with a laboratory for testing water quality, clean water as well as wastewater, a workshop for wastewater treatment, mechanical and electrical workshop for piping, garbage and wastewater treatment. Beside its main function in training activity, the workshop can provide services to the public and community and other related institutions.

SOURCE:EXCLUSIVE

learning. The institution is also supported by 5 (one doctorate, one masters and 3 bachelor degree) trainers. TC Bekasi is currently trying to be more professional. One way of doing it is by changing its name to Centre for Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Development. Along with it the Centre is continuously improving itself.

BPAB-PLP BekasiBuilding and workshop

Pursuant to Minister of Finance Decision No 470/KMK.06/2003 the status of the BPAB-PLP Centre is presently changed into a self financing and management unit of Non Tax Revenue. This TC is given the responsibility in curriculum development and implementation of field test to housing scale clean water and environmental sanitation facility and similar trainings as well as dissemination of such training materials. To support the responsibility and function the Centre employs 53 personnel consisting of one (1) Doctorate Degree, one (1) masters degree, 10 bachelor degree, 7 diploma and the rest are skilled technicians and common office attendance. Some of the university graduates are still pursuing higher level of

Role and Function Improvement of community access, especially the poor to WSS facility is now a global movement. Through MDGs which was launched in 2000 it has been globally agreed that one half the world population currently without access to safe drinking water service must have the service by 2015. And in relation to sanitation by the same year half of the world population must have access to the sanitation facility. The task of the government is hard, indeed. The regional governments must educate their personnel and the community to keep up with the target. It is here the role of the Centre to improve the WSS related human resources all over the country. In terms of experience, this Centre has a sufficient experience in working together with local government and private sector in producing qualified human resources related to WSS development. (MJ)

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BOOK INFO

Benefit from Human Waste

ll this time there is a common notion that wastewater and human excreta is simple worthless matter. This notion leads to the fact that wastewater and excreta are left just like that, the highest attention paid to it is by disposing it into a safe place. Whereas, if we try to look at them more closely, wastewater and excreta are quite useful. Unconsciously there many in many countries who take benefit from wastewater and human excreta. For thousands of years Asians have been using human waste and animal droppings to fertilize water culture especially pond for raising gold fish and tilapia. Gier is also spread to water plants growing in dry land, in industrialized and developing nations as well. What is needed now, is how to make

TITLE: BENEFIT FROM WASTEWATER AND HUMAN EXCRETA GUIDELINE FOR COMMUNITY HEALTH PROTECTION AUTHORS: DUNCAN MARA AND SANDI CAIRNCROSS PUBLISHERS: ITB BANDUNG PRESS UDAYANA UNIVERSITY PRESS PAGES: XX + 229 PP.

wastewater and excreta safe for community health. Environmental, hygiene, socio-cultural factors should be taken into consideration. This book was written by two British experts who describe this matter in great detail beginning from history and the benefit from reusing the waste including examples of habit practised in several countries, community health

factor including the most recent practical knowledge about epidemiology, environmental protection and improvement through reusing of waste as well as control measures for community health protection, and institutional, legal and financial aspects related to project planning and implementation. This book is actually written for senior experts in various sectors related to solid waste reusing to prevent spreading of contagious diseases and at the same time also optimizing resources preservation and recycling of solid waste. The focus is set on microbial contamination and not on prevention of health disorder due to chemical pollution. However, it won't do any harm, if anyone who cares about environment also reads it.
(MJ)

Emergency Measures in Water Treatment

mergency is perceived differently among individuals as it is among organizations. Because of the differences emergency measures taken also differ extensively. Some see it as a short term exercise, others as long term planning. This book treats the perception equally by defining emergency as critical condition when a community experiences extreme difficulties of a disaster. Outside help is in dire need, sometimes to last for several months even years. The interesting thing is that this book is prepared to deal with several types of emergency especially related to water, under various forms of disaster, natural or human inflicted, in

TITLE: EMERGENCY WATER SOURCES. GUIDELINES FOR SELECTION AND TREATMENT AUTHORS: SARAH HOUSE AND BOB REED PUBLISHER: WATER, ENGINNERING AND DEVELOPMENT CENTRE LOUGHBOROUGH UNIVERSITY UK PAGES: XV + 302

peacetime or war, in reachable or remote places. All this is important because each condition has a different characteristic and call for a different set of measures. This book presents charts and checklist of activities for each stage. In

general, emergency measure can be divided into three stages, namely (i) information collection and analysing it; (ii) selection of water source and treatment process to guarantee continuous supply; and (iii) implementation. This book also discusses soil and water characteristics in various levels. Including how to prepare a map for water distribution network and water quality examination. The book is also complemented with support information such as living creatures that are tolerant, moderate and intolerant to pollution and various kinds of devices for water measurement and treatment. Indeed, this book is a practical guideline. (MJ)

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CD INFO

Testimony of Buyat Inhabitants

he Buyat Bay case emerged to the surface last year. A number of polemics were published. Some defend the local population while others defend the mining corporation PT. Newmont Minahasa Raya. And Minister of Health, Achmad Sujudi, confirmed that mercury pollution has happened in the water of the bay that is located in District Minahasa, North Sulawesi. This video CD (VCD) does not discuss the controversy, but it records the testimony of the local population in relation to what they experienced. This testimony covers three aspects, namely the disappearance of fish fry, disappea-

rance of fish school, and prevalence of unusual sickness. According the testimony, the dumping of tailings from gold mining

processes has caused their livelihood from marine resources drop drastically. This is because fish fry is hard to find, similarly with fish catch. Besides, this WALHI produced VCD also presents the sickness suffered by the community. Many of them suffer from scabs. Carcinomous swelling is found in some individuals. In the throat, breast, calf of leg, wrist, buttock, and head. One of the testimonials died of carcinoma mammae on 7 February 2004. Besides human beings, similar swellings are found in fish. When the swelling is opened, it is filled with a thick dark liquid and gold coloured slime. (MJ)

Handbook of Multisectoral Projects

ultisectoral projects keep on growing and serve as a financing mechanism network for the favour of the community. The outcome indicates that significant changes have been going on in the discourses concerning investment for sustainable and effective use of urban water and sanitation investment. There are 4 issues related to project implementation, namely (i) unsuitable design and operation system, (ii) lack of staff and facility, (iii) lack of administrative capacity among the poor; and (iv) lack of financial capacity to reach cost recovery and O&M costs. It is for these issues this book was written. The handbook that was published by Rural Water Supply and Sanitation (RWSS) contains the basic principles of handling water supply and environmen-

tal sanitation (WSES) service, general valuation, important issues, and RWSS in project, and other related practical tools. RWSS is a programme initiated by the World Bank in cooperation with Netherlands Water Partnership. This

programme includes high quality water supply provision to urban communities primarily for domestic purposes (drinking, cooking, bathing, etc.) in sustainable manner. RWSS principles include: promotion of demand responsiveness approaches, promotion of institutional reform as basic rule for the stakeholders; supporting water users' association in planning, implementation, and management of the facility; integration of water supply and sanitation education; promote users investment in sanitation; poverty oriented objective; and supporting community based environmental management. This CD provides us with detailed information step by step. As such, this CD is commendable for those who are involved in WSES related projects.
(MJ)

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WEBSITE INFO

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)

http://www.eldis.org/csr/

tional forum and become an important part in achieving Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). (MJ)

Reduce Garbage Right from Its Origin

http://www.moea.state.mn.us/ campaign/ f not you, who? Garbage is not only the problem for developing nations but also for industrially developed nations like the US. Many have been done to reduce the amount of garbage. One of them is being practised in the state of Minnesota. They make a continuous garbage reducing campaign through this website. This site provides the community with lessons and examples to reduce the amount of garbage. "There are many ways for you to reduce garbage, protect

sented in attractive pictures and illustration. The regional government reminds that paper using is one of the biggest sources of garbage. Each year an American uses 10.000 sheets of paper or equivalent to a 12 inch paper wall stretching from New York to San Francisco.

Garbage and Environmental Awareness

http://www.learner.org/exhibits/ garbage/intro.html n American citizen produces 4 lbs. (2 kgs) of garbage a day. This becomes a big problem to the environment. This growth in garbage amount is bigger than nature is able decompose. Therefore, whether you want to or not there must be some way to reduce the acceleration of garbage growth rate. The success of garbage reducing, according to this website, depends on the community awareness. Therefore, each individual must participate in environmental protection for the future of the following generation. And all this can be done at home, in school, at the working place, and anywhere through reducing garbage production. MJ

orporation, NGO, and mass media each has a different opinion concerning development and regulation related to Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). The differences are both in its definition and its concept. In a survey made to 500 corporations, NGO senior executives and journalists indicates that there is a terminological and basic assumption difference that makes one group differ from the others. Although each believes in a different definition from the others yet all the stakeholders agree to move ahead with international development. This website describes CSR relatively thoroughly. Beside definition, the site also publishes 3 scenarios for CSR in the future, several CSR related conferences both at international and Asian levels, lessons learned from CSR programme in several countries, including business models both to the company and the community. This site is quite appropriate for those who are moving their business gear and also the decision makers to harmonize the community development steps together. CSR issues have moved into interna-

yourselves from losing time and money, and make a better earth at the same time," thus reads the suggestion. And all this can be done while you are shopping, working and playing. As a guideline, this site discusses in what cases the garbage may be reduced. Take for instance paper consumption, office habit and in the garden, while one does shopping, at home, at school, while holidaying, and composting. All is pre-

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CLINIC

Questions can be submitted to Percik Magazine. Contributor: Lina Damayanti (ldamayanti@wboj.or.id), Dini Trisyanti (dtrisyanti@gmail.com), Sandhi Eko Bramono.

This Clinic is colaboration Percik magazine and Indonesian Association of Sanitary and Environmental Engineers.

ENVIRONMENTALFRIENDLY HOME
Question: What tips could you give us to keep an environmental-friendly home? Adi, Pasar Minggu Question:

AXTENDED AERATION
What are the advantages and disadvantages of extended aeration in wastewater treatment? Puput, Bekasi

ADDING CHLORINE COMPOUND

Question: What are the advantages and disadvantages of application of chlorine at the initial stage of drinking water treatment (prechlorination)? Ina, Jakarta

Answer : An environmentally friendly home must belong to every member of the family living in it, who consciously takes part in the environmentally related activity in and around the house. The following are the tips applicable within and the surrounding environment: Leave some portion of the yard free from concrete pavement to let rainwater seeps down into the ground. It is advisable to make an infiltration well so that water from eavesdrops and outside the house flows into this well. Collect domestic wastewater into a retainer for watering plants, or other purposes. Make available some dirt soil and sand in a cask, it might be useful for preparing planting media for potted plants. The ratio is 2 parts soil, 1 part sand and 1 part compost. Mix thoroughly. Prepare a composter made of used can, or pail or any container; puncture some holes at the bottom. This is useful for making domestic scale compost from kitchen waste. Or plastic bag with some perforations to make compost from agricultural waste.

Answer : Extended aeration is a modification of active sludge process with a longer period of oxidation. are: The residue of the process is very much less than the ordinary active sludge process, because most of the organic matter is broken down into water and carbon dioxide. The sludge produced is much less because the oxidation process is relatively complete, at a higher organic material conversion rate. In this case the investment and O&M costs of sludge treatment plant are much lower. The disadvantages are: A longer detention time (12 - 24 hours) needs a bigger aeration tank. Oxidation mass consumption (generally air or oxygen is used) for each Biochemical Oxygen Demand is bigger than the ordinary active sludge treatment. The advantages Answer : Pre-chlorination is adding chlorine compound at the beginning of water treatment (generally at the same time with adding coagulant) process. The advantages of pre-chlorination are: For water with dominant suspended solids pre-chlorination will strengthen the binding of flocs so that the flocs produced have a higher density and settle down more easily. For water with dominant true colour pre-chlorination will oxidize the organic materials suspended in the murky raw water, thus flocculation will proceed more thoroughly. This will make sedimentation process easier. The disadvantage is the process produces Tri Halo Methane (TMC) compound, suspected to be carcinogenic. Research is being conducted to study the impact of prolonged consumption of THM compound contained in drinking water. One of examples of THM is CHCl3.

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AGENDA

Date

Month

Activity

4-7 11-14 27-29 2-4 3-5 8-13 11-12 12 18 22 28-29

July July July August August August August August August August August

1-2 5-7 7 9 13-15 14 15

September September September September September September September

16 19-24 19 21-22 21

September September September September September

27-29 28-30 29-30 3 6 7 13-16 20-23

September September September October October October October October

CLTS Training in Muara Enim and District Muaro Jambi CLTS Training in District Bogor Roadshow of National Policy for Community Based WSES Development in Bangka Belitung Workshop on Operationalization of National Policy for Community Based WSS Development in the regions Regional Ministerial Meeting on MDGs in Asia & Pacific: The Way Toward 2015 Orientation of Community Empowerment with MPA/PHAST for District and Provincial Technical Team, CWSH Project in Surabaya Roadshow of National Policy for Community Based WSES Development in NTB Planning and Evaluation Meeting, ProAir in Bali Roadshow of National Policy for Community Based WSES Development in Gorontalo Orientation of Community Empowerment with MPA/PHAST for District and Provincial Technical Team, CWSH Project in Padang Roadshow of National Policy for Community Based WSES Development in Banten Coordination Meeting on Implementation of National Policy for Community Based WSES Development in Makassar Coordination Meeting on Implementation of National Policy for Community Based WSES Development in Bandung Workshop on Operationalization of WSES Development Policy for NGO Partners in Surabaya Roadshow of National Policy for Community Based WSES Development in Central Java WSES Working Group - WASPOLA Coordination Meeting Assessment of WSES Program Implementation in Banten Workshop on Operationalization of National Policy for Community Based WSS Development in Bangka Belitung WSS Working Group - WASPOLA Coordination Meeting Workshop on Operationalization of National Policy for Community Based WSES Development in South Sulawesi Roadshow of National Policy for Community Based WSES Development in District Pandeglang Review of Draft Document on Communication and Information Strategy Handbook of Performance Based Service for PDAM Discussion on the WSES Data Verification Study Concept Worshop on Dissemination of the National Policy for CWSH Technical Team at Puncak, Bogor Presentation of National Policy for Institutionally Based WSES Development in Dept. of Health Workshop on Operationalization of National Policy for Community Based WSS Development in Central Java Roadshow of National Policy for Community Based WSES Development in Tangerang Workshop on Communication and Information Strategy for Performance Based and Stakeholder Oriented Service by PDAM Workshop on Operationalization of National Policy for Community Based WSES Development in Gorontalo Workshop on Operationalization of National Policy for Community Based WSES Development in South Sulawesi Workshop on Operationalization of National Policy for Community Based WSES Development in Banten Commemoration of World habitat Day 2005, theme: MDG and the City Information Meeting on Water and Sanitation Program (WASAP) - Dutch Trust Fund Presentation of National Policy for WSES Development in D. G. for Community Development, Dept. of Home Affairs Workshop on Socialization of National Policy for WSES Development in WSLIC-2 project site in Padang Workshop on Socialization of National Policy for WSES Development in WSLIC-2 project site in Surabaya

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October 2005

47

WSES BIBLIOGRAPHY

R E P O R T
INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT IN INDONESIA
Publisher: Economic Coordinating Ministry, 2005

G E N E R A L
MAKING SERVICES WORK
FOR

B O O K
POOR PEOPLE

Publisher: World Bank, 2004

WATER AND CULTURAL DIVERSITY

Publisher: Centre Franco-Japonais Alliance Francaise d'Osaka, 2002

ANNUAL ECONOMIC REPORT DECEMBER 2004

Publisher: Economic Coordinating Ministry, 2005

NEW DESIGN

FOR

WATER AND SANITATION TRANSACTION

STATUS OF ENVIRONMENT INDONESIA 2003

Publisher: Ministry of Environment, 2004

Publisher: Public-Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility (PPIAF) and WSP, 2002

SANITATION PROMOTION
Publisher: WHO, 1998

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2003

Publisher: UNDP, 2003

ENVIRONMENT AND ECONOMIC

Publisher: ADB, 1999

IN

PROJECT PREPARATION

H A N D B O O K
Handbook and Practical Guidelines for Urban Wastewater Management (in Indonesian)
Publisher: Dept. of Settlement Systems and Regional Infrastructure, 2003

P R O C E E D I N G
Dissemination of National Policy for Community Based WSS Development in Jakarta (in Indonesian language) Publisher: Dept. of Home Affairs, 2004 Dissemination of National Policy for Community Based WSS Development in Makassar (in Indonesian language) Publisher: Dept. of Home Affairs, 2004

Handbook for Integrating Poverty Impact Assesment in the Analysis of Project

Publisher: Asian Development Bank, 2001

M A G A Z I N E
Culture Journal. November 2004 Information Media for Community and Village Empowerment Publisher: Directorate of Community and Village Empowerment, Dept of Home Affairs (in Indonesian laguage) Buletin Perkotaan dan Perdesaan (Bulletin of Urban and Rural), January 2005 (in Indonesian language) Publisher: Directorate of Urban and Rural Planning, Dept. Public Works LATAR, Vol. II No.04 ADB Review, Vol. 37, April 2005 Publisher: ADB FLOW, tabloid

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G L O S S A RY

Junction manhole
One of the inspection hole constructed at the branching of drainage system

Kraus process activated sludge

Modified aeration treatment process involving active sludge for low nitrogen wastewater treatment.

Lagoon
Shallow (1 m by 1,2 - 1,8 m) and water resistant basin with a sufficient area capable of retaining wastewater or sludge for anaerobic or optional treatment for a duration of 1-6 months, with or without support construction.

Lamp hole
One of the simple inspection hole types of water drainage system consisting of vertical hole 22,5 cm deep, with a cover and is constructed by making T junction at a certain position in a network. In its operation, a lamp is lowered into the hole so that the condition of the drain, clogged or not, is detected by catching the light reflected in the adjacent upstream of downstream hole.

Land disposal
One way of final disposal of sludge after completion of treatment process in an open area.

Landfill
Garbage disposal by way of dumping it into a pile in an open area.

Land Treatment
One of natural treatment methods. Wastewater treatment taking the benefit of soil porosity as filter and the existing vegetation.

Lateral sewer
Wastewater drainage pipe that accepts only domestic wastewater

Latrine
Simple sanitation facility consisting of a plate for crouching and a pit as a septic tank.

Lethal Concentration (LC) 50

Air or water borne chemical concentration that is calculated to cause death to 50 percent of living creatures or trial specimens.

Lethal Dose (LD) 50

Calculated dose (gram of pollutant per kg bodyweight) that may cause death to 50 percent of population of trial specimens.

Leach field
Porous land or land with improved porosity by adding sand, gravel or palm fibres (ijuk) or loosened to form crumbs to let leachate or treated wastewater to percolate into the subsoil

Leachate
Liquid waste produced from garbage decomposition process in a waste disposal/dumping site.

Quoted from Dictionary of Technical Terms and Foreign Abbreviations in Environmental and Sanitation Engineering, Univ. Trisakti Press, Jakarta