IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Vol. 18, No.

2; April 2011 541

1070-9878/11/$25.00 2011 IEEE
Development of High Frequency Circuit Model
for Oil-immersed Power Transformers and its Application
for Lightning Surge Analysis

Shigemitsu Okabe, Masanori Koto, Genyo Ueta
Tokyo Electric Power Company
4-1, Egasaki-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-8510, Japan

Toshiyuki Saida and Shin Yamada
Toshiba Corporation
1-1, Shibaura 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8001, Japan

ABSTRACT
The lightning impulse withstand voltage for an oil-immersed power transformer is
determined by the value of the lightning surge overvoltage generated at the
transformer terminal. This overvoltage value has been conventionally obtained
through lightning surge analysis using the electromagnetic transients program (EMTP),
where the transformer is often simulated by a single lumped capacitance. However,
since high frequency surge overvoltages ranging from several kHz to several MHz are
generated in an actual system, a transformer circuit model capable of simulating the
range up to this high frequency must be developed for further accurate analysis. In this
paper, a high frequency circuit model for an oil-immersed transformer was developed
and its validity was verified through comparison with the measurement results on the
model winding actually produced. Consequently, it emerged that a high frequency
model with three serially connected LC parallel circuits could adequately simulate the
impedance characteristics of the winding up to a high frequency range of several MHz.
Following lightning surge analysis for a 500 kV substation using this high frequency
model, the peak value of the waveform was evaluated as lower than that simulated by
conventional lumped capacitance even though the front rising was steeper. This
phenomenon can be explained by the charging process of the capacitance circuit inside
the transformer. Furthermore, the waveform analyzed by each model was converted
into an equivalent standard lightning impulse waveform and the respective peak values
were compared. As a result, the peak value obtained by the lumped capacitance
simulation was evaluated as relatively higher under the present analysis conditions.
Index Terms Oil-immersed transformer, lightning surge, high frequency circuit
model, 500 kV substation, Electro-magnetic Transients Program.

1 INTRODUCTION
TO determine the lightning impulse withstand voltage for an
oil-immersed power transformer, the value of the generated
overvoltage has been conventionally obtained through lightning
surge analysis using the Electro-magnetic Transients Program
(EMTP). In such cases, the transformer is often simulated by a
single lumped capacitance [1] called a surge intrusion
capacitance. However, the value to which this capacitance
should be set is not necessarily clear, nor is whether or not
surges ranging from several kHz to several MHz actually
generated can be simulated by a single capacitance.
On the other hand, amid ongoing trends, such as the
downsizing of substations and the direct connection to gas
insulated switchgears (GIS), overvoltages with frequencies
exceeding conventional ones are more likely to be generated.
In addition, it is known that, with the introduction of, for
example, a winding with a large series capacitance, a
transformer itself exhibits resonance behavior at a high
frequency of around 1 MHz [2].
Under these circumstances, the development of a new
transformer model within the frequency range of lightning
surges is desirable. To precisely simulate the winding up to
the high frequency range, a detailed equivalent circuit is
required that provides the inductance and capacitance for each
turn of the conductor [3]. However, such a detailed model is Manuscript received on 4 November 2010, in final form 18 January 2011.
542 S. Okabe et al.: Development of High Frequency Circuit Model for Oil-immersed Power Transformers and its Application
far too complicated for the whole transformer if its purpose is
not to clarify the electric potential distribution within a
winding but to obtain the voltage generated at the transformer
terminal through surge analysis of the substation or overall
system. The authors previously proposed a relatively
simplified circuit model that could simulate a 275 kV gas
insulated shunt reactor up to the high frequency range [4].
In this paper, the above technique was applied to a 500 kV
oil-immersed transformer and a high frequency circuit model
for an oil-immersed transformer was developed, and its
validity was evaluated through comparison with the
measurement results of the actual model winding.
Subsequently, the new model was used to perform a lightning
surge analysis for a 500 kV substation. This result was
compared with the conventional case where a transformer was
simulated by an intrusion capacitance, and the level of the
lightning surge overvoltage generated at the transformer
terminal and its influence on the waveform were studied.
Furthermore, each overvoltage waveform was converted into
an equivalent standard lightning impulse waveform using the
waveform evaluation method [5] to evaluate from the
perspective of the severity for insulation.
2 CIRCUIT MODEL FOR WINDING
As winding structures for a transformer, the present study
uses interleaved and continuous disk windings respectively,
for which circuit models are developed with the high
frequency range up to several MHz taken into consideration.
2.1 CIRCUIT MODEL FOR INTERLEAVED DISK
WINDING
2.1.1 CIRCUIT MODEL IN THE LOW FREQUENCY
RANGE
An interleaved disk winding is a kind of disk winding used
for core type transformers and reactors. Since it has a large
series capacitance, it is used as a kind of lightning-surge-proof
winding mainly for high voltage winding. Figure 1 illustrates
the cross-sectional structure of an interleaved disk winding.
Two disks constitute a single structural unit, which comprise
the whole winding when collectively stacked. Assuming that
one disk is called a section, Figure 1 shows an example of a
winding with 8 turns per section. The numbers in the figure
indicate the order of winding. Assuming that the conductor of
the winding order numbers 1 to 8 is called Group A and that
of numbers 9 to 16 Group B, since the conductors of Groups
A and B lie adjacent, with potential difference equivalent to
that of the number of turns per section, the equivalent series
capacitance of the winding is eventually large. The series
capacitance of an interleaved disk winding can be obtained
using what is called the stored energy method and given by
equation (1) [6]:

2) (n
2
C
C
r
0 = (1)
C
r
: Turn-to-turn capacitance
n: Number of turns per section
In this equation, each turn within the two sections is
assumed to form a linear potential distribution, the
electrostatic energy stored between individual turns is totaled
and capacitance with electrostatic energy equal to this totaled
energy is regarded as the series capacitance C
0
for two
sections. The value of n is about 5 to 30, while it varies
depending on the capacity and voltage class of the transformer.
Compared with the series capacitance of a continuous disk
winding expressed by equation (8), which is described later,
the series capacitance of an interleaved disk winding is
generally larger by approximately one digit.
Figure 2 presents the equivalent circuit for two sections of
an interleaved disk winding. Each turn is expressed by one
inductance element in Figure 2a, while two sections are
simulated by one inductance element in Figure 2b. The circuit
model for an interleaved disk winding that holds in the low
frequency range can be obtained if C
0
in equation (1) is given
as the capacitance for two sections in Figure 2b to structure
the circuit of the whole winding. Here, L
0
is the self-
inductance of the whole coil with 2n turns, which is about
(2n)
2
times the value of the inductance per turn.



















2.1.2 CIRCUIT MODEL WITH RANGES UP TO THE
HIGH FREQUENCY RANGE TAKEN INTO
CONSIDERATION
If the wavefront duration of the waveform applied to the
winding is shorter than the charging time (approximately 0.2
s to 0.5 s) for the turn-to-turn capacitance, the potential at
each turn within the section does not form a linear distribution.
Consequently, the capacitance in equation (1) obtained by the
stored energy method alone cannot obtain a circuit model
applicable to the high frequency range of several MHz.
In the circuit in Figure 2a, the capacitance seen from both
ends of the two sections at a high frequency (e.g. 10 MHz or
: Group A
: Group B
12
16 8 15 7 14 6 13 5
1 9 2 10 3 11 4
Figure 1. Construction of an interleaved disk winding.
i
Figure 2. Equivalent circuit of an interleaved disk winding.
(a) Detailed circuit (b) Simplified circuit
L
0
C
0

C
r
C
a
/n
Equipotential surface
between sections
Corresponding
to the number
of the order of
winding in Figure 1
C
a
: Section-to-section capacitance
(1) (2) (3) (4)
(5) (6) (7) (8)
(9) (10) (11) (12)
(13) (14) (15) (16)
IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Vol. 18, No. 2; April 2011 543
more), where the inductance is negligible, is smaller than C
0

obtained by equation (1). In this process of the change in
capacitance, a resonance phenomenon is observed within
section [2].
Pedersen assumed each section of an interleaved disk
winding to be a spirally wound parallel plane capacitor and
considered that the winding responded to steep front waves
like a transmission line of capacitance C and inductance L per
section [7]. Here, C is given by equation (2) because it
indicates the capacitance between conductors in Groups A and
B in Figure 1 and the number of locations where conductors
face each other is (n1) per section.

d / Db ) 1 n ( C
0
t cc = (2)
: Relative permittivity of the turn-to-turn insulation

0
: Vacuum permittivity
D: Average winding diameter
b: Axial conductor width
d: Turn-to-turn insulation thickness

The value L is given by the inductance of the parallel
conductors consisting of the conductors in Groups A and B
and obtained in a simplified manner by equation (3) because
the length of the parallel conductor in one section is
equivalent to n/2 turns.

b / Dd ) 2 / n ( L
0
t = (3)

0
: Vacuum magnetic permeability

Assuming that surges reflect at the point connected to the
next section on the inner periphery side of the section and that
the oscillation is generated with the time of the round trip in
the section as their period, the oscillation period is given by
equation (4).

)
n
1
1 (
2
nD 2 LC 2 T
0 0

cc
t = = (4)

In order to express an oscillation circuit of resonance
frequency f
1
identical to this oscillation using the LC parallel
circuit with a lumped constant, its inductance L
1
and
capacitance C
1
can be replaced to equation (6) based on
equation (5).

1 1
1
C L 2
1
LC 2
1
f
t
= = (5)
t = t = / C C , / L L 1 1 (6)
Consequently, the circuit displayed in Figure 3a was
devised in order to simulate, via a simplified circuit, the fact
that the value of the equivalent series capacitance of the
interleaved disk winding given by Figure 2b is small in the
high frequency range and that the resonance point is within
the section in the high frequency range. The L
1
C
1
parallel
circuit, consisting of the inductance and capacitance obtained
by equation (6), is serially connected to the capacitance
branch of the L
0
C
0
parallel circuit in Figure 2b. This circuit
has a parallel resonance point at frequency f
1
. At higher
frequencies, it is eventually expressed by the serially
connected capacitance with C
0
and C
1
. If C
1
is adequately
smaller than C
0
, the capacitance is almost determined by C
1
.
As subsequently described in Clause 3.2, since L
1
is
adequately smaller than the inductance L
0
, which is for two
sections, the impedance characteristics of the circuit barely
changes, even if the L
1
C
1
parallel circuit is serially connected
directly to the L
0
C
0
parallel circuit in Figure 2b. Furthermore,
the oscillation caused by multiple reflections in the section
includes not only the fundamental oscillation frequency given
by equation (5) but also the higher order resonance
frequencies at its integral multiple frequencies. To simulate
higher order resonance frequencies up to the second order, the
L
2
C
2
parallel circuit given by equation (7) is connected.

2 / C C , 2 / L L 1 2 1 2 = = (7)

Based on the above, a three-stage LC circuit shown in
Figure 3b is developed as a simplified circuit with ranges up
to the high frequency range taken into consideration. Parallel
resistors are connected in the second and third stage LC
circuits, which simulate the oscillation in the high frequency
range, and take the damping of high frequency oscillations
into consideration. The damping resistance of this high
frequency wave is expressed as k(L/C)
1/2
, and the value
k is obtained through comparison of the analysis waveform
of the equivalent circuit with the waveform actually measured.











2.2 CIRCUIT MODEL FOR CONTINUOUS DISK
WINDING
A disk winding continuously wound without interleaving
conductors with the cross sectional structure as demonstrated
in Figure 4 is called a continuous disk winding and is used as
a low voltage winding that does not particularly require
lightning-surge-proof characteristics, as well as in the form of
a combined interleaved disk winding on the line terminal side
and a continuous disk winding on the neutral point side in the
same winding.
Figure 3. Equivalent circuit with ranges up to the high frequency range taken
into consideration. (a) Parallel resonance point at the frequency of f
1
considered (b) Resonance frequencies up to the second order considered.
(a) (b)
L
0
C
1
L
1
C
0

L
0

L
1

L
2

C
0
C
1
C
2
R
1
R
2
544 S. Okabe et al.: Development of High Frequency Circuit Model for Oil-immersed Power Transformers and its Application
Similarly to Figure 2a, an equivalent circuit with a lumped
constant for two sections with one turn expressed by one
inductance element is presented in Figure 5a. Here, consider
the capacitance value in the case where this circuit is
expressed by the LC parallel circuit in Figure 5b. Assuming
that each turn in the section has a linear potential distribution,
if the concept of the stored energy method is applied, the
series capacitance for two sections can be obtained by
equation (8) [8].

2
r
a 0
2n
C ) 1 n (
C
3
2
C

+ =
(8)
C
a
: Section-to-section capacitance

Next, obtain the series capacitance when steep front wave
surges are applied. Consider the circuit as given in Figure 6
consisting of only capacitances sandwiched by equipotential
surfaces between two sections. Here, the potential v(x) of each
turn is expressed by equation (9).

)
`

o
o o
+ =
sinh
) x 1 ( sinh x sinh
1
2
E
v(x)
(9)
r
a
C
C ) 1 n ( 4
= o
E: Voltage distribution per section

The series capacitance C
0
' for two sections obtained by the
stored energy method based on equation (9) is expressed by
equation (10).

)
`

o o
o +
+ =
sinh
) cosh 1 ( 2
1
2
C
' C
a
0 (10)

The ratio of C
0
' to C
0
with respect to C
a
/C
r
with n as a
parameter is exhibited in Figure 7. Since C
a
/C
r
is generally
about 1 to 2, C
0
' is only about 10% smaller than C
0
in the
practical range. In other words, the series capacitance is
considered to barely vary within a low to high frequency
range covering several MHz. Consequently, in the case of a
continuous disk winding, the circuit in Figure 5b can be used
for the whole frequency range. For simulation up to the high
frequency range in detail, the present study uses the value C
0
'
based on equation (10).










































3 EVALUATION OF CIRCUIT MODEL
3.1 MODEL WINDING AND MEASUREMENT
METHOD
To evaluate the validity of the circuit models devised in
Chapter 2, an interleaved disk winding with two sections
equivalent to those for a 500 kV actual transformer was
produced (To be more specific: In comparison with an actual
one, the axial conductor width b, the turn-to-turn insulation
thickness d, and the oil-gap length between the sections were
identical, and the average winding diameter D was scaled
down to 75%) and the impedance frequency characteristics were
measured. For measurement, a network analyzer (ANRITSU,
MS3401A) was used. Sine waves were applied to the winding
by sweeping the frequencies from 100 Hz to 10 MHz to
8
16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Figure 4. Construction of a continuous disk winding.
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0.5 1 1.5 2
C
a
/ C
r

C
0
'
/

C
0

n=10
n=20
Figure 7. Series capacitances of a continuous disc winding.
Figure 5. Equivalent circuit of a continuous disk winding.
(a) Detailed circuit (b) Simplified circuit
Figure 6. Capacitance circuit of a continuous disc winding.
L
0
C
0

1 0
x
Equipotential surface (v(1)=E)
C
r

2C
a
/n
v(x)
Equipotential surface (v(0)=0)
C
r
C
a
/n
Equipotential surface
between sections
Corresponding
to the number
of the order of
winding in Figure 4
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
(9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16)
IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Vol. 18, No. 2; April 2011 545
measure the impedance at each frequency. Figure 8 shows the
appearance of a two section model. The measurement was
conducted in insulating oil. Furthermore, a ten section model
winding was produced to measure like frequency characteristics
as well as the response waveforms in various locations in the
winding, an overview of which is carried in Figure 9. Similarly
to the two-section model, this model was placed inside the
insulating oil to conduct measurement.



























3.2 COMPARISON OF THE ANALYSIS RESULTS
USING CIRCUIT MODEL WITH ACTUAL
MEASUREMENT RESULTS OF MODEL WINDING
Using the size of the model winding with two sections
produced for the present study as well as the material constant,
each parameter of the equivalent circuit in Figure 3b was
calculated as follows:

L
0
=4.76 mH, C
0
=5570 pF
L
1
=5.08 H, C
1
=1840 pF
L
2
=2.54 H, C
2
=920 pF

For the damping resistance of the high frequency wave
(R
1
=R
2
=k(L/C)
1/2
), the oscillation waveforms of the potential
to the ground inside the winding were observed when the
impulse waveform (0.24/50 s) was applied to the model
winding and the value k was determined so that the
damping rate of the high frequency oscillation component
coincided with the results of the analysis [4]. Meanwhile, the
impulse waveform of 0.24/50 s was used because the rising
frequency is approximately 1 MHz and this frequency
corresponds to the aim of present study, which develops the
circuit model in the high frequency range. Consequently, the
value was determined to be k=10, which led to R
1
=R
2
=526 .
Figure 10 represents the analysis results of the
impedance frequency characteristics using the equivalent
circuit with k=10 and the measurement results at the model
winding. For the analysis, EMTP was used. The results of
the comparison reveal that both the frequencies and values
of the impedance coincide well at the first, parallel
resonance as well as the second and third in the high
frequency range. Therefore, it is clarified that k=10 is
proper according to the frequency characteristics, as is the
circuit model in Chapter 2. A low level parallel resonance
can be observed at the series resonance point at around 700
kHz. This is considered attributable to the influence of the
stray capacitance of the model winding to the tank, which is
not taken into consideration in the circuit model in Figure
3b.
Also in the case of the ten section model winding, the
analysis results with k=10 were compared with the
measurement results for the impedance frequency
characteristics. The analysis model consisted of five of the
models for two sections (Figure 3b) serially connected. In this
analysis model, the inductances in the low frequency range
were based on the calculation of self and mutual inductances
for five coils with two sections, with their values as given in
Table 1. Figure 11 shows the comparison results. Similarly to
the results for two sections, analysis using the equivalent
circuit was almost able to adequately express the resonance
points within the high frequency range. Meanwhile, a little
deviation was seen in the frequency range exceeding several
MHz. This is considered attributable to the fact that the circuit
model was constructed to simulate resonance frequencies up
to the second order. Also, the effect of the measurement lead
inductance was presumable.













Figure 8. Overview of the two-section model winding.
Figure 9. Overview of the ten-section model winding.

10
0
10
1
10
2
10
3
10
4
10
5
10
3
10
4
10
5
10
6
10
7
Frequency (Hz)
I
m
p
e
d
a
n
c
e

(

)


Calculation results
Measurement results
Figure 10. Comparison in the impedance frequency characteristics between
the analysis results using the circuit model and the measurement results of the
model winding (two-section model).
546 S. Okabe et al.: Development of High Frequency Circuit Model for Oil-immersed Power Transformers and its Application



















Table 2 summarizes the parallel and series resonance
frequencies of the two- and ten-section winding models
obtained from Figures 10 and 11. The fundamental resonance
frequency for ten sections is about 15 kHz, which is half that
for two sections, or about 30 kHz. This is considered
attributable to the fact that the inductance L is about 20 times
and the capacitance C about a fifth of the time for ten sections
compared with two sections, which leads to LC being about
four times (or 1/(LC)
1/2
=1/2). Conversely, there is no
significant difference between the parallel and series
resonance frequencies. Following detailed comparison
between the analysis values and the actual measurement
values, it emerges that they coincide relatively well for both
the fundamental resonance frequency and those in the high
frequency range.









3.3 RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS WITHIN THE
WINDING OF TEN SECTION WINDING MODEL TO
IMPULSE VOLTAGE
To investigate the potential distribution in the winding in
response to the high frequency surges, the voltage response
characteristics against a steep front voltage in various
locations in the winding were obtained using the ten-section
winding model. The applied voltage waveforms used included
a standard lightning impulse waveform (1.2/50 s) and step
waveforms (wavefront duration: 240 ns, 64 ns, and 32 ns)
with a steeper wavefront. Measurement was conducted using
the terminals (1 to 6, and E) displayed in Figure 12 for the
turn-to-turn voltage (1-2) and the section-to-section voltage
(1-3, 3-4, 4-5, 5-6, 6-E).
Turn-to-turn and section-to-section voltages measured
under the above conditions are normalized with respect to the
applied voltage (ratio to the peak values: measured
voltage/applied voltage 100 (%)) and summarized in Table 3.
Figure 13 shows the turn-to-turn (1-2) and section-to-section
(1-3) voltage at the terminal where the voltage is applied with
the wavefront duration as a parameter. Figure 14 indicates the
relationship of the location in the section-to-section direction
with the voltage generated. According to the figures and table,
the turn-to-turn and section-to-section voltages at the terminal
where the voltage is applied intensively increase when the
wavefront duration of the applied voltage is less than 0.1 s. It
also emerges that, if the wavefront duration is 1.2 s or 240 ns,
the section-to-section voltage is almost constant regardless of
location. Conversely, if the wavefront duration is 64 ns or 32
ns, the section-to-section voltage increases; not only at the
terminal where the voltage is applied but also at the earth
terminal. Based on these findings, it was confirmed that
the potential distribution in the winding is not linear in the high

























L
0
_1 L
0
_2 L
0
_3 L
0
_4 L
0
_5
L
0
_1 4.76
L
0
_2 4.21 4.76
L
0
_3 3.66 4.21 4.76
L
0
_4 3.18 3.66 4.21 4.76
L
0
_5 2.78 3.18 3.66 4.21 4.76
Table 1. Matrix of inductances (self and mutual inductances) in the low
frequency range of the analysis model winding; Unit: mH.
Figure 11. Comparison in the impedance frequency characteristics between
the analysis results using the circuit model and the measurement results of the
model winding (ten-section model).
Parallel resonance
frequency
f
0
- f
1
- f
2

Series resonance
frequency
- f
1
' - f
2
' -
Two sections
30.9 kHz 708 kHz 1.65 MHz 2.38 MHz 3.31 MHz
30.1 kHz 618 kHz 1.83 MHz 2.46 MHz 3.53 MHz
Ten sections
14.9 kHz 708 kHz 1.53 MHz 2.38 MHz 2.97 MHz
13.5 kHz 795 kHz 1.31 MHz 2.48 MHz 3.24 MHz
Table 2. Comparison of the parallel and series resonance frequencies of the
two- and ten-section winding models (Upper row: Analysis results; Lower
row: Measurement results).

Frequency (Hz)
I
m
p
e
d
a
n
c
e

(

)

10
1

10
2

10
3
10
4

10
5

10
3

10
4

10
5

10
6

10
2
10
6
10
7

Calculation results
Measurement results
Figure 12. Locations of the connection of lead wires for measurement of the
voltage of the winding model with ten sections.
Wavefront duration of the
applied voltage
1.2 s 240 ns 64 ns 32 ns
Turn-to-turn voltage 1-2 9.85 10.4 19.6 34.4
Section-to-section
voltage
1-3
18.9
(20.6)
20.1
(21.8)
27.8 34.5
3-4
20.5
(20.2)
21.1
(20.5)
23.4 27.0
4-5
22.2
(19.9)
24.4
(20.1)
28.2 30.7
5-6
20.5
(19.8)
24.0
(20.2)
23.6 25.4
6-E
18.9
(19.7)
27.1
(20.3)
35.7 57.7
Table 3. Measurement results of the potential distribution of the ten-section
winding model represented by % of the applied voltage (Calculation results
for wavefront duration of 1.2 s and 240 ns are shown in parentheses).
1
2
3
4
5
6
Impulse voltage
E
IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Vol. 18, No. 2; April 2011 547




























frequency range as described in Clause 2.1.2. Consequently,
in order to analyze overvoltages generated in the transformer
by steep-front lightning surges, it will be necessary to develop
a circuit model capable of simulation up to a high frequency
range of several MHz. Meanwhile, the calculation results for
wavefront duration of 1.2 s and 240 ns using the circuit
model of Figure 3b were also shown in Table 3. Although a
little deviation was seen at the earth terminal side, when
comparison was made between the measurement and
calculation results, they agreed generally well. The deviation
is considered attributable to the influences of the simulated
method of the capacitance to the tank under the calculation
and the inductance of the lead wire under the measurement.
4 CIRCUIT MODEL FOR 500 KV OIL-
IMMERSED POWER TRANSFORMER
4.1 DEVELOPMENT OF CIRCUIT MODEL
Figure 15 illustrates a circuit model for a 500 kV oil-
immersed power transformer developed based on an
assumption that it is a core type transformer with a high-
voltage winding comprising interleaved disk windings and its
medium-voltage winding and tertiary winding comprising
continuous disk windings, respectively. Partial models, each
with two sections, are produced using the method in Clause
2.1 for an interleaved disk winding and that in Clause 2.2 for a
continuous disk winding and the whole model is produced
with a combination of both. The figure is simplified, with each
of the one-stage LC parallel circuits of the high-voltage
winding (interleaved disk winding) actually replaced with a
three-stage LC parallel circuit in Figure 3b. In addition, while
the inductance for the low frequency waves is omitted in the
figure, it is actually expressed by the inductance matrix,
including the winding-to-winding mutual inductance. The
winding-to-winding electrostatic coupling and the earth
capacity are also provided.
























4.2 IMPEDANCE FREQUENCY CHARACTERISTICS
Figure 16 demonstrates the impedance frequency
characteristics for one phase seen from the high-voltage
terminal for the circuit model illustrated in Figure 15;
developed by assuming a 500 kV core type transformer. The
characteristics are based on circumstances whereby the
medium-voltage and tertiary windings are grounded, and the
damping resistance of the three-stage LC parallel circuit is
calculated by k=10. The following characteristics are observed
from the figure:
(1) The fundamental resonance frequency f
0
is 6.2 kHz.
(2) The impedance at f
0
or less exhibits inductivity.
Figure 13. Relationship of the wavefront duration of the applied voltage with
the turn-to-turn (1-2) and section-to-section (1-3) voltage at the terminal
where the voltage is applied.
0
10
20
30
40
0.01 0.1 1 10
Turn-to-turn voltage: 1-2
Section-to-section voltage: 1-3
Wavefront duration (s)
V
o
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t
a
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e

g
e
n
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r
a
t
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d

(
%
)

Figure 14. Relationship of the location in the section-to-section direction with
the section-to-section voltage.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 2 4 6 8 10
1.2 s 240 ns
64 ns 32 ns
Location in the section-to-section direction
V
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g
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r
a
t
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d

(
%
)

Figure 15. Circuit model of 500 kV power transformer.
Neutral
point
Core
Tank
Side leg
High-voltage
terminal
Medium-voltage
terminal
High-
voltage
winding
Medium-
voltage
winding Tertiary
winding
548 S. Okabe et al.: Development of High Frequency Circuit Model for Oil-immersed Power Transformers and its Application
(3) There are four resonance points above f
0
between 5
kHz and 50 kHz, and capacitive impedance is exhibited
at higher frequencies. At f=100 kHz, the capacitance is
C=4080 pF.
(4) In the high frequency range of f=300 kHz or more,
there are three parallel resonance and series resonance
frequency points, respectively.
(5) In the high frequency range of f=2 MHz or more, the
capacitance is about 1500 pF.
The earth capacitance of the high-voltage winding (sum of
the capacitance to the medium-voltage winding and the
capacitance to the tank) is 10410 pF.
As mentioned above, the analysis results of the transformer
model in Figure 15 correlate well to the characteristics of the
actual measurement results in Figures 10 and 11 in that
several resonance points emerge in the high frequency range
of 500 kHz or more and the capacitance in the MHz range is
smaller than that in the 100 kHz range.































5 LIGHTNING SURGE ANALYSIS OF 500 KV
SUBSTATION
A lightning surge analysis is performed using the model
proposed in the present study (hereinafter the high frequency
model) and various others, including conventional, to
investigate the influence on the results.
5.1 SUBSTATION CIRCUIT TO BE ANALYZED AND
VARIOUS CONDITIONS
With reference to [9], the substation circuit to be analyzed
was determined as the three-phase-in-one-tank GIS substation
in the 500 kV system sketched in Figure 17. The main
analysis conditions are listed as follows. The substation
simulation method in (4) pertains to the content of the present
study:
(1) Lightning stroke conditions
Lightning stroke current: 150 kA, 1/70 s ramp wave
Point struck by lightning: Top of the first tower
ac superposition: Crest value in reverse polarity
(2) Power transmission facilities
Transmission line: Multi-phase transmission line
simulation (J. Marti model)
Tower: Four-section tower
(3) Substation facilities
Circuit conditions: Consisting of two banks with four lines
led in; One bank is in operation with one line led in (Figure
17)
Three-phase GIS: Multi phase simulation (K. C. Lee
model)
Surge arrester: 870 kV (10 kA)




















Figure 16. Impedance frequency characteristics of the circuit model of 500
kV power transformer.

3 3

3 5.5 3 5.5 3 3 3 3 3 3 1.5 3 1.5 1.5 3 1.5 1.5 3 1.5 5.5
G2-7R G2-7S G2-7T
BA-3 BA-2 BA-1
BU-1
BU-2
BU-3
BU-4
BU-5
BU-6
BU-7 BU-8 BU-9 BU-10 BU-11
BU-12
BU-13 BU-14
BU-15
BU-16 BU-17
BU-18 BU-19
G3-7R G3-7S G3-7T
2
.
5
2
.
5
2
.
5
2
.
5
2
.
5
2
.
5
2
.
5
2
.
5
2
.
5
2
.
5
2
.
5
2
.
5
BU-PDT BU-PDS BU-PDR
PD
200pF
PD
200pF
PD
200pF
T1-7R T1-7S T1-7T B2-7R
G1-1T
G1-2T
G1-LAT
G1-8T
G1-3T
G1-4T
G1-5T
G1-6T
G1-7T G1-7S G1-7R
G1-1S G1-1R
B1-7R B1-7S B1-7T
B g
200pF
PD
200pF
B1-1R B1-1S
B1-6T
B1-5T
B1-8T
B1-4T
B1-3T
B1-2T
B1-1T B1-LAT
6
0
3
.
7
7
.
8
1
.
5
2
.
5
5
1
.
5
6
.
5
7
.
8
4
.
7
1
.
5
3
0
B2-7S B2-7T
Transmission line
Transformer (Simulated by the high-frequency model or the lumped C)
Surge arrester
The numbers indicate length.
1| GIS
3| GIS
Figure 17. Substation analysis circuit.


I
m
p
e
d
a
n
c
e

(

)

10
1

10
2

10
5

10
3

10
4

Frequency (Hz)
10
3
10
2
10
5
10
6
10
7
10
4

IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Vol. 18, No. 2; April 2011 549
(4) Transformer simulation
Assuming a single-phase three-coil transformer typical for
a 500 kV class, the following five cases were considered as
simulation methods of a transformer:

Case 1: High frequency model (Figure 15)

Case 2: Lumped capacitance C=10730 pF (Windings earth
capacitance 10410 pF + Bushing capacitance 320 pF)
For the windings earth capacitance, the collective
value of three coils is used.

Case 3: Lumped capacitance C=3790 pF (Windings earth
capacitance 10410 pF/3 + Bushing capacitance 320 pF),
Conventional method
For the windings earth capacitance, the value of one
coil is used. Here, the collective windings earth
capacitance for three coils is divided by three to obtain
the equivalent capacitance for a single coil, assuming
the potential of the winding to be linearly distributed.

Case 4: Lumped capacitance C=4080 pF (Calculated based
on the impedance of the high frequency model at f=100
kHz)

Case 5: Lumped capacitance C=1500 pF (Calculated based
on the impedance of the high frequency model at f=2 MHz
or more)
5.2 ANALYSIS RESULTS
Figure 18 summarizes the lightning surge waveforms at the
transformer terminal corresponding to the above five cases of
transformer simulation. The peak value of the generated
voltage and dV/dt differ according to the difference in the
simulation method. Figure 19 highlights the front rising for
Cases 1 and 3 with an enlarged time axis. For the analysis
waveform in each case, the maximum potential gradient at the
front rising of voltage is obtained as dV/dt and summarized in
Table 4 together with the peak voltage value.
In the case where the high frequency model (Case 1) is
connected, the peak voltage value decreases to 84% but the
voltage build-up rate increases up to 128% compared with that
in which the lumped capacitance equivalent to 1/3 of the earth
capacitance is connected in the conventional simulation
method (Case 3).
For simulation by the lumped capacitance, the voltage
build-up rate increases in inverse proportion to capacitance;
however, the peak voltage value does not monotonously
increase or decrease with respect to the capacitance. Figure 20
evaluates the relationship between the lumped capacitance
value simulating the transformer and the peak voltage value
generated. As the capacitance falls, the peak voltage reaches a
local maximum value at 3000 pF, followed by a local
minimum value at 1200 pF, subsequently peaking at 300 pF.
In the surge waveform, with 1200 pF as a boundary, the peak
value emerges in the first and second peaks with lower and
higher capacitance respectively.














































(a) Case 1: High frequency model
(d) Case 4: Lumped capacitance C=4080 pF
(e) Case 5: Lumped capacitance C=1500 pF
(b) Case 2: Lumped capacitance C=10730 pF
(c) Case 3: Lumped capacitance C=3790 pF
Figure 18. Lightning surge analysis waveform at the transformer terminal
using each of the transformer simulation methods.
Time (s)
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e

(
k
V
)


Time (s)
V
o
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t
a
g
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(
k
V
)


Time (s)
V
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
k
V
)


Time (s)
V
o
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a
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(
k
V
)


Time (s)
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(
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V
)


550 S. Okabe et al.: Development of High Frequency Circuit Model for Oil-immersed Power Transformers and its Application








































The frequency of the oscillation component that emerges at
the front rising of the voltage waveform at the transformer
terminal is determined by the oscillation of the capacitance of
the GIS from the location of the surge arrester to the
transformer and the transformer itself. Consequently, the
oscillation frequency decreases as the value of the capacitance
simulating the transformer increases. This frequency ranges
from several hundred kHz to about 1 MHz. Since multiple
reflections of surges elsewhere in the substation possibly
cause oscillations in this frequency range, the peak value of
the voltage waveform at the transformer terminal is
considered to be influenced by the mutual interference with
such oscillations.

6 EVALUATION OF LIGHTNING SURGE
ANALYSIS RESULTS
A study is conducted on the influence of the transformer
model and the configuration of the substation on the lightning
surge analysis results. Furthermore, each overvoltage
waveform is converted into an equivalent standard lightning
impulse waveform using the waveform evaluation method [5]
to perform an evaluation from the perspective of the severity
for insulation.
6.1 INFLUENCE OF TRANSFORMER MODEL
As described before, if the high frequency model was used
as a transformer model for lightning surge analysis, the
voltage generated at the transformer terminal had a steeper
front rising but a lower peak value compared with when the
conventional model was used. This difference is due to the
capacitance charging process inside the transformer and can
be explained as follows [4]:
The conventional model is charged exponentially with the
time constant of the product of the surge impedance of the line
and the earth capacitance. In contrast, the high frequency model
behaves in the same manner as the stage zero (parallel circuit of
L
0
and C
0
in Figure 3b) that corresponds to the conventional
model; however, it oscillates at about 700 kHz in the first stage
(parallel circuit of L
1
and C
1
in Figure 3b) and at about 1.4 MHz
in the second stage (parallel circuit of L
2
and C
2
in Figure 3b) of
the high frequency. Consequently, the high frequency element
enters the discharge phase even when the stage zero is being
charged, and the crest value is reduced. Since a small
capacitance corresponding to the high frequency element is
initially charged, the rising is sharp. This high frequency model
was developed based on measurement, as described before,
hence the surge waveform is influenced due to the fact that the
capacitance seen from the transformer terminal in the high
frequency range is small. Consequently, the analysis result in
Case 1 is considered to be close to the actual lightning surge.
6.2 APPLICATION OF WAVEFORM EVALUATION
METHOD
The authors have developed a method to convert an
overvoltage waveform (non-standard lightning impulse
waveform) in various lightning surge ranges to the equivalent
standard lightning impulse waveform (1.2/50 s) in terms of
insulation in the previous study [5], the details of which are
not described in the present paper. The results of the
application of this waveform evaluation method to the
lightning surge analysis waveform in the present study are
summarized in Table 5. Here, the result obtained by dividing
the peak value of the analysis waveform by the conversion
ratio is the equivalent standard lightning impulse voltage.
Time (s)
V
o
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t
a
g
e

(
k
V
)


(a) Case 1: High frequency model
Case
Transformer simulation
method
Peak voltage
(kV)
Voltage build-up rate
dV/dt (kV/s)
1 High frequency model 968 1474
2 Lumped C (10730 pF) 910 562
3 Lumped C (3790 pF) 1149 1156
4 Lumped C (4080 pF) 1133 1127
5 Lumped C (1500 pF) 1097 1950
Table 4. Peak voltages and voltage build-up rates of the lightning surge
analysis waveforms.
Figure 19. Front rising of the lightning surge analysis waveforms.
Figure 20. Relationship between the capacitance simulating the transformer
and the peak value of the lightning surge analysis waveform.
Time (s)
V
o
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t
a
g
e

(
k
V
)


(b) Case 3: Lumped capacitance C=3790 pF
Capacitance (pF)
P
e
a
k

v
a
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u
e

o
f

t
h
e

g
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(
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V
)




Maximum value at
the second peak
Maximum value
at the first peak
IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Vol. 18, No. 2; April 2011 551
First, following comparison of the peak values of the
analysis waveforms, the value in Case 3 is evaluated to be
about 19% higher than Case 1, and the peak values of Cases 4
and 5, where the capacitance is small, are also computed to be
relatively high. Conversely, the values after waveform
evaluation differ relatively little between transformer models.
This is because, while the peak value is large, for example, in
the waveform in Case 3, the conversion ratio to the standard
lightning waveform is also large since the waveform is
oscillatory. As in this case, due to the application of the
waveform evaluation method and comparison from the
perspective of the insulation severity, the difference was
lessened. However, the value in Case 3, where the
conventional simulation method is applied, is still evaluated at
about 7% higher and hence as relatively severer (on the safety
side), which will mean, conversely, that some potentiality
remains for rationalization. To evaluate the overvoltage value
more accurately within the frequency range handled in the
lightning surge evaluation, a model must be developed in
which the high frequency characteristics are taken into
consideration in accordance with the winding structure.










6.3 INFLUENCE OF SUBSTATION CIRCUIT
As indicated in Figure 17, the substation circuit used in the
present lightning surge analysis includes GIS with 30 m long
from the surge arrester location to the transformer terminal.
The 500 kV three-phase bus bar spreads 35 m on the right
hand side of the BU-2, BU-4, and BU-6 nodes connected to
the G1 lines, from which lightning surges are assumed to
occur. Consequently, to clarify the influence of the lightning
surge waves, which have intruded from the G1 lines, branched
into the bus bar and reflected at its terminal on the voltage
waveform at the transformer terminal, the lightning surge
analysis was performed on the condition that the bus bar was
separated at the BU-6 node in the circuit in Figure 17.
The results when Cases 1 and 3 are used as the transformer
simulation methods are compared in Figures 21a and 21b,
respectively. The peak values of the generated voltage are
1117 kV and 1270 kV, increases of 15% and 11%,
respectively, compared with the results in Figure 18. As for
the shape of the waveforms, the first peak is higher, which
reveals that the phenomenon of the higher second peak as
indicated in Figure 18 is due to the influence of the waves
branched into and reflected at the bus bar. As in this case, if
the transformer is far from the surge arrester location, the
voltage generated at the transformer terminal exceeds the
surge arrester residual voltage based on distance, and the
voltage build-up rate is significantly influenced by the
substation configuration.
Attention needs to be paid when studying the lightning
surge waveform at the transformer terminal because the
waveform not only influences the development of the
transformer model but is also dependent on the substation
configuration.
Following the application of the waveform evaluation to
Figure 21, the voltages were 1013 kV and 1017 kV in Cases 1
and 3, respectively, meaning minimal difference from the
perspective of insulation severity.





















7 SUMMARY
A relatively simplified circuit model was developed; capable
of simulating the winding at frequencies up to the high
frequency range of several MHz for a 500 kV oil-immersed
transformer, and its validity was evaluated by comparison with
the measurement results of the model winding. In addition,
analysis of lightning surges to a 500 kV substation was
performed using the new model to study its influence on the
lightning surges generated at the transformer terminal in
comparison with the conventional simulation method.
The examination results are summarized as follows:
(1) For the interleaved disk winding of an oil-immersed
transformer, a simplified model with three serially connected
LC parallel circuits can adequately simulate the impedance
characteristics of the winding at frequencies up to the high
frequency range.
Case
Peak voltage
(Relative value on the
basis of case 1)
Conversion ratio
Equivalent standard-LI
(Relative value on the
basis of case 1)
1 968 kV (1.00) 1.04 931 kV (1.00)
2 910 kV (0.94) 0.98 929 kV (1.00)
3 1149 kV (1.19) 1.16 993 kV (1.07)
4 1133 kV (1.17) 1.15 986 kV (1.06)
5 1097 kV (1.13) 1.14 959 kV (1.03)
Table 5. Peak value of the lightning surge analysis waveform and equivalent
standard lightning impulse through the application of the waveform
evaluation method.
Figure 21. Influence of the substation circuit.
(a) Case 1: High frequency model
(b) Case 3: Lumped capacitance C=3790 pF
Time (s)
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Time (s)
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552 S. Okabe et al.: Development of High Frequency Circuit Model for Oil-immersed Power Transformers and its Application
(2) In the lightning surge analysis at a three-phase-in-one-
tank GIS substation in a 500 kV system, if the high frequency
model is connected, the peak voltage value decreases while
the voltage build-up rate increases compared with the
conventional simulation model. This phenomenon can be
explained with the capacitance charging process inside the
transformer taken into consideration. This is based on the
transformer simulation method and considered generally
applicable regardless of the substation configuration.
(3) When the lightning surge analysis waveform by each
transformer model is converted into the equivalent standard
lightning impulse waveform and analyzed, the difference in
the peak value decreases from that in the original waveform.
This is because, if a transformer is simulated by a lumped
capacitance, the conversion ratio to the standard lightning
impulse waveform increases with the increase of the
oscillatory component even though the waveform becomes
more oscillatory and the peak value increases.
(4) In the lightning surge analysis, the results obtained
differ due to the change in conditions, such as branched waves
and reflections, depending on the substation circuit including
the bus bar length and connected lines. The waveform shape
and the crest value vary due to the interference of these
conditions with the transformer simulation method. Therefore,
to accurately obtain the lightning surge waveform at the
transformer terminal, it is effective to use a transformer
simulation method that takes the characteristics in the high
frequency range into consideration.
The high frequency model developed in the present study is
expected to be applied, not only to the lightning surge analysis
but also widely to others such as that of the propagation
characteristics of relatively high frequency partial discharge
signals generated inside the transformer.
REFERENCES
[1] IEC60071-4, Insulation co-ordination Part 4: Computational guide to
insulation co-ordination and modeling of electrical networks, 2004.
[2] T. Terahishi, M. Ikeda, M. Honda, and T. Yanari, Local Voltage
Oscillation in Interleaved Transformer Windigns, IEEE, Trans. Power
Apparatus Syst., Vol. 100, pp. 873-881, 1981.
[3] K. Cornick, B. Filliat, C. Kieny, and W. Muller, Distribution of Very
Fast Transient Overvoltages in Transformer Windings, CIGRE, Report
12-204, 1992.
[4] S. Okabe, M. Koto, T. Teranishi, M. Ishikawa, and T. Saida, An
Electric Model of Gas-Insulated Shunt Reactor and Analysis of Re-
Ignition Surge Voltages, IEEE, Trans. Power Delivery, Vol. 14, pp.
378-386, 1999.
[5] S. Okabe and J. Takami, Evaluation of Breakdown Characteristics of
Oil-immersed Transformers under Non-standard Lightning Impulse
Waveforms - Method for Converting Non-standard Lightning Impulse
Waveforms into Standard Lightning Impulse Waveforms, IEEE, Trans.
Dielectr. Electr. Insul., Vol. 15, pp. 1288-1296, 2008.
[6] Y. Kawaguchi, Calculation of Circuit Constants for the Computation of
Internal Oscillating Voltage in Transformer Windings, IEEJ Trans., Vol.
89, pp. 115-124, 1969.
[7] A. Pedersen, On the Response of Interleaved Transformer Windings to
Surge Voltages, IEEE, Trans. Power Apparatus Syst. Vol. 66, pp. 349-
356, 1963.
[8] A. Schleich, Behaviour of Partially Interleaved Transformer Winding
Subject to Impulse Voltages, Bulletin Oerikon, No.389/390, 41, 1958.
[9] Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry Report, The
Suggestion of the Useful way to Analysis of Lightning Overvoltages and
Application, T90068, 1991.


Shigemitsu Okabe (M98) received B. Eng., M.Eng.
and Dr. degrees in electrical engineering from the
University of Tokyo in 1981, 1983 and 1986,
respectively. He has been with Tokyo Electric Power
Company since 1986, and presently is a group
manager of the High Voltage & Insulation Group at
the R & D center. He was a visiting scientist at the
Technical University of Munich in 1992. He has been
a guest professor at the Doshisha University since
2005, at the Nagoya University since 2006, and a
visiting lecturer at the Tokyo University. He works as a secretary/member at
several WG/MT in CIGRE and IEC. He is an Associate Editor of the IEEE
Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation.


Masanori Koto received the B.Eng., M.Eng. degrees
in electrical engineering from Kanazawa University in
1987 and 1989. He has been with the Tokyo Electric
Power Company since 1989, and was engaged in
diagnosing deterioration in oil-immersed transformers
when attached to the High Voltage & Insulation
Group. Currently, He is a Senior Engineer of the
Substation Engineering Group of Transmission
Department.


Genyo Ueta received the B.S. and M.S. degrees from
Doshisha University in 2000 and 2002, respectively.
He joined Tokyo Electric Power Company in 2002.
Currently, He is a researcher at the High Voltage &
Insulation Group of R & D Center and mainly
engaged in research on insulation characteristics of
GIS.




Toshiyuki Saida received the B.S. and M.S. degrees
in electrical engineering from Nagoya University in
1989 and 1991, respectively. In 1991, he joined
Toshiba Corporation, and has been engaged in
substation engineering in the Power transmission &
Substation Department.




Shin Yamada received the B.Eng. and M.Eng.
degrees in electrical engineering from Waseda
University in 1988 and 1990, respectively. In 1990,
he joined Power Industrial and Systems Research and
Development Center of Toshiba Corporation. In 1997,
he changed to the Transformer Department at
Hamakawasaki Works, and has been engaged in the
designing of power transformers.