INDIAN NATIONAL ASTRONOMY OLYMPIAD FORMULA LIST 1. Magnitudes: 1.1. m = 2.5 log l + k L 1.2. l = 4D 2 l 1.3. m = 2.

5 log l0

1.4. m M = 5 log D pc 5 1.5. m M = 5 log ( arc sec) 5

D 1.6. For a telescope mT = 6 + 5 log T De Here DT = Diameter Of Telescope. De = Diameter Of the Eye.
2. Coordinate Systems: 2.1 From ( ) to ( ) 2.1.a cos cos = cos cos b cos sin = sin sin cos cos sin 2.1.c sin b = sin cos cos sin sin From ( ) to ( ) 2.2.a cos sin = sin (-sin ) + cos cos sin b sin sin cos cos sin sin 2.3 From (H , ) to (A , z) 2.3.a sin z sin A = - cos sin b sin z cos A = sin cos cos cos cos c cos z = sin sin + cos cos cos H 2.4 Sidereal Time = Hour Angle + Right Ascension

3. Distance Scales: 3.1. s = r radians y 3.2. sin = r y tan = r' 3.3 dparsecs =
1

arc sec onds 3.4 Globular Cluster Method

D=

2 vt 1 2

Where v = Velocity and t = Time 3.5 Standard Ruler Method: Vexp ansion * Tdays D= [ arc sec onds * 206265 3.6 Hubbles Law: Vrecession = H0 * Distance v 3.7 = =z c

1-

2]

For High velocities:

v ' c = v 1 c 1+
4. Newtonian Mechanics:

4.1 Linear : Sr. No. 1. 2. 3. Linear F = ma Rotational

T = I X L=IX
T= dL dT

p = mv
F= dp dT

4.2

Addition Of Vectors:

A+B = R =

A 2 + B 2 + 2 AB cos

4.3

B sin A + B cos Product of Vectors: r r A B = AB cos r r A B = AB sin

= tan 1

4.4

Keplers Laws of planetary motion: 4.4.1 All planets have elliptical orbits with sun at one of the foci. 4.4.2 Area swept by radius vector of a planet in unit time is constant. 4.4.3 T2 a3 . T2 4 2 4 2 = = forM sun >> M p a 3 G ( M sun + M p ) GM sun Centripetal force = mv2 / r = m r 2. = 2p / t ; v = r Consider a force F on moving object of mass m to a distance d against gravity of earth (mass M) doing work dW. r GMm dW = F dr = dr r2 GMm W = dW = 2 r
W = GMm r 2 dr
r2 r1

4.5 4.6 4.7

 1 W = GMm r r1

r2

1 1 W = GMm r r 2 1 Taking, r2 = GMm W = R

Gravitational potential energy =
GMm R

4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11

For small distances, P.E. = mgh 2GM = 2 gR Escape Velocity = R GMm Circular orbit : Energy = 2r GM = gr Orbital Velocity = r Elliptical Orbit :

1 1 v = 2GM r 2a Distance FC = a e

a(1 e 2 ) 1 + e cos b 2 = a 2 (1 e 2 ) rp = a ( 1 - e ) ra = a ( 1 + e ) r=

vp = va =

GM 1 + e a 1 e GM a 1 e 1+ e

Parabolic Orbit / Hyperbolic Orbit / Escape velocity 2GM V v> or > 2 gr r 4.13 For 2 objects orbiting around common center of mass, m1 r1 = m2 r2 . T2 4 2 = a 3 G (m1 + m2 ) 4.14 For the bodies in the solar system; when T is taken years and a in AU T2 = a3 4.15 For Black Hole: Schwartzchild Radius : 2GM r= c2 3c 2 = 8r 2 G Other Formulae: 1. Combined magnitude of n stars : M = m 2.5 log n 2. cos correction for parallax measurements cos dpc = parallax 3. Work done in taking object with mass m at a distance r1 from a heavier body with mass M to a distance r2 from it. 1 1 = GMm r r 2 1 4. When body in an elliptical orbit is at a distance r from the focus, making an angle q with radius vector at perihelion ; 1 e2 r= 1 + e cos 5. Formula to calculate angle covered in a specific time period near the perihelion position. M = 2 * * time in days near perihelion / total time period. En+1 = M + e (sin En) where, you can start with any value of En in radians and then continue, every time substituting En+1 for En till you get a constant value. Then substitute this final value of E for 1+ e v E tan = * tan 1 e 2 2 6. Declination of sun D days after vernal equinox = 23.5 * sin (d * 360 / 365)

4.12

7. Gravitational Redshift : GM surface 1 2 = inf inity rc 8. Tidal forces: Difference in gravitational force due to a body of mass m, at a distance of r from a body of mass M and radius R, on one point facing body with mass m and the other being diametrically opposite: 4GMmR F1 F2 = r3 2M 9. Roche limit at a distance r = 3 d m Where r : Distance from heavier body with mass M. d : radius of smaller body with mass m. OR 16 1 r=3 R

R : Radius of heavier object. 1 : Density of heavier object. 2 : Density of lighter object. 10. Gravitational force at a distance r from centre is due to mass of sphere(Earths centre) with volume (4/3) r3. 4GMr Therefore, F = 3 r is the average density. m is the mass of smaller body which is at given distance r from centre of earth. 11. Diffraction Grating: d sin = n d : Distance between grooves. : angle through which the wave is deflected. n : Order of diffraction 12. Determining whether two lines can be resolved using a grating w = width of grating. i = angle of incidence. : angle through which the wave is deflected. d = Distance between grooves avg w(sin i + sin ) d 13. Resolving power of a telescope: 1.22 , where, is the minimum angle resolved. sin = Diameter

14. Energy radiated by object (black body) at temperature = T0 K in Jm-2 s-1. E = T4 where, = 5.67 * 10-8 JK-4. 15. Wiens Displacement Law: -3 max (m) * Teff (K) = 2.9 * 10 mK 16. Limiting Magnitude M = 2.7 + 5 log D D : Diameter of aperture. 17. Number of stars visible for a specific limited magnitude is given as n : 1.5 * 4m where m = Limited magnitude. 18. Minimum angle resolved: arcseconds = 116 / (Aperture in mm) 19. Focal Ratio = f0 / Aperture Magnification = f0 / fe Size of image = s = f Where, f: focal length and : angle subtended by the object at eye. 20. B-V colour index of satr B-V = - 2.5 log ( Energy(total)in blue / Total energy in visible) = magnitude in blue magnitude in visible 21. Flux 1/(distance)2 Energy (Diameter of aperture)2 Time 22. Synodic time period of two bodies in concentric circular orbits w.r.t. each other 1 1 1 = T t1 t 2 Where, t1 : smaller time period. t2 : larger time period. 23. For star passing through zenith, = latitude. For circumpolar stars, (90 - ) < = latitude. Stars on equator rise 6 hours before transit and set 6 hours after transit. 24. When two galaxies collide; the energy released is given by, GMm E= R 25. If two bodies with masses m1 and m2 are situated at distances r1 and r2 respectively from their centre of mass, m1 r1 = m2 r2 v=r G (m1 + m2) / r3 26. E = h E = mc2 c= 1/T

27. Planks law for Black Body: 2hc 2 I(l,T)= h I(l,T)=

5 (e KT 1) 2h 3
h

c 2 (e KT 1)
28. Hubbles Law: Vrec = H * Distance 1 / H = Age of the universe.