ARCHITECTURE IN AFGHANISTAN Afghanistan meaning the land of Afghans; as the name for the entire kingdom, it was mention

n in 1857 by friedrich Engels. It became the official name when the country was recognized byu the world community in 1919. Afghans citizens of the country Aryana - ancient name of Afghanistan meaning Land of Aryans Pushtuns Tribes to whom the Afghans was first applied Pushtu and Dari major languages Geographical: -Afghanistan is a landlocked and mountainous country in South central Asia -the land of towering mountains -Afghanistan is the worlds 41st largest country (after Burma) -khyber and Oxus rivers are the only communication routes, in India, NW of the Indo Pakistan with Iran and Russia on West, and Central Asia in North. Climate: -Days are usually clear and nights are cool and cold. -the climate varies by region and tends to change quite rapidly. Large parts of the country and dry and fresh water supplies are limited. -the country is frequently subject to minor earthquakes Geological: -the countrys natural resources include gold, silver, copper, and iron ore in the southeast and precious and semi-precious stones. Religion: -Islam, with over 99% (84% are Sunnites and 15% are Zoroastrianism) -Christian, 0.47% -Buddhists, 0.3% Social and Cultural -4th Century BC Archamenid empire of Darius -323 356 BC Alexander the great armies -Bactrian Greek Colonist created colonial type greek city statue in balkh northern Afghanistan -1st Century BC India Colonizers; Seythian invasions left an enduring impression; City of Kapisa (now Begram) capital of kushans, famous Mahayana Buddhist site and cosmopolitan meeting place on the great route to the far east. -4th-5th century AD - the kushans empire gave place to the sassians occupation with a profound cultural influence throughout the east, spreading even to china -After 650BC successive Muslim invasions by Mahmood of Ghazni Arts and Architecture -Blue-green fired tile work is famous in Heart -Gold and silver jewelry, marvelous decorative embroidery, and various leather goods are still made in homes

-by far the greatest art forms known widely from Afghanistan are the Persian-style woven carpets. Gandhara art -Ghandara art is the ancient form of art in Afghanistan -A style if Buddhism visual art. The art developed basically in todays northwest Pakistan and eastern Afghanistan between the 1st century BC and the 7th century AD. -The Gandhara craftsmen depicted events of Buddhas life into set scenes with the help of sculpture. -Gandhara art combines Hellenistic or Graeco-Roman artistic techniques and modeling with Indian Buddhist iconography to create an Indian hybrid. Architectural Influences Greek- characterized by temples with refined and perfection and decorative motifs Roman- massive brick and concrete construction, semi-circular arch dome, simplicity and grandeur often combined with elaborate detailing, mosaics and molded stucco. Sassanian- From Persia (Byzantine like), elliptical domes, squinches and stucco masonry walls articulated by pilaster cornices. Gonbad -In traditional Persian Architecture, a dome is referred to as a gonbad. The Sassanids Inherited them and elevated their designs into full maturity. -A gonbad is double layered, and can have many shapes, such semi-spherical, partial spherical, onion shaped, parabolic, polygonal conical, and circular conical. -In pre-islamic times, the gonbad is a sign of imperial grandeur for a king. Architectural Style Sassanid Architecture -refers to the Parthian style of architecture in Iranian architecture that reached a peak in its development during the Sassanid era. Characteristics: -the oblong and square are variously proportioned. -the great entrance is in the exact center of the front. This entrance, as already noticed, is commonly by a lofty arch which (if we set aside the domes) is of almost the full height of the building, and constitutes one of its most striking, and most extraordinary features. -a series of semi-circular arches is thrown across the angles of the apartment, each projecting further into it than the preceding, and in this way the corners got rid of and the square converted into the circular shape. -the domes were pierced by a number of small holes, which admitted some light, and the upper part of the walls between the pendentives was also pierced by windows. - There are no passages or corridors in the Sassanid palaces. -the unique characteristic of Sassanid architecture was its distinctive use of space. Sikh Architecture -it is a style of architecture that is characterized with values of progressiveness, exquisite intricacy, austere beauty and logical flowing lines. -it was distinguished for its many curves and straight lines.

Architectural Character Cupola Roof a light structure on a dome or roof serving as a belfry and lantern Lantern Roof a superstructure crowning a roof or a dome having open or windowed walls to let in light and air Arched Squinches an arch or corbelling built across the upper inside corner of a square tower to support the side of a superimposed octagonal structure Coffered Dome one of the member of recessed, usually square or octagonal panels ceiling. Lacunar caisson Interior Honey Combed an exposed surface produce a textured surfaced. A hexagonal pattern. Faade is faced with glazed tiles. Examples: Minaret of Jam -stands alone in a remote valley surrounded by Barren Mountains -65 meters tall, made baked bricks -a monument with the tower decorated with kufic calligraphy etched in stucco with turquoise ceramics -the Hari Rud river flows rapidly by the lonely tower -accessible through a set of double spiral stairs that run from the octagonal base to circular top -along the shaft are several balconies and at the top is a large lantern -its disintegration may be caused by the people having their occasions nearby -dangerous and distant Towers of Victory -the two toffee-colored minarets, adorned with terra cotta tiles were raised in the early 12th century as monuments to the victories of the Afghan armies that built the empire -one has panels of bold Kufic lettering on the top. The tops of the towers are capped with corrugated iron, after the upper sections came down in an earthquake Kabul Monument -Massoud circle and Kabuls monument -military monument, Kabul Buddhas of Bamiyan -the Buddhas of Bamiyan were two monumental statues of standing Buddhas carved into the side of a cliff in the Bamiyan valley in the Hzarajat region of central Afghanistan -built during the sixth century, the statues represented the classic blended of Gandhara art. -the main bodies were hewn directly from the sandstone cliffs, but details were modeled in mud mixed with straw, coated with stucco Stupa a burial mound; a stupa is called Samangan (or Aibak) in Afghanistan -it is at the ancient, well preserved site of a Buddhist cave monastery. It was probably destroyed by raiders from the north in about 460 CE (AD) -the stupa is hewn into the solid rock of a large hill and so cannot be seen from the foot of the hill - it has entrances through caves at the floor of the hill. From a distance all that can be seen is the square relic chamber on the top Stupa at Guldara

-the round stupa proper is placed above a high, square base, with the remains of a staircase on the east. The exterior, particularly around the base, is marked by a number of large niches framed by pilasters (engaged pillars) in which large-scale sculptures would have been placed. Great Arch of Qal eh-ye Bost -built by Gurid Rulers -located to the north of citadel mount -the pointed archway spans about 25 meters and is flanked by buttresses carved with bands of inscriptions and blind arches -the lower tier in this image features a broad horse-shoe arch, while the upper tier includes twin pointed arches -kufic bands to the right and left of the arch contain incomplete segments of a Quran verse and the foundation inscription, respectively Bala Hisar fort -the word Bala Hisar is from Persian, meaning, elevated or high fort. According to Dr. Hussain Khan, the name was given by Afghan king Talmur Shah Durani -the fort stands on a high mound in the northwest corner of Peshwar City -the fort was constructed on a mound with commanding view of the surrounding area including Shalimar gardens presently known as Jinnah Park towards its north Citadel of Heart (the central castle of the city) -the Citadel of heart was built in the 7th-13th century on the foundations of -it was restored during the Tumurid dynasties in the 9th and 15th centuries Mas-i-jami -a Friday mosque -an 800 yr old structure standing in the old area of Herat -built during the Tumurid dynasties in the 9th-15th centuries

Pakistan -in the northwest, the hot season and the cold season are nearly equal in length, the former being severe (temperature rising to 120 degrees Fahrenheit) and the latter also sharp with night frosts and sleet -the summer rainy season is short and late, and the winter rains are more marked than in the Gangetic Plain -This variation of climatic has less general effect on architecture than might be expected, as protection against heat, even in the north-west -The used of pierce or latticed windows to exclude sunlight and heat The high angle of the sun over much of the area, and the frequency of sunny days, may well have helped to produce the characteristics external carved decoration which takes much of its effect from the contrasts of light and shade -Flat roof, for summer sleeping is almost universal except in the east, where the need to deal with heavy and continuous rain produced steeply-pitched roofs -Lower Indus valley is now largely semi-dessert once supported the rich animal and vegetable life normally associated with tropical judges. And this explains in part, the replacement of wood by stone as basic building materials Vishnu Vedic Gods by the Trinity of Modern Hinduism: The preserver. Siva Vedic Gods by the Trinity of Modern Hinduism: the destroyer. Brahma Vedic Gods by the Trinity of Modern Hinduism: soul and creator of the universe Buddhism -Buddhist was traditionally founded by Gautama Buddha or Siddartha. Was born about 563 BC on the borders of India and Nepal -Shrines took the form of Stupas or domical mounds -The monasteries became places of international pilgrimage and disseminations of learning Jainism -Jainism was traditionally founded by Mahavira (roughly a contemporary with Buddha) who himself a Brahman Jain temples differ little in essentials from the normal Hindu temple, but are distinguished by the extraordinary richness and complexity of their sculpture ornament Jharokha -is a type of overhanging enclosed balcony used in Indian architecture, typically rajputana architecture, Mughal architecture, and Rajasthani architecture Chhatris -it means canopy or umbrella. Chhatris are commonly found in Hindu as well as Mughal architecture Chhajja -it is a traditional form of Indian (Mughal) architecture. It is a term used for projecting eaves or cover usually supported on large carved brackets. Jali

-the term for a perforated stone or latticed screen, usually with an ornamental pattern constructed through the use of geometry Charbagh or Chahar Bagh -it is a Persian-style garden layout. The quadrilateral garden is divided by walkways or flowing water into four smaller parts. In Persian, char means four and Bagh means garden Lahore Fort -locally referred to as Shahi Qila is citadel of Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Tomb of Jahangir -the mausoleum built for the Mughal Emperor Jahangir who ruled from 1605 to 1627 The Shalimar Gardens -sometimes written as Halamar Gardens, is a Persian garden and it was built by Mughal emperor Sha Jahan in Lahore, modern day Pakistan Sheesh Mahal -it is located within the Sha Burj block in northern-western corner of Lahore Fort. It was constructed under the reign Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in 1631-32. The ornate white marble pavilion is inlaid with pietra dura and complex mirror-work aof the finest quality The Naulakha Pavilion -is a prominent white marble personal chamber with curvilinear roof, located besides the sheesh mahal courtyard, in the modern section of Lahore Fort in Lahore, Pakistan Wzir Khan Mosque In Lahore, Pakistan, is famous for its extensive faience tile work. It has been described as a mole on the cheek of Lahore The Shah Jahan Mosque -was builtin the reign of Mughal emperor Shah Jahan. It is located in Thatta, Sindh province, Pakistan. The Badshahi Mosque or Emperors Mosque -was built in built in 1673 by the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb in Lahore, Pakistan -is the largest mosque in Pakistan and South Asia and the fifth largest mosque in the world Fasial Mosque in Islamabad -is the largest mosque in Pakistan, located in the national capital city of Islamabad Minar-e-Pakistan -is a tall monumental minaret in Iqbal Park Lahore, built in commemoration of the Lahore Resolution Chapattis -Flat bread in Pakistan

Deodar -is a kind of excellent soft wood found abundantly in the northern mountain ranges of Pakistan Pakistan -land of the pure; Pak means pure and stan means country Tandoor -Punjabis clay oven where they cook their meat. Terra Cotta -in earliest times it was used as the ease with which the plastic clay can be pressed into moulds or carved Urdu -the national language of Pakistan Teak -Hardwood Latticed Window -framework of crossed wood or regular geometrical arrangement Fortress -a fort Calligraphy -art producing such writings

Architecture in India Animism -The Oldest Religion in India Buddhism -Buddhist was traditionally founded by Gautama Buddha or Siddartha and was adopted by Azoka as state religion -monasteries and memorial shrines were erected. These shrines took the forms of stupas or domical mounds -Tenets or dogmas of Buddhism were inscribed in the monuments and gateways -Erection of dagoba to contain the relics of saints Hinduism -The worship of the plurality of God was a social league resting upon the caste system -Tombs were built in this period -Buddhist monasteries were converted into shelters for the pilgrims -have evolved from a combination of the faith of the indigenous Dravidians and the Aryan invaders -Hindu worship is essentially an individual act, and except on certain specified occasions communal worship is foreign to it. Caste System -System that divides the people according to race, occupation, and geographical position Brahmans -Priests, lawyers, poets, and scientists Rajputs -Landowners, soldiers Vaisyas -Agricultural settlers, craftsmen Serfs -The sudras or ordinary workmen Mohammedanism -One of the great religion which have arisen from Semetic nations and its essence was contained in the words of Koran -There is no God but Allah and Mohammed is His prophet -The prohibition of the use of human and animal forms in decorations and sculptures led to the intricate surface decorations known as Arabesque Caliph -was the spiritual and temporal ruler of the union of Mohammedanism and the state Senani

-The leader of the Comnmunity The Vish -People of the country Khatra -Nobility (famous, aristocratic) Vishphatra -The ruler or king who rules thru senani Non-Aryan Tribes or Aborigines -Native inhabitants Aryan or Sanskrit -Speaking race which include the Rajputs and the Brahmans Chhardis -House with a thatched roof Harmyan -A house of brick and stone that had a courtyard in the middle Gotra -A multi-dwelling complex with sheds for animals Chaitya Hall -Place of worship -Meeting hall; a Buddhist or Hindu sanctuary; a hall enclosing stupa Vihara -Monastery Stupa -Hemispherical mound for worship or memory -rock-cut temples with four ceremonial gateways or toranas Mathura School of Art -Was strictly Indian in spirit and did not adopt from the Greek style Gandhara School of Art -Incorporated influences of the Greek art Indo-Saracenic -A mixture of Hindu, Islamic and Western elements Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (CST) -located in Mumbai, originally named in honor of Queen Victoria

Bahai Temple Lotus-shaped temple in New Delhi, designed by Faziburz Sabha in 1980 and completed in December 1986, is an awe-inspiring example of the ingenuity of the Indian architects Stambhas or Laths -A monumental pillars free-standing without function Stupa in Sanchi -Toranas surround the stupa and they each represent love, peace, trust, and courage. -The great stupa at Sanchi was originally commissioned by the emperor Ashoka the Great in the third century BCE. Its nucleus was simple hemispherical brick structure built over the relics of the Buddha. Dilwara Temple -This temple carved entirely out of white marble was built in 1021 by Vimal Shah, a minister of Bhimidev I -The temple is dedicated to the first Jain Tirthankara (a teacher or guide), Adinath -The richly carved corridors, pillars, arches, and the mandapas or porticoes of the temple are simply amazing Rashtrapati Bhawan -Located in New Delhi, the official residence of the President of India was built on Raisina Hll near Parliament House. This magnificent sandstone building was designed by Lutyens Bettas -another kind of temple consisting of open yard with immense statues Choultry -In India, a large village hall or place of assembly in hypostyle hall Dagoba -A monumental structure in Buddhist architecture containing relics of Buddha Garbha-Griha -Small shrine in Hindu temple Gopura (Gopuram) -in India, specifically in the south, a monumental gateway of a temple Hypostyle Hall -A large space with a flat roof supported by rows of columns Mandapa -Porch-light hall Sikhara -Pyramidal or curvilinear tower-like upper structure of a Hindu Temple; a spire-shaped roof

ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE Jami : Mosque -principal place of Worship, or use of the building for Friday prayers Masjid (Turkey) -small prayer house Madrassah (Egypt) -small prayer house Medresse (Turkey) -Religious college and mosque Saray (or Serai) -Palace Mihrab -Recessed in a wall to contain sculpture -Niche oriented towards Mecca, where the leader of the congregation makes his prayers, no altar only pulpit Mimber -Raised platform for ceremonial announcements (dais-roman bema-early Christian) Iwan -Open fronted vault facing onto the court Bab -Gateway Khans or caravansary -Inns for travelers and merchant Sahn -Courtyard of a mosque Minaret -Tower from which call to prayer is made Harem -Womens private quarters of a house or palace Selamlik -Mens or guests quarter Kibla or Kible -Axis oriented towards Mecca

Chattri (India) -Kiosk; a small pavilion usually open built in gardens and parks, with umbrella-shaped cupola Muessin -Caller who summons the faithful prayer Iman -man who leads the congregation at prayer Calipin -Successor to the prophet as military judicial and spiritual leader of Islam Courtyard -Fundamental feature of the mosque Cloister -A covered walk surrounding a court usually linking a church to other buildings of a monastery Mecca -Spiritual center of Islam Cresting -An ornament of a roof, a roof screen, or a wall generally rhythmic and highly decorative Stalactite Corbelling -Structural and Ornamental device Corbel -A block of stone, often elaborately carved or moulded, projecting form a wall, supporting the beam of a roof floor or vault Chamfer -A diagonal cutting of an arris formed by two surface meeting at an angle Calligraphy -The art of producing such writing Kubbet-es-Sakhra (The Dome of The Rock, Jerusalem) -The most important Islamic structure -Consists of a great central dome surrounded by arcaded aisle on an octagonal The Madrassah and Tomb of Sultan, Hassan Cairo - It has all the characteristic elements of the Egyptian madrassah on an impressive scale -Complact and unified of all Cairo monuments Suleymaniye Mosque -A centre of civic Complex

-designed by Sinam -Containing the Mosque, schools, several colleges, hospitals, shops, restaurants, houses for officials and holders of civic and religious offices Tomb of Humayun, Delhi -It stands in a handsome formal garden set on a podium with arcaded red sandstone wall -Small chattris surmount each corner tower Taj Mahal, Agra -A Mausoleum built by Shah Jahan in commemoration of his wife, Mumtazi-Mahal Mirhab -At the midpoint of the wall facing Quibla is a niche or recess that constitutes the central and sometimes most decorated feature of any mosque, known as the mirhab. The mirhab is not considered to be a sacred element of the mosque. Rather, it prescribes the sacred direction for prayer to Mecca. When in prayer, Muslims will form row upon row, each parallel to and facing the Qibla wall Ablution Area -Area where Muslims perform wudu (ablution) before commencing salat (prayer). Salat is not accepted without wudu. Sajada (or Musalla) -Clean (commonly carpeted) area within a mosque where Muslims pray in congregation Imams Quarters -the Imam of a Mosque tradionally lives in a purposely build home adjacent or close to the mosque. Congregational or Friday Mosque (Famimasjid) -A mosque used for public or congregational worship Mid of Sahn -Fountain of Fawwara Liwanat (or Colonnades) -naves and arcades Dikka -Reading desk Maqsura -Screen similar to the reredo of early Christian churches found between the mihrab, mimbar and dikka Madrasa -Collegiate Mosque. Cruciform with central portion open to the sky

The forearms of the cross are cover by pointed vaults and behind the mihrab is where the founders tomb is found and covered with a dome Tomb Mosque -Often used for private prayer -The structure is sometimes entirely covered with domes, vaults or flat roofs (facing Mecca) Saray (or serai) -Palace Mnemonic Inscription or Text -extracts from Koran either in the stiff characters known as Kufic or in more flowing Nashky Alphabet Super-imposed Ornaments -Made up of conventional design in different planes in which one scheme of the design forms the background to the one over it Stalactite Ornament (Mogarnas) or Honey- combed Work -is in the original systematic design involving combination of 3 dimensional shape corbelling and so forth Masjid Al-Haram -The Grand mosque Located in the city of Mecca Al-Masjid Al-Nabawi -Mosque of the prophet situated in the city of Medina, the second holliest site in Islam -Most notable feature of the site is the green dome over the center of the mosque where the tomb of Mohammed is Located Imam Resa Shrine -Center of tourism in Iran -contains the mausoleum of Imam Ridha Istiqlal Mosque -The Independence mosque in Jakarta Indonesia -The largest mosque Southeast Asia in terms of capacity to accommodate people -More than 120000 people can congregate at the mosque Hassan I Mosque -The largest mosque in Casablanca, Morocco -designed by the French architect Michel Pinseau and Bouygues -30000 can accommodate Faisal Mosque -Islamabad, Pakistan. Sixth largest mosque in the world -The largest mosque in Pakistan and South Asia

Bab-e-Pakistan -Lahore, Pakistan -Plan conceived under military regime of Zia-ul-Haq