Lecture 9 (Polar Coordinates and Polar Curves)

Polar Coordinates
Polar Curves
Institute of Mathematics, University of the Philippines Diliman
Mathematics 54 (Elementary Analysis 2)
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Graphs in Polar Coordinates Special Curves in Polar Coordinates
The Polar Coordinate System
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Polar Coordinates
Example. Plot the following points:
1 2
A = (1, /4) B = (2, /4)
3 4
C = (2, /6) D = (3, /3)
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Polar Coordinates
1 2
A = (1, /4) B = (2, /4)
3 4
C = (2, /6) D = (3, /3)
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Polar Coordinates
1 2
A = (1, /4) B = (2, /4)
3 4
C = (2, /6) D = (3, /3)
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Polar Coordinates
1 2
A = (1, /4) B = (2, /4)
3 4
C = (2, /6) D = (3, /3)
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Polar Coordinates
1 2
A = (1, /4) B = (2, /4)
3 4
C = (2, /6) D = (3, /3)
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Polar Coordinates
1 2
A = (1, /4) B = (2, /4)
3 4
C = (2, /6) D = (3, /3)
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Polar Coordinates
1 2
A = (1, /4) B = (2, /4)
3 4
C = (2, /6) D = (3, /3)
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Polar Coordinates
1 2
A = (1, /4) B = (2, /4)
3 4
C = (2, /6) D = (3, /3)
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Polar Coordinates
1 2
A = (1, /4) B = (2, /4)
3 4
C = (2, /6) D = (3, /3)
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Polar Coordinates
1 2
A = 1, 4 B = 2, 4
3 4
C = 2, 6 D = 3, 3
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Polar Coordinates
1 2
A = 1, = (1, 9/4) 4 B = 2, 4
3 4
C = 2, 6 D = 3, 3
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Polar Coordinates
1 2
A = 1, = (1, 9/4) = (1, 5/4) 4 B = 2, 4
3 4
C = 2, 6 D = 3, 3
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Polar Coordinates
1 2
A = 1, = (1, 9/4) = (1, 5/4) 4 B = 2, = (2, 7/4) 4
3 4
C = 2, 6 D = 3, 3
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Polar Coordinates
1 2
A = 1, = (1, 9/4) = (1, 5/4) 4 B = 2, = (2, 7/4) 4
3 4
C = 2, = (2, 7/6) 6 D = 3, 3
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Polar Coordinates
1 2
A = 1, = (1, 9/4) = (1, 5/4) 4 B = 2, = (2, 7/4) 4
3 4
C = 2, = (2, 7/6) 6 D = 3, = (3, 2/3) 3
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Polar Coordinates
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Polar Coordinates
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Polar Coordinates
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Polar Coordinates
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Polar Coordinates
Conversion Equations Polar to Cartesian

1
Cartesian to Polar
1
x = r cos y = r sin
r 2 = x2 + y 2 y tan = x
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Polar Coordinates
Example 1. Determine the polar coordinates of the point having Cartesian coordinates ( 3, 1).
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Polar Coordinates
Example 1. Determine the polar coordinates of the point having Cartesian coordinates ( 3, 1). Solution. Recall that r 2 = x2 + y 2 and tan = x .
y
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Polar Coordinates
Example 1. Determine the polar coordinates of the point having Cartesian coordinates ( 3, 1). Solution. Recall that r 2 = x2 + y 2 and tan = x . Thus, r2 = 3
2 y
+ 12
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Polar Coordinates
Example 1. Determine the polar coordinates of the point having Cartesian coordinates ( 3, 1). Solution. Recall that r 2 = x2 + y 2 and tan = x . Thus, r2 = 3
2 y
+ 12
r=2
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Polar Coordinates
Example 1. Determine the polar coordinates of the point having Cartesian coordinates ( 3, 1). Solution. Recall that r 2 = x2 + y 2 and tan = x . Thus, r2 = 3 tan = 1 3
2 y
+ 12
r=2
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Polar Coordinates
2 y
+ 12
= =
r=2 = 5 6
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Polar Coordinates
2 y
+ 12
= =
r=2 = 5 6
Hence, the polar coordinates are 2, 5 6
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Polar Coordinates
2 y
+ 12
= =
r=2 = 5 6
Hence, the polar coordinates are 2, 5 or 2, 11 . 6 6
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Polar Coordinates
2 y
+ 12
= =
r=2 = 5 6
Hence, the polar coordinates are 2, 5 or 2, 11 . 6 6
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Polar Coordinates
Example 2. Determine the Cartesian coordinates of the point having polar coordinates 5, . 3
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Polar Coordinates
Example 2. Determine the Cartesian coordinates of the point having polar coordinates 5, . 3 Solution. Recall that x = r cos and y = r sin .
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Polar Coordinates
Example 2. Determine the Cartesian coordinates of the point having polar coordinates 5, . 3 Solution. Recall that x = r cos and y = r sin . Thus, x = 5 cos 3
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Polar Coordinates
Example 2. Determine the Cartesian coordinates of the point having polar coordinates 5, . 3 Solution. Recall that x = r cos and y = r sin . Thus,
5 x = 5 cos = 2 3
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Polar Coordinates
5 x = 5 cos = 2 3
y = 5 sin 3
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Polar Coordinates
5 x = 5 cos = 2 3
y = 5 sin = 5 2 3 3
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Polar Coordinates
5 x = 5 cos = 2 3
y = 5 sin = 5 2 3 3 Hence, the Cartesian coordinates are 5 , 5 2 3 . 2
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Polar Equations and Polar Curves
Example 1. Sketch r = 2.
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Remark. In general, the graph of the equation r = k is a circle centered at the pole of radius |k|.
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Remark. In general, the graph of the equation r = k is a circle centered at the pole of radius |k|. Note that r = k and r = k represent the same curve.
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates

Example 2. Sketch = . 4
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates

Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates

Remark. In general, the graph of the equation = k is a line passing through the pole making an angle k with the polar axis.
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates

Remark. In general, the graph of the equation = k is a line passing through the pole making an angle k with the polar axis. Also, its Cartesian form is y = (tan k)x, when non-vertical,
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Polar Coordinates

Remark. In general, the graph of the equation = k is a line passing through the pole making an angle k with the polar axis. Also, its Cartesian form is y = (tan k)x, when non-vertical, or x = 0, when vertical.
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Polar Coordinates
Example 3. Sketch r = 4 cos .
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Remark. In general, the graph of the equation r = a cos is a circle of radius |a/2| tangent to the line = /2 at the pole.
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Remark. In general, the graph of the equation r = a cos is a circle of radius |a/2| tangent to the line = /2 at the pole. We only need to vary on [0, ] to trace out the curve.
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Remark. In general, the graph of the equation r = a cos is a circle of radius |a/2| tangent to the line = /2 at the pole. We only need to vary on [0, ] to trace out the curve. Exercise: Find its Cartesian form.
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Example 3. Sketch r = 5 sin .
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Remark. In general, the graph of the equation r = a sin is a circle of radius |a/2| tangent to the polar axis at the pole.
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Remark. In general, the graph of the equation r = a sin is a circle of radius |a/2| tangent to the polar axis at the pole. We only need to vary on [0, ] to trace out the curve.
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Remark. In general, the graph of the equation r = a sin is a circle of radius |a/2| tangent to the polar axis at the pole. We only need to vary on [0, ] to trace out the curve. Exercise: Find its Cartesian form.
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Polar Region
Illustration. Let R be the set of points satisfying the conditions 1 r 2 6 . 3
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Polar Region
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Polar Region
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Polar Region
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Polar Region
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Polar Region
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Polar Regions
Exercises. Graph the following set of points:
1 2 3
1 4
|r| r 5
2,
2/3
5/6
/3
2/3
Exercises. Find the polar equivalent of the following:

1 2 3 4
x=2 xy = 1 x2 + (y 3)2 = 9 x = e2t cos t, y = e2t sin t, t R r 2 = 4r cos 4 r= 2 cos sin

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Find the Cartesian form of the following:

1 2
Polar Coordinates
Symmetry in the Polar Plane
Symmetry About = 0 A polar curve is symmetric about the line = 0 (or xaxis)
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Symmetry About = 0 A polar curve is symmetric about the line = 0 (or xaxis) if whenever (r, ), in its equation, is replaced by (r, ) or by (r, ), equivalent equation is obtained.
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Symmetry About = 2 A polar curve is symmetric about the line = (or yaxis) 2
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Symmetry About = 2 A polar curve is symmetric about the line = (or yaxis) if whenever (r, ), in its 2 equation, is replaced by (r, ) or by (r, ), equivalent equation is obtained.
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Symmetry About the Pole A polar curve is symmetric about the pole
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Symmetry About the Pole A polar curve is symmetric about the pole if whenever (r, ), in its equation, is replaced by (r, ) or by (r, + ), an equivalent equation is obtained.
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Special Curves
Limaons Limaons are curves whose equations are of the form r = a b cos or r = a b sin where a, b > 0
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Special Curves
Limaons Limaons are curves whose equations are of the form r = a b cos or r = a b sin Testing for symmetry, r = a b cos where a, b > 0
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Special Curves
Limaons Limaons are curves whose equations are of the form r = a b cos or r = a b sin Testing for symmetry, r = a b cos
r = a b cos()
where a, b > 0
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Special Curves
r = a b cos() = r = a b cos
where a, b > 0
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Special Curves
r = a b cos() = r = a b cos thus, symmetric with respect to the xaxis
where a, b > 0
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Special Curves
where a, b > 0
r = a b sin
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Special Curves
where a, b > 0
r = a b sin
r = a b sin( )
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Special Curves
where a, b > 0
r = a b sin
r = a b sin( ) = r = a b sin
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Special Curves
where a, b > 0
r = a b sin
r = a b sin( ) = r = a b sin thus, symmetric with respect to the yaxis
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Limaons
Example. Sketch r = 1 + 2 cos .
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Limaons
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Limaons
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Limaons
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Limaons
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Limaons
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Limaons
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Limaons
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Limaons
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Limaons
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Limaons
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Limaons
The graph is called a limaon with a loop.
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Limaons
The graph is called a limaon with a loop. The type of limaon depends on the ratio a . Here, its a = 1 . 2 b b
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Polar Coordinates
Limaons
Example. Sketch r = 1 + cos .
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Limaons
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Limaons
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Limaons
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Limaons
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Limaons
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Limaons
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Limaons
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Limaons
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Limaons
The graph is called a cardioid.
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Limaons
The graph is called a cardioid. Note that a = 1. b
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Limaons
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Limaons
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Limaons
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Limaons
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Limaons
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Limaons
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Limaons
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Limaons
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Limaons
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Limaons
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Limaons
The graph is called a limaon with a dent.
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Limaons
The graph is called a limaon with a dent. Note that a = 3 . 2 b
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Limaons
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Limaons
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Limaons
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Limaons
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Limaons
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Limaons
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Limaons
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Limaons
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Limaons
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Limaons
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Limaons
The graph is called a convex limaon.
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Limaons
The graph is called a convex limaon. Note that a = 2. b
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Limaons
Types of Limaons In summary, for r = a b cos , where a, b > 0, we have
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Limaons
Types of Limaons In summary, for r = a b cos , where a, b > 0, we have i.) 0< a <1 b limaon with a loop
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Limaons
Types of Limaons In summary, for r = a b cos , where a, b > 0, we have i.) ii.) 0< a <1 b a =1 b limaon with a loop cardioid
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Limaons
Types of Limaons In summary, for r = a b cos , where a, b > 0, we have i.) ii.) iii.) 0< a <1 b a =1 b a 1< b <2 limaon with a loop cardioid limaon with a dent
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Limaons
Types of Limaons In summary, for r = a b cos , where a, b > 0, we have i.) ii.) iii.) iv.) 0< a <1 b a =1 b a 1< b <2 2 a b limaon with a loop cardioid limaon with a dent convex limaon
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Limaons
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Limaons
Remark. The graph of r = a b cos is the same as the graph of r = a b cos
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Limaons
The graph of r = a b cos is a limaon oriented horizontally, i.e. symmetric along xaxis. r = a + b cos r = a b cos
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Limaons
The graph of r = a b sin is a limaon oriented vertically, i.e. symmetric along yaxis. r = a + b sin r = a b sin
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Special Curves
Roses Roses are curves whose equations are of the form r = a cos n;
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Special Curves
Roses Roses are curves whose equations are of the form r = a cos n; or r = a sin n where a > 0, n N
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Special Curves
Roses Roses are curves whose equations are of the form r = a cos n; or r = a sin n Testing for symmetry, r = a cos n where a > 0, n N
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Special Curves
Roses Roses are curves whose equations are of the form r = a cos n; or r = a sin n Testing for symmetry, r = a cos n
r = a cos (n())
where a > 0, n N
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Special Curves
r = a cos (n()) = r = a cos n
where a > 0, n N
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Special Curves
r = a cos (n()) = r = a cos n thus, symmetric along the xaxis.
where a > 0, n N
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Special Curves
r = a cos (n()) = r = a cos n thus, symmetric along the xaxis. additionally, symmetric along yaxis for an even n
where a > 0, n N
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Special Curves
where a > 0, n N
r = a sin n
r = a sin (n())
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Special Curves
where a > 0, n N
r = a sin n
r = a sin (n()) = r = a sin n
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Special Curves
where a > 0, n N
r = a sin n
r = a sin (n()) = r = a sin n = r = a sin n
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Special Curves
where a > 0, n N
r = a sin n
r = a sin (n()) = r = a sin n thus, symmetric along the yaxis. = r = a sin n
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Special Curves
where a > 0, n N
r = a sin n
r = a sin (n()) = r = a sin n = r = a sin n thus, symmetric along the yaxis. additionally, symmetric along xaxis for an even n
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Special Curves
where a > 0, n N
r = a sin n
r = a sin (n()) = r = a sin n = r = a sin n thus, symmetric along the yaxis. additionally, symmetric along xaxis for an even n
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Roses
Example. Sketch the graph of r = 2 cos 2.
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Roses
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Roses
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Roses
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Roses
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Roses
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Roses
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Roses
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Roses
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Roses
The graph is a rose with 4 petals.
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Roses
The graph is a rose with 4 petals. In fact, the number of petals is 2n if n is even. And its n if n is odd.
Polar Curves 26/ 39
Polar Coordinates
Roses
Example. Sketch the graph of r = 2 sin 3.
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Roses
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Roses
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Roses
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Roses
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Roses
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Roses
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Roses
The graph is a rose with 3 petals.
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Roses
The graph is a rose with 3 petals. Here, n = 3 is odd. Hence, n = 3 is the number of petals.
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Special Curves
r = 2 cos 4
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Special Curves
r = 2 cos 4
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Special Curves
r = 2 cos 4
r = 2 sin 4
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Special Curves
r = 2 cos 4
r = 2 sin 4
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Special Curves
r = 2 cos 9
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Special Curves
r = 2 cos 9
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Special Curves
r = 2 cos 9
r = 2 sin 9
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Special Curves
r = 2 cos 9
r = 2 sin 9
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Special Curves
Exercises Graph the following:

1 2 3 4
r = 2 cos r = 3 cos 2 r = sin 4 r = 5 cos 5
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Interesting Curves
Example. The graph of r 2 = 6 cos 2 is a lemniscate.
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Interesting Curves
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Interesting Curves
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Interesting Curves
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Interesting Curves
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Interesting Curves
Example. The graph of r = , 0 is the Archimedian spiral.
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Interesting Curves
Example. r = 1 + 4 cos 5
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Interesting Curves
Example. r = sin 8 5
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Interesting Curves
Example. r = esin 2 cos 4
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Interesting Curves
Example. r = sin2 (2.4) + cos4 (2)
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Interesting Curves
Example. r = sin2 (1.2) + cos3 (6)
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Interesting Curves
Example. r = ecos 2 cos 4 + sin3 3
Polar Curves
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Polar Coordinates
Interesting Curves
Example. The "cannabis" curve 9 1 r = 1 + 10 cos 8 1 + 10 cos 24

9 1 10 + 10 cos 200 (1 + sin )
Polar Curves
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Lecture 9 (Polar Coordinates and Polar Curves)

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Lecture 9 (Polar Coordinates and Polar Curves)

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Polar Coordinates

Institute of Mathematics, University of the Philippines Diliman

Mathematics 54 (Elementary Analysis 2)

Graphs in Polar Coordinates Special Curves in Polar Coordinates

The Polar Coordinate System

Graphs in Polar Coordinates Special Curves in Polar Coordinates

The Polar Coordinate System

Graphs in Polar Coordinates Special Curves in Polar Coordinates

The Polar Coordinate System

Graphs in Polar Coordinates Special Curves in Polar Coordinates

The Polar Coordinate System

Graphs in Polar Coordinates Special Curves in Polar Coordinates

The Polar Coordinate System

Graphs in Polar Coordinates Special Curves in Polar Coordinates

The Polar Coordinate System

Graphs in Polar Coordinates Special Curves in Polar Coordinates

The Polar Coordinate System

Graphs in Polar Coordinates Special Curves in Polar Coordinates

The Polar Coordinate System

Graphs in Polar Coordinates Special Curves in Polar Coordinates

The Polar Coordinate System

Graphs in Polar Coordinates Special Curves in Polar Coordinates

The Polar Coordinate System

Graphs in Polar Coordinates Special Curves in Polar Coordinates

The Polar Coordinate System

Graphs in Polar Coordinates Special Curves in Polar Coordinates

A = (1, /4) B = (2, /4)

C = (2, /6) D = (3, /3)

Graphs in Polar Coordinates Special Curves in Polar Coordinates

A = (1, /4) B = (2, /4)

C = (2, /6) D = (3, /3)

Graphs in Polar Coordinates Special Curves in Polar Coordinates

A = (1, /4) B = (2, /4)

C = (2, /6) D = (3, /3)

Graphs in Polar Coordinates Special Curves in Polar Coordinates

A = (1, /4) B = (2, /4)

C = (2, /6) D = (3, /3)

Graphs in Polar Coordinates Special Curves in Polar Coordinates

A = (1, /4) B = (2, /4)

C = (2, /6) D = (3, /3)

Graphs in Polar Coordinates Special Curves in Polar Coordinates

A = (1, /4) B = (2, /4)

C = (2, /6) D = (3, /3)

Graphs in Polar Coordinates Special Curves in Polar Coordinates

A = (1, /4) B = (2, /4)

C = (2, /6) D = (3, /3)

Graphs in Polar Coordinates Special Curves in Polar Coordinates

A = (1, /4) B = (2, /4)

C = (2, /6) D = (3, /3)

Graphs in Polar Coordinates Special Curves in Polar Coordinates

A = (1, /4) B = (2, /4)

C = (2, /6) D = (3, /3)

Graphs in Polar Coordinates Special Curves in Polar Coordinates

Graphs in Polar Coordinates Special Curves in Polar Coordinates

Graphs in Polar Coordinates Special Curves in Polar Coordinates

A = 1, = (1, 9/4) = (1, 5/4) 4 B = 2, 4

Graphs in Polar Coordinates Special Curves in Polar Coordinates

A = 1, = (1, 9/4) = (1, 5/4) 4 B = 2, = (2, 7/4) 4

Graphs in Polar Coordinates Special Curves in Polar Coordinates

A = 1, = (1, 9/4) = (1, 5/4) 4 B = 2, = (2, 7/4) 4

Graphs in Polar Coordinates Special Curves in Polar Coordinates

A = 1, = (1, 9/4) = (1, 5/4) 4 B = 2, = (2, 7/4) 4

C = 2, = (2, 7/6) 6 D = 3, = (3, 2/3) 3