AC400 Programming in Financials

SAP AG 2006
AC400 Programming in Financials

THE BEST-RUN BUSINESSES RUN SAP
SAP AG 2006
AC400
Pr ogrammi ng i n Fi nanc i al s
AC400 Programming in Financials

mySAP ERP 2005
Financial Analytics
2006/Q2
Material number: 5008 0584
SAP AG 2006
Copyright 2006 SAP AG. All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in
any form or for any purpose without the express permission of
SAP AG. The information contained herein may be changed
without prior notice.
Copyright

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unverbindlich und dienen lediglich zu Informationszwecken. Produkte knnen
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In dieser Publikation enthaltene Informationen knnen ohne vorherige Ankndigung gendert
werden. Die vorliegenden Angaben werden von SAP AG und ihren Konzernunternehmen
(SAP-Konzern) bereitgestellt und dienen ausschlielich Informationszwecken. Der SAP-
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keine weiterfhrende Haftung.
SAP AG 2006
Required:
Basic knowledge of programming
Recommended
AC010 Business Processes in Financial Accounting
AC040 Business Processes in Management
Accounting (Controlling)
BC400 ABAP Workbench Basics
Course Prerequisites

Note to participants
The course materials are not suitable for self-study. The explanations provided by your
course instructor are essential to understanding the materials. The participants' handbook
contains space for you to write down notes about this additional material.
SAP AG 2006
Participant
Members of financial accounting departments or system
administrators who deal with tasks that cover a range of
subjects
Consultants
Duration
Three days
Target Group

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Course Goals
Course Objectives
Course Contents
Overview Diagram
Overview of the Exercises
Contents:
Course Overview

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This course will prepare you to:
Perform technical programming-related tasks
for the Accounting departments, above all to
analyze existing programs
create your own programs and reports
Course Goals

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Course Objectives
Use the development tools of the ABAP Workbench
Analyze and debug Accounting programs
Create function modules
Enable database access
Implement your own ALV reports
Define authorization checks
Develop and incorporate extractors
At the end of this course, you will be able to:

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Course Content
Unit 1 Overview
Unit 2 The ABAP Workbench
Unit 3 First Attempts at
Programming
Unit 4 Dialogs and ALV Reports
Preface
Unit 5 Customer Enhancements
Unit 6 Extraction
Unit 7 Template Allocation
Appendix Self-Study Exercises

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Overview of the Exercises
Exercises for the Units
Unit 3: First Attempts at Programming
Unit 4: Dialogs
Unit 5: Customer Enhancements
Unit 6: Extractors
Unit 7: Template Allocation
Optional self-study exercises
Optional exercise F1: Customer address data
Optional exercise F2: Open and close FI periods
Optional exercise F3: Master data group report

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Overview Diagram: The ABAP Workbench
Fi r st At t empt s at Pr ogr ammi ng
Cust omer Enhanc ement s
Di al ogs and ALV Repor t s
The ABAP Wor k benc h
Ex t r ac t i on
Ex t r ac t i on
Templ at e Al l oc at i on

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Overview Diagram: The ABAP Workbench
Ex t r ac t i on
Ex t r ac t i on

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The ABAP Workbench Overview
The unit provides an overview of the structure of the
ABAP Workbench and the objects in the repository.
It presents the most important commands in the
ABAP programming language.
Contents:

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Describe the structure of the repository
Name and use the search tools in the repository
Use the Object Navigator for your development
work
The ABAP Workbench: Objectives
At the conclusion of this unit, you will be able to:

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Presentation
server layer
Application
server layer
Database
ABAP Program
Client-independent Client-dependent
Repository
Application tables
Customizing tables
The Repository Embedding

The database contains application and Customizing tables that are usually client-dependent.
The database also contains the R/3 Repository. Part of the R/3 Repository is made up of the
ABAP Dictionary.
The R/3 Repository thus contains all the development objects, such as programs, database
table definitions or central data type definitions. Development objects are therefore also known
as repository objects.
Repository objects are always client-independent. They can therefore be used and changed in
all clients.

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Function modules
Programs
Table definitions
. . .
Repository
FI
SD
CO
HR
Customer
CO
MM MM
Customer
FI
Customer
MM
MM
Package MM_C
Package MM_B
Package MM_A
Structure of the Repository
Repository objects

The R/3 Repository is subdivided into application components.
Within an application component there are several packages to enable more accurate, logical
subdivision..
Repository objects are often comprised of subobjects that are themselves repository objects.
When you create a repository object, it must be assigned to a package.

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SAP
Cross-Application Components
Accounting - General
Financial Accounting
. . .
FBAS Financial Accounting "Basis"
. . .
FI-GL General Ledger Accounting
FI-LC Consolidation
...
Treasury
Controlling
+
+
Application component
Package
Selected subtree
+
+
+
+
+
+
CA
AC
FI
TR
CO
...
+
Information System
SAP Application Hierarchy

The structure of the application components is represented in the application hierarchy. You
access the application hierarchy from the Easy Access menu by choosing
Tools 4 ABAP Workbench 4 Overview 4 Application Hierarchy.
The application components are represented in a tree structure in the application hierarchy.
When you open up the components you can see the packages assigned to them.
You can select subtrees and navigate from the application hierarchy to the Repository
Information System. The system then collects all the packages for the selected subtrees and
transfers them to the Information System.

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Repository Information System
Business Engineering
ABAP Dictionary
Basic Objects
Database Tables
Views
Data Elements
Structures
Table Types
. . .
Other Objects
Fields
Programming
Function Library
Program Library
Programming Environment
Program Subobjects
ABAP Objects
Class Library
Class Subobjects
Interface Subobjects
Environment
Double-
click
Selection
Screen for
Delimiting the
Search
The Repository Information System

You can search specifically for repository objects using the Repository Information System.
Suitable search criteria are available for the different repository objects.
The objects you find with the Repository Information System depend on how you navigate
there:
In the application hierarchy, if you click on the Information System pushbutton (double-click
on the selected application component(s) or package), only those repository objects that are
relevant are "filtered out".
If, from the Easy Access menu, you choose Tools 4 ABAP Workbench 4 Overview 4
Information System, all the repository objects in the system can be searched from here.

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Function Builder
Screen Painter
ABAP Dictionary ABAP Editor
Object
Navigator
Menu Painter
Debugger
Class Builder
FI HR
MM
SD
MM
WM
Customer
ABAP Workbench Tools

The ABAP Workbench comprises different tools for processing repository objects. The tools
cover the whole software development cycle. The most important tools for creating and
processing repository objects are:
the ABAP Editor for editing source texts,
the ABAP Dictionary for editing database table definitions, central datatypes and more,
the Screen Painter for creating screens (screen layouts including user dialog functions),
the Menu Painter for creating user interfaces (menu bar, toolbar, application toolbar, function
key setting),
the Function Builder for processing function modules,
the Class Builder for processing central classes.
There are three possible ways of calling the respective tool:
Call the object directly from the Easy Access menu.
Work with the Object Navigator: This provides you with all the objects in a package or
program in the form of a tree structure. By double-clicking on the object you open the
respective tool.
Double-click to navigate from one tool to another and back again.

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Adjustable border
Context menu
Full screen on/off
Context menu
Right
mouse button
Navigation area
Tool area
. . .
. . .
Screen Layout in the Object Navigator
Right
mouse button

The Object Navigator screen is divided into two areas:
The navigation area to display an object list as a hierarchy tree,
The tool area, in which a package can be displayed or processed using the appropriate tool.
You can hide or display the hierarchy area.
You can choose functions from the context menu in both windows. In each case, you can only
choose those functions intended for displaying or processing the object on which the cursor is
positioned. You open the context menu with the right mouse button (if you have set the mouse
for left-handed users, this would then be the left mouse button).

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DDIC objects
Programs
SAPBC400WBD_GETTING_STA
SAPBC400WBT_GETTING_STA
Function groups
BC400
Classes
CL_BC400
BC400
Package
BC400
Previous/next
object list
Application
hierarchy
Package
Program
Function group
Class/Interface
...
Inactive objects
Local objects
Organize Favorites
Update object
list
Higher-level
object list
Navigation by
double-click
The Navigation Area

Repository objects are organized hierarchically:
An application component can contain various development classes.
A development class in turn can contain different repository objects: Programs, function
groups, ABAP Dictionary objects and so on.
A repository object can comprise various subobjects:
- For a program: Global data, types, events, subroutines and so on
- For a function group: Global data, function modules and so on
You can enter the type of object list and the object names in the upper part of the navigation
area. The object list is then displayed in the navigation area.
Double-click on an object in an object list to display the subobjects.
Double-click on an object that does not belong to an object list to display the object using the
appropriate tool in the tool area.
You can navigate historically or hierarchically between the object lists.
You can add the object lists that you process frequently to your Favorites.

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Navigation stack
Functions of the
current tool
Show navigation
window
Navigation history
Previous/next
object
Navigation in the Tool Area

You can show a window for historical navigation in the tool area. A list is displayed there
with the objects that you have displayed in the tool area since you started the Object
Navigator.
The object that is currently displayed in the tool area is highlighted in color in the list.

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Display
object list
Double-click
or context
menu function
Modifying the Tool Area

Navigation in the navigation and tool area is decoupled. This allows the navigation area to be
used very flexibly.
Both areas can be made to match one another if required:
You can access the object display in the tool area by double-clicking the object or from the
navigation area. The system then automatically chooses the relevant tool for editing the
object you have selected.
You can call the object list display that belongs to an object that you are currently
processing in the tool area by choosing Display Object List.
You can use the context menu for an object type to create objects for an object list. If no entry
for the required object type exists in the object list, you can create any objects you like using
Edit Object or Other Object.

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Create package
Package
Short description
Application component
Software component
Transport layer
Package type
ZBC400_00
Exercises group 00
CA
HOME
ZDEV
No main package
Where should the
development objects
be transported ?
To which application
component does the
package belong ?
Comply with
customer
namespace !
Creating Packages

You can create a package from the Object Navigator:
With Release 4.6 c you can select the Development Class object type and enter the name of
the package in the input field. Make sure you comply with the customer namespace in the
process. If the package does not exist, the dialog box branches to the screen where you can
create a package.
With Release 4.6 a/b you have to select Edit Object or Other Object in the initial screen.
Enter the name of the package on the More tab strip in the Development Class entry field.
Check the presettings for the following attributes:
Transport layer: If you carry out your own development, a transport layer has to be set up
for customer development.
Person responsible: The person responsible carries full responsibility for the objects in this
package. Your user name is entered as the default value.
Software component: You usually enter customer developments under HOME. You will
find more detailed information in the F1 help for the field.
Application component: Determine where the package should appear in the application
hierarchy.

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Package
Enter transportable Workbench request
ZBC400_00
Enter transportable Workbench request
Change requests involving BC400-00
Changeable
Transportable
IT3K900051 CARSON
IT3K900052 CARSON
IT3K900053 BC400-00
IT3K900054 BC400-01
Request IT3K90051
Participants' exercises for course BC400
Workbench request
Double-click on
order number
Own requests
. . .
Assignment to Change Requests

The creation and change of each repository object must be assigned to the change request for
the respective project. For this course, the instructor has created a change request for the
project Participants' exercises for course BC400. Each group has a task within this change
request.
You can display all the change requests in which you have tasks using the Own Requests
pushbutton.
Simply assign all repository objects (packages, programs and so on) to this change request.
The system assigns your task more precisely.

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Additions and operands
(keyword-specific)
ABAP
keyword
SELECT
ENDSELECT.
WRITE
.
.
.
Period to close
the statement
DATA .
NEW-LINE.
WRITE
WRITE .
General structure of an ABAP statement
X X X Y Y Y
Sample Program
...
wa_scarr TYPE scarr
* FROM scarr
INTO wa_scarr
wa_scarr-carrid
wa_scarr-carrname
wa_scarr-url
ABAP Syntax I

An ABAP program comprises individual statements.
Each statement must be concluded with a period.
The first word in a statement is a keyword.
Words are separated by at least one blank character.
Statements can be indented.
Statements can extend over several lines.
One line can comprise several statements.
The ABAP runtime system does not distinguish between upper and lower case keywords,
additions and operands. To make things more transparent, all keywords and their additions are
written in upper case and all operands in lower case in this course.
You can use the Pretty Printer for indentations and converting upper and lower case:
Utilities 4 Settings 4 ABAP Editor 4 Pretty Printer.

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: : , ,
. .
Chained statement
* *
* *
* *
" "
Comments
(complete lines)
comments ...
comments ...
comments ...
DATA wa_scarr TYPE scarr.
SELECT * FROM scarr
INTO wa_scarr.
" "
comments ...
comments ...
Command-related
comments
NEW-LINE.
WRITE wa_scarr-carrid
, ,
wa_scarr-carrname
wa_scarr-url
ENDSELECT.
" "
comments ...
ABAP Syntax II

You introduce comment lines with an asterisk *. The corresponding commented line is
ignored by the ABAP runtime system.
If you want to add a comment to the remainder of a line that has already been started, you have
to use quotation marks ".
You can group successive statements that begin in the same way in a chained statement:
Close the identical start of the statement with a colon.
Separate the chained parts of the statement that follow the colon with commas.
Spaces and line breaks can come before and after the separators (colon, comma, period).
Note that the individual components of a chained statement represent separate instructions
for the ABAP runtime system, as before.

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REPORT ...
PARAMETERS pa_carr TYPE scarr-carrid.
SELECT SINGLE * FROM scarr
INTO wa_scarr
WHERE carrid = pa_carr.
IF sy-subrc EQ 0.
NEW-LINE.
WRITE: wa_scarr-carrid,
wa_scarr-carrname,
wa_scarr-url.
ELSE.
WRITE 'Sorry, no data found!'.
ENDIF.
SY-SUBRC as Return Code

For many ABAP statements, the ABAP runtime system writes a numeric value to the system
field sy-subrc to indicate how successful the execution of this statement was.
The value zero always indicates that the statement was executed successfully.
You can find out whether and how this return value is set in each individual case in the
documentation for the respective statement.

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With TOP include
Create program
Program
ZBC400_00_GS
Attributes
ABAP programproperties ...
Header My 1st ABAP program
Type
Status
Application
Fixed point arithmetic
Executable program
Test program
Comply with customer namespace !
. . .
Save
. . .
Creating a Program

The following options are available for creating a program from the Object Navigator:
In the navigation area, choose the Program object type and enter a name. Make sure you
comply with the customer namespace in the process. If the program does not exist, the
system takes you through a dialog sequence to create the program. (This procedure is only
possible as of Release 4.6 c.)
Display the package for which the program is to be created. Use the context menu for the
package or the Programs node to trigger the dialog sequence for creating a program.
Choose Other Object or Edit Object. Choose the Program Objects tab page and enter the
name. Now choose Create.
For this course, remove the With TOP Include indicator (otherwise, your source text would be
distributed to several programs).
Change the title to a self-explanatory short text.
Select the appropriate program status: Test Program for all ABAP training courses.

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START-OF-SELECTION.
INTO wa_scarr
WHERE carrid = pa_car.
IF sy-subrc = 0.
MOVE-CORRESPONDING wa_scarr
TO sbc400_carrier.
CALL SCREEN 100.
MOVE-CORRESPONDING sbc400_carrier
TO wa_scarr.
WRITE: wa_scarr-carrid,
wa_scarr-carrname,
wa_scarr-currcode.
ENDIF.
i
WRITE WRITE
ABAP overview
ABAP term
What's new in ABAP
ABAP glossary
ABAP index
. . .
Help
WRITE
F1
Keyword
documentation
Documentation of ABAP Terms

There are a number of navigation options for displaying keyword documentation for an ABAP
statement:
The F1-button takes you directly to the documentation for the statement on which the cursor
is currently positioned.
The Information button takes you to a display frame for different views of the keyword
documentation.
Under Help 4 SAP Library 4 Basis you will also find comprehensive documentation for all
tools and topics relating to the ABAP Workbench.

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Program A
( inactive version )
Saved programs
(for further development/testing)
Activated programs
(for using/transporting across all systems)
Program A
( active version )
Activate
Program B
( active version )
ProgramC
( active version )
ProgramC
Inactive and Active Development Objects

If you create or change a development object and then save it, an inactive version is always
stored in the R/3-Repository first.
A repository object has to exist as an active version before it becomes available across the
system, however. This active version of your program is then drawn when a user wants to
execute your program, for example.
If your program exists in both versions, you can switch between the two versions in display
mode.
If you activate a program, a list of all the inactive objects that you have processed is displayed
first in the worklist. When you activate a program, the following occurs:
It is saved, which means that the inactive version is either stored or overwritten.
The program syntax is checked.
The active version is stored or overwritten.

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Generating Runtime Objects
Saved programs
(for further development/testing)
Activated programs
(for using/transporting across all systems)
Program A
( active version )
Program B
( active version )
ProgramC
( active version )
ProgramC
When executed (from the editor),
the relevant runtime object is
always generated again.
When executed, the runtime
object generated during activation
is used.

When a development object is generated, a separate runtime object (LOAD) is created
(compiled) and stored in the R/3 Repository too.
This generated object is the one that is executed (interpreted).
The object is generated automatically, but can also be generated explicitly.
If, for example, a user wants to execute your program and no generated version exists at that
time, the active version is taken to be generated.
You yourself can choose which version you want to execute:
If you start your program from the navigation area, the active version is taken for generation.
If you test an executable program from the editor, however, the inactive version is taken. A
temporary generated version is created.
This makes it possible for you to further develop the program without changing the current
system status. The changes to the development object can only be "seen" across the system
when the object is reactivated. A local, separate view is created on the R/3 Repository with the
inactive versions, which creates the basis for a "local runtime system".

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System System Help Help
ZBC400_00_GS
Create report transaction
Transaction code Z00GS
Package ZBC400_00
Transaction text
Program
...
. . .
ZBC400_00_GS
Classification
Professional User Transaction
Easy Web Transaction
. . .
. . .
Creating a Transaction Code

If you want to add a program to the menu for a role or to the Favorites in your SAP Easy
Access menu, you have to assign it to a transaction code.
To do this, display the object list for your program in the Object Navigator. In the context
menu for the program name, choose Create 4 Transaction. Make sure you comply with the
customer namespace in the process.
Choose Program and Selection Screen (Report Transaction), if the program is an Executable
Program.
Enter the name of the program on the subsequent screen. Choose Professional User
Transaction.
Save your transaction code.
Since a transaction code is a repository object, you have to assign it to a package and a change
request in the subsequent screens.

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Favorites
SAP Menu
SAP Easy Access
Object Navigator
Enter a transaction manually
Transaction code Z00GS
Insert Transaction
. . .
. . .
Inserting Transaction Codes in Favorites
System System Help Help

To enter a transaction code in the Favorites for your role menu, proceed as follows:
Navigate to the initial screen (SAP Easy Access menu).
In the Favorites context menu, choose Insert Transaction.
Enter the transaction code in the dialog box.
The short text for the transaction then appears under the Favorites node. You can use the
context menu for this new node to start the relevant program.

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ABAP program
Subroutine
Interface
In
t
e
r
f
a
c
e
. . . Definition of input/output fields
. . . Definition of data objects
. . .
Method
Interface
. . .
. . . Typing interface
parameters
parameters
parameters F
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
m
o
d
u
l
e
Data Types

The type of a data object determines its technical properties.
The type of an interface parameter determines the type of values (actual parameters) that are
transferred when a modularization unit is called.
The type of an input/output field can also provide information in addition to the technical
properties. For example, it can be used to control the input help.

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ABAP
Dictionary
Global data types
(technical and semantic
properties)
ABAP program
Subroutine
Interface
In
t
e
r
f
a
c
e
. . .
Method
Interface
. . .
F
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
m
o
d
u
l
e
Data types local to programs
(technical properties only)
Local vs. Global Data Types

Data types can be defined both within an ABAP program (local, keyword TYPES) or in the
ABAP Dictionary (global). There are many advantages in using global data types:
Global types are managed centrally and can be used in all repository objects. This improves
the consistency of the system and reduces the effort required for maintenance considerably.
An environment analysis is available in the ABAP Dictionary (where-used-list).
The content of global data types can be coupled to business variables, and can thus contain
semantic as well as technical information.
This can be used to create screens too.
When searching for global types, you should therefore make sure that you take semantic
properties into account as well as technical ones. Only this way can you fully exploit the
advantages of ease of maintenance and robustness of your program.

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Implemented ABAP types
(Standard types in ABAP)
X
I
F
STRING
XSTRING
T
D
C
N
P
TYPES type_name TYPE ...
DATA myvar TYPE type_name .
DATA myvar2 LIKE myvar.
ABAP program
Global types
ABAP
Dictionary
Declaration of local types
Elementary Data Types

You can use an implemented ABAP type, a local or a global type to type data objects.
The following implemented ABAP types are complete:
d Date (Date, format: YYYYMMDD)
t Time (Time, format: HHMMSS)
i Integer (Integer)
f Floating point number (Floating point)
string String (String, variable length)
xstring Byte sequence (HeXadecimal string, variable length)
The length must be specified for the following implemented types:
c Character (Character)
n Numerical character (Numerical character)
x Byte (HeXadecimal)
p Packed number (Packed number = binary coded decimal number). You have to
specify the
number of decimal places here too.
You will find further information about installed ABAP types in the keyword documentation
for TYPES or DATA.

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You can use LIKE to refer to the type of a data object that has already been defined.

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S_CARR_ID (Data element)
...
TYPES t_percentage(3) TYPE p DECIMALS 2.
DATA: percentage1 TYPE t_percentage,
percentage2 TYPE t_percentage,
number1 TYPE i VALUE 17,
number2 LIKE number1,
city(15) TYPE c,
carrid TYPE s_carr_id,
connid TYPE sbc400focc-connid.
number1
percentage2
carrid
connid
SBC400FOCC (Structure)
percentage1 + 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
+ 0 0 0 0 0
number2
0
17
city
Declaration of Variables

The predefined ABAP types d, t, i, f, string and xstring are complete. This means that you can
define an elementary data object for these types in the following way:
DATA do_name TYPE predefined_ABAP_type.
With the predefined ABAP types c, n, p, and x you still have to determine the length. This
means that you should first define an elementary type:
- TYPES type_name(length) TYPE predifined_ABAP_type.
- You then use this to define the data object:
- DATA do_name TYPE type_name.
- For type p, you can also determine the number of decimal places using the DECIMALS
addition.
With the VALUE addition you can preassign a value for an elementary data object.
For compatibility reasons, it is still possible to construct data objects in the DATA statement
without defining the type locally to a program using a TYPES statement.
For ABAP types that have not been fully implemented, the missing type information is
supplemented by standard values.
If the type is not specified at all, an elementary type cdata object of length one is defined.
You will find the standard lengths as well as further information in the keyword documentation
for TYPES or DATA.

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When you use global types, the syntax is the same as for user-defined types:
DATA do_name TYPE global_type_name.

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Literals:
Constants :
Fixed data objects without identifier
Character string : 'Hallo'
Decimal numbers : '123.45'
Floating point numbers : '123.45E01'
Text literals
myconst TYPE type_name VALUE {literal | IS INITIAL } . CONSTANTS
positive integer : 123
negative integer : -123
Fixed data objects with identifier
Numeric literals
Fixed Data Objects

You already assign a value to fixed data objects in the source text. This value can therefore no
longer be changed at runtime.
With literals you can transfer fixed values to ABAP statements. There are numeric literals
and text literals. The latter are enclosed by quotation marks.
You can represent integers (with a minus sign for negative numbers) as numeric literals.
They are then mapped to data type i if they lie within the value range of 4-byte integers.
Larger numeric literals are mapped to data type p.
You must represent all other literals (character strings, floating point numbers, ...) as text
literals. They are mapped to data type c and converted later, if necessary.
If a text literal contains an inverted comma, you have to enter this twice.
Constants are defined with the CONSTANTS statement. Typing takes place in the same way
as the definition of elementary data objects with DATA. The VALUE addition is mandatory
for constants. This determines the value for the constants.
Recommendation:
Avoid using literals for statements whenever you can.
Create constants instead. This makes your program much easier to maintain.

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ABAP runtime system
MOVE c_qf TO carrid1.
carrid2 = carrid1.
ADD 1 TO counter.
CLEAR: carrid1,
carrid2,
counter.
CONSTANTS c_qf TYPE s_carr_id VALUE 'QF'.
DATA: carrid1 TYPE s_carr_id,
carrid2 TYPE s_carr_id VALUE 'LH',
counter TYPE i.
Program start
Data declarations
c_qf QF carrid1 carrid2
LH
counter
0
QF LH 0
QF QF 0
QF QF 1
0
ABAP program
Value Assignments

If a program is started, the program context is loaded to a storage area on the application server
and storage space is made available for all the data objects.
Each elementary data object is given the initial value assigned to its type, unless it has been
allocated a different value by means of the VALUE addition.
You can use the MOVE statement to copy the contents of data objects. Two syntax variants
are available for this:
MOVE source TO target.
target = source.
If both data objects belong to different types, the type is converted automatically if a
conversion rule exists.
You will find detailed information about copying transactions and conversion rules in the
keyword documentation for the MOVE statement.
The CLEAR statement resets the content of a data object to the initial value for the type. You
will find detailed information about initial values for types in the keyword documentation for
the CLEAR statement.

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DATA: max TYPE sbc400focc-seatsmax,
occ TYPE sbc400focc-seatsocc,
percentage TYPE sbc400focc-percentage.
Keyword COMPUTE is optional :
percentage = occ * 100 / max .
ABAP program
Data declarations
*
/
Calculations
COMPUTE percentage = occ 100 max .

In ABAP you can program nested arithmetic expressions as "deep" as you wish. Note that
brackets and operators are keywords and must therefore be enclosed by at least one blank
character. Valid operators are:
+ Addition
- Subtraction
* Multiplication
/ Division
** Power
DIV Integral division without remainder
MOD Remainder with integral division
There are numerous functions for the different data types in the ABAP runtime environment.
For example, the following statement provides the current length of the content of a character
string:
length = STRLEN( cityfrom ).
With functions, the opening bracket belongs to the identifier. The remainder must once again
be separated by at least one blank character.

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The usual algebraic rules normally apply for the evaluation sequence, in other words, first the
bracketed expressions, then functions, followed by powers, multiplication/division, and finally
addition/subtraction.
You will find detailed information about possible operations and functions in the keyword
documentation for COMPUTE.

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Statements
Statements
Statements
Statements
Statements
Statements
Conditional Branches
IF var > 0 .
ELSEIF var = 0 .
ELSE .
ENDIF .
CASE mycarrid.
WHEN 'AA'.
WHEN 'LH'.
WHEN OTHERS .
ENDCASE .

In ABAP you have two options for executing different sequences dependent on certain
conditions.
With the CASE-ENDCASE construct, the similarity of the data objects is the criterion for
executing a statement block. If the comparison fails, the OTHERS branch is executed,
providing it exists.
Until the first WHEN branch, all other additions are optional.
With the IF-ENDIF construct you can use any logical expressions you want. If the condition is
fulfilled, the relevant sequence is executed. If no condition is fulfilled, the ELSE branch is
executed, providing it exists.
Until the first query, all other branches are optional.
With both constructs, only one statement block is ever executed, namely for the first valid
case.
Recommendation:
If you only look for similarity with a value in each condition, you should use the CASE-
ENDCASE construct. It is more transparent and viable as far as runtime is concerned.
Outside loops you can also use CHECK instead of IF. This query places the execution of all
statements up to the end of the current processing block under a condition. If this fails, the
system continues with the first statement of the next processing block.

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DO.
IF <abort_condition>. EXIT. ENDIF.
ENDDO.
DO n TIMES.
ENDDO.
WHILE <condition>.
ENDWHILE.
SELECT ... FROM <dbtab> ...
ENDSELECT.
LOOP AT <internal table> ...
ENDLOOP.
Loop counter
sy-index
Statements
Statements
Statements
Statements
Statements
Loop counter
sy-index
Loop counter
sy-index
Loops

In ABAP there are four loop constructs. LOOP-ENDLOOP and SELECT-ENDSELECT
represent special cases. With the first two of the loop types shown here, the number of the
current loop pass is counted by the system in the sy-index field. With nested loops the system
always counts the current one.
Unconditional/index-controlled loops
The statements between DO and ENDDO are executed until the loop is exited through other
statements. Another option is to specify the number of loop passes, otherwise you can get a so-
called endless loop.
Precondition loops
The statements between WHILE and ENDWHILE are only executed if the
<logical_expression> condition is fulfilled.
With the statements CHECK and EXIT you can influence loop processing in different ways.
For example, you can construct a postcondition loop.

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MESSAGE tnnn(message_class) [ WITH v1 [ v2 ] [ v3 ] [ v4 ] ] .
Type Dialog behavior Message appears in
i
s
w
e
a
x
Program continues
after interruption
Program continues
without interruption
Context-dependent
Context-dependent
Program is terminated
Runtime error MESSAGE_TYPE_X
is triggered
modal dialog box
Status bar of next screen
Status bar
Status bar
modal dialog box
Short dump
Meaning
Info message
Success
message
Warning
Error
Abort
Short dump
Dialog Messages

You can send dialog messages with the MESSAGE statement. You must specify the three
digit number of the message and the message class.
You can also use the WITH addition to include up to four values. These are set dynamically,
dependent on the message text.
The type ID t controls the dialog behavior. There are six different qualifications for messages:
a Abort The program is terminated after a dialog box.
x Exit The program is terminated with a short dump.
e Error The runtime behavior is context-dependent.
w Warning The runtime behavior is context-dependent.
i Information The program continues after a dialog box.
s Success The message appears on the following screen in the status bar.
You will find further information about alternative syntax for the MESSAGE statement in the
keyword documentation.

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wa_focc TYPE sbc400focc.
wa_spfli TYPE spfli.
DATA
DATA
wa_focc
carrid seatsmax connid fldate seatsocc percentage
wa_spfli
carrid cityfrom connid countryfr airpfrom mandt . . . countryto
Data Dictionary
Data element
Structure SBC400FOCC
Transparent table SPFLI
Table types
Field type
Structure
type
Type for
internal
tables
Global Reference Structures

In ABAP you can define structured data objects (known as structures for short). You can group
values that belong together logically in one object.
Structures can be nested so that components can, in turn, be derived from structures or even
tables.
There are two different ways of defining structures:
With DATA struc_name TYPE struc_type you can use local or global types struc_type.
With TABLES global_struc_type a structure is defined that is technically managed in a
special storage area. It has an identical name to the global structure global_struc_type or the
transparent table global_struc_type.
The global structure has to be "flat" for this variant, in other words, the components must be
elementary type components.
As of Release 4.0 you only require TABLE structures as interfaces for screen fields.

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wa_flightinfo
TYPES: BEGIN OF st_flightinfo,
carrid TYPE s_carr_id,
connid TYPE s_conn_id,
fldate TYPE s_date,
seatsmax TYPE sflight-seatsmax,
seatsocc TYPE sflight-seatsocc,
percentage(3) TYPE p DECIMALS 2,
END OF st_flightinfo.
DATA wa_flightinfo TYPE st_flightinfo.
Declaration of a
local structure type
Definition of a
structure variable
Structures Without Local Reference

You can also define structure types locally with the TYPE statement. The components are
enclosed by
BEGIN OF structure_type_name,
... ,
END OF structure_type_name
. Each individual component can also be given any type you wish.
You will find further information in the keyword documentation for TYPES.
You define the data object itself in the usual way.
For compatibility reasons, a structured data object can also be defined directly:
DATA: BEGIN OF structure_name,
... ,
END OF structure_name.

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wa_scarr carrid = 'LH'.
INTO wa_scarr
WHERE carrid = wa_scarr carrid.
WRITE: / wa_scarr carrid,
wa_scarr carrname,
wa_scarr url.
-
-
-
-
-
wa_scarr
mandt currcode carrid carrname url
400 LH Lufthansa EUR www.lufthansa.com
Accessing Structure Components

Components in a structure are always addressed with a hyphen:
structure_name-component_name.
For this reason, you should not use a hyphen in the name.

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DATA: wa_sflight TYPE sflight,
wa_focc TYPE sbc400focc.
MOVE-CORRESPONDING wa_sflight TO wa_focc.
wa_focc
wa_sflight
carrid price connid fldate seatsmax mandt . . . seatsocc
. . .
planetype
Value Assignments Between Structures

The MOVE-CORRESPONDING source_struc TO target_struc statement copies the content
of the source_struc structure component for component to the target_struc structure. The
precondition for the value assignment is that the components have the same name.
The other components remain unchanged.

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Dynamic increase
in storage capacity
Print list
Screen display
Database tables
Files
internal Tables

Internal tables are data objects with which you can hold a number of data records with the
same structure in the working memory. The number of data records is unlimited. It is only
restricted by the limits placed on capacity by actual system installations.
The length of internal tables is managed dynamically by the ABAP runtime system. This
means that the developer does not need to do anything with regard to managing the working
memory.
The individual data records of an internal table as known as table entries. The individual
components of a line are also known as the columns of the internal table.
The line types of internal tables can be any ABAP data types. They can be elementary,
structured or even internal tables themselves.
Internal tables therefore provide you with a very convenient option for processing large data
volumes in a structured form in the program. Typical areas of application are:
Retaining data from database tables for processing at a later stage,
Structuring and staging data for output,
Staging data for use by other services.

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AA 0017 2.572
LH 0400 6.162
QF 0005 10.000
LH 0402 7.273
CARRID CONNID DISTANCE
SQ 0866 1.625
UA 0007 2.572
Components
Uniqueness
Sequence
Index Index
5
4
3
2
1
6
Standard
Sorted
Hashed
Line type
Key
Table type
Properties of an Internal Table
1
2
3

The data type for an internal table is completely specified through the following properties:
Line type
The properties of the individual columns are derived from this. You usually specify a structure
type, however, any data types are possible.
Key definition
The key columns and their sequence determine the criteria for identifying lines in a table. The
key can be defined as unique or non-unique, depending on the access type. With unique keys
there are no multiple entries in internal tables with identical keys.
Access type
With key access, data is accessed - in the same way as for database tables - by way of field
contents.
Example: Read access with the search term 'UA 0007' to an internal table with a unique key
CARRID CONNID and the same data as above will yield exactly one data record.
Index access: In contrast to database tables, the system can, under certain circumstances,
number the lines for internal tables. This means that it is also possible to use this Index to
access table lines.
Example: A read access to the data record with index 5 supplies the fifth data record from
the internal table.

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Index access
Key
access
Key
uniqueness
HASHED TABLE STANDARD TABLE SORTED TABLE
Index tables
Table type
n
NON-UNIQUE UNIQUE UNIQUE | NON-UNIQUE
Usage with
predominant
index access
predominant
key access
exclusive
key access
Table Type and Access Type
Hashed table

Another property of an internal table is the table type. Internal tables can be divided into three
table types using the possible access types:
With Standard tables, line numbering is maintained internally. Both index and key access
is possible.
With sorted tables, the data records are always saved sorted according to the key. With
sorted tables, the index is maintained internally too. Both index and key access is possible.
With hashed tables, the data records are managed in the optimum way for runtime. A
unique key is required for this. With hashed tables you can only use key access.
The table type to be used in each individual case depends on the way in which table entries are
normally accessed:
Standard tables are normally used for index access:
Sorted tables are used for unique keys and fixed sorting.
With hashed tables, runtime optimization is only noticeable if read access with a unique key
is predominantly used.
In this course, although only standard tables are dealt with, the syntax is identical for all
three table types - with the odd exception.

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itab_flightinfo TYPE sbc400_t_sbc400focc. DATA
itab_flightinfo
Access
Key
Key type
Key components
Line type SBC400FOCC
non-unique
CARRID, CONNID, FLDATE
SBC400_T_SBC400FOCC Table type
Standard table
Global Table Types

Table types can be defined locally for a program or globally in the ABAP Dictionary.
With DATA itab_name TYPE itab_type you can use local or global types itab_type.
You will find detailed information about defining global table types in the ABAP Dictionary in
the SAP Library under Basis 4 ABAP Workbench 4 BC - ABAP Dictionary 4 Types 4 Table
Types.

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itab_flightinfo
WITH NON-UNIQUE KEY
sbc400focc
Local table type
Internal tables
Local Table Types
TYPES tt_flightinfo
TYPE STANDARD TABLE OF
carrid connid fldate.
DATA itab_flightinfo TYPE tt_flightinfo.

You can define internal types locally too, using a TYPES statement.
The table type is specified between TYPE and TABLE OF.
The line type follows TABLE OF.
The key fields are listed after the WITH addition. Note that the sequence of the key fields is
important here.
You will find detained information about the definition of table types that are local to
programs in the keyword documentation for TYPES.
You define the data object itself in the usual way.
For compatibility reasons, you can define an internal table directly too:
DATA itab_name TYPE table_kind TABLE OF struc_type WITH key_def.

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DATA wa TYPE spfli.
SELECT ... FROM spfli
INTO wa ...
DATA wa TYPE sbc400focc.
DATA itab TYPE
sbc400_t_sbc400focc.
ABAP program ABAP Dictionary Database
SPFLI
Transparent table
(Description)
SBC400FOCC
Structure
SBC400_T_SBC400FOCC
Table type
AA 17 ...
AA 64 ...
... ... ...
LH 400 ...
LH 402 ...
SPFLI
wa
wa
itab
Overview of Complex Data Types

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Append
Insert
Read
Change
Delete
wa to itab.
wa INTO TABLE itab <condition>.
itab INTO wa <condition>.
TABLE itab FROM wa [ <condition> ].
itab <condition>.
APPEND
INSERT
READ TABLE
MODIFY
DELETE
Single Access Overview

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Single record processing
over the whole
(or part) of
the internal table
Delete several
records
Insert several
lines from another
internal table
Append several
lines from another
internal table
Group Access Overview
LOOP AT itab INTO wa <condition> .
...
ENDLOOP .
DELETE itab <condition> .
INSERT LINES OF itab1 <condition1>
INTO itab2 <condition2> .
APPEND LINES OF itab1 <condition>
TO itab2.

The following set operations are available for internal tables. wa stands for a structure that
must be the same type as the line type of the internal table itab:
LOOP ... ENDLOOP The LOOP places the rows of an internal table one after the
other into a structure that is specified in the INTO clause. All single record operations can
be carried out within the loop. With single record operations, the system identifies the line to
be processed in this case.
DELETE deletes the lines of an internal table that satisfy the <condition> requirement.
INSERT copies the content of several lines of an internal table into another internal table.
APPEND appends the content of several lines in an internal table to another standard table.
You will find detailed information about the ABAP statements listed here in the respective
keyword documentation.

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* fill structure with values
wa_flightinfo-carrid = ... .
wa_flightinfo-connid = ... .
wa_flightinfo-fldate = ... .
wa_flightinfo-seatsmax = ... .
wa_flightinfo-seatsocc = ... .
wa_flightinfo-percentage = ... .
* insert structure into internal table
INSERT wa_flightinfo INTO TABLE itab_flightinfo.
* define internal table and workarea
DATA: itab_flightinfo TYPE sbc400_t_sbc400focc,
wa_flightinfo LIKE LINE OF itab_flightinfo.
itab_flightinfo
wa_flightinfo
Inserting a Single Record

You can insert lines in an internal table by first filling a structure with the required values and
then inserting them into the internal table using the INSERT statement.
With standard tables, this appends the line, whereas with sorted and hashed tables, the line is
inserted by means of a key.

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LOOP AT itab_flightinfo INTO wa_flightinfo.
WRITE: / wa_flightinfo-carrid,
wa_flightinfo-connid,
wa_flightinfo-fldate,
wa_flightinfo-seatsmax,
wa_flightinfo-seatsocc,
wa_flightinfo-percentage,
'%'.
ENDLOOP.
sy-tabix
Reading by Loop
* define internal table and workarea
DATA: itab_flightinfo TYPE sbc400_t_sbc400focc,
wa_flightinfo LIKE LINE OF itab_flightinfo.
itab_flightinfo
wa_flightinfo

You can read and process the content of an internal table using a LOOP by accessing the
structure components within the loop.
In this example, a list is compiled from the field contents using the WRITE statement.
If you want to change the contents of the internal table, first change the value of the
components within the loop and then overwrite the line in the internal table using the
MODIFY statement.

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sy-tabix
Reading by Index
LOOP AT itab_flightinfo INTO wa_flightinfo
FROM 1 TO 5 .
'%'.
ENDLOOP.
READ TABLE itab_flightinfo INTO wa_flightinfo
INDEX 3 .
'%'.

You can use the INDEX addition to limit access to specific line numbers. Index operations can
only be performed on index tables. They are therefore only supported for standard and sorted
tables.
In the above example, only the first five lines of the internal table are processed.
In the example below, the third line of the internal table is read.

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sy-tabix
Reading by Key
LOOP AT itab_flightinfo INTO wa_flightinfo
WHERE carrid = 'LH' .
'%'.
ENDLOOP.
READ TABLE itab_flightinfo INTO wa_flightinfo
WITH TABLE KEY carrid = 'LH'
connid = '0400'
fldate = sy-datum .
IF sy-subrc = 0.
WRITE: / wa_flightinfo-seatsmax,
'%'.
ENDIF.
sy-tabix

You can use the WHERE addition to limit access to lines with specific values. Key operations
are supported for all table types.
With a completely specified key, key accesses to sorted and hashed tables normally make less
demands on runtime than key accesses to standard tables.
In the above example, only those lines in the internal table are processed where the carrid field
contains the value "LH".
(Performance aspect: The sorted table is best suited for this kind of processing.)
The example below shows the syntax for reading a line in the internal table with a completely
specified key. The return code sy-subrc is set to zero if a corresponding line exists in the
internal table.
(Performance aspect: The hashed table is best suited for this type of single record access when
the number of data records it contains is very large.)
Note that for single record access by key with the addition WITH TABLE KEY all key fields
must be supplied. If you want to limit the field content, you have to use the WITH KEY
addition.

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DESCENDING
ASCENDING
REFRESH itab_flightinfo.
FREE itab_flightinfo.
SORT itab_flightinfo.
Sorting a Standard Table
SORT itab_flightinfo BY carrid.
SORT itab_flightinfo BY percentage
carrid .

You can sort standard tables into columns of your choice by specifying the column name after
the BY clause of the SORT statement.
SORT itab [ ASCENDING | DESCENDING ]
[ BY f1 [ ASCENDING | DESCENDING ]
...
fn [ ASCENDING | DESCENDING ] ]
[ AS TEXT ]
[ STABLE ].
Sorting the internal table according to the table key or the specified field sequence: Without
addition in ascending order.
With the AS TEXT addition you can take account of culture-specific sort rules when sorting
according to character type fields.
When sorting, the relative sequence of the data records that are not differentiated in the sort
key is retained only with the STABLE addition.
In this example, the data records for the internal table are sorted in descending order according
to the extent to which the flights are used, expressed as a percentage.
You will find detailed information in the keyword documentation for SORT.

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Internal table itab
INSERT itab INDEX n.
DELETE TABLE itab.
READ TABLE itab INDEX n.
WRITE itab-carrid.
I mpl i c i t synt ax Ex pl i c i t synt ax
Internal table itab
DATA itab
TYPE STANDARD TABLE OF scarr
WITH NON-UNIQUE KEY carrid.
. DATA wa LIKE LINE of itab
Internal Tables with and Without Header Lines
DATA itab
TYPE STANDARD TABLE OF scarr
WITH NON-UNIQUE KEY carrid
WITH HEADER LINE .
Work area wa Header line itab
INSERT wa INTO itab INDEX n.
DELETE TABLE itab FROM wa .
READ TABLE itab INTO wa INDEX n.
WRITE wa-carrid.

Internal tables can de defined with or without header lines (addition WITH HEADER LINE).
An internal table with header line is a data set from a work area (header line) and the actual
body of the table.. Both objects are addressed using the same name! The interpretation of this
names depends on the context. With MOVE, for example, it stands for the header line, with
SEARCH for the body of the table.
In order to avoid confusion, we recommend you use internal tables without a header line.
This is particularly evident with nested tables. On the other hand, with operations on internal
tables with header lines, a shortened syntax is often possible (APPEND, INSERT, MODIFY,
COLLECT, DELETE, READ, LOOP AT). Within ABAP objects, only internal tables
without header lines are allowed.
You can always address the body of an internal table itab uniquely by using the following
syntax: itab[]. This is the case regardless of whether the internal table has a header line or not.
Example
- DATA itab1 TYPE TABLE OF i WITH HEADER LINE.
- DATA itab2 LIKE itab1.
itab1 = itab2. " only the header lines are copied
itab1[] = itab2[]. " the actual table content is copied

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Application
server
Native SQL
ABAP
Open SQL Native SQL
Table
buffer
Database
server
Database interface
Database Accesses

Open SQL statements are a subset of SQL Standards that are fully integrated in ABAP.
They allow the ABAP developer unified access to data, independent of the installed database
system. The database interface converts Open SQL to database-dependent SQL statements.

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Application-related search
Search within a particular application component:
Application hierarchy
Search within a program that accesses the required table:
4 Source text search: Search in the editor for the SELECT statement
4 Function debugging: Prior to executing a subfunction
switch to debugging mode ("/h") and set breakpoint at SELECT
statement
4 Using screen field information: Display corresponding structure field
with F1 + "Technical Information", double-click to navigate to the
relevant data element and execute "Where-Used-List in Table Fields"
Program-related search
Table Drilldown Report

When searching for database tables, you have various options: Using the Application
Hierarchy or the Repository Information System.
If you already know a program that accesses the required database table:
Debugger:
- Start this program in debugging mode and set a breakpoint at the SELECT statement.
Editor:
- Search for the SELECT statement in the source text.
Input field on a screen:
- If you know a program that contains a screen with input fields for the table you are
looking for, you can use F14 Technical Information and double-click on the technical
name of the screen field to navigate to the ABAP Dictionary. This is frequently a
structure field. Double-click to navigate to the data element. You can then use the
Where-Used-List to search for transparent tables with the field type.

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specific columns
single/multiple lines
SELECT <fields> FROM <table> INTO <target> WHERE <condition> .
Which columns ? Which table ? Where ? Which lines ?
Read Database Access

You program read database accesses with the open SQL statement SELECT.
The SELECT statement is comprised of a number of clauses with different tasks:
The SELECT clause describes amongst other things whether the selection result should
cover several lines or an individual data record, and which fields and tables should be read.
The FROM clause names the source (database table or view) from which the data is to be
selected.
The INTO clause determines the internal data objects into which the selected data is to be
placed.
The WHERE clause gives the conditions that the selection result must fulfill. It therefore
determines the lines in the table that are to be selected.
You will find other clauses in the keyword documentation for SELECT.

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pa_car
IF sy-subrc = 0.
...
ENDIF.
SINGLE
Database
interface
wa_scarr
INTO
WHERE
SCARR
Database
table
SELECT *
FROM scarr
wa_scarr
carrid = pa_car .
Reading by Single Record Access

With the SELECT SINGLE * statement, you read a single record from the database table.
To guarantee unique access, all the key fields in the WHERE clause have to be supplied. The
asterisk * is used to supply the database interface with the information that all the columns in
the line of the database table should be read. If you only want to select certain columns, the
required fields can be listed instead.
The INTO clause is used to specify the target to which the database interface should copy the
data. The target area should be structured with left-alignment in the same way as the required
columns from the database table.
With the CORRESPONDING FIELDS OF addition for the INTO clause you fill the target
area for each component. Only those components are included that have the same name as
columns in the database table. Without this addition, the target area is filled aligned to the left,
without its structure being taken into account.
If a suitable record was found, sy-subrc has the value 0.
The SINGLE addition is used to pass the information to the database that only one record is to
be read. The database can then terminate the search as soon as the matching record has been
found. For this reason SELECT SINGLE is still more efficient at runtime than a SELECT
loop when all the key fields are supplied with data.

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pa_car
wa_sbc400focc
Database
interface
ENDSELECT
SELECT
Statements for each read record
SFLIGHT
Database
table
carrid connid fldate
seatsocc seatsmax
FROM sflight
INTO wa_sbc400focc
" INTO CORRESPONDING
" FIELDS OF ...
IF sy-subrc = 0.
sy-dbcnt ...
ENDIF.
Reading Several Lines

Without the SINGLE addition for the SELECT statement, the system reads several records
from the database. The columns with the data to be read by the database are selected using the
field list.
The number of lines requested can be limited by the WHERE clause.
Within the WHERE clause, only the field names of the database table are specified. The
FROM clause identifies the database table that is accessed.
A number of logical conditions within the WHERE clause can be linked with AND or OR.
The database supplies the data to the database interface in packages. The ABAP runtime
system then copies the data records line by line in a loop in the target area and ensures that all
the statements between SELECT and ENDSELECT. are processed sequentially
After the ENDSELECT statement, the return code for the SELECT loop can be read. sy-
subrc has the value 0 if the solution quantity comprises at least one record.
After the ENDSELECT statement, sy-dbcnt contains the entire number of read lines.

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pa_car
itab_focc
Database
interface
SFLIGHT
Database
table
Reading Several Lines in an Internal Table
SELECT carrid connid fldate
seatsmax seatsocc
FROM sflight
INTO TABLE itab_focc
WHERE carrid = pa_car .
IF sy-subrc = 0.
sy-dbcnt ...
ENDIF.

The addition INTO TABLE itab causes the ABAP runtime system to copy the content of the
database interface directly into the internal table itab. This is described as Array Fetch.
Since the Array Fetch is not executed as a loop, you cannot program an ENDSELECT
statement.
If you do not want to overwrite the internal table, but want to append lines to an internal table
that has already been filled, you can use the addition APPENDING TABLE itab.
sy-subrc has the value 0 if at least one record was read.

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ABAP program
Same type as
read fields
wa_sbc400focc
Transferring Structures
DATA wa_sbc400focc TYPE sbc400focc.
SELECT SINGLE carrid connid fldate seatsmax seatsocc
FROM sflight
INTO wa_sbc400focc
WHERE carrid = pa_car
AND connid = pa_con
AND fldate = pa_date.

In the program, a suitably typed data object must exist for each column requested by a database
table. For maintenance reasons, the data objects should be typed by the appropriate dictionary
objects. The INTO clause determines the data object in which the data from the database table
is placed. There are two options:
Flat structure: In your program, you define a structure that contains the same fields in the
same sequence as the field list in the SELECT clause. In this case you can specify the name
of the structure in the INTO clause. The content is copied with left alignment. The field
names of the structure are not included in the process.
Individual data objects: You can specify a number of data objects in the INTO clause.
Example:
- DATA:
gd_carrid TYPE sflight-carrid,
gd_connid TYPE sflight-connid,
gd_fldate TYPE sflight-fldate,
gd_seatsmax TYPE sflight-seatsmax,
gd_seatsocc TYPE sflight-seatsocc.
- START-OF-SELECTION.
- SELECT carrid connid fldate seatsmax seatsocc
FROM sflight
INTO (gd_carrid, gd_connid, gd_fldate, gd_seatsmax, gd_seatsocc)

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WHERE ...

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ABAP program
Same name as
read fields
INTO CORRESPONDING FIELDS OF wa_sdyn_conn
wa_sdyn_conn
Transferring Selected Structure Content
DATA wa_sdyn_conn TYPE sdyn_conn.
SELECT SINGLE carrid connid fldate seatsmax seatsocc
FROM sflight
WHERE carrid = pa_car
AND connid = pa_con
AND fldate = pa_date .

If you use the INTO CORRESPONDING FIELDS clause, the data is placed in fields with the
same name in the target structure.
Advantages of this construct:
The target structure does not have to be structured with left alignment in the same way as the
field list.
The construct is easy to maintain, since the extension of the field list requires no other
change to the program, providing a field of the same name and same type exists in the target
structure.
If you want to use Array Fetch to place data in columns of the same name in an internal table,
use INTO CORRESPONDING FIELDS OF TABLE itab.

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CARRID CITYFROM
AA
AA
...
...
AA
AA
...
...
AA
AA
NEW YORK
FRANKFURT
...
...
NEW YORK
FRANKFURT
...
...
NEW YORK
FRANKFURT
Database table SPFLI
CONNID
0017
0064
...
...
0017
0064
...
...
0017
0064
MANDT
400
400
...
...
401
401
...
...
402
402
SELECT * FROM spfli
INTO ...
WHERE carrid = 'AA'.
Logged on in client 400 :
Client-Dependent Selection
SELECT * FROM spfli
CLIENT SPECIFIED
INTO ...
WHERE mandt = 402
AND carrid = 'AA'.

In client-dependent database tables, the first key field is always MANDT (data type CLNT).
If you select data from client-dependent tables, the data records for the current client are
always read, without further specifications. (The ABAP runtime system converts the SELECT
statement automatically.)
If you explicitly want to include the client field in the WHERE clause, you have to set the
CLIENT SPECIFIED addition after the FROM clause.
Since this special case is not relevant in the context of this course, the client field is normally
omitted from the illustrations.

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CARRID CITYFROM ...
AA
AA
JL
LH
LH
...
AA
AA
LH
UA
...
NEW YORK
FRANKFURT
TOKYO
FRANKFURT
FRANKFURT
...
NEW YORK
FRANKFURT
BERLIN
FRANKFURT
...
Database table SPFLI
CONNID
0017
0064
0407
0400
0402
...
0017
0064
2407
0941
...
PARAMETERS pa_from TYPE spfli-cityfrom .
SELECT * FROM spfli
INTO ...
WHERE cityfrom = pa_from .
...
CITYFROM
Secondary index for
faster access with
CITYFROM selection
FRANKFURT
FRANKFURT
FRANKFURT
NEW YORK
TOKYO
...
BERLIN
FRANKFURT
FRANKFURT
NEW YORK
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
MANDT
400
400
400
400
400
...
401
401
401
401
...
MANDT
400
400
400
400
400
...
401
401
401
401
...
Selection screen
Departure
from
FRANKFURT
Selecting with Indices

As soon as you navigate to the definition of a database table in the ABAP Dictionary, you find
information about all the technical properties of that database table.
The following information is relevant for efficient database access at runtime:
Key fields: If the required lines from the database are selected according to key fields, the
Database Optimizer can access the data using a primary index.
Secondary index: If the required lines from the database are selected according to fields
that are listed in a secondary index, the Database Optimizer can use this to access the data.
- If you click on the Indexes pushbutton in the Dictionary, the secondary indexes are
displayed in a dialog box. If you double-click on an index in the dialog box, the system
displays detailed information about the selected index With client-dependent tables the
client field is usually included in the index.

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MANDT CARRID CONNID CITYFROM
...
SPFLI
...
MANDT CARRID CARRNAME
SCARR
...
Join tables
SPFLI-MANDT = SCARR-MANDT
SPFLI-CARRID = SCARR-CARRID
and Join condition
MANDT CARRID CONNID CITYFROM
Table join
CARRNAME
Join
columns
Reading Linked Tables

If you want to read data from two databases that are logically related, you can use one database
query to access both database tables. Logically, the following information must be specified:
Which database tables should be accessed?
How should the link conditions look? In this condition, columns from both database tables
are linked to one another. A shared line in the results table contains an entry if all the field
values for the linked columns match.
Which columns should be read? With column names that appear in both database tables, you
have to specify the table from which the column should be read.

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Database view in Dictionary
Database view ZABC
SELECT ...
FROM zabc
WHERE ...
Program Program
SELECT ...
FROM
ON spfli~carrid = scarr~carrid
WHERE ...
View and Join
View definition in the Dictionary
+ Selection in program
Direct joining in
program (ABAP join)
spfli INNER JOIN scarr

The link conditions can be defined statically or dynamically.
The static links can be defined in the ABAP Dictionary and is labelled a view. There are
different types of views. You will find more detailed information in the SAP Library under
Basis 4 ABAP Workbench 4 BC ABAP Dictionary 4 Views.
You can implement the dynamic link using ABAP statements. It is known as an ABAP Join.
At runtime, a corresponding database query is generated in the database interface. You will
find detailed information in the keyword documentation for SELECT4 FROM clause.

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SELECT
INSERT
UPDATE
DELETE
MODIFY
Statements for Database Changes

With Open SQL, as well as the SELECT statement you can also use UPDATE, INSERT,
DELETE and MODIFY.
You should not use these changing database accesses unless you are familiar with the SAP
transaction concept.
All Open SQL statements support the return code sy-subrc. This means that if the data was
successfully accessed, the system field sy-subrc has the content 0, if the attempt was
unsuccessful, the content is not equal to 0.
More detailed information is available in the respective keyword documentation.

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...
...
...
.
.
.
...
...
...
.
.
.
...
...
...
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
...
...
...
Subroutine
Subroutine call
.
.
.
Subroutine call
.
.
.
Subroutine call
.
.
.
M
o
r
e
t
r
a
n
s
p
a
r
e
n
t
+
E
a
s
ie
r
t
o

m
a
in
t
a
in
Same
source
text
blocks
Motivation Behind Subroutines

A subroutine is a modularization unit inside the program. In a subroutine you store segments
of a program to improve the transparency of the main program and/or to be able to use the
sequences several times.
Data can be exchanged using the subroutine interface. This enables you to call the same
functions for different data objects. The above example shows a subroutine that calculates a
percentage rate. This subroutine is called a number of times, and in each case, different data
objects are transferred to the interface.
The use of subroutines makes your program more function oriented: It divides the task into
subfunctions to be handled by the subroutine.
Under normal circumstances, this also makes your program easier to maintain. You can run
these subroutines in the debugger "in the background" and only view the result. This generally
enables you to identify the source of an error faster.
Structure of a subroutine:
A subroutine is enclosed by FORM and ENDFORM.
After the name of the subprogram comes the interface definition.
Then come the statements that execute the program.

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REPORT ...
DATA: a TYPE ... ,
b TYPE ... ,
c TYPE ... .
Subroutine
...
Formal parameter :
Call subroutine with ( a , b , c )
.
.
.
...
...
Call by
Value
Call by
Reference
Call by Value
and Result
f1 f2 f3 , ,
Copy
of a
Copy
of b
Data Copy when Calling the Subroutine

The way in which the data from the main program (actual parameter) is transferred to the
data objects of the subroutine (formal parameter) is determined in the interface. There are
three possibilities here:
Call-by-value
A local copy of the actual parameter is to be transferred to the subroutine. This means that
value assignments to the formal parameter have absolutely no influence on the actual
parameter.
Call-by-reference
The dereferenced address of the actual parameter is to be transferred to the subroutine.
This means that value assignments to the formal parameter have a direct influence on the
actual parameter. The value of the actual parameter is changed physically by the subroutine
through the addressing.
Call-by-value-and-result
A local copy of the actual parameter with value return is to be transferred to the
subroutine. This means that value assignments to the formal parameter influence the actual
parameter only when the subroutine is exited. You should choose this transfer type when
you want to ensure that that actual parameters have not been changed when the subroutine is
terminated prematurely.

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FORM xyz
USING
value(f1) ... " Call by Value
CHANGING
value(f2) ... " Call by Value and Result
f3 ... . " Call by Reference
...
ENDFORM.
PERFORM xyz
USING
a
CHANGING
b
c.
Definition
Call
Subroutine Call and Interface
REPORT ...
DATA: a TYPE ... ,
b TYPE ... ,
c TYPE ... .

In the interface definition you count the formal parameters of the various types and type
them if necessary. The sequence is fixed: First you have to name all the USING parameters,
then all the CHANGING parameters. Within the subroutine you address the transferred data
using the formal parameters.
When the procedure is called, the actual parameters are also grouped with USING and
CHANGING.
You determine the transfer type in the interface definition:
Call-by-value (f1)
List this kind of parameter after USING and enclose it in brackets with value(f1) too.
Call-by-reference (f2)
List this kind of parameter after CHANGING.
(For the purpose of documentation you can list a parameter for this transfer type under
USING too.) From a technical perspective, USING and CHANGING have the same effect
here. (However, if you change a parameter listed under USING in the subroutine, this leads
to a warning in the Extended Program Check.)
Call-by-value-and-result (f3)
List this kind of parameter after CHANGING and enclose it in brackets with value(f3) too.

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TYPES t_perc TYPE p DECIMALS 2.
DATA: a TYPE i,
b TYPE i ,
c TYPE t_perc .
...
PERFORM calc_perc
USING
a
b
CHANGING
c.
FORM calc_perc
USING
value(f_part) TYPE ANY
value(f_all) TYPE ANY
CHANGING
value(f_pc) TYPE ANY .
CHECK f_all <> 0.
f_pc = f_part * 100 / f_all .
ENDFORM.
V
a
ria
b
le
:
T
y
p
e
in
h
e
rita
n
c
e
+
R
is
k
o
f c
o
n
flic
tin
g
ty
p
e
s
TYPES t_perc TYPE p DECIMALS 2.
DATA: a TYPE i,
b TYPE i ,
c TYPE t_perc .
...
PERFORM calc_perc
USING
a
b
CHANGING
c.
FORM calc_perc
USING
value(f_part) TYPE i
value(f_all) TYPE i
CHANGING
value(f_pc) TYPE t_perc .
CHECK f_all <> 0.
f_pc = f_part * 100 / f_all .
ENDFORM.
C
o
n
s
ta
n
t:
P
re
s
c
rib
e
d
ty
p
e
fo
r a
c
tu
a
l p
a
ra
m
e
te
r
Variable and Constant Typing

Any type of data object (actual parameters) can be transferred to a subroutine. With
elementary types you can decide whether or not you want to type for formal parameter.
By typing the formal parameter you ensure that only actual parameters for the specified type
can be transferred to the subroutine. This improves the stability of your program, since the
syntax check already picks out any type conflicts.
TYPE ANY leaves the typing open. (This specification can also be left out for reasons of
compatibility.) In this case, the type is "inherited" from the actual parameter to the formal
parameter at runtime. If the statements in the subprogram do not match the inherited type, this
can lead to runtime errors!
If you type with p, n, c or x, the missing type properties are also first "inherited" at runtime. If
you want a complete specification here, you have to deploy user-defined types. With string
and xstring, the complete specification is only ever available at runtime.
The data types i, f, d and t, on the other hand, are completely specified.

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DATA wa_flightinfo
TYPE sbc400focc.
...
PERFORM fill_wa
CHANGING wa_flightinfo .
...
FORM fill_wa
CHANGING
f_wa .
f_wa-carrid = ... .
f_wa-connid = ... .
ENDFORM.
DATA it_flightinfo
TYPE sbc400_t_sbc400focc.
...
PERFORM fill_itab
CHANGING it_flightinfo.
...
TYPE sbc400focc
Structure type
Table type
Structure components
addressable
Typing with Structures and Internal Tables
FORM fill_itab
CHANGING
f_itab TYPE sbc400_t_sbc400focc .
LOOP AT f_itab ... .
...
ENDLOOP.
ENDFORM.

Structures and internal tables as formal parameters must be typed. This enables you to
access these formal parameters as usual within the subroutine.
Typing structures identifies the components in the subroutine, so that you can address these
with the usual syntax.
With internal tables, typing enables you to address the formal parameter as an internal table
with the usual syntax.
Performance aspect:
With internal tables as the transfer parameter, you should generally select call-by-
reference as the transfer type, as the effort required to copy data can otherwise be
considerable.

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...
PERFORM fill_itab CHANGING it_flightinfo .
...
Global variables
Local variable
DATA: it_flightinfo TYPE sbc400_t_sbc400focc,
wa_flightinfo LIKE LINE OF it_flightinfo .
Local and Global Internal Tables
FORM fill_itab
CHANGING
f_itab TYPE sbc400_t_sbc400focc.
DATA l_wa LIKE LINE OF f_itab .
LOOP AT f_itab INTO l_wa.
...
ENDLOOP.
ENDFORM.

You can make so-called local definitions within a subroutine.
Both the formal parameters and the local data objects are only active during the subroutine
runtime. This means that the corresponding memory space is only allocated at the time the
subroutine is called and then freed up again after it has been executed. They can therefore only
be addressed from the subprogram.
The global data objects of the main program can also be addressed from the subroutine. You
should avoid doing this as far as possible, however. Otherwise, you by-pass the interface and
your program becomes prone to error.
When formal parameters or local data objects and global data objects use the same names, the
ABAP runtime system addresses the local data object from within the subroutine and the
global data object from outside. This is know as local overcoverage.
Summarized advice:
Address the global data objects in the main program and and transfer them to the subroutine
via the interface.
Address only the formal parameters and the local data objects in the subroutine.
Avoid using the same names for the sake of clarity. Use simple prefixes such as f_... for
"formal parameter" and l_... for "local data object" or similar.

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DATA: carrid TYPE sbc400focc-carrid,
it_flightinfo TYPE sbc400_t_sbc400focc,
lines TYPE i.
PERFORM count_lines
USING
carrid
it_flightinfo
CHANGING
lines.
FORM count_lines
USING
f_carr TYPE sbc400focc-carrid
f_itab TYPE sbc400_t_sbc400focc
CHANGING
value(f_lines) TYPE i.
DATA l_wa LIKE LINE OF f_itab.
CLEAR f_lines.
LOOP AT f_itab INTO l_wa WHERE carrid = f_carr.
ADD 1 TO f_lines.
ENDLOOP.
ENDFORM.
Calling a Subroutine

This example shows the calling of a subroutine that determines the number of lines in an
internal table that fulfill a certain criterion.
For performance reasons, the internal table f_itab and the comparison value f_carr are
transferred by address and the number of lines f_lines as a value copy.
A line-compatible work area is required for the loop access. This is defined locally in the
subroutine here by reference to the formal parameter.

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System Help
Z00_FORM
ABAP Editor: Change Report Z00_FORM
Subroutines
COUNT_LINES
FORM count_lines
USING
f_carr TYPE ...
f_itab TYPE ...
CHANGING
value(f_lines) TYPE ... .
...
ENDFORM.
...
PERFORM count_lines
USING
f_carr
f_itab
CHANGING
f_lines .
...
Use
actual parameter
+
D
r
a
g

&

D
r
o
p
Editing a Subroutine

A subroutine is called with the PERFORM statement.
When a subroutine is called, the parameters are transferred in sequence.
You should proceed is such a way that you define the subroutine first and then call it. The
Object Navigator offers you considerable support here: You can select the subroutine in the
navigation area and the "drop" the call statement into the editing area by "drag and drop.
Alternatively, you can also use the Template function in the editor to generate the call
statement.
This ensures that you do not forget or mix up any of the parameters. However, you still have to
replace the formal parameters with the actual parameters.

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ABAP Workbench Overview: Summary
The ABAP Workbench contains a number of
tools for developing a wide variety of program
objects.
The ABAP Workbench is integrated with the
Repository.
The ABAP Workbench provides a glossary of all
ABAP statements.

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First Attempts at Programming: Overview Diagram
Ex t r ac t i on
Ex t r ac t i on

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Programming an Authorization Check
For the purpose of developing your first program
this unit deals with:
Authorization check architecture
The tools for developing function modules
Options for testing the program using the debugger
Contents:

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Explain the authorization concept
Analyze and write simple function modules
Use the debugger
The ABAP Workbench: Objectives

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Authorization
object class
Authorization
object
Authorization Authorization-
profile
Role
User
1) := assigned
2) := combined
1) 1) 2) 1) 1)
Elements of the SAP Authorization Concept

Authorization field: Smallest unit against which a check can be made (ACTVT, BUKRS).
Authorization object: Groups 1 to 10 authorization fields that are then checked in
combination (For example.: F_LFA1_APP Vendor: Application authorization).
Authorization object class: Logical grouping of authorization objects (for example, all
authorization objects for object class FI).
Authorization: An attribute for an authorization object, in other words, a combination of
permitted values for each authorization field of an authorization object.
Authorization profile: Contains attributes (authorizations) for various authorization objects.
Role: Is created with the profile generator (transaction PFCG) and enables an authorization
profile to be generated automatically. A role describes the activities of an R/3 user.
User master record: Used for logging on to the SAP system and allows limited access to
functions and objects in the SAP system by way of authorization profiles.
Naming conventions for customer developments (see SAP Notes 20643 and 16466) :
Authorizations and authorization profiles are Customizing objects, which is why they do not
have to lie in the customer namespace (Y,Z). They cannot have an underscore as the second
character, however.
Authorization object classes, objects and fields are development objects and must begin with
Y or Z (customer namespace).

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BUKRS
ACTVT
WERKS
BEGRU
M_RECH_BUK
F_BKPF_BUK
F_KNA1_BUK
C_KAPA_PLA
C_ARPL_WRK
M_MSEG_WWA
V_KNA1_BRG
C_DRAW_BGR
MM_R
FI
PP
MM_B
SD
CV
Authorization Fields, Objects and Object Classes
Authorization fields Authorization objects
Authorization
object classes

Example:
The authorization fields BUKRS (company code) and ACTVT (activity) are used, amongst
others, in the following authorization objects:
M_RECH_BUK: Authorization to release locked invoices for certain company codes.
F_BKPF_BUK: Authorization to process documents for certain company codes.
F_KNA1_BUK: Authorization to maintain the customer master record for certain company
codes.
In the authorizations for the respective authorization object, you can determine which activities
(for example, create, change, display, and so on) are allowed to be executed in which
programs. Each object has a number of possible activities that are described in the
documentation for the object.
All possible activities (ACTVT) are defined in the table TACT (transaction SM30).
You will find the valid activities for each authorization object in the table TACTZ (transaction
SE16).

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BUKRS 1000, 2000
ACTVT 01, 02, 03
1000 2000 3000
Authorization A
BUKRS
ACTVT
Create
Change
Display
BUKRS 1000, 2000. 3000
ACTVT 03
1000 2000 3000
Authorization B
BUKRS
ACTVT
Create
Change
Display
Authorizations as Attributes

Example:
Authorization A allows you to execute the activities create, change and display in the
company codes 1000 and 2000.
Authorization B allows you to execute only the display activity in company codes 1000,
2000 and 3000.
If a user has authorization A and B, these operative in an additive way. In other words, the user
can execute the activities create, change and display in the company codes 1000 and 2000. In
company code 3000, the user can only execute the display activity.

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Change accounting
document
T code "FB02"
System program
Authorization for the transaction (authorization object
S_TCODE)?
Authorization for authorization object in table TSTCA?
STOP
No
No
ABAP program
Authorization checks
"AUTHORITY-CHECK"
Initial screen
Next screen
Start transaction
Yes
Events for Authorization Checks

When the transaction is started, a system program performs various checks to ensure that the
user has the corresponding authorizations.
Step 1: Check whether the user is authorized to start the transaction. The authorization object
S_TCODE (transaction start) contains the authorization field TCD (transaction code). Users
have to have authorization for the transaction code they want to execute (for example FB02,
Change Document).
Step 2: Check whether the an authorization object is assigned to the transaction code. If this is
the case, the system checks whether the user has authorization for this authorization object.
The transaction code/authorization object assignment is defined in the table TSTCA.
Of one of the above checks is negative, the transaction is not started and the system displays a
corresponding message.
IMPORTANT: The authorization object assigned to the transaction is checked with the ABAP
statement AUTHORITY-CHECK. The check is carried out by the ABAP program that is
called by the transaction when the transaction is started.

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Change accounting
document
Transaction FB02
ProgramSAPMF05L
....
AUTHORITY-CHECK
OBJECT F_BKPF_BUK
ID ACTVT FIELD 02
ID BUKRS FIELD BUK.
IF SY-SUBRC NE 0.
MESSAGE E083 WITH BUK.
ENDIF.
.....
User
authorizations
Object F_BKPF_BUK
Authorization BUK
1000
Field Value
ACTVT 02, 03
BUKRS 1000
Authorization BUK 1000
The authorizations are read
using the buffer
Programming Authorization Checks
Check
Result

Authorization checks are carried out in programs with the ABAP statement AUTHORITY-
CHECK.
A program can contain any number of these checks.
For example, the user wants to call transaction FB02. An AUTHORITY-CHECK is
programmed in the ABAP program SAPMF05L that calls transaction FB02. The following
authorization is checked:
Authorization object F_BKPF_BUK
Authorization field ACTVT (activity) for the value 02 (change).
Authorization field BUKRS (company code) for the value 1000.
The user can only execute the transaction if he/she has the authorization object F_BKPF_BUK
with the authorization fields ACTVT (02) and BUKRS (1000) as authorization.
The system returns a return code after the authorization check. The valid return codes for the
ABAP statement AUTHORITY-CHECK are:
0: The user has authorization for the authorization object with the correct field values.
4: The user has authorization for the authorization object, however, the checked values are
not assigned to the user
12: The user has no authorization for the authorization object.

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Function module
FB4
Interface
Sub-
routine
Interface
Logical View of a Function Group

Function modules are special procedures that can be viewed globally and can be called from
other ABAP programs. They can only be defined and implemented in special ABAP programs.
These programs are called function groups.
Function groups are not executable programs, in other words, they cannot be started using
transaction codes or by entering the name of the program. They serve exclusively as
framework programs for the function modules. In most cases, a function group contains
several function modules that offer related functions or operate on the same data.
As well as function modules, function groups can also contain the following elements:
Data declarations (global data objects)
Subroutines
Screens
These elements can by used by all function modules in the function group.

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INCLUDE L<fgrp>TOP.
INCLUDE L<fgrp>UXX.
INCLUDE L<fgrp>F<xx>.
...
INCLUDE L<fgrp>O<xx>.
...
INCLUDE L<fgrp>I<xx>.
...
Framework program
SAPL<fgrp>
INCLUDE L<fgrp>U01.
FUNCTION <name>.
...
ENDFUNCTION.
FUNCTION <name>.
...
ENDFUNCTION.
FUNCTION <name>.
...
ENDFUNCTION.
FORM <form_1>
ENDFORM.
MODULE <mod_a> OUTPUT.
ENDMODULE.
MODULE <mod_b> INPUT.
ENDMODULE.
Subroutines
PBO module
PAI module
Function
modules
Include programs
FUNCTION-POOL <fgrp>.
TYPES:
DATA:
CONSTANTS:
Global data for the
function group
Technical Structure of a Function Group

From a technical point of view as far as the program is concerned, a function group comprises
a framework program and a range of include programs. When you create a function group, the
framework program and the include programs are created automatically. The names of the
individual components are generated from the name of the function group (<fgrp>). This name
can have up to 26 characters.
The framework program SAPL<fgrp> contains only INCLUDE statements for the following
include programs:
TOP include
- The include program L<fgrp>TOP contains the FUNCTION-POOL statement and global
data declarations.
U includes
- The include program L<fgrp>UXX contains additional INCLUDE statements for the
include programs L<fgrp>U01, L<fgrp>U02, ... . The latter contain the actual function
modules.
F includes
- The include programs L<fgrp>F01, L<fgrp>F02, ... can be used to define subroutines to
which all the function modules in the group have access by internal call.
O includes

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- The include programs L<fgrp>O01, L<fgrp>O02, ... can be used to define PBO modules
(OUTPUT) for the function group screens.

SAP AG AC400 3-102

I includes
- The include programs L<fgrp>I01, L<fgrp>I02, ... can be used to define PAI modules
(INPUT) for the function group screens.
The creation of these include programs is to a large extent automated by forward navigation in
the ABAP Workbench.

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-
-
-
+
-
+
+
+
+
-
Function groups Global classes
Screens
Asynchronous execution
Update
Remote capability
Instantiability
Function Groups vs. Global Classes

Advantages.
As well as important object-oriented concepts such as inheritance, polymorphism and
interfaces, the main advantage is the multiple instantiability of the classes. Function groups
continue to play an important role in ABAP programming, however. In the following
important application cases you cannot use global classes as an alternative to function
modules:
Screens
In contrast to classes, function groups can contain screens. This allows you to encapsulate
user dialogs in function modules too.
Remote capability
Function modules can be called from external systems (Remote Function Call).
Update
Special function modules can be used for updates (update function modules). They are not
executed directly when called, but at the end of the Logical Unit of Work (LUW).
Asynchronous execution
The function module is executed in parallel in a separate work process. The calling program
does not wait until the function module has finished processing.

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Creating a Function Group

Creating a function group
Start transaction SE80
In the navigation area, select object list for function group
Enter the name of a new function group (ZBC402_EXAMPLE) (->Screenshot)
Clock on Display, "Create Object" popup (->Screenshot)
Confirm with "Yes", "Insert Function Group" popup (->Screenshot)

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Creating Function Modules

Start transaction SE80
In the navigation area, select object list for function group
Enter the name of the new function group (ZBC402_EXAMPLE) and click on "Display"
In the tree structure, open the context menu (right mouse click) for the uppermost node
(ZBC402_EXAMPLE)
Open submenus: "Create" -> "Function Module". (->Screenshot)
Enter data in the "Create Function Module" popup. (->Screenshot)

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Function module Edit Goto Utilities Environment System Help
Function Builder: Display BC402_FMDD_DIVIDE1_PACKED
Function module BC402_FMDD_DIVIDE1_PACKED Active
Source text Exceptions Tables Changing Export Import Properties
Process type
Normal function module
Remote-enabled module
Update function module
Function group BC402_FMDD_EXAMPLE Demonstration Function modules
Short text Divides two packed numbers
Package BC402
General data
Classi fication
Function module documentation
Function Module Properties

In the properties, as well as the general administrative data, you also determine the process
type:
Remote-enabled modules can also be called from other systems.
Update function modules are used for bundled database changes and have additional
functions for this purpose.

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Function Builder: Display BC402_FMDD_GET_FREE_SEATS
Function module BC402_FMDD_GET_FREE_SEATS Active
Source text Exceptions Tables Changing Import Properties Export
Parameter name Typing Associated type Pass by value Short text
E_RESULT TYPE DEC8_2 Results .
Function module BC402_FMDD_DIVIDE1_PACKED Active
Source text Exceptions Tables Changing Export Import Properties
Parameter name Typing Associated type Default value Optional Pass by value Short text
I_NUMBER1 TYPE DEC8_2 First number
I_NUMBER2 TYPE DEC8_2
1
Second number
. .
Function Builder: Display BC402_FMDD_DIVIDE1_PACKED
Defining Interface Parameters

Interface parameters are used to exchange data between calling programs and the function
module.
Parameter types
You distinguish between the following types of parameters:
- Import parameters are transferred from the calling program to the function module.
- Export parameters are transferred from the function module to the calling program.
- Changing parameters act as both import and export parameters at the same time. They
are transferred from the calling program to the function module. The function module can
change the contents and then return them to the calling program.
- Tables parameters are a special option for transferring internal tables. The tables are both
imported and exported. You should no longer use tables parameters for normal function
modules. Instead, you should transfer internal tables using the other parameter types
(typing with a table type from the Dictionary or a generic table type).

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FUNCTION bc402_fmdd_divide1_packed.
*"------------------------------------------------
*"*"Local Interface:
*" IMPORTING
*" VALUE(I_NUMBER1) TYPE DEC8_2 DEFAULT 1
*" REFERENCE(I_NUMBER2) TYPE DEC8_2
*" EXPORTING
*" VALUE(E_RESULT) TYPE DEC8_2
*" EXCEPTIONS
*" ...
*"------------------------------------------------
Optional Parameters
IF i_number1 IS SUPPLIED. "optional parameter
...
ENDIF.
IF e_result IS SUPPLIED. "export parameter
...
ENDIF.

You can mark import, change and table parameters as optional. Such parameters do not need
to be supplied by the caller. Export parameters are always optional. You can define default
values for optional import and change parameters that can be used if the caller does not enter
any values. When programming function modules you can make the program flow dependent
on whether the caller has supplied optional parameters or not. To do this, use logical
expressions in the form of <name> IS SUPPLIED or <name> IS NOT SUPPLIED, where
<name> stands for the name of the optional parameter. Note that EXPORT parameters are
always optional parameters.

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Function module BC402_FMDD_DIVIDE2_GENERIC Active
Tables Changing Export Import Properties
Exception Short text
Division by zero
Source text Exceptions
ZERO_DIVIDE
One of the transferred figures is too large OVERFLOW
Function Builder: Display BC402_FMDD_DIVIDE2_GENERIC
Exception classes
RAISE <exception>.
*** with default message:
MESSAGE <type><num>(<id>)
RAISING <exception>.
Exceptions

Function modules can trigger exceptions in order to display errors to the calling program. To
do this you have to declare the exceptions in the function module interface. Choose an
identifier for each exception that the function module may trigger.
You have two options for triggering an exception in a function module when an error occurs:
RAISE <exception>.
- If <exception> is specified in the function module call, control goes directly back to the
calling program. If it is not executed, the program is terminated with a runtime error.
MESSAGE <kind><num>(<id>) RAISING <exception>.
- If the exception is specified in the call, processing takes place in the manner described
above. If the exception is not specified in the calling program, the message <num> from
the <id> message class is sent. The message type <kind> determines whether the program
is terminated or continues to run. No runtime error is triggered.

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Function module BC402_FMDD_DIVIDE4_EXCP_CLASS Active
Tables Changing Export Import Properties
Exception Short text
System exception for conversion overflow
Source text Exceptions
CX_SY_ZERODIVIDE System exception for division by zero.
CX_SY_CONVERSION_OVERFLOW
Function Builder: Display BC402_FMDD_DIVIDE4_EXCP_CLASS
Exception classes .
RAISE EXCEPTION TYPE <exception class>
[EXPORTING ... ].
Class-Based Exceptions

As an alternative to defining identifiers you can also list exception classes in the interface for
the function module. To do this, select the Exception Classes checkbox. The exception classes
must first be created as global classes belonging to the .Exception Class. type (naming
convention:
Exception classes beginning with .CX_. or .ZCX_.).
The course BC401 ABAP Objects describes how to work with class-based exceptions. To
trigger a class-based exception, for example, you use the statement
RAISE EXCEPTION TYPE <exception class>.
- If the constructor for the exception class has parameters, use the EXPORTING addition to
supply them with data.

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Function module
Parameter name Short text
I_NUMBER1 First number
I_NUMBER2 Second number
Long text
Change
Create
Number to be divided
Function modul e
documentati on
Division of two numbers
This function module can only be used for training purposes.
- 10 000 000 000 000 < i_number1 < 10 000 000 000 000
1
Documentation

Function modules can and should be used in other programs. Thorough documentation of the
function and interface is therefore particularly important. A distinction is made between
function module documentation and parameter documentation.
In the function module documentation, you describe the functions offered by the function
module. The information contained therein should be sufficiently detailed to make an analysis
of the source code unnecessary in order to use the function module.
As well as describing the functions, you can also include sample calls, notes on usage and
additional sources of information in the documentation.
You can access the function module documentation in change mode for the Function Builder
using the Function Module Documentation pushbutton, or by following the menu path Goto
Documentation.
In the parameter documentation you enter information about the individual parameters and
exceptions for the function module.
For parameters, you describe the meaning and, if necessary, the value range and default
value.
With exceptions, you should describe precisely for which error the exception is triggered and
what effect this has.
You can access the documentation for parameters and exceptions in the Long Text column of
the Parameter/Exception List in the Function Builder.

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Function module BC402_FMDD_DIVIDE1_packed Active
Exceptions Tables Changing Export Import Properties Source text
FUNCTION bc402_fmdd_divide1_packed.
*"---------------------------------
*"*"Local Interface:
*" IMPORTING
*" EXPORTING
*" EXCEPTIONS
*"---------------------------------
...
ENDFUNCTION.
Function Builder: Display BC402_DIVIDE1_PACKED
Function modul e documentation
Source Text of a Function Module

When you create a function module the system automatically generates a corresponding U
include. The actual functions of the function module are programmed in this include. You
cannot load a U include directly to the ABAP Editor, however. It can only be processed within
the Function Builder.
The FUNCTION and ENDFUNCTION statements mark the beginning and end of the function
module. The function module interface is displayed in the form of generated comment lines.
These lines are automatically updated when changes occur to the interface. The interface is
actually defined on the corresponding tab titles.

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Function module BC402_FMDD_DIVISION1_PACKED Active
Function Builder: Change BC402_FMDD_DIVISION1_PACKED
Testing Function Modules

You test a function module in the Function Builder by clicking on the pushbutton
(Test/Execute). This generates a test framework from the active interface definition. Here you
have the opportunity to provide all import, changing and tables parameters with input values.
To enter table or structure parameters, double-click on the parameter name. Then execute the
function module either directly (pushbutton) or in debugging mode (Debugging pushbutton).

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Program
ZBC400_00_GS
ZBC400_00_GS
REPORT sapbc400wbt_getting_started.
TABLES sbc400_carrier.
PARAMETERS pa_car TYPE scarr-carrid.
INTO wa_scarr
IF sy-subrc = 0.
MOVE-CORRESPONDING wa_scarr TO sbc4
CALL SCREEN 100.
MOVE-CORRESPONDING sbc400_carrier T
...
Execute
Debugging
Debugging from
start of program
Debugging from a specific
line in a program
+
. . .
. . .
Running a Program in Debugging Mode

You have several options for starting a program from the Object Navigator in debugging mode
without having to change the program:
In the navigation area for the selected program, choose Execute 4 Debugging.
In the editing area, select the required program line and choose
Set/Delete Breakpoint. Then start the program with Execute 4 Direct or <F8>.

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/ h
System Help
Utilities
Debugging screen
Debugging ABAP "/ h" to the command field
+ Enter key
Alternative to "/ h"
Switch to debugging mode at runtime

If you only want to debug certain parts of the program, you should start it first and then switch
to debugging mode before changing screens. There are two possible ways of doing this:
Choose System 4 Utilities 4 Debug ABAP or Debug Screen.
Enter /h in the command field in the toolbar and click on <Enter>.

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Field names
ZJJ_FORMS
1 4
-
Field contents :
INTO CORRESPONDING FIELDS OF wa_scarr
IF sy-subrc = 0.
MOVE-CORRESPONDING wa_scarr TO sbc400_carrier.
CALL SCREEN 100.
MOVE-CORRESPONDING sbc400_carrier TO wa_scarr.
15 30 - :
X
SAP
ABAP debugger
r
SY-SUBRC SY-TABIX SY-DBCNT
Double-click on
data object
pa_carr LH
Current statement
SY-DYNNR 0 0 1 1000
Watchpoint
Single-step
Single Step and Field Contents

You can execute the program statement for statement in debugging mode with Single Step.
You can also display the content of up to eight data objects. To do this, enter the names in the
input field on the left or double-click on the names in the displayed code.

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INTO wa_scarr
IF sy-subrc = 0.
CALL SCREEN 100.
15 30 - :
ABAP Debugger
Field names 1 4 -
Field contents :
pa_carr
LH
SY-DYNNR 0 0 1 1000
Watchpoint
Continue
Breakpoints

You can set a breakpoint by double-clicking in front of a line in the source text.
You can also set breakpoints at a specific ABAP statement:
Breakpoint 4 Breakpoint at 4 Statement.
If you click on Continue, the program is run as far as the next breakpoint.
If you Save the breakpoints, they are retained throughout the time you are currently logged on
to the system.
With breakpoints, the ABAP Workbench changes to debugging mode only for the developer
who set the breakpoint. All other users can run the program directly or set their own
breakpoints.

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Watchpoint
Create/change watchpoint
Local watchpoint (only in specified program)
Program
Field name
Comparison operator
Comparison field/value
Comparison field (if not selected: Comparison value)
pa_carr
=
LH
1
2
3
...
10
OR AND
pa_carr
LH =
No. Local Program Field name Field Operator Comparison field/value
Logical operator between the watchpoints:
Watchpoints
Change Tracking

A watchpoint is a breakpoint that is dependent on field content: You can create the following
types of watchpoints:
Field name:
- The program is run until the content of the field has changed.
Field name, relational operator, comparison value:
- The program is run until the field content has changed in such a way that the defined
logical condition in relation to a value has been fulfilled.
Field name, relational operator, comparison field:
- The program is run until the field content has changed in such a way that the defined
logical condition in relation to the content of a field has been fulfilled.
You can set up to ten watchpoints an link them using the logical operators AND or OR.

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Field name
Main program
Source text from
INTO CORRESPONDING FIELDS OF wa_scarr
IF sy-subrc = 0.
CALL SCREEN 100.
ABAP Debugger
Fields
SY-SUBRC
wa_sbc400
No. Component name Type Length Content
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
MANDT
CARRID
CARRNAME
CURRCODE
MARK
TRANS
TIME
DATE
C
C
C
C
C
C
T
D
3
3
20
5
1
12
6
8
800
AA
American Airlines
USD
X
SMITH
143059
20061224
Structured field
Length (in bytes)
wa_sbc400
58
Double-click
0
Watchpoint
Structure Contents

You can track the field contents of a structure by entering the structure name in the left
column. Double-click on this entry to access the component display for the structure.

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Field names
_
LOOP AT it_flightinfo INTO wa_flightinfo.
15 30 - :
ABAP Debugger
SY-SUBRC
it_flightinfo
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
AA
AA
AA
AA
LH
LH
LH
LH
Internal table it_flightinfo Type STANDARD
CARRID
0017
0017
0017
0017
0400
0400
0400
0400
CONNID
20060512
20060724
20060828
20061224
20060626
20060715
20061113
20061212
FLDATE
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
66
120
560
470
240
123
273
280
PERCENTAGE
Table
Double-click on
data object
0
Watchpoint
Alternative
Internal Table Contents

You can track the line content of an internal table by entering the name in the left column.
Double-click on this entry to access the table display.

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Field names
Z00_FLIGHTINFO
Z00_FLIGHTINFO
1 4
-
Field contents :
...
FORM count_lines USING
f_carr TYPE ...
f_itab TYPE ...
CHANGING
value(f_lines) TYPE ... .
DATA l_wa LIKE LINE OF f_itab.
CLEAR f_lines.
...
15 :
ABAP Debugger
f_carr LH
SY-DYNNR
FORM COUNT_LINES
Main program
Source text from
0 0 1 1000
Watchpoint
Execute
Return
Debugging Subroutines

You can execute a subroutine without stopping in debugging mode. The main program is then
stopped again after the subroutine has been executed.
Alternatively, you can execute the subroutine statement for statement with Single Step.
If the current statement is within a subroutine, you can click Return (<F7>) to execute the
remainder of the subroutine without stopping. The main program is then stopped again after
the subroutine has been executed.

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You are familiar with the authorization concept
and can apply it.
You can program function modules.
You can use the debugger.
First Attempts at Programming: Summary

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Exercises

Unit : First Attempts at Programming

At the conclusion of this exercise, you will be able to:
Analyze existing function modules
Program your own function modules
Debug programs
Create authorization objects and evaluate them technically in relation
to the program

1-1 Analysis of the delivered function module
BAPI_COMPANYCODE_GETDETAIL
1-1-1 Start the Function Builder to analyze the function module
BAPI_COMPANYCODE_GETDETAIL.
1-1-2 What is the name of the function group in which the function module
BAPI_COMPANYCODE_GETDETAIL is located? How many
function modules are there in total in this function group? Which other
object types does this group have, other than function modules?
1-1-3 What are the names of the input and output parameters for the function
module?
1-1-4 Test the function module: What is the name of the company code
1000?
1-1-5 How many function modules are called directly from the function
module BAPI_COMPANYCODE_GETDETAIL?
1-1-6 Does an authorization check take place? If so, how is it encapsulated?
1-1-7 Follow the execution of the function module in the debugger.

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1-2 Programming a function module for the authorization check
1-2-1 Create a function group Y_## as a local object.
1-2-2 Analyze the authorization fields ACTVT and BUKRS. What meaning
do the attributes 01, 06 and 10 for the ACTVT field have? In
which table can you find the permitted attributes for the authorization
field BUKRS?
1-2-3 Define the authorization object Y## in the authorization class AC40
with the authorization field ACTVT.
1-2-4 Define a role Y## and assign the profile Y##_123456 to it. Assign the
authorization object Y## to the role. Define an authorization by giving
attributes to the authorization object Y## for the role Y##, such as
setting the activities "Change and Display, for example. Assign the
role Y## to yourself.
1-2-5 Program a function module, Y##AUTHORIZATION, for the
authorization object Y## that provides the authorization to create,
change and display dependent on the company code.
1-2-6 Test the function module. Play with the function module by extending
your authorization and then calling the function module again.
Develop an additional function module,
Y##BERECHTIGUNGSTEST, that calls the first one.

SAP AG AC400 3-126
Solutions

Unit : First Attempts at Programming

1-1 Analysis of the delivered function module
BAPI_COMPANYCODE_GETDETAIL
1-1-1 Start the Function Builder to analyze the function module
BAPI_COMPANYCODE_GETDETAIL.
Start the transaction SE37 under the menu path
Tools>ABAP Workbench>Development>Function Builder.
Function module BAPI_COMPANYCODE_GETDETAIL
Press button Display
1-1-2 What is the name of the function group in which the function module
BAPI_COMPANYCODE_GETDETAIL is located? How many
function modules are there in total in this function group? Which other
object types does this group have, other than function modules?
Tab page Attributes
The function group is called 0002. When you click on the Display
Object List key, a structure tree is displayed that contains all the
objects in the function group. Amongst other objects, there are six
function modules in the group. There are also objects for the "DDIC
Structures", Fields, Subroutines and Includes types for this
group.
1-1-3 What are the names of the input and output parameters for the function
module?
Tab page Import or Export
Input parameter COMPANYCODEID
Output parameter COMPANYCODE_DETAIL
COMPANYCODE_ADDRESS
RETURN
1-1-4 Test the function module: What is the name of the company code
1000?
Press button Test/Execute
COMPANYCODEID 1000
Press button Execute
The name of the company code is IDES AG.

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1-1-5 How many function modules are called directly from the function
module BAPI_COMPANYCODE_GETDETAIL?
Start the transaction SE37 under the menu path Tools>ABAP
Workbench>Development>Function Builder.
Function module BAPI_COMPANYCODE_GETDETAIL
Press button Display
Tab page Source Code
The function modules that are called directly can be listed using the
Find/Replace pushbutton and entering Call Function as the search
text . Five function modules are called directly.
1-1-6 Does an authorization check take place? If so, how is it encapsulated?
Yes, and authorization check is made. It is encapsulated by the
CHECK_AUTHORITY_T001 subroutine.
1-1-7 Follow the execution of the function module in the debugger.
Press button Test
Press button Debugging

1-2 Programming a function module for the authorization check
1-2-1 Create a function group Y_## as a local object.
Start the transaction SE80 under the menu path Tools>ABAP
Workbench>Overview>Object Navigator.
View Local Objects
Local Objects AC400-##
Select the Function Groups line in the object tree. Use the context
menu to choose the Create function.
Function group Y_##
Short text
Person responsible AC400-##
Press button Save
Press button Local Object

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1-2-2 Analyze the authorization fields ACTVT and BUKRS. What meaning
do the attributes 01, 06 and 10 for the ACTVT field have? In
which table can you find the permitted attributes for the authorization
field BUKRS?
Start the transaction SU20 under the menu path Tools>ABAP
Workbench>Development>Other Tools>
Authorization Objects>Fields.
Select the field ACTVT. The corresponding table name "TACT" can
be found by clicking on "Display".
Transaction SE16 provides the table content for TACT.
The attributes have the following meaning:
01 Insert or Create
06 Delete
10 Post
In transaction SU20, select the field BUKRS. The corresponding table
name "T001" can be found by clicking on "Display".
1-2-3 Define the authorization object Y## in the authorization class AC40
with the authorization field ACTVT.
Start the transaction SU21 under the menu path
Tools>ABAP Workbench>Development>Other Tools>
Authorization Objects>Objects.
Select the authorization object class AC40. You can use the context
menu to create authorization objects for this class:
Object Y##
Field name ACTVT
BURKS
After you have created the documentation, save your data.

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1-2-4 Define a role Y## and assign the profile Y##_123456 to it. Assign the
authorization object Y## to the role. Define an authorization by giving
attributes to the authorization object Y## for the role Y##, such as
setting the activities "Change and Display, for example. Assign the
role Y## to yourself.
Start the transaction PFCG under the menu path
Tools>Administration>User Maintenance>Role
Administration>Roles
Press button Create Role
Role Y##

Press button Save
Tab page Authorizations
Press button Propose Profile Names
Press button Save
Press button Change Authorization Data
Press button Do Not Select Template
Press button Manual Entry of Authorization Objects
Authorization Object Y##
Expand the structure tree that then appears as far as the lowest level.
Select the Activity line.
Press button Change
Select the entries 01, 02 and 03, for example.
Press button Save
Select the Company Code line.
Press button Change
Select the entry 1000, for example.
Press button Save
Press button Generate
Press button Back
Tab page User
ID AC400-##
Press button Save

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1-2-5 Program a function module, Y##AUTHORIZATION, for the
authorization object Y## that provides the authorization to create,
change and display dependent on the company code.
Start the transaction SE37, for example.
Function module Y##AUTHORIZATION
Press button Create
Function group Y_##
Short text
Tab page Import
Set the parameters according to the Source Text information.
Tab page Export
Tab page Exceptions
Tab page Source Text
The following program text offers a possible solution. The import and
export parameters are listed in the first section under Local
Interface. Messages are also used in the function module. The
messages used can be created using transaction SE91, for example.
The messages referenced here have the following message short text:
Message Short text
102 User &1 has no authorization
103 User &1 is not known

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FUNCTION Y##AUTHORIZATION.
*"-------------------------------------------------------------------
---
*"*"Local interface:
*" IMPORTING
*" REFERENCE(ID_ACTVT) TYPE ACTIV_AUTH
*" REFERENCE(ID_BUKRS) TYPE BUKRS
*" REFERENCE(ID_UNAME) TYPE SY-UNAME DEFAULT SY-UNAME
*" EXPORTING
*" REFERENCE(ED_ANSWER) TYPE CHAR2
*" EXCEPTIONS
*" NO_AUTHORITY
*" USER_UNKNOWN
*"-------------------------------------------------------------------
---
* data
DATA: ld_subrc LIKE sy-subrc.

* Check
AUTHORITY-CHECK OBJECT 'Y##'
FOR USER id_uname
* for activity
ID 'ACTVT'
FIELD id_actvt
* and for company code
ID 'BUKRS'
FIELD id_bukrs.
ld_subrc = sy-subrc.

* Evaluation of sy-subrc
CASE ld_subrc.
WHEN 0.
ed_answer = 'YES'.
WHEN 4 or 12.
ed_answer = 'NO'.
MESSAGE ID 'AC400' TYPE 'S' NUMBER '102'
WITH id_uname RAISING no_authority.
WHEN 40.
ed_answer = 'NO'.
MESSAGE ID 'AC400' TYPE 'S' NUMBER '103'
WITH id_uname RAISING user_unkown.

WHEN OTHERS.
ed_answer = 'NO'.
ENDCASE.
ENDFUNCTION.
1-2-6 Test the function module. Play with the function module by extending
or limiting your authorization and then calling the function module
again. Develop an additional function module,
Y##AUTHORIZATIONTEST, that calls the first one.
Create the function module Y##AUTHORIZATIONTEST in the same
way you created your function module Y##AUTHORIZAITON. It

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could look as follows:

FUNCTION Y##AUTHORIZATIONTEST.
*"-------------------------------------------------------------------
---
*"-------------------------------------------------------------------
---

DATA: ld_answer TYPE char2.

BREAK-POINT.

* Test should deliver: ed_answer = 'YES'
* and sy-subrc = 0
CALL FUNCTION 'Y##AUTHORIZATION'
EXPORTING
id_actvt = '01'
id_bukrs = '1000'
id_uname = 'AC400-##'
IMPORTING
ed_answer = ld_answer
EXCEPTIONS
authority_incomplete = 1
no_authority = 2
user_unknown = 3
OTHERS = 4.

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* Test should deliver: ed_answer = 'NO'
* and sy-subrc = 4
EXPORTING
id_actvt = '01'
id_bukrs = '2000'
id_uname = 'AC400-99'
IMPORTING
EXCEPTIONS
no_authority = 2
user_unknown = 3
OTHERS = 4.

* Test should deliver: ed_answer = 'NO'
* and sy-subrc = 40
EXPORTING
id_actvt = '01'
id_bukrs = '2000'
id_uname = 'ODYSSEUS'
IMPORTING
EXCEPTIONS
no_authority = 2
user_unknown = 3
OTHERS = 4.

ENDFUNCTION.

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Dialogs and ALV Reports: Overview Diagram
Ex t r ac t i on
Ex t r ac t i on

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Dialogs and ALV Reports Overview
This unit provides an overview of dialog
programming and ALV as a reporting tool.
Contents:

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Programdialogs
Program ALV reports
Dialogs and ALV Reports: Unit Objectives

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Selection screen
Airline
Global types
Documentation
Field label
Search help
Data element
Structure
field
Technical type
ABAP program
PARAMETERS pa_carr TYPE spfli-carrid .
pa_carr
* PARAMETERS pa_carr TYPE s_carr_id .
S
e
m
a
n
tic
in
fo
rm
a
tio
n
program-internal
variable
Parameter Definition

If an input field is typed with a data element, the following semantic information is also
available:
A field label can be adopted as the selection text.
The input help (F1 help) from the data element is automatically available for the input field.
An input help (F4 help) is automatically available for the input field if a search help is
coupled to the data element. A search help is an independent object that is defined in the
Dictionary and that controls the dialog and data retrieval for the input help.
If an input field is typed with a structure field that uses a data element, the following semantic
information is also available:
The field label and the input help (F1 help) are copied from the data element with which
the Dictionary structure field is typed.
If a search help is coupled to the structure field, this is drawn upon for the input help (F4
help) and overcovers the search help for the data element. If no search help is coupled to the
field, the search help from the data element is drawn upon.
Note that the choice of the global type that you use for typing the input field affects the
semantic information available to the user.
You will find more information in the online documentation for the ABAP Dictionary.

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Text elements ( multilingual )
List header
ABAP program
Text symbols
PA_CITY
Selection texts
DE Abflugort
EN
...
PARAMETERS pa_city TYPE ...
SELECT-OPTIONS so_carr FOR ...
Point of
departure
Airline LH to
DE Fluggesellschaft
EN
SO_CARR
Dictionary
reference
Dictionary
reference
Selection screen
Selection Texts

The field names appear as text in front of the input fields of a selection screen by default. You
can replace them with selection texts and translate them into the required language. The
selection texts appear for the user in the logon language.
If the input field is typed directly or indirectly with a data element, you can copy the field
labels from one of the texts stored in the Dictionary.

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Database
table
ABAP program
pa_car
LH
Selection
screen
PARAMETERS pa_car TYPE s_carr_id.
...
LH
SELECT * FROM spfli
DATA wa_spfli TYPE spfli.
INTO wa_spfli
WHERE carrid = pa_car .
WRITE: / ...
ENDSELECT.
Using Parameters

To get the standard selection screen in an executable program, all you need to do is program a
PARAMETERS statement.
The statement PARAMETERS name TYPE typename or PARAMETERS name LIKE
data_object generates an elementary input field on the selection screen and declares a data
object name of the same type.
If the user enters a value and chooses Execute, the input value is placed in the internal data
object name for the program. Only entries that conform to the type are permitted.

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Database
table
ABAP program
Selection
screen
SELECT-OPTIONS
so_car FOR wa_spfli-carrid .
...
DATA wa_spfli TYPE spfli.
SELECT * FROM spfli
INTO wa_spfli
WHERE carrid IN so_car .
WRITE: / ...
ENDSELECT.
AA DL
( Selection conditions )
Internal table so_car
sign option low high
I
I
E
EQ
EQ
BT
LH
AA DL
BA
Using Select Options

You define selection options using the SELECT-OPTIONS name FOR data_object
statement: Two data objects of the same type appear on the selection screen as input fields for
entering range limits by default. A pushbutton also appears for carrying out complex range
selections.
The ABAP runtime system defines an internal table name with four columns as a data object
inside the program:
sign to indicate whether the value or the interval should be included (I) or excluded from the
range (E),
option for the operator (BT, ...): You will find all the possible operators in the keyword
documentation for SELECT-OPTIONS,
low for the lower limit of an interval or individual value,
high for the upper limit of an interval.
This selection table name always refers to a data object that has already been defined. The data
object normally serves as the target field in data selection and the selection table as the
possible range of values. For this reason there is a special form of WHERE clause for the
database selection that queries whether the corresponding field is contained in the range on the
database.
Note:
A similar inclusion query is also define for the IF statement.

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...
PARAMETERS pa_car TYPE s_carr_id.
CONSTANTS actvt_display(2) VALUE '03'.
* Event processed after leaving the selection screen
AT SELECTION-SCREEN.
AUTHORITY-CHECK OBJECT 'S_CARRID'
ID 'CARRID' FIELD pa_car
ID 'ACTVT' FIELD actvt_display.
IF sy-subrc NE 0.
* Show selection screen again with error message
MESSAGE e045(bc400) WITH pa_car.
ENDIF.
START-OF-SELECTION.
...
Example: Authorization Check for the Selection Screen

By way of example of an additional input check with an error dialog, a program with an input
field for the abbreviation of an airline is to be extended.
The authorization check is to be performed at the selection screen:
If the user has display authorization for the airline that was entered, the program is to
continue processing.
If the user has no display authorization, the selection screen should be displayed again with
an error message in the status bar.

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Consistency check
at data input
Flexible
programflow
200
120
140
100
300
Type checks
Possible values
Input help
?
Formatting
options
Dynpro Properties

Dynpros contain not only screen layouts with input and output fields but also their own
processing logic.
By integrating the ABAP Dictionary, automatic consistency checks are available for screen
input fields. As well as the type check, this also includes foreign key checks and checks against
fixed values. Information from the Dictionary is automatically used for these checks.
The checks can be extended to include checks specific to the program. Technology is available
for dynpros that controls the check sequence and makes the fields ready for input again when
errors are discovered.
The layout can be structured very flexibly, with input fields, output fields, radio buttons,
checkboxes, and above all, pushbuttons that enable the user to influence the further course of
the program.
The same formatting options are available for the dynpro as for the list and the selection
screen: Fixed point numbers and dates are formatted according to the settings in the user fixed
values, time according to hh:mm:ss, amounts according to the contents of a currency field and
lengths, weights and so on according to the content of a unit of measure field.

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Dynpro sequence
100
200
300
120
140
CALL SCREEN 100.
ABAP program
Next dynpro = 0
Dynpro calls

You start a dynpro sequence
by specifying the first dynpro as the start dynpro for a transaction code belonging to the
"dialog transaction" type, or
by calling a dynpro from any ABAP processing block in the program.
In this unit we will limit ourselves to the latter option.

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Properties Element list
Flow logic
(flow control)
4 Dynpro number
4 Short description
4 Dynpro type
4 Next dynpro
4 . . .
PROCESS BEFORE OUTPUT.
MODULE clear_ok_code.
PROCESS AFTER INPUT.
MODULE user_command.
Layout
Departure
Screen Painter
Arrival
Layout editor
4 Field A
CHAR20
Required
Entry field
...
4 Field B
...
4 . . .
4 . . .
Dynpro Components

The following components belong to a dynpro:
Properties:
- They contain a four figure number for the dynpro name, a short text and information
about the dynpro type (for example normal for full screen).
Layout:
- You can place elements on your dynpro. Elements that appear on the dynpro are called
screen elements.
Element list:
- This contains the properties of the screen elements such as position, size and data type.
Flow control:
- This contains processing logic that should be processed before the dynpro is sent to the
presentation server (PBO) and processing logic that should be processed after a user
action (PAI).

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Properties
of an element
Element list
Create fields
with Dictionary
reference
Toolbar
Graphical Layout Editor
Layout area
The Graphical Layout Editor

You can start other functions from the graphical Layout Editor:
Element properties:
- This dialog box shows all the attributes for a screen element. You can change some of
these attributes directly in the dialog box.
Example: Readiness for input of an input/output field.
Fetch from Dictionary / Fetch from Program:
- In this dialog box you can generate fields with typing for a global type or fields of the
same type for data objects in the program.
Element list:
- This shows all the elements displayed on the dynpro together with the relevant attributes.
Attributes can be changed directly here too.

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100
...
CALL SCREEN 100.
...
MODULE abc OUTPUT.
...
ENDMODULE.
PBO
MODULE abc.
MODULE xyz INPUT.
...
ENDMODULE.
PAI
MODULE xyz.
ABAP program
Dynpro 100
Calling Modules

The ABAP statement CALL SCREEN <nnnn> interrupts processing of the processing block
and calls the dynpro.
Two event blocks are available for each dynpro:
PROCESS BEFORE OUTPUT (PBO) is processed before the dynpro is displayed. At this
event, modules can be called that preassign values to the screen fields, for example.
PROCESS AFTER INPUT (PAI) is processed after a user action. The program logic,
which depends on the user action, has to be encoded at PAI.
Beachten Sie:
The source text for the PBO and PAI events is created with the Screen Painter and not with
the ABAP Editor. Both event blocks together are termed the flow logic of the dynpro.
A separate, small command record (no ABAP statement!) is available for programming the
flow logic. The most important statement in this record is MODULE module_name. This
calls the ABAP processing block module_name, within which you can enter ABAP code as
normal.
Modules are processing blocks without an interface that can only be called from the flow
logic. A module is enclosed by the ABAP statements MODULE and ENDMODULE.

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...
Back Save
MODULE user_command_0100 INPUT.
CASE ok_code.
WHEN 'BACK'. ...
WHEN 'SAVE'. ...
ENDCASE.
ENDMODULE.
ABAP program
MODULE user_command_0100.
Dynpro 100
...
CALL SCREEN 100.
...
Analyzing the Function Code for PAI

You can analyze the user actions in a PAI module. This PAI module is normally named
user_command_nnnn (nnnn stands for the dynpro number). Analyze the function code in this
module in the ok_code field.
Note:
For historical reasons, modules have no interface and no local variables. In modules you can
access all the global data in the ABAP program.

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...
MODULE user_command_100.
ENDMODULE.
Cancel Yes No
Create object
PAI module USER_COMMAND_100 does not
exist.
Do you want to create the object?
Double-click
USER_COMMAND_0100 PAI module
New include
Framework program
Include election
ZBC400_00_DYNPRO
Create PAI module
Screen
painter
Dynpro flow control
ABAP
Editor
...
Creating Modules Using Forward Navigation

In the flow control (PBO and PAI) you normally implement MODULE calls. The modules
themselves are created in ABAP.
There are two options for creating a module:
Forward navigation: From the Screen Painter you create a module by double-clicking on
the module name in the flow logic.
Navigation area: If you want to create a module from the object list of the program, choose
a new program object "PBO module" or "PAI module".
A module can be called from several dynpros (reusability).
Note that a module that you call at the PBO event is defined with the MODULE ... OUTPUT
statement; you can only call a module that is defined with the MODULE ... INPUT statement
at the PAI event.

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100
...
CALL SCREEN 100.
...
MODULE abc OUTPUT.
...
ENDMODULE.
PBO
MODULE abc.
MODULE xyz INPUT.
...
ENDMODULE.
PAI
MODULE xyz.
Dynpro 100
Next dynpro: 100
Fixed Screen Sequences
Dynpro attributes:
ABAP program

If the next dynpro for dynpro 100 is set to 100, the dynpro is processed again after PAI has
finished.

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100
...
CALL SCREEN 100.
...
MODULE abc OUTPUT.
...
ENDMODULE.
PBO
MODULE abc.
MODULE xyz INPUT.
...
ENDMODULE.
PAI
MODULE xyz.
Dynpro 100
Dynpro attributes
:
Next dynpro: 0
Ending Dynpro Sequences - Fixed Rule
ABAP program

By specifying the next dynpro here, you determine that after the dynpro has been completely
processed, processing continues at the dynpro callpoint.

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100
...
CALL SCREEN 100.
...
MODULE abc OUTPUT.
...
ENDMODULE.
PBO
MODULE abc.
MODULE xyz INPUT.
SET SCREEN 0.
ENDMODULE.
PAI
MODULE xyz.
Dynpro 100
Dynpro attributes
:
Next dynpro: 100
0
ABAP program
Ending Dynpro Sequences - Variable Rule

The next dynpro can be set dynamically from a PAI module using the ABAP statement SET
SCREEN nnnn. This represses the static entry.
The system enters the number of the current dynpro as the next dynpro by default. As a result,
the enter key or the green checkmark only leads to a field check, and the dynpro is sent again
after this, with a corresponding error message, if applicable. You can only exit it using a
pushbutton intended for this purpose that is caught in a PAI module.
Note that when the same dynpros are processed again, all the PBO modules are run again. If
you decide to fill the TABLES structure in a PBO module, you must ensure that this does not
overwrite the changes made to the data on the dynpro by the user when it is called again.

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DATA ok_code LIKE sy-ucomm.
START-OF-SELECTION.
...
AT LINE-SELECTION.
...
CALL SCREEN 100.
...
CASE ok_code.
WHEN 'BACK'.
SET SCREEN 0.
MESSAGE s057(bc400).
WHEN 'SAVE'.
* Saving changes in data base
...
SET SCREEN 0.
MESSAGE s058(bc400).
ENDCASE.
ENDMODULE.
Syntax Example: Analyzing the Function Code

For our scenario, two pushbuttons should be caught:
With 'BACK', the next dynpro is set to 0 dynamically. This takes you back to the callpoint.
In our case, this means returning to the basic list. The message 057 appears in the status bar
in the following screen.
With 'SAVE' the program behaves in the same way as for 'BACK'. It returns to the basic
list, however, a different message appears in the status bar. In the unit Cross-Program
Modularization the program is extended with a change to the data record.

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Flight data Edit Goto System Help
Help F1
Select F2
Back F3
. . .
Function key
settings
Change flight times

GUI title
Menu bar
Toolbar
Application toolbar
Function key settings
Terms for the User Interface
GUI status

The user interface appears with the following elements:
The title bar contains the title of the actual screen.
The menu bar contains expandable menus.
The menus contain the functions that you can execute in the program. Menus can contain
submenus (cascading menus). The "System" and "Help" menus are available with identical
functions on all screens in the R/3 system. Neither of these menus can be changed or hidden.
The toolbar contains icons for functions that are used very frequently. The toolbar contains the
same icons on every screen in the R/3 system with function keys that have been permanently
assigned. The icons for functions that cannot be executed on the actual screen are grayed out.
The (function) key setting can be displayed with a right mouse click. All functions that can be
executed by way of the menu should also be executable by way of a function key.
The application toolbar enables frequently used function keys on a screen to be executed by
clicking on an icon or a pushbutton too.
An interface is created for each program that contains the elements listed above. Views can be
created on the user interface for different screens: GUI status.

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F2
F9
...
Toolbar
%EX BACK RW
PICK
%PRI %SC P--
Menu bar Menu bar flight data
i
Application toolbar
i
Function keys Function keys flight data
i
Application toolbar flight data
P-
q
q +
+
+
q
P+ P++
?
%SC+
Choose
Recommended function key settings
User-determined function keys
F5
F6
...
<...> Select
Status in the Menu Painter Function Keys

The key assignment is divided into three areas:
Toolbar: Specific function codes are required for the functions Save, Back, Program Exit,
Cancel, Print and the Scroll icons, as well as for the Enter key. The corresponding function
key is automatically assigned when you assign a function code to the icon in the toolbar.
Recommended function key settings: Functions are proposed here that should normally be
assigned to specific function keys.
User-determined function keys: All the other function codes are listed here that are not
covered by standard icons. You can look for suitable keys here for functions specific to a
particular program.
In addition, you can define a pushbutton in the application toolbar for function keys that are
often required. Icons or text can be represented on pushbuttons.

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Menu bar
Menu bar flight data
i
Application toolbar
i
Function keys
Function keys flight data
i
Flight data
Code Text
Edit Goto
Code Text Code Text
PICK
%SC
%SC+
RW
Select
Search
Extend search
Cancel
PRI
%EX
Return BACK Print
Save/Send
Exit
>
Status in the Menu Painter Menu Bar

The system proposes standard layouts for the menu bar which you can also modify, however.
The menu bar can contain a maximum of eight menus, six user-definable menus as well as
System and Help, which are automatically inserted as standard menus.

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Menu bar
SCREEN
SCREEN
SCREEN
i
i
i
Selection and Integration
of subobjects of an
already defined status
Application toolbar
Function keys
Including Existing Status Elements

Create a new status for the dynpro and use an icon to display all the menu bar or function key
assignments that have already been defined. In the example program only one menu bar or
function key assignment is displayed.
Double-click on this to select it so that you can reference the same menu bar and the same
function key assignment for the dynpro status as in the list status.

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Function code
Flight data Edit Goto
Code Text
Select
function code
Back BACK
Application toolbar
i
Function keys Function keys flight data
i
Menu bar Menu bar flight data
i
1
Set to active/
inactive
2
Deactivating Status Functions

To set an active or inactive status for functions, proceed as follows:
Switch to change mode status by double-clicking and the Display * Change icons.
Place the cursor on the required function code and click on the active * inactive icons in the
application toolbar
In our example, we add the SAVE function, which does not belong to the standard list
functions, to the toolbar and the Flight Data menu. The system points out that we are
referencing the menu bar and the toolbar. If we confirm the dialog box, the SAVE function is
automatically included in the status for the menu bar and the toolbar and displayed as inactive
there.
The functions BACK and SAVE in our example are analyzed in the PAI module
user_command_0100.

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SET TITLEBAR 'T_ABC'.
Program
Title code
Title
Create title
xxxxx
T_ABC
Change flight times
GUI interface: Title T_ABC does not exist.
Do you want to create the object?
Cancel
Create object
Yes No
Confirm
START-OF-SELECTION block ( for list )
or
PBO module ( for dynpro)
Double-
click
Defining GUI Titles

There are three options for creating or maintaining a title:
From the object list of the repository browser,
by forward navigation from the ABAP Editor, or
directly, using the Menu Painter tool.
A name of a title can have a maximum of 20 characters.
Note: If you create the proposed PBO module status_nnnn by forward navigation, the SET
TITLEBAR 'XXX'. statement is automatically generated in the module. It is turned into a
comment. You can use this proposal by deleting the asterisk and entering the number of the
title. Then you can create the title by forward navigation.

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attr1
attr2
...
meth1
meth2
...
Class
(Formal description of objects)
Object attribute
Object methods
attr1 8
ABC
Objects (instances) of the class
attr2
meth1
meth2
attr1 3
XYZ
attr2
meth1
meth2
attr1 5
SAP
attr2
meth1
meth2
Concept of Object-Oriented Programming

The first impression of a class is that it is like a function group:
It contains data objects (attributes) and functions (methods). These components can be
protected from external access. Then only methods can be used to access them.
In contrast to function groups, however, classes can be instanced several times. In other words,
more than one runtime object can be generated for a class for each program. Another way of
looking at it is that a class contains the technical description of objects (instances). All these
objects therefore have the same attributes and offer the same methods. They can all be
physically distinguished from one another, however. Their attributes can have different
characteristic values.
Classes can be defined locally, within an executable program, or globally.
As of release 4.6a, the ABAP runtime system supports standard object-oriented syntax
elements. However, these cannot be discussed properly in the time available in this training
course. You will find detailed information about this in the SAP Library.

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ABAP program
DATA ref1 TYPE REF TO myclass.
DATA ref2 TYPE REF TO myclass.
CREATE OBJECT ref1 ...
...
CREATE OBJECT ref2 ...
CALL METHOD ref1->meth1
EXPORTING ...
IMPORTING ...
EXCEPTIONS ...
CALL METHOD ref2->meth1
EXPORTING ...
IMPORTING ...
EXCEPTIONS ...
ref1 ref2
meth1
meth2
meth2
meth1
Instantiation of Objects and Method Calls

To generate and address class instances you need so-called reference variables. These are
pointers to the instances. You define such reference variables with
DATA reference_name TYPE REF TO class_name.
The data objects are created in the memory when the program starts. However, because no
instances have yet been generated, the reference variables are still empty at this point.
At runtime you can generate as many class instances as you want using
CREATE OBJECT reference_name.
- The import parameters for a special method, the CONSTRUCTOR, may have to be
populated. This special method is executed immediately after the instance has been
generated. Basic settings for the actual instance are normally made.
You call the methods for an instance using
CALL METHOD reference_name->method_name.
- In contrast to calling a function module, the function name is not sufficient here,
as several instances of a class normally exist for each program. You use the reference
variable, followed by the object component selector ->, to cause a specific instance to call
its method.

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AA
0017
0064
LH
0400
0402
Airlines
Tree control
http://www.sap.com
HTML viewer control
Grid control Picture control
CL_GUI_ALV_GRID CL_GUI_PICTURE
CL_GUI_HTML_VIEWER CL_SIMPLE_TREE_MODEL
EnjoySAP Controls as Standard Classes

As of release 4.6a the ABAP Workbench offers a large range of new EnjoySAP controls to
relocate dialog functions from the application server to the presentation server. The steering of
these controls is object-oriented, and takes place with the help of classes, the SAP Control
Framework.
Method calls steer the controls from your ABAP program. The Control Framework sends your
requirements to the presentation server, where they are converted in accordance with the
platform.
You can give the user the option of triggering events on the presentation server. These are
converted in turn by the Control Framework, so that your ABAP program can respond to them.
You will find detailed information about EnjoySAP controls and the Control Framework in the
SAP Library.

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17
64
AA
AA
AA
AA
LH
LH
LH
LH
LH
17
17
400
402
400
400
402
2000-01-17
2000-02-20
2000-03-11
2000-05-19
2000-01-13
2000-02-26
2000-03-21
2000-03-04
2000-05-28
USD
USD
USD
USD
EUR
EUR
EUR
EUR
EUR
513,69
1234,56
1234,56
513,69
513,69
369,00
1234,56
1234,56
1234,56
A321
747-400
A310-300
A319
A319
A310-300
A310-300
A321
747-400
Details
Sort
Search
Filter
Total
Print
Download
Display variant
Toolbar
The SAP Grid Control

The ALV grid control is used for displaying non-hierarchical data in a table. Numerous user
functions are already implemented.
In the control, the columns can be made wider and smaller, or adapted to fit the data that is
currently being output using the Optimum Width function. Columns can also be swapped
around by selecting a column and dragging it to another position.
Standard functions are offered in the control toolbar. The Details View displays the fields in
the line on which the cursor was positioned in a modular dialog box.
The ALV control provides a Sort Function for any number of columns. You can determine
complex sort criteria and arrange the columns in ascending or descending order.
With the Search function you can search in lines or columns within a selected area for a
character string (generic search without *).
Totals can be requested for one or more numeric columns. Using the Subtotals function you
can then build control level lists: You select the column (non-numeric fields only) you want to
consider and the system provides you with the control level totals.
With Print and Download the complete list is always processed and not just the section in the
screen display.
The user can also make Display Variant settings.

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Area
Custom
container
control
SAP grid control
Dynpro 100
Process
Before
Output
Process
After
Input
PBO module
Control
area
...
...
Container
instance
Grid
instance
The Custom Container as a Dynpro Object

An EnjoySAP control must be embedded in an SAP container control. This manages the
embedded controls and provides a physical area for visualization.
The container becomes the parent of the embedded control.
Since containers are themselves controls, they can be nested within one another. This allows
you to work with controls both flexibly and in a modular way.
You require at least one container and an ALV grid instance in order to use an ALV grid
control in your program.

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Area
Custom
container
control
SAP grid control
Container
instance
Grid
instance
CL_GUI_CUSTOM_CONTAINER
CL_GUI_ALV_GRID
CLASS BUILDER
The SAP Grid in the Custom Container

Global classes (object types) are available in the Class Builder for steering the custom
container control and the ALV grid control :
CL_GUI_CUSTOM_CONTAINER and CL_GUI_ALV_GRID.

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Int. types Events
Superclasses
Methods
CONSTRUCTOR
CL_GUI_CUSTOM_CONTAINER
Class CL_GUI_CUSTOM_CONTAINER
Attributes Interfaces Properties Methods
Parameter for method CONSTRUCTOR
Parameter
PARENT
CONTAINER_NAME
...
Value Optional ... Associated type ... Description
. .
.
.
.
.
.
Mandatory parameter
of the CONSTRUCTOR method
have to be supplied with CREATE
OBJECT.
Class Builder
Is called implicitly with
CREATE OBJECT
The Constructor Method

For more detailed information about the global class CL_GUI_CUSTOM_CONTAINER,
navigate to the Class Builder: Display the object list for the class in the navigation area of the
Object Navigator. Then display the entire class or individual components in the editing area.
Alternatively, you can double-click on the class name from an ABAP program to access the
Class Builder. Depending on the display mode you then click on Parameter or Signature to get
detailed information about the interface parameters.
The global class CL_GUI_CUSTOM_CONTAINER only has the CONSTRUCTOR
method. When the instance is generated using CREATE OBJECT in the program, you have
to transfer at least the mandatory parameter container_name. The name of a custom container
area on a dynpro must be transferred to this parameter.

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Superclasses
Interfaces
Attributes
Methods
. . .
CONSTRUCTOR
. . .
SET_TABLE_FOR_FIRST_DISPLAY
. . .
REFRESH_TABLE_DISPLAY
. . .
Redefinitions
Events
CL_GUI_ALV_GRID
If an implicit call is made at
CREATE OBJECT;
Mandatory parameter :
i_parent
Mandatory parameter :
it_outtab (Display data)
Optional parameter :
i_structure_name
(global structure for describing
the table line type)
Important SAP Grid Control Methods

The global class CL_GUI_ALV_GRID has numerous methods.. To display the content of an
internal table with an ALV grid control it is sufficient to examine three methods more closely.
CONSTRUCTOR:
The pointer to the container control instance must be transferred to the constructor.
SET_TABLE_FOR_FIRST_DISPLAY:
The internal table with the data to be displayed must be transferred to the it_outtab
parameter. This table must be a standard table so that the user can deploy the sort functions.
In addition, technical information is required for formatting the grid columns. The easiest
thing to do is to use a flat structure or a transparent table - in other words, a global type - as
the line type for the internal table. In this case, all you need to do now is transfer the name of
the line type to the i_structure_name parameter.
Alternatively, you can also construct a so-called field catalog and transfer it to
it_fieldcatalog.
REFRESH_TABLE_DISPLAY:
You only need to execute this method if the contents of the internal table have changed since
the first time they were displayed.

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Custom
control
area
Type: Custom control
Name: CONTAINER_1
Resizing
Vertical : Min. lines: 5
Horizontal : Min. columns: 20
C
Screen Painter
Placing the Custom Control Container on the Dynpro

To reserve an area for an EnjoySAP control on a dynpro, you have to use the Screen Painter
(Layout pushbutton) to create a custom container area.
To the left of the toolbar next to the editing area you will find an icon with the description
Custom Control:
Choose the Custom Control pushbutton. Then determine the size and position of the area on
the dynpro. To do this, you should proceed as follows: You determine the top left corner of
the area by pressing the selection key of your mouse. Holding the mouse button down, drag
the mouse diagonally to the bottom right as far as the required lower right corner of the area
to be created. As soon as you release the mouse button, the lower right corner is fixed.
You can change the size and position of the area at any time by drag and drop using the
"pull symbol" that appears on the edge of the area.
Assign a name to your newly created dynpro element (here: CONTAINER_1).
You can use the attributes Vertical Resizing and Horizontal Resizing to determine whether or
not the area should be extended accordingly when you resize the dynpro. If you set the
attributes, you can determine the minimum size to which the area can be reduced using the
additional attributes Min. Lines and Min. Columns. The upper limit is determined by the size of
the area.

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container_r
gdt_spfli
ok_code
grid_r
Custom Control Containers as Data Objects
DATA gdt_spfli TYPE sbc400_t_spfli.
DATA: container_r TYPE REF TO cl_gui_custom_container ,
grid_r TYPE REF TO cl_gui_alv_grid .
DATA ok_code TYPE sy-ucomm.
START-OF-SELECTION.
* fill internal table ...
CALL SCREEN 100.

Two reference variables are required in the ABAP program.
The reference variable that points to the container control instance is called container_r here,
and is typed with the global class cl_gui_custom_container.
The reference variable that points to the grid control instance is called grid_r here, and is
typed with the global class cl_gui_alv_grid.

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container_r
grid_r
Instantiation of Custom Control Containers
MODULE create_control OUTPUT.
IF container_r IS INITIAL.
CREATE OBJECT container_r
EXPORTING container_name = 'CONTAINER_1'
CREATE OBJECT grid_r
EXPORTING i_parent = container_r.
...
ENDIF.
ENDMODULE.

You generate control instances with the CREATE OBJECT statement.
Make sure that you let the system create the statement for you. In this way, you avoid spelling
mistakes and errors. Similar to function module calls, the complete interface is implemented in
your program. CREATE OBJECT is the interface for the constructor method. Optional
parameters are inserted as a comment.
Control editing must be processed before the dynpro is displayed. It should also be coupled in
a modular way to the processing of the respective dynpro. For this reason we recommend you
implement a PBO module here.
The controls should be instantiated only once - before the dynpro is first displayed. This can
be realized simply by querying the content of one of the two reference variables.
Since the instantiation of the container control is implemented in the corresponding PBO
module here, it is sufficient to supply the name of the customer container area. In other cases,
the program name and dynpro number can be given as well.
When instantiating the grid control, it is sufficient to transfer the pointer to the container
instance. Thus the container control manages the technical linking of the grid control to the
dynpro.

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MODULE create_control OUTPUT.
IF container_r IS INITIAL.
CREATE OBJECT container_r
EXPORTING container_name = 'CONTAINER_1' .
CREATE OBJECT grid_r
EXPORTING i_parent = container_r .
ENDIF.
ENDMODULE.
container_r
grid_r
CALL METHOD CALL METHOD
grid_r grid_r- -> >set_table_for_first_display set_table_for_first_display
EXPORTING EXPORTING i_structure_name i_structure_name = 'SPFLI' = 'SPFLI'
CHANGING CHANGING it_outtab it_outtab = = gdt_spfli gdt_spfli . .
Containing SAP Grids

To send the content of the internal table and the line type to the grid control, you have to call
the method set_table_for_first_display.
You transfer the name of the internal table to the it_outtab parameter.
Since the internal table was typed with the transparent table SPFLI as the line type, it is
sufficient to transfer this name to the i_structure_name parameter.
Basic settings for the grid control could also be supplied here too.
If the content of the internal table changes while the program is running, you have to call the
refresh_table_display method before you display the dynpro again.

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Dialogs are programmed with the help of dynpro
technology.
By using the custom container, ALV reports can
be linked to dynpro technology.
Dialogs and ALV Reports: Summary

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Exercises

Unit 1: Dialogs and ALV Reports

At the conclusion of this exercise, you will know about:
The program library
The basic concept of dynpro logic
The custom control container
Database accesses
ALV as a tool for creating reports

1-1 The program library
1-1-1 Search for the custom container and ALV grid control documentation
in the program library.
1-1-2 Select a simple example program for an ALV grid control. Analyze the
program. Use the debugger for this too. Is a customer container used in
the ALV grid control?

1-2 Programming an ALV report using a template
1-2-1 Copy the program BCALV_GRID_DEMO with all the subobjects to
your local objects under the new name Y##ALV_GRID_DEMO.
1-2-2 Change the program Y##ALV_GRID_DEMO so that it displays
company codes instead of flights.
1-2-3 Change the screen output. Remove the text This belongs to the
dynpro. Then maximize the screen and the custom container to use all
the existing screen space to display the data.
1-2-4 Enter the title List of all company codes for your company code list.

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Solutions

Unit 1: Dialogs and ALV Reports
1-1 The program library
1-1-1 Search for the custom container and ALV grid control documentation
in the program library.
Tools>ABAP Workbench>Overview>Reuse Library
Function Subscribe to Library
Selection SAP Technology
Navigation in the structure tree
SAP Technology >Controls>Control Container or
SAP Technology>Controls>ALV Grid Control
You will learn more about programs under the four tab pages
Overview, Documentation, Examples, and Program Objects.
1-1-2 Select a simple example program for an ALV grid control. Analyze the
program. Use the debugger for this too. Is a customer container used in
the ALV grid control?
Tools>ABAP Workbench>Overview>Reuse Library
Navigation in the structure tree
SAP Technology>Controls>ALV Grid Control
Tab page Examples
Examples>Simplest Call>BCALV_GRID_DEMO
The custom container G_CUSTOM_CONTAINER is typed under the
data declaration. The custom container is instantiated in the PBO
module. G_CUSTOM_CONTAINER is listed under the Element
List tab page for dynpro 100.

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1-2 Programming an ALV report using a template
1-2-1 Copy the program BCALV_GRID_DEMO with its subobjects to your
local objects under the new name Y##ALV_GRID_DEMO.
Tools>ABAP Workbench>Overview>Object Navigator
View Program
Program BCALV_GRID_DEMO
Selection Folder BCALV_GRID_DEMO
Context menu Copy
Target program Y##ALV_GRID_DEMO
Selection for Interface, dynpros, includes
Function Copy
Function Local object

1-2-2 Change the program Y##ALV_GRID_DEMO so that it displays
company codes instead of flights.
First you have to ascertain in which table the company codes are
listed. You can do this, for example, by following the path
Tools>ABAP Workbench>Overview>Business Object Browser.
The company code can be found under the Financial Accounting
application components. Double-click on it to see a list of the key
fields. By double-clicking on the key field you will see the reference
table T001.
Call the editor in change mode.
Function Find/Replace
Find SFLIGHT
Replace with T001

Function Activate (activate all subobjects)
Test your program.

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1-2-3 Change the screen output. Remove the text This belongs to the
dynpro. Then maximize the screen and the custom container to use all
the existing screen space to display the data.
Edit the dynpro 100. Under the Properties tab page, set the
maintainable coordinates to 200 / 255.
Function Layout
In the new layout mode, remove the text This belongs to the dynpro.
Then select close.
Function Attribute window
Visualized length 255
Visualized height 196
Function Close
Function Activate
Exit layout maintenance and the flow logic of the dynpro. Test your
program again.

1-2-4 Enter the title List of all company codes for your company code list.
Edit your program. Include a new line before the IF condition in the
module PBO.
SET TITLEBAR '100'.
Double-clicking on the title 100 allows you to create the title
manually.
Title List of all company codes
Function Copy
Function Activate (all objects)
Test your program again.

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Course Overview Diagram: Customer
Enhancements
Ex t r ac t i on
Ex t r ac t i on

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Customer Enhancements - Unit Overview
This unit presents customer modifications and
enhancements. A Business Add-In is implemented.
Contents:

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Differentiate between modifications and
enhancements
Implement BAdIs
Customer Enhancements: Unit Objectives

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R/3 Business
Applications
(Standard SAP
system)
Customer
programs
Custom
develop-
ment
Enhance-
ment
Modification Customizing
Customizing ABAP
Workbench
Personalizing
Change Levels

You can adapt the R/3 system to your requirements in the following ways:
Customizing: For configuring your business processes and functions using the
Implementation Guide. Possible changes are thus planned and organized.
Personalizing: For changing the global display properties of fields (default settings,
hidden/visible), user-specific menu navigation.
Modification: Changes to SAP Repository objects in the customer's system. If SAP ships a
modified version of the object, the customer version must be adjusted with regard to the new
SAP version. Up to Release 4.0B, this must be performed manually using the upgrade
utilities. As of Release 4.5A, this technical adjustment is largely automated by means of the
Modification Assistant.
Enhancement: For creating customer Repository objects that are integrated in SAP
Repository objects.
Custom development: For creating custom Repository objects in line with customer
namespaces.
Customizing and most personalizing settings are configured with the Business Engineer tools.
Custom developments, enhancement concepts, and modifications, on the other hand, are are
managed with the ABAP Workbench tools.

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Originals and Copies
Copy
Original
Copy
Copy
Original
SAP object SAP object SAP object
Customer object Customer object
Transport of
development
Development system
Follow-on system

An original object can exist in one system only. In the case of objects shipped by SAP, the
"original system" is located at SAP. These objects are merely copies in your customer system.
This applies to both your development system and all other follow-on systems.
If you create your own objects, these objects are original objects in your development system.
You always assign developments to a change request using a "development/correction" task.
This request is then used to transport the objects from your development system to your
follow-on systems.

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Corrections and Repairs
Modified
copy
Corrected
original
Copy
Copy
Corrected
original
SAP object
Transport
of correction
SAP object SAP object
Customer object
Customer object
Correction
Repair Correction
Transport
of the repair
Follow-on system
Development system

Changes to original objects are referred to as corrections. For this reason, the system records
these changes in a transport request along with tasks of the type "development/correction".
If a copy is changed (that is, an object is not changed in the original system), this change is
included in a task of the type"repair". Repairs to SAP objects are known as modifications.
When you make repairs to your own objects (for example, following an emergency in your
production system), you can also make the changes to the original objects in your development
system straight away. It is essential that any changes you make to copies are also made to
the original objects immediately.
This option is not available for SAP objects because the originals are not available in one of
your systems.
You should only make modifications to the standard system if these are essential for
optimizing certain processes in your company. You should also be aware that good
background knowledge of the structure and process flow of an application is essential as a
basis for assessing modification options and for designing effective modifications to change
the standard system.

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Modifications During an Upgrade
Modified
copy
Copy
Corrected
original
SAP object
Transport
of adjustment
SAP object SAP object
Upgrade Upgrade
Modification
adjustment
Follow-on system
Corrected
original
Copy
Customer object Customer object
Development system

Conflicts can occur when you import an upgrade, Support Package, or any other transport
request from SAP to your system.
Conflicts only occur when you modify an SAP object and the same object is shipped again by
SAP. In this case, the object shipped by SAP becomes the active object in the Repository
within your R/3 system.
If you want to rescue your changes, you have perform a modification adjustment for the
objects in question. If you have modified many SAP objects, you may experience considerable
delays when you install an upgrade.
To ensure consistency between your development system and your follow-on systems, we
recommend that you perform the modification adjustment in your development system only.
The adjustment objects are then transported to your follow-on systems.

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Procedure for Functional Changes
Modification
Custom development with
SAP program as template
No
No
Yes
Does the standard SAP system
contain a similar function at all?
No
Does the
SAP application support
the integration of additional functions with
enhancements?
Yes
Enhancement
Is there a standard function
that can be adapted to the customer's requirements
in Customizing?
Yes
Customizing
Personalizing
No
Custom development
CSP solution
C
u
s
t
o
m
i
z
i
n
g
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t

If the standard functions cannot be adapted to the customer's requirements using the available
Customizing or personalizing options, a development project must be started or, if available, a
CSP solution (CSP = Complementary Software Product) must be used. A list of CSP solutions
certified by SAP is available on SAP Service Marketplace under the alias /softwarepartner.
Development projects are used to manage custom developments if similar functions are not
available in the standard SAP system. Otherwise, standard SAP objects are used as a basis for
enhancements, user exits, modifications, or copies of SAP programs.
Modifications are problematic because, following a system upgrade, the new SAP version
must be adjusted with regard to the modified customer version. Up to Release 4.0B, this must
be performed manually using the upgrade utilities. As of Release 4.5A, this technical
comparison is largely automated by means of the Modification Assistant.
For this reason, you should only use modifications if
The Customizing or personalizing options do not satisfy your requirements
Suitable enhancements or user exits are not available or planned
Copying the SAP object to the customer namespace is not practical.

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ABAP Workbench Change Levels
R/3 Business
Applications
(Standard SAP system)
Customer
programs
With call of SAP objects
Without call of SAP
objects
Custom
development
Modification Assistant
Modification
User exits
ABAP Dictionary
Tables
Data elements
Program enhancements
Function module exits
Business Transaction
Events
Business Add-Ins
Menu enhancements
Menu exits
Business Add-Ins
Screen enhancements
Screen exits
Business Add-Ins
Enhancement

Modifications are changes to SAP objects in customer systems. They are:
Located at user exits (subroutines reserved for customers in objects within the SAP
namespace)
Hard-coded at various positions in SAP Repository objects.
In custom developments, SAP Repository objects can be called from custom-defined
programs. Example: A customer writes a program that calls an SAP function module.
In the enhancement concepts, the roles are reversed: Repository objects that you have created
or changed are called by programs shipped by SAP. Example: You are using a function
module exit that is called by SAP. Enhancements can be made at the following levels:
In the ABAP program (function module exit)
In the GUI (menu exit)
In screens for displaying a subscreen in a screen area provided by SAP (screen exit)
As runs of custom program sections based on a screen field (field exit)
In tables or structures of the ABAP Dictionary (table enhancement).

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ProgramEnhancements: Functionality
*** SAP program ***
*********************************
PROGRAM <name of SAP program>.
< <Enhancement Enhancement call call> >
<Object in customer namespace>
Customer exit
Exit function module
Business Transaction Event
Function module
Business Add-In
Method

The basic purpose of a program enhancement is to call an object in the customer namespace.
There are various ways of doing this:
Customer exits
- A special exit function module is called by the SAP application program. The function
module is part of a function group that is handled by the system in a specific manner.
Business Transaction Events
- A function module is called dynamically by the SAP application program in the customer
namespace.
Business Add-Ins
- The application program calls a method of a class or instance of a class. This class is in
the customer namespace.

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Program Enhancements: SAP and Customer
SAP Customer
Customer exit:
Function module exit
FM coding
Business Transaction Events
Function module
in customer
namespace
Business Add-Ins
Method in
customer class
Call
Admin.
Interface
Documentation

Program enhancements enable you to define additional program logic for an SAP application
program. At present, SAP provides the options shown above.
The advantages and limitations of each enhancement option are discussed in greater detail in
the relevant units.

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SAP Customer
PROGRAM ... .
...
*Original Coding..
...
...
...
...
*Original Coding..
...
SAP Program
Modifications
PROGRAM ... .
...
*Original Coding..
...
...
...
...
*Original Coding..
...
* Added/changed by customer
* Coding
SAP Program

When you make a modification, you modify the object shipped by SAP directly.
This has certain consequences the next time you perform an upgrade. If the object is shipped
again, you have to decide whether the new object shipped by SAP or the one you modified is
to be valid in your system.
Up to Release 4.0B, the finest level of granularity at which modifications were recorded was
the Repository object itself, such as an include program.
As of Release 4.5A, modifications are recorded with a finer level of granularity. This is
facilitated by the Modification Assistant, which is discussed in the Unit on "Modifications".
The modification adjustment concept was also thoroughly revised as a result. The procedure
for adjusting modifications is also discussed in this unit.

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Business Add-Ins: Components
BAdI
FCodes
Program
<prog> +ABC
Function Code
Properties.
Multiple Use
Filter Dependent
INTERFACE
<badi-interface>.
DATA: a1 ...
ENDINTERFACE.
METHODS m2 ...
METHODS m1
EXPORTING
e_par1
e_par2
IMPORTING
i_par1.
Subscreens
Calling Program
<prog> 0200
Screen No.
ABCD
Subscreen Area
Scr..
Desc.
Generated
BAdI
Class

Business Add-Ins group the components of an enhancement. A Business Add-In can provide
the following enhancement options:
Program enhancement: The interfaces for program enhancements are defined in the Business
Add-In in the form of interface methods. This interface is used to implement the
enhancement. The SAP program calls the interface methods for the generated BAdI class.
Menu enhancement: Like customer exits, function codes can be entered in a BAdI. The
corresponding menu entries are included in the CUA definition and are visible when the
BAdI is implemented.
Screen enhancement: Like customer exits, screen enhancements can be defined in a BAdI
and then implemented.
Several components are created when you define a BAdI:
Interface
Generated class (BAdI class) that implements the interface
The generated class (BAdI class) has the following tasks:
Filtering: If a BAdI is to be executed under certain conditions only, the BAdI class ensures
that only the valid implementations are called.
Control: The BAdI class calls the active implementations.

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Business Add-Ins: Flowchart
Application prog.
Service class
CL_EXITHANDLER
Instance of
BAdI class
<badi-class>
BAdI: Instance of
implement. class
Process active
implementations
1 1
2 2

This slide shows the process flow of a program that contains a BAdI call. You can use this
slide to help you understand the features and limitations of Business Add-Ins.
Not shown: A reference variable that refers to the BAdI interface must be declared in the
declaration section.
An object reference is generated in the first step. This is carried out by the service class
CL_EXITHANDLER shipped by SAP. The exact syntax will be explained on a later slide. The
requirements for calling the methods of the program enhancement are thus fulfilled.
The BAdI class that implements the interface is generated in the BAdI definition. The interface
method of the BAdI class is called in the second call (2). The BAdI class searches for all of the
active implementations for the Business Add-In and calls the implemented methods.

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Business Add-Ins: Calling Program
REPORT <program_using_badi>.
START-OF-SELECTION.
END-OF-SELECTION.
DATA: r_var
TYPE REF TO <badi-interface>.
CALL METHOD
cl_exithandler=>get_instance
CHANGING
instance = r_var.
CALL METHOD r_var->method
EXPORTING
<i_variables>
IMPORTING
<e_variables>.
r_var
1
2
Instance of
<badi-class>

The above syntax is required to call a Business Add-In. The numbers shown correspond to the
calls on the last slide.
First, you have to define a reference variable that refers to the BAdI interface. The name of the
reference variable does not have to contain the name of the BAdI.
An object reference is generated in the first call (1). This creates an instance of the generated
BAdI class. This object reference can address only the methods of the interface.
This object reference can then be used to call the methods provided by the enhancement (2).

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Implementing BAdIs: Methods
FCodes Interface Properties
Method
BAdI method
Description
<badi-interface>
Interface Name
<impl-class>
Name of Implementing Class
<method>
Class Builder: Edit Method <badi-interface>~<m...>
METHOD <badi-interface>~<method>.
*...
ENDMETHOD.

You can choose any name for the implementing class. However, SAP recommends that you
follow the proposed naming convention. The proposed name consists of
Namespace prefix, Y or Z
CL_ (stands for class)
IM_ (stands for implementation)
Name of the implementation (without namespace prefix)
By double-clicking the name of the method, you can go to the editor for implementing the
method.
Finally, you have to activate the objects.

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Implementing BAdIs: Private Methods
Class Builder: Edit Method <badi-interface>~<m...>
METHOD <badi-interface>~<method>.
ENDMETHOD.
CALL METHOD < CALL METHOD <priv_method priv_method> EXPORTING ... . > EXPORTING ... .
Class Builder: Change Class <impl-class>
Events Methods Properties
Method
New method in implementation
Description
<priv_method>
Type
Parameters Exceptions

In the implementing class, you can create private methods that you call from the interface
method.
To do so, you edit the implementing class directly in the Class Builder. Here, you create the
private method and interface. You specify whether the method should be visible and
implement it.

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Implementing BAdIs: Activation
Business Add-Ins: Implem. Maintenance Initial Screen
<impl>
Implementation Name
Activate
Undo activation
Display Create Change

You can use the relevant icons to activate the implementation of a Business Add-In. From this
point on, the methods of the implementation are processed when the calling program is
executed.
If you deactivate the implementation, the methods are no longer called. The calls in the
application program are still processed. However, the instance of the adapter class is no longer
able to find an active implementation. Unlike the call "CALL CUSTOMER-FUNCTION", the
call "CALL METHOD CL_EXITHANDLER=>GET_INSTANCE" is still executed even
though there is no implementation. This also applies to the method call that calls the method of
the adapter class.
You can activate or deactivate a BAdI only in the original system of the implementation
without having to make actual modifications. When you do so, you have to transport the
activation/deactivation to the downstream systems.
Multiple implementations can exist in a system for a Business Add-In that can have only one
implementation. Only one implementation can be active at any one time.

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Modifications must be maintained when SAP
Notes and system upgrades are implemented.
SAP recommends that customer enhancements
do not contain modifications.
BAdIs are used in particular to implement
customer enhancements without the need for
modifications.
Customer Enhancements Unit Summary:

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Exercises

Unit: Customer Enhancements

Explain the concept of BAdIs
Implement BAdIs
1-1 Research the BAdIs shipped as standard
1-1-1 Use the Repository Information System of the Object Navigator to find
out how many BAdIs are shipped for Financial Accounting and Cost
Accounting.
1-1-2 Take a closer look at BAdI FAGL_AUTHORITY_CHECK. To which
component does the BAdI FAGL_AUTHORITY_CHECK belong?
How many methods does the BAdI have?
1-1-3 What parameters does the CHECK_LEDGER_AUTHORITY method
have? How does the method output the result of an authorization
check?
1-1-4 How many implementations already exist for the BAdI
FAGL_AUTHORITY_CHECK?
1-1-5 Implement the BAdI FAGL_AUTHORITY_CHECK. Use the
implementation name Y##FAGL_AUTHORITY. Save your
implementation as a local object. You do not have authorization for
ledger AL but do have authorization to display documents for ledger
0L.
As an optional requirement, you could use the function module
Y##AUTHORIZATION in your implementation to evaluate the
authorization that you grant according to the ledger. In this case, you
have to enhance the function module and your authorization object.
1-1-6 Now test your implementation in the BAdI environment. Then post a
G/L account document and check the document display.

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Solutions

Unit: Customer Enhancements

1-1 Research the BAdIs shipped as standard
1-1-1 Use the Repository Information System of the Object Navigator to find
out how many BAdIs are shipped for Financial Accounting and Cost
Accounting.
Use transaction SE84 or choose Tools ABAP Workbench
Overview Information System..
Open the "Enhancements" folder in the object tree. Look for
"Definitions" under "Business Add-Ins". Use the following search
criteria
Application component FI* and CO*
Max. no. of hits 5000

1-1-2 Take a closer look at BAdI FAGL_AUTHORITY_CHECK. To which
component does the BAdI FAGL_AUTHORITY_CHECK belong?
How many methods does the BAdI have?
Use the following search criterion this time:
BAdI Name FAGL_AUTHORITY_CHECK
The "Attributes" tab page shows the package
"FAGL_POSTING_SERVICES". Double-click this package to view
the package properties. The package belongs to the component "FI-
GL". The "Interface" tab page lists exactly one method
"CHECK_LEDGER_AUTHORITY".
1-1-3 What parameters does the CHECK_LEDGER_AUTHORITY method
have? How does the method output the result of an authorization
check?
The "Interface" tab page lists the method
"CHECK_LEDGER_AUTHORITY". Double-click the method to
view its parameters. It has six import parameters. You can view the
exception messages by choosing the "Exceptions" pushbutton. The
result of the authorization check is provided by means of the
"NO_AUTHORITY" exception.

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1-1-4 How many implementations already exist for the BAdI
FAGL_AUTHORITY_CHECK?
You can view the implementations from the menu on the initial screen
by choosing Implementation Overview.
1-1-5 Implement the BAdI FAGL_AUTHORITY_CHECK. Use the
implementation name Y## FAGL_AUTHORITY. Save your
implementation as a local object. You do not have authorization for
ledger AL but do have authorization to display documents for ledger
0L.
As an optional requirement, you could use the function module
Y##AUTHORIZATION in your implementation to evaluate the
authorization that you grant according to the ledger. In this case, you
have to enhance the function module and your authorization object.
You can create your own implementations from the menu on the initial
screen by choosing Implementation Create. On the "Interface" tab
page, you can double-click a method to program it.
1-1-6 Now test your implementation in the BAdI environment. Then post a
G/L account document and check the document display.
On the "Interface" tab page, you can both program and test methods.

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Overview Diagram: Extraction
Ex t r ac t i on
Ex t r ac t i on

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Extraction Overview
This unit describes how data is extracted to the BW
system. In particular, it explains how to extract data
using function modules that you have created
yourself.
Contents:

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Describe how data is extracted to the BW
system
Write your own extraction functions
Extraction: Unit Objectives

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The Administrator Workbench
Model i ng
Moni t or i ng
Sc hedul i ng
Admi ni st r at or
Wor k benc h
BW creation
Maintenance
Administration
Schedule data
transfer
Load data
Monitor data transfer
Monitor update process

The Administrator Workbench is a tool for maintaining, controlling, and monitoring Business
Information Warehouse.
For this reason, the Administrator Workbench is used at all levels in the BW system:
To create all the components of Business Information Warehouse, including Customizing
settings.
To schedule data transfer from different data sources.
To load data
To monitor data transfer and data updates

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BW ser ver
Transfer structure
SAP syst em
Fi l e syst em
Communication structure
Transfer structure
Extraction
structure
Transfer structure Transfer structure
DataSource DataSource
Flat file
DataSource
DataSource
(replicate)
DataSource
(replicate)
InfoSource
Data targets
Transfer structure
Extraction
structure
File
Mapping & transfer rules
Update rules
Data Flow from the Source to the Target System

An InfoSource is a set of logically related information that is grouped together in one unit.
InfoSources contain transaction data (stored in InfoCubes) and master data (attributes, texts,
and hierarchies - stored in separate tables).
InfoSources describe the set of all available information about a business transaction or a type
of business transaction (such as cost center accounting).
Transfer structures are used to transfer data in a DataSource between a source system and the
associated SAP BW system. The transfer structure transports the data in the DataSource from a
source system to an SAP BW system and forwards it to the InfoSource using transfer rules.
The communication structure is independent of the source system and is generated from the
InfoSource. It is filled from the transfer structure in accordance with the transfer rules. The
communication structure contains all the fields in an InfoSource. The process of extracting and
transferring cleansed data to the communication structure is referred to as "data staging".

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BW server
SAP sour c e syst em
DataSource
When the DataSource is
replicated, fields in the
extraction structure are used as
a template for the transfer
structure in BW.
1
2
When the (local) transfer
rules are activated, the transfer
structure is generated both
in the BW system and in the
SAP source system.
Extraction
structure
Transfer structure
Transfer structure
2 1
DataSource (replicate)
Verification Between the Source and Target System

The extraction tables in the source system represent the basis for a DataSource in an R/3
source system. The structure is created in the source system using the data elements that
describe the available data (usually in a table view).
With an R/3 source system, the "DataSource Replication" step copies the DataSource
extraction source structure as a template from the source system to the BW system.

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Transfer Rules Transfer structure
Communication Str./Transfer Rules
0COMP_CODE
InfoObject Tp Rule
0CO_AREA
COSTC##
0CURRENCY
0PROFIT_CTR
0CO_AREA
COSTC##
0CURRENCY
0PROFIT_CTR
0COMP_CODE
InfoObject Field Assignment
InfoObject Field
0COMP_CODE
0PROFIT_CTR
0CURRENCY
COSTC##
KOKRS
WAERS
PRCTR
BUKRS
KOSTL
0CO_AREA
IDOC
Transfer Method
PSA
InfoSource COSTC## GR## Cost Center 13
Communication Structure
InfoObject Description Status Type Length
0CO_AREA
COSTC##
0CURRENCY
0PROFIT_CTR
CHAR
CHAR
CHAR
CUKY
13
4
5
10
Controlling area
GR## Cost Center 13
Currency
Profit Center
Source System IDES R/3
DataSource ZGR##CC_ATTR
Defining Transfer Rules

Transfer rules determine which fields in the transfer structure are transferred to which fields in
the communication structure. You can create detailed conversion rules to change or extend the
data that is transferred.
You can choose only one of the three types of transfer rule for each InfoObject in the
communication structure:
The fields are copied from the transfer structure and are not modified.
You can assign a fixed value to a field.
You can create/assign local transfer routines. Local transfer routines are ABAP programs
that you can copy or modify. The routine affects only the selected InfoObject in the
associated communication structure.
You have to activate the transfer rules before they can be applied.

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You can use function modules to select the data
in the source system that you want to extract.
Extraction Unit Summary:

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Extraction - Exercises

Unit: Extraction

At the conclusion of this exercise, you will be able to transfer data from a
source system (such as R/3) to a BW system. You will be familiar with:
The data export concept using DataSources and extraction from the
source system
The procedure for importing data using InfoSources in the target
system
How to program an extraction using function modules.
1-1 Program an extraction module
1-1-1 Create the function module Y##BW. Use the extraction documentation
in SAP Library to define the interface. Use your function module to
select certain cost centers, such as all cost centers that belong to profit
center 1402 or those where Mr. Janning is the cost center manager.
1-1-2 Configure your function module Y##BW as an extractor by specifying
Y##DS as the master data DataSource. When you define the
DataSource, also enter "AC400AKR3" as the application component
and the export structure of your function module as the extraction
structure.
1-1-3 Test your extractor and use the debugger to analyze the extraction.
1-1-4 Log onto the BW system. Replicate the DataSource.

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1-2 Transfer data from the source system to the BW data model
After you have imported the data from the source system by replicating the
DataSource, you can transfer it to the BW data model. To do so, you first have
to define a data model and then verify the DataSource.
1-2-1 Define the characteristic TE_Y##M with the description "Y## Cost
Center" as an InfoObject for the BW model. The data type is CHAR
with length 10. Choose ALPHA as the conversion routine. Define the
following fields as characteristic attributes:
0CO_AREA
0COMP_CODE
0BUS_AREA
0PROFIT_CTR
0RESP_PERS
0EVCURRCOST.
1-2-2 Create the InfoSource TE_Y##M in the component "AC400AKBW"
to update master data of the InfoObject with the same name
(TE_Y##M) directly. Assign the DataSource Y##DS to the
InfoSource. In the transfer rules, assign your BW field TE_Y##M to
the source field KOSTL.
1-2-3 Control the transfer by creating an InfoPackage. On the "Processing"
tab page, choose "PSA and then in the InfoObject"; on the "Update"
tab page, choose "Full Update" and on the "Schedule" tab page, choose
"Start Data Load Immediately".
1-2-4 Load the cost centers from the source system. Observe the transfer in
the monitor and analyze the result.

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Solutions

Unit: Extraction

1-1 Program an extraction module
1-1-1 Create the function module Y##BW. Use the extraction documentation
in SAP Library to define the interface. Use your function module to
select certain cost centers, such as all cost centers that belong to profit
center 1402 or those where Mr. Janning is the cost center manager.
The extraction documentation is available at:
SAP Library SAP NetWeaver Information Integration
Business Intelligence
Then choose: SAP Business Information Warehouse Data
Warehousing Data Retrieval Data Extraction from SAP Source
Systems Customizing Extractors Maintaining Generic Data
Sources Function Module: Interface Description and Procedure
You can display a list of the existing cost centers in transaction KS13
by choosing Accounting Controlling Cost Center Accounting
Information System Reports for Cost Center Accounting Master
Data Indexes Cost Centers: Master Data Report
Table CSKS contains the cost center master data. This table must type
the export parameter E_T_DATA.
1-1-2 Configure your function module Y##BW as an extractor by specifying
Y##DS as the master data DataSource. When you define the
DataSource, also enter "AC400AKR3" as the application component
and the export structure of your function module as the extraction
structure.
DataSources are defined with transaction RSO2.
IMG Integration with Other mySAP.com Components Data
Transfer to the SAP Business Information Warehouse Generic
DataSources Maintain Generic DataSources
1-1-3 Test your extractor and use the debugger to analyze the extraction.
DataSources are also tested with transaction RSO2.
IMG Integration with Other mySAP.com Components Data
Transfer to the SAP Business Information Warehouse Generic
DataSources Maintain Generic DataSources
You can simulate the extraction by choosing DataSource Test
Extraction in the maintenance transaction.

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1-1-4 Log onto the BW system. Replicate the DataSource.

SAP AG AC400 6-214
1-2 Transfer data from the source system to the BW data model
After you have imported the data from the source system by replicating the
DataSource, you can transfer it to the BW data model. To do so, you first have
to define a data model and then verify the DataSource.
1-2-1 Define the characteristic TE_Y##M with the description "Y## Cost
Center" as an InfoObject for the BW model. The data type is CHAR
with length 10. Choose ALPHA as the conversion routine. Define the
following fields as characteristic attributes:
0CO_AREA
0COMP_CODE
0BUS_AREA
0PROFIT_CTR
0RESP_PERS
0EVCURRCOST
1-2-2 Create the InfoSource TE_Y##M in the component "AC400AKBW"
to update master data of the InfoObject with the same name
(TE_Y##M) directly. Assign the DataSource Y##DS to the
InfoSource. In the transfer rules, assign your BW field Y##_KOSTL to
the source field KOSTL.
1-2-3 Control the transfer by creating an InfoPackage. On the "Processing"
tab page, choose "PSA and then in the InfoObject"; on the "Update"
tab page, choose "Full Update" and on the "Schedule" tab page, choose
"Start Data Load Immediately".
1-2-4 Load the cost centers from the source system. Observe the transfer in
the monitor and analyze the result.

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Overview Diagram: Template Allocation
Ex t r ac t i on
Ex t r ac t i on

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Template Allocation Unit Overview
This unit presents the concept of template
allocation and describes interfaces that allow you to
implement specific data access and cost
calculations.
Contents:

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Use your own methods in template allocation.
Template Allocation: Unit Objectives

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The Template as a Costing Tool
Template
BOM
No. BOM
Items
Standard cost
estimate
Lot size
Material master data
Weight
External -
systems
Meas. data
Routing
No. work centers
CO-PA
No. value fields

Cost drivers can originate from many areas in the integrated R/3 system.
Bills of material can provide the number of components in a cost object, for example, and the
routing can indicate the number of work centers through which the cost object must pass.
The standard cost estimate can provide the lot size of the material produced.

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Product Costing with Templates
Rout -
ing
Bill of
materials
Material Lot size
CO - values
Material
Activities
Overhead
Processes:
300000
300100
Cost
element:
R-4000
Functions
Template
Prod_1
Material:
R-4000
Statistical
key figures
Processes
Other
SAP sources
P
ro
cess
q
u
an
tities

Product cost planning includes the quantities and prices from the planned consumption of
process quantities.
The cost component view can be maintained in Customizing to include processes in an
aggregated view of process costs and quantities for individual product cost plans.
In Customizing for cost components, you can define each component as valuation relevant if
the process costs should be included in inventory.
In the itemization view of the product cost estimate, process values are marked "X."
Overhead values calculated using a costing sheet are marked "G".

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Material:
R 4000
Unit cost estimate/
standard cost estimate
Derivation of Templates in the Cost Estimate
Template Prod _1
Template Prod_2
10
20
10
20
QuantityValuation time
Cleaning
Q. insp.
Process
30
20
Order-start
Delivery
Template Prod _3
Main template
Costing
sheet
Overhead
key
Overhead group:
SAP900
Valuation
variant 001
Costing
variant PPC1

The link between the template and the cost estimate is created through a template assignment
function in Customizing.
The template is assigned to a combination of overhead key and costing sheet.
The costing sheet is linked to a valuation variant, which, in turn, is linked to a costing variant
that is linked to the order type.
The overhead group belongs to the material master data. It is assigned to an overhead key in
Customizing.
You can still use a costing sheet for overheads that are not modeled using processes.

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Template for cost element
Pl. Qty. Pl. Activ. Object Act. Qty . Act. Activ. . Act. Val. Ev.
Which
process?
Which process quantity?
When?
Under what conditions?
Template Rows as Formula Vectors

A template is created within a certain environment, which is determined by the cost object
that will consume the process quantities. A process that is consumed by a PP production
order, for example, is controlled by a template created in environment 001. Conversely, a
process (possibly the same process) that is consumed by a sales order is controlled by a
template created in environment 008.
A template consists of pre-defined columns. Each of these columns looks for information -
that is, it asks a question. The answer may be entered by the user, or determined dynamically
by the system.
The real power of Activity-Based Costing in R/3 is realized when the system answers these
questions dynamically.

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"Functions" as Form Components
Template for cost element
Pl. Qty. Pl. Activ. Object Act. Qty . Act. Activ. . Act. Val. Ev.
Which
process?
How much of the process
quantity?
When?
Under what conditions?
F
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
s
F
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
s
F
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
s
F
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
s

Each environment contains a specific set of functions for the user to select in order to answer
the questions shown above. You create a template using the functions in the individual cells.
Each template can contain as many rows as are necessary.
There are 3 different types of rows that can be created and combined in one template. Each
type of row serves a different purpose. A Comment row is used for documentation. A
Business Process row is used for process consumption by a cost object. A Subtemplate row is
used to link templates for a nested template structure. A Calculation row can be used when
multiple Business Process rows use the results of a single calculation (in the same template
only). If the template is created in the SBP (Structured Business Process) environment, an
additional TASK row type is available so that a cost center or activity type can be used in the
"Object" column.

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Under what
conditions?
Subenvironment 101: Processes
Functions: ......
......
Subenvironment 103: Material
Functions: Material_Characteristic_value
......
Subenvironment 107: General data
Functions: ......
......
Which
process?
When?
Which
process quantity?
PP production
order
Subenvironments as Function Groups

Each cost object in the system is permanently assigned to an environment. You cannot change
these assignments.
Each environment contains predefined subenvironments. This assignment is also fixed and
cannot be changed.
Each subenvironment contains a collection of specific functions that refer to the data in that
particular subenvironment. For instance, a function designed to read the material
characteristics assigned to a material in the material master is located in the Material
subenvironment in the environment defined by the consuming cost object.
The template, which is assigned to a specific environment when it is created, can access all
the functions that are assigned to the subenvironments.

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Environments and Subenvironments
Subenvironment 105:
Routing
Subenvironment 103:
Material
New functions
Subenvironment 107:
General data
Environment 001: mat. c. est./
production orders
Environment 003: matl c. est.
without quantity structure
Environment PAC:
costing-based
profitability analysis
Subenvironment 101:
Sender process
Standard Optional

A subenvironment can be assigned to more than one environment, which means that the
functions within the subenvironment are available to more than one type of cost object. For
instance, the functions of the subenvironment that involve routings are available for sales
orders and production orders, but not for cost estimates without a quantity structure.
You can assign your own functions to either a subenvironment or an environment directly.
Assigning functions to a subenvironment provides you with greater flexibility, because more
than one type of cost object can use the available functions.
In Customizing, you can restrict the use of each new function to a single cell in the template.
Inside each cell, you can restrict how the function is used even further. By doing so, you can
ensure that the functions are used effectively. For instance, if a function requires a material
number as a parameter, only material number functions are made available.

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Function Modules as Functions
Functions
Table field ABAP-Functions
Storage location: 0001
Material Master View:MRP. 2
Procurement
K_ABC_ORDER_MAT_CONFIRMATION
Table name:
MARC
Field name:LGPRO

There are two different kinds of functions: table-field and ABAP functions.
A table-field function allows a function to use fields from tables that have been allowed in the
specific, shipped environments.
An ABAP function is required if you need access to a field in a table that is not included in
the specific, shipped environments.
New functions must be created within the template environment area in Customizing.
When you create new functions, you must observe the three-level naming convention that
requires an external name, an internal name, and a logical function name.
Functions can be copied, changed, and/or renamed.

SAP AG AC400 7-226
SAP AG 2006
You can create your own allocation methods in
template allocation.
By doing so, you can implement your own
access types and cost calculations.
The allocation methods are realized by function
modules.
Template Allocation Unit Summary:

SAP AG AC400 7-227
Exercises

Unit: Function Modules in Template Allocation

Use function modules in template allocation
1-1 Program your own function module for template allocation
1-1-2 Analyze the storage conditions for material R-F100 in plant 1000 at
storage location 002. Does a temperature condition exist?
1-1-3 Create a function module Y##WHENERGY that calculates and
outputs the warehouse energy consumption for a specific material
number, whose volume is measured in cubic meters, according to the
following formula: energy = volume x 1000 x temperature condition
1-1-4 Before your function module Y##WHENERGY can be used in the
template allocation, it must satisfy certain interface requirements. Find
out what these requirements are. To do so, use SAP Library or analyze
a function module that is already used in the template allocation.

1-2 Use your own function modules in the template allocation
1-2-1 First analyze the process costs in the cost estimate for material R-
F100. Which processes are involved and in what quantity? How is the
output quantity maintained?
1-2-2 Create a Y##Energy_consumption function with the same logical
function name in the "Materials" subenvironment in environment 001
(material cost estimate/production orders) . Assign your
Y##WHENERGY function module to this function. On the "Usage"
tab page for business processes, allow the function to calculate
quantities.
1-2-3 Create a template Y##. In this template, the quantity of the business
process 300901 ("Cooling") is calculated as a product of the
warehouse energy consumption for the order material and the total
material quantity for the order.
1-2-4 Add your template Y## to the template COPC-10 as a subtemplate.
1-2-5 Check the rate specified in annual planning for business process
300901 ("Cooling").
1-2-6 Recalculate the cost of goods manufactured for material R-F100.

SAP AG AC400 7-228

SAP AG AC400 7-229
Solutions

Unit: Function Modules in Template Allocation

1-1 Program your own function module for template allocation
1-1-1 Analyze the storage conditions for material R-F100. Does a
temperature condition exist? Which fields contain a temperature
condition and volume?
Start transaction MM03 by choosing Logistics Materials
Management Material Master Material Display Display
Current
Material R-F100
Pushbutton "Select (views)"
Choose General Plant Data / Storage 1
Choose General Plant Data / Storage 2
Choose "Continue"
Plant 1000
Storage location 0002
The "Plant Data / Stor. 1" tab page shows the temperature condition
01; the "Plant Data / Stor. 2" tab page shows the volume 0.75 M3. You
can use the input help to display the "Technical Information" for a
selected field. This information provides the names of the database
fields. These fields are:
Temperature conditions MARA-TEMPB
Volume MARA-VOLUM
Volume Unit MARA-VOLEH

SAP AG AC400 7-230
1-1-2 Before your function module Y##WHENERGY can be used in the
template allocation, it must satisfy certain interface requirements. Find
out what these requirements are. To do so, use SAP Library or analyze
a function module that is already used in the template allocation.
You can find the interface conditions in SAP Library by choosing
Financials Controlling Activity-Based Costing Template
Environment of Templates Implementing ABAP Functions.
In the template allocation function in the system (transaction CTU6),
you can find the "MaterialCharacteristicValue" function in the
"Materials" subenvironment of environment 001 by choosing IMG
Controlling Activity-Based Costing Templates Define
Environments and Function Trees. This is assigned to the function
module K_ABC_MATERIAL_FEATURE_VALUE and can be
analyzed with transaction SE37, for example.
1-1-3 Create a function module Y##WHENERGY that calculates and
outputs the warehouse energy consumption for a specific material
number, whose volume is measured in cubic meters, according to the
following formula: energy = volume x 1000 x temperature condition
* The table parameter RTABLE_VAL of type TPLIC_RVAL_TAB
* is defined in the type group TPLIC. This must be stored in
the
* top include in the following format:
* TYPE-POOLS: tplic.
FUNCTION Y##WHENERGY.
*"-------------------------------------------------------------
---------
*" IMPORTING
*" REFERENCE(ID_MATNR) TYPE MATNR
*" REFERENCE(PERIOD_FROM)
*" REFERENCE(PERIOD_CNT)
*" REFERENCE(CALL_PROG) TYPE SY-REPID
*" TABLES
*" RTABLE_VAL TYPE TPLIC_RVAL_TAB
*"-------------------------------------------------------------
---------

* data
DATA: ls_mara TYPE mara.
DATA: ld_temp_faktor TYPE i.
DATA: ld_quantity TYPE tplic_rval-value.
DATA: ld_wa_rval TYPE tplic_rval.

* Clear output
CLEAR rtable_val[].

* Get master data
SELECT SINGLE *
FROM mara
INTO ls_mara

SAP AG AC400 7-231
WHERE matnr = id_matnr.

* Master record found?
CHECK sy-subrc = 0.

* Evaluate temperature condition
CASE ls_mara-tempb.
WHEN '01'.
ld_temp_faktor = 1.
WHEN '02'.
ld_temp_faktor = 2.
WHEN '03'.
ld_temp_faktor = 3.
WHEN OTHERS.
ENDCASE.

* Evaluate volume and determine result
CASE ls_mara-voleh.
WHEN 'M3'.
ld_quantity = ls_mara-volum * 1000 * ld_temp_faktor.

WHEN OTHERS.
"nothing to do.

ENDCASE.

* if no periodic result, fill the result table for periods
DO period_cnt TIMES.
ld_wa_rval-period = period_from + sy-index - 1.
ld_wa_rval-value = ld_quantity.
APPEND ld_wa_rval TO rtable_val.
ENDDO.

ENDFUNCTION.
1-1-4 Test your function module for material R-F100.
1-2 Use your own function modules in the template allocation
1-2-1 First analyze the process costs in the cost estimate for material R-
F100. Which processes are involved and in what quantity? How is the
output quantity maintained?
To find the material cost estimate (transaction CK13N), choose
Accounting Controlling Product Cost Controlling Product
Cost Planning Material Costing Cost Estimate with Quantity
Structure Display.
Material R-F100
Plant 1000
Costing variant PPC1
The costing structure functions include the "Materials Only/All Items"
pushbutton. You can use this pushbutton to expand the list to show all

SAP AG AC400 7-232
cost items and, in particular, the list of processes. A process is
allocated for the cost of goods manufactured:
Process Number Quantity
Work Scheduling 300900 1 pc

1-2-2 Create a Y##Energy_consumption function with the same logical
function name in the "Materials" subenvironment in environment 001
(material cost estimate/production orders) . Assign your
Y##WHENERGY function module to this function. On the "Usage"
tab page for business processes, allow the function to calculate
quantities.
Start the template allocation function in the system (transaction CTU6)
by choosing IMG Controlling Activity-Based Costing
Templates Define Environments and Function Trees
and select the "Materials" subenvironment in the object tree. Choose
"Create Function" from the context menu.
Function Y##Energy_consumption
Radio button "Lower Level"
Tab page "Basic Data"
Log. Function Name Y##WHENERGY
Tab page "Implementation"
ABAP Function Name Y##WHENERGY
Tab page "Usage"
Tab page "All Columns"
Select "Quantity Plan" in the "Business Process" row.
Pushbutton "Save"

SAP AG AC400 7-233
1-2-3 Create a template Y##. In this template, the quantity of the business
process 300901 ("Cooling") is calculated as a product of the
warehouse energy consumption for the order material and the total
material quantity for the order.
Start the template allocation function (transaction CTU6) in the system
by choosing
IMG Controlling Activity-Based Costing Templates
Maintain Templates
and choose "Create Template:
Template Y##
Environment 001
Enter another row:
Type "Business Process"
Object "300901"
Plan Quantity Double-click the field
In the editor, enter:
Y##Energy_consumption ( ID_MATNR = OrderMaterial ) *
OrderTotalQuantity
Pushbutton "Confirm Plan Quantity"
Enter "ACTIVE" in the "Plan Activation" column.

1-2-4 Add your template Y## to the template COPC-10 as a subtemplate.
Start the template allocation function (transaction CTU6) in the system
by choosing
IMG Controlling Activity-Based Costing Templates
Maintain Templates
and choose "Change Template":
Template COPC-10
Environment 001
Enter another row:
Pushbutton "Insert Row"
Type "Subtemplate"
Object Y##
Plan Activation "ACTIVE"

SAP AG AC400 7-234
1-2-5 Check the rate specified in annual planning for business process
300901 ("Cooling").
Start transaction CP26 by choosing
Accounting Controlling Activity-Based Costing Planning
Process Quantities/Prices Change
Version 0
From Period: Current period
To Period current period
Fiscal Year Current fiscal year
Pushbutton Overview Screen
Make sure that a price has been defined.

1-2-6 Recalculate the cost of goods manufactured for material R-F100.
You can find the material cost estimate (transaction CK13N) by
choosing
Accounting Controlling Product Cost Controlling
Product Cost Planning Material Costing Cost Estimate with
Quantity Structure Create
Material R-F100
Plant 1000
Costing variant PPC1
The costing structure functions include the "Materials Only/All Items"
pushbutton. You can use this pushbutton to expand the list to show all
cost items and, in particular, the list of processes. Process "300901"
here shows the quantity that was calculated using your function
module.

SAP AG AC400 8-235
SAP AG 2006
Appendix
Optional exercise 1
Write a program for maintaining customer address data
Optional Exercise 2
Write a program for opening and closing FI periods
Optional exercise 3
Program a report for master data groups in Cost
Accounting

SAP AG AC400 8-236

SAP AG AC400 8-237
Optional Exercise F1

Write a Program for Maintaining Customer Address Data

Create tables
Select records from tables and write to tables
Call function modules
Requirement
The following function is available for vendors and is also required for customers:
Changes to addresses that are already known but will not take effect until a future date
can be maintained in advance. This takes place in three steps: Future changes can be
entered on a key-date basis using transaction MK12 (see path below). The planned
changes can be viewed with transaction MK14. Changes that have been flagged for key
dates can be activated with transactions MKH3 and MKH4. The paths are as follows:
MK12 Logistics Materials Management Purchasing Master Data
Vendor
Purchasing Change (Planned)
Vendor
Purchasing Planned Changes
MKH3 Vendor Activate Planned Changes Activation Online
System Analysis
Find out which tables store the customer master data. If necessary, use the ABAP
Workbench or debugger to do so.

Program Design
The following functions are required to maintain the future customer address data:
(a) The existing address data is modeled as a template for future changes in
the form of a copy of the customer address data stored in a custom address
table
(b) There must be an option of maintaining the custom address table so that
key-date based updates can be flagged.
(c) The release of flagged updates is modeled in the form of a copy of the
custom address data to the standard address data table.
(d) It must be possible to reactivate the previous address data so that any
update errors can be rectified.

The custom address table is a copy of the standard address table ADRC with the name
Y##ADRC. If the definition of table Y##ADRC allows data to be displayed and

SAP AG AC400 8-238
maintained ("Delivery and Maintenance" tab page), you do not need to program the
function listed under (b) because you can use transaction SE16 instead.
In this case, write a program that offers three options:
(a) "INITI" for modeling the function listed under (a)
(b) "ACTIV" for modeling the function listed under (c)
(c) "REACT" for modeling the function listed under (d)

Task
F1-1 Create table Y##ADRC as a copy of table ADRC. Allow table maintenance.

F1-2 Create a domain Y##ACTION called "Action". The data type is CHAR and the
number of characters 10. For the range, define three fixed values "INITI" with the
description "Initialize", "ACTIV" with the description "Activate Changes", and
"REACT" with the description "Undo Changes".

F1-3 Create a data element Y##ACTION with the name "Action". Assign the domain
Y##ACTION to the data element.

F1-4 Create a Y##CUSTOMER program that contains the functions of the actions.

SAP AG AC400 8-239
Solution for Optional Exercise F1

Write a Program for Maintaining Customer Address Data

Requirement
The following function is available for vendors and is also required for customers:
Changes to addresses that are already known but will not take effect until a future date
can be maintained in advance. This takes place in three steps: Future changes can be
entered on a key-date basis using transaction MK12 (see path below). The planned
changes can be viewed with transaction MK14. Changes that have been flagged for key
dates can be activated with transactions MKH3 and MKH4. The paths are as follows:
Vendor
Purchasing Change (Planned)
Vendor
Purchasing Planned Changes
MKH3 Vendor Activate Planned Changes Activation Online
System Analysis
Find out which tables store the customer master data. If necessary, use the ABAP

Program Design
The following functions are required to maintain the future customer address data:
(a) The existing address data is modeled as a template for future changes in
the form of a copy of the customer address data stored in a custom address
table
(b) There must be an option of maintaining the custom address table so that
key-date based updates can be flagged.
(c) The release of flagged updates is modeled in the form of a copy of the
custom address data to the standard address data table.
(d) It must be possible to reactivate the previous address data so that any
update errors can be rectified.

The custom address table is a copy of the standard address table ADRC with the name
Y##ADRC. If the definition of table Y##ADRC allows data to be displayed and
maintained ("Delivery and Maintenance" tab page), you do not need to program the
function listed under (b) because you can use transaction SE16 instead.
In this case, write a program that offers three options:
(a) "INITI" for modeling the function listed under (a)
(b) "ACTIV" for modeling the function listed under (c)

SAP AG AC400 8-240
(c) "REACT" for modeling the function listed under (d)

Task
F1-1 Create table Y##ADRC as a copy of table ADRC. Allow table maintenance.

Tools ABAP Workbench Development ABAP Dictionary
(SE11)
Select "Database table"
Database table ADRC
Function "Copy"

From Table ADRC
To Table Y##ADRC

Function Local Object

(SE11)
Select "Database table"
Database table Y##ADRC
Function Change

Tab page "Delivery and Maintenance"
Date Browser X Display/Maintenance Allowed

Function "Activate"

F1-2 Create a domain Y##ACTION called "Action". The data type is CHAR and the
number of characters 10. For the range, define three fixed values "INITI" with the
description "Initialize", "ACTIV" with the description "Activate Changes", and
"REACT" with the description "Undo Changes".

(SE11)
Select "Domain"
Domain Y##ACTION
Function "Create"

Short description Action for program Y##Customer
Tab page "Definition"
Data Type "CHAR"
No. Characters 10

Tab page "Value Range"
Fixed Value INITI

SAP AG AC400 8-241
Short Text Initialize
Fixed Value ACTIV
Short Text Activate changes
Fixed Value REACT
Short Text Undo changes

Function "Activate"
Function Local Object

F1-3 Create a data element Y##ACTION with the name "Action". Assign the domain
Y##ACTION to the data element.

(SE11)
Select "Data Type"
Data Type Y##ACTION
Function "Create"

Select "Data Element"

Short Text Action for program Y##Customer
Tab page "Data Type"
Select "Elementary Type"
Select "Domain"
Domain Y##ACTION

Tab page "Field Label"
Short label Action
Medium label Action
Long label Action
Heading Action

Function "Activate"
Function "Local Object"

F1-4 Create a Y##CUSTOMER program that contains the functions of the actions.

You can create the message of class AC400 with the number 600 in the same way
as described for program Y##CUSTOMER. As soon as you have created the
program (as described below), you can maintain the selection texts in the editor
menu under
Goto Text Elements Selection Texts
by referencing the Data Dictionary.

Tools ABAP Workbench Overview Object Navigator

SAP AG AC400 8-242
View Local objects
Local objects AC400-##

Select the rood node $TMP AC400-##
Context menu Create Program

Program Y##CUSTOMER (without top
include)

Title Maintain future customer master data
Type "1 Executable Program"
Function "Save"
Function "Local Object"

In the proposed solution, we will use "AC400" instead of "Y##".

*&---------------------------------------------------------------------
*& Report AC400CUSTOMER
*&
*&---------------------------------------------------------------------*
*&
*&
*&---------------------------------------------------------------------*

REPORT ac400customer.

* Tables
TABLES: kna1.

* Parameters
PARAMETERS: p_date TYPE date_from DEFAULT sy-datum NO-DISPLAY.
SELECT-OPTIONS: r_kunnr FOR kna1-kunnr.
PARAMETERS: p_action TYPE ac400action.

* Types
TYPES: yt_kunnr LIKE TABLE OF r_kunnr.

TYPES: yt_kna1 TYPE TABLE OF kna1.
TYPES: ys_kna1 TYPE kna1.

TYPES: ys_adrc TYPE adrc.
TYPES: yt_adrc TYPE TABLE OF ys_adrc.

TYPES: ys_ac400adrc TYPE ac400adrc.
TYPES: yt_ac400adrc TYPE TABLE OF ys_ac400adrc.

* Constants
CONSTANTS: gc_first_date LIKE sy-datum VALUE '00010101'.
CONSTANTS: gc_last_date LIKE sy-datum VALUE '99991231'.

SAP AG AC400 8-243
CONSTANTS: gc_empty_nation TYPE ad_nation VALUE IS INITIAL.

* Call the main program
PERFORM main
USING p_date
r_kunnr[]
p_action.

*&---------------------------------------------------------------------*
*& Form main
*&---------------------------------------------------------------------*
* text
*----------------------------------------------------------------------*
* -->P_P_DATE text
* -->P_R_KUNNR[] text
* -->P_P_ACTION text
*----------------------------------------------------------------------*
FORM main
USING id_date LIKE sy-datum
it_kunnr TYPE yt_kunnr
id_action TYPE ac400action.

* data
DATA: lt_kna1 TYPE yt_kna1.
DATA: ls_kna1 TYPE ys_kna1.
DATA: ld_answer TYPE char3.

* Authorization check
CALL FUNCTION 'Y_AC400AUTHORITY'
IMPORTING
ed_answer = ld_answer.
CASE ld_answer.
WHEN 'IES'.
"ok
WHEN OTHERS.
MESSAGE e600(f1) WITH sy-uname text-001.
ENDCASE.

* select from kna1
SELECT *
FROM kna1
INTO TABLE lt_kna1
WHERE kunnr IN it_kunnr[].

* insert ykna1
LOOP AT lt_kna1
INTO ls_kna1.

* Evaluate according to action
CASE p_action.

* Initialize
WHEN 'INITI'.
PERFORM initialize

SAP AG AC400 8-244
USING p_date
ls_kna1.
* Activate
WHEN 'ACTIV'.
PERFORM activate
USING p_date
ls_kna1.

* Reactivate
WHEN 'REACT'.
PERFORM react
USING p_date
ls_kna1.

* Undefined input
WHEN OTHERS.
MESSAGE ID 'AC400' TYPE 'E' NUMBER '600'
WITH 'Choose a valid action".

ENDCASE.

WRITE: / 'Vendor', ls_kna1-kunnr, 'has been maintained'.

ENDLOOP.
ENDFORM. " main

*&---------------------------------------------------------------------*
*& Form initialize
*&---------------------------------------------------------------------*
FORM initialize
USING id_date TYPE date_from
is_kna1 TYPE ys_kna1.

* data
DATA: ls_adrc TYPE ys_adrc.
DATA: ls_yadrc TYPE ys_ac400adrc.

SELECT SINGLE *
FROM adrc
INTO ls_adrc
WHERE addrnumber = is_kna1-adrnr
AND date_from = gc_first_date
AND nation = gc_empty_nation.

* Delete existing entries
DELETE FROM ac400adrc
WHERE addrnumber = is_kna1-adrnr.

* Insert new from kna1
MOVE-CORRESPONDING ls_adrc TO ls_yadrc.
ls_yadrc-date_from = id_date.
INSERT ac400adrc FROM ls_yadrc.

ENDFORM. " initialize

SAP AG AC400 8-245
*&---------------------------------------------------------------------*
*& Form activate
*&---------------------------------------------------------------------*
* text
*----------------------------------------------------------------------*
* -->P_ID_DATE text
* -->P_LS_KUNNR text
*----------------------------------------------------------------------*
FORM activate

* data
DATA: ls_adrc TYPE ys_adrc.
DATA: ls_ac400adrc TYPE ys_ac400adrc.
DATA: ls_adrc_old TYPE ys_adrc.
DATA: ls_adrc_new TYPE ys_adrc.

SELECT SINGLE *
FROM adrc
INTO ls_adrc
AND date_from = gc_first_date

SELECT SINGLE *
FROM ac400adrc
INTO ls_ac400adrc
AND date_from = id_date

IF sy-subrc = 0.

* init ls_kna1_new
MOVE-CORRESPONDING ls_ac400adrc TO ls_adrc_new.
ls_adrc_new-date_from = gc_first_date.

* Update customers
UPDATE adrc FROM ls_adrc_new.

* Archive previous entry
ls_adrc_old = ls_adrc.
ls_adrc_old-date_from = id_date - 1.
ls_adrc_old-date_to = id_date - 1.
MODIFY adrc FROM ls_adrc_old.

ELSE.
"nothing to do
ENDIF.

ENDFORM. " activate

SAP AG AC400 8-246
*&---------------------------------------------------------------------*
*& Form react
*&---------------------------------------------------------------------*
FORM react

* data
DATA: ls_adrc_r TYPE ys_adrc.
DATA: ls_adrc_f TYPE ys_adrc.
DATA: lt_adrc TYPE yt_adrc.
DATA: ld_len LIKE sy-tabix.

SELECT *
FROM adrc
INTO TABLE lt_adrc
AND date_from <= id_date

SORT lt_adrc ASCENDING BY date_from.

DESCRIBE TABLE lt_adrc LINES ld_len.
IF ld_len > 0.

* Incorrect sentence
LOOP AT lt_adrc
INTO ls_adrc_f
WHERE date_from = gc_first_date.
EXIT.
ENDLOOP.
ls_adrc_f-date_from = id_date - 1.
ls_adrc_f-date_to = id_date - 1.
MODIFY adrc FROM ls_adrc_f.

* Correct sentence
READ TABLE lt_adrc INDEX ld_len INTO ls_adrc_r.
ls_adrc_r-date_from = gc_first_date.
ls_adrc_r-date_to = gc_last_date.
MODIFY adrc FROM ls_adrc_r.
ENDIF.

ENDFORM. " react

SAP AG AC400 8-247

Write a Program for Opening and Closing FI Periods

Create tables
Select records from tables and write to tables
Call function modules
Display data records
Evaluate pushbuttons pressed by the user
Requirement
In Customizing for Accounting, periods can be opened or closed for posting. The relevant
path is:
IMG Financial Accounting Financial Accounting Global Settings
Document Posting Periods

For selected variants, you want the open periods interval to be shifted by one period on a
recurring key date (such as the end of the month). Assume that today is April 1 and this is
our key date. The periods open for posting up to now are February and March. As of
today, March and April are open for posting.
System Analysis
Find out which table contains the interval for open periods. If necessary, use the ABAP

Program Design
The following objects are required to maintain the future customer address data:
(a) A custom table containing an (optional) key date for each period interval
(b) A program with the variant of the posting periods as a parameter. When called, it
determines the corresponding key date for the entered period interval variant. If the key
date has been exceeded, the period interval is shifted by one period. Before the data is
saved, the current and new statuses are displayed.

Task
Implement the above requirement. Your custom table is Y##T001B. Your program for
maintaining the posting periods is Y##PV.

SAP AG AC400 8-248

SAP AG AC400 8-249

Write a Program for Opening and Closing FI Periods

Requirement
In Customizing for Accounting, periods can be opened or closed for posting. The relevant
path is:
IMG Financial Accounting Financial Accounting Global Settings
Document Posting
Periods

For selected variants, you want the open periods interval to be shifted by one period on a
recurring key date (such as the end of the month). Assume that today is April 1 and this is
our key date. The periods open for posting up to now are February and March. As of
today, March and April are open for posting.
System Analysis
Find out which table contains the interval for open periods. If necessary, use the ABAP

For example, call the transaction for maintaining the open periods:
IMG Financial Accounting Financial Accounting Global Settings Document
Posting Periods Open and Close Posting Periods

Select the first variant ("0001"). Press F1. Choose the "Technical Information"
pushbutton. The referenced table is "V_T001B" (this is actually a table view). You can
use the Data Dictionary (SE11) to take a look at this view. The table referenced in view
V_T001B is T001B. The entries in table T001B (which you can view with SE16) are
those that are proposed for maintenance in Customizing for open periods.

Program Design
The following objects are required to maintain the future customer address data:
(a) A custom table containing an (optional) key date for each period interval
(b) A program with the variant of the posting periods as a parameter. When called, it
determines the corresponding key date for the entered period interval variant. If the key
date has been exceeded, the period interval is shifted by one period. Before the data is
saved, the current and new statuses are displayed.

Task
Implement the above requirement. Your custom table is Y##T001B. Your program for
maintaining the posting periods is Y##PV.

SAP AG AC400 8-250
For more information on how to create a program and tables, refer to the solution for the
task "Write a Program for Maintaining Customer Address Data".

*&---------------------------------------------------------------------*
*& Report AC400PV
*&
*&---------------------------------------------------------------------*
* The custom table ac400t001b referenced in the report is
* activated for maintenance and belongs to delivery class c.
* The technical settings are data type APPL2 and
* size category 0.
* The table has the following structure:
* Field Key Data element Data type Length
* Mandt x Mandt
* Rrcty x Rrcty
* Opvar x Opvar
* Mkoar x Mkoar
* Key date Numc 2

* Status 1000 referenced in the report uses the functions
* of the function keys:
* SAVE for save
* ENTR for continue

REPORT ac400pv.

* Types
TYPES: ys_t001b TYPE t001b.
TYPES: yt_t001b TYPE TABLE OF ys_t001b.
TYPES: ys_ac400t001b TYPE ac400t001b.
TYPES: yt_ac400t001b TYPE TABLE OF ys_ac400t001b.

* Parameters
PARAMETERS: p_opvar TYPE opvar OBLIGATORY.

* Data
DATA: ls_t001 TYPE t001.
DATA: ls_t001b_old TYPE ys_t001b.
DATA: ls_t001b_new TYPE ys_t001b.
DATA: lt_t001b_old TYPE yt_t001b.
DATA: lt_t001b_new TYPE yt_t001b.
DATA: ls_ac400t001b TYPE ys_ac400t001b.
DATA: lt_ac400t001b TYPE yt_ac400t001b.
DATA: ld_result TYPE c.
DATA: ld_day_found TYPE c.

* Set status
SET PF-STATUS '1000'.

* Load T001b with the open periods for selected variant
PERFORM load_t001b
USING p_opvar
CHANGING lt_t001b_old.

SAP AG AC400 8-251

* Load ac400t001b with the key dates for selected variant
PERFORM load_ac400t001b
USING p_opvar
CHANGING lt_ac400t001b.

* Load Periv from reference company code for variant
PERFORM load_periv
USING p_opvar
CHANGING ls_t001.

* Edit the records for the variant
LOOP AT lt_t001b_old
INTO ls_t001b_old.

* Restrict table ac400t001b depending on t001b record
PERFORM get_day
USING lt_ac400t001b
ls_t001b_old
CHANGING ls_ac400t001b
ld_day_found.

* Depending on key date maintenance
CASE ld_day_found.

* Key date maintained
WHEN 'Y'.

* Key date reached?
PERFORM check_day
USING ls_t001
ls_ac400t001b
ls_t001b_old
CHANGING ld_result.

* Branch according to ld_result
CASE ld_result.

* Key date reached => maintain periods
WHEN 'Y'.

* Calculate Customizing
PERFORM calc_t001b
USING ls_t001
ls_t001b_old
CHANGING ls_t001b_new.

* Display Customizing
PERFORM show_t001b
USING ls_t001b_old
ls_t001b_new.

APPEND ls_t001b_new TO lt_t001b_new.

SAP AG AC400 8-252
* Key date NOT reached
WHEN 'N'.

* Undefined
WHEN OTHERS.

ENDCASE.

* Key date not maintained
WHEN OTHERS.
"nothing to do

ENDCASE.
ENDLOOP.

* at user-command
AT USER-COMMAND.
PERFORM do_ucomm
USING sy-ucomm
lt_t001b_new.

*&---------------------------------------------------------------------*
*& Form load_t001b
*&---------------------------------------------------------------------*
FORM load_t001b
USING id_opvar TYPE opvar
CHANGING et_t001b TYPE yt_t001b.

* Clear output
CLEAR et_t001b.

* data
DATA: ld_empty_bkont TYPE bkont_001b.

* select
SELECT *
FROM t001b
* INTO es_t001b
INTO TABLE et_t001b
WHERE rrcty = '0'
AND bukrs = id_opvar.
* AND mkoar = '+'
* AND bkont = ld_empty_bkont.

ENDFORM. " load_t001b

*&---------------------------------------------------------------------*
*& Form load_ac400t001b
*&---------------------------------------------------------------------*
FORM load_ac400t001b
CHANGING et_ac400t001b TYPE yt_ac400t001b.

* Clear output

SAP AG AC400 8-253
CLEAR et_ac400t001b[].

* Select
SELECT *
FROM ac400t001b
INTO TABLE et_ac400t001b
WHERE opvar = id_opvar
AND rrcty = '0'.

ENDFORM. " load_ac400t001b

*&---------------------------------------------------------------------*
*& Form load_periv
*&---------------------------------------------------------------------*
FORM load_periv
CHANGING es_t001 TYPE t001.

* Clear output
CLEAR es_t001.

* get priv
SELECT *
FROM t001
INTO es_t001
WHERE opvar = id_opvar.
EXIT.
ENDSELECT.

ENDFORM. " load_periv

*&---------------------------------------------------------------------*
*& Form get_day
*&---------------------------------------------------------------------*
FORM get_day
USING it_ac400t001b TYPE yt_ac400t001b
is_t001b TYPE ys_t001b
CHANGING es_ac400t001b TYPE ys_ac400t001b
ed_day_found TYPE c.

* Clear output
CLEAR es_ac400t001b.
ed_day_found = 'N'.

* Get sentence
LOOP AT it_ac400t001b
INTO es_ac400t001b
WHERE opvar = is_t001b-bukrs
AND mkoar = is_t001b-mkoar
AND rrcty = is_t001b-rrcty.
ed_day_found = 'Y'.
ENDLOOP.

SAP AG AC400 8-254

ENDFORM. " get_day

*&---------------------------------------------------------------------*
*& Form check_day
*&---------------------------------------------------------------------*
FORM check_day
USING is_t001 TYPE t001
is_ac400t001b TYPE ys_ac400t001b
is_t001b TYPE ys_t001b
CHANGING ed_result TYPE c.

* Clear output
CLEAR ed_result.

* data
DATA: ld_systemday TYPE n LENGTH 2.
DATA: ld_actbuper TYPE poper.
DATA: ld_actgjahr TYPE bdatj.
DATA: ld_check TYPE i.

* Determine current date
ld_systemday = sy-datum+6(2).

* Get current period
CALL FUNCTION 'DATE_TO_PERIOD_CONVERT'
EXPORTING
i_date = sy-datum
i_periv = is_t001-periv
IMPORTING
e_buper = ld_actbuper
e_gjahr = ld_actgjahr.

* 1.) Check whether key date exceeded
IF ld_systemday >= is_ac400t001b-stichtag.
ld_result = ld_result + 1.
ENDIF.

* 2.) Check whether set period < current period
IF is_t001b-tope1 < ld_actbuper
AND is_t001b-toye1 = ld_actgjahr.
* 3.) Check whether set year < today
ELSEIF is_t001b-toye1 < ld_actgjahr.
ENDIF.

IF ld_result = 2.
ed_result = 'Y'.
ELSE.
ed_result = 'N'.
ENDIF.

ENDFORM. " check_day

SAP AG AC400 8-255

*&---------------------------------------------------------------------*
*& Form calc_t001b
*&---------------------------------------------------------------------*
FORM calc_t001b
USING is_t001 TYPE t001
is_t001b_old TYPE ys_t001b
CHANGING es_t001b_new TYPE ys_t001b.

* set output
es_t001b_new = is_t001b_old.

* Define new start period
CALL FUNCTION 'CKML_F_GET_NEXT_PERIOD'
EXPORTING
input_period = is_t001b_old-frpe1
input_year = is_t001b_old-frye1
input_periv = is_t001-periv
IMPORTING
next_period = es_t001b_new-frpe1
next_year = es_t001b_new-frye1.

* Define new target period
CALL FUNCTION 'CKML_F_GET_NEXT_PERIOD'
EXPORTING
input_period = is_t001b_old-tope1
input_year = is_t001b_old-toye1
input_periv = is_t001-periv
IMPORTING
next_period = es_t001b_new-tope1
next_year = es_t001b_new-toye1.

ENDFORM. " calc_t001b

*&---------------------------------------------------------------------*
*& Form show_t001b
*&---------------------------------------------------------------------*
FORM show_t001b
USING is_t001b_old TYPE ys_t001b
is_t001b_new TYPE ys_t001b.

WRITE:/ is_t001b_old-mkoar.

* Output first line with current status
WRITE:/ text-001, "Current open periods
is_t001b_old-frpe1,
is_t001b_old-frye1,
'-',
is_t001b_old-tope1,
is_t001b_old-toye1.

* Output second line with new status
WRITE:/ text-002, "Open periods from now on
is_t001b_new-frpe1,

SAP AG AC400 8-256
is_t001b_new-frye1,
'-',
is_t001b_new-tope1,
is_t001b_new-toye1.

WRITE:/.

ENDFORM. " show_t001b

*&---------------------------------------------------------------------*
*& Form do_ucomm
*&---------------------------------------------------------------------*
FORM do_ucomm
USING id_ucomm LIKE sy-ucomm
it_t001b TYPE yt_t001b.

CASE id_ucomm.
WHEN 'ENTR'.
"nothing to do.
WHEN 'SAVE'.
PERFORM save
USING it_t001b.
LEAVE SCREEN.

WHEN OTHERS.
LEAVE SCREEN.

ENDCASE.

ENDFORM. " do_ucomm

*&---------------------------------------------------------------------*
*& Form save
*&---------------------------------------------------------------------*
FORM save
USING it_t001b TYPE yt_t001b.

UPDATE t001b FROM TABLE it_t001b.

ENDFORM. " save

SAP AG AC400 8-257

Program a Report for Master Data Groups in Cost
Accounting

Select records from tables and display them with the ALV
Use custom containers
Use the PBO and PAI dialog programming events to modify your user
interface
Define and evaluate required entry fields
Define a transaction for calling your report
Requirement
In Cost Accounting, you can group cost centers, cost elements, internal orders, and so on.
You want to program a report that lists these groups. The report should display both the
selection parameters and the results list on one screen. The group type (cost center, cost
element, and so on) and also the name of the object should be available as selection
parameters. The group type should be a required entry. If only the type is entered, all
groups of this type should be listed. The second parameter can be used to filter out a
specific element of this type. Depending on the selected type, the description of the field
should change for positioning purposes:

Initial call:
Set class ___________
Set ID ____________

Results list empty

After 0102 has been entered as the set class, the screen should change to:
Set class 0102
Cost element group ____________

Results list contains all cost element groups
System Analysis
Found out which table stores the master data groups. If necessary, use the ABAP

Task
Implement the above requirement. Your program Y##SET is part of your local objects.

SAP AG AC400 8-258

SAP AG AC400 8-259

Program a Report for Master Data Groups in Cost
Accounting

Requirement
In Cost Accounting, you can group cost centers, cost elements, internal orders, and so on.
You want to program a report that lists these groups. The report should display both the
selection parameters and the results list on one screen. The group type (cost center, cost
element, and so on) and also the name of the object should be available as selection
parameters. The group type should be a required entry. If only the type is entered, all
groups of this type should be listed. The second parameter can be used to filter out a
specific element of this type. Depending on the selected type, the description of the field
should change for positioning purposes:

Initial call:
Set class ___________
Set ID ____________

Results list empty

After 0102 has been entered as the set class, the screen should change to:
Set class 0102
Cost element group ____________

Results list contains all cost element groups
Finally, the program should be executable via a transaction.
System Analysis
Found out which table stores the master data groups. If necessary, use the ABAP

Use the transaction, for example, to display the cost element groups (KAH1). After you
have entered the cost element group OAL on the initial screen, use the /h command to
activate the debugger before you release the data. In debugger mode, set a breakpoint for
the "SELECT" command to analyze the further table accesses. Check the tables at which
the debugger stops by listing their entries, for example. The table containing the cost
element groups must be included in the accesses.

Task
Implement the above requirement. Your program Y##SET is part of your local objects.
Your transaction is Y##SET and is also defined locally.

SAP AG AC400 8-260
Instructions on how to use the Program Editor and define screens are provided in the
exercise on maintaining customer address data.

Once you have created the program (see template below), define a transaction. You can
create transactions in the same way as programs using the Object Navigator (SE80).
When you define the transaction Y##Set, select "Program and Selection Screen (Report
Transaction)" as the initial object. Enter your program Y##SET with selection screen
"1000".

*&---------------------------------------------------------------------*
*& Report AC400SET
*&
*&---------------------------------------------------------------------*
* Screen 1000 referenced in the report has the following settings
*Properties
*Maintenance 200 240
*
*Element list
*Name Type Row Column Def.L. Vis.L. Hght Scrollable Format
*SETHEADER-SETCLASS Text 1 1 22 22 1
*SETHEADER-SETCLASS I/O 1 26 4 4 1 CHAR
*GD_SETCLSTEXT I/O 2 1 22 22 1 CHAR
*SETHEADER-SETNAME I/O 2 26 24 24 1 CHAR
*ALV CuCtr 4 1 240 240 197
*
* Element list (continued)
*Name Inp. Outp. Outp Only. Dict Fld
*SETHEADER-SETCLASS x
*SETHEADER-SETCLASS x x x
*GD_SETCLSTEXT x x
*SETHEADER-SETNAME x x x
*ALV
*
* Element list (special attributes and display attributes)
*Name Input Two-dimensional As desc. left
*SETHEADER-SETCLASS x
*SETHEADER-SETCLASS O obl.
*GD_SETCLSTEXT N n. poss. x
*SETHEADER-SETNAME poss.
*ALV
*
*Flow logic
*process before output.
*
** Set status
* module status_1000.
*
** Adjust field name and list
* module adjust_window.
**
*process after input.
** Call following module at "CANC"

SAP AG AC400 8-261
* module user_command_1000 at exit-command.
*
** Also with all other commands
* module user_command_1000.

* Status 1000 has the following properties
* Function keys
* Green arrow BACK
* Yellow arrow EXIT
* Red cross CANC (defined as exit command)

* Title 1000 is "Master Data Groups"

REPORT ac400set.

*Referenced tables
TABLES: setheader.

*Types for master data groups
TYPES: ys_setheader TYPE setheader.
TYPES: yt_setheader TYPE TABLE OF ys_setheader.

*Data declaration.
DATA: gt_outtab TYPE yt_setheader.
DATA: gd_setclstext TYPE setclstext.
DATA: go_container TYPE REF TO cl_gui_custom_container.
DATA: go_alv TYPE REF TO cl_gui_alv_grid.

*Data instantiation
CREATE OBJECT go_container
EXPORTING repid = sy-repid
dynnr = '1000'
container_name = 'ALV'.

CREATE OBJECT go_alv
EXPORTING i_parent = go_container.

*Call dialog box
CALL SCREEN 1000.

*&---------------------------------------------------------------------*
*& Module USER_COMMAND_1000 INPUT
*&---------------------------------------------------------------------*

* Evaluation of pushbutton pressed by user
CASE sy-ucomm.

* Other or undefined
WHEN 'ENTR'
OR ' '.
PERFORM set_selection_status
USING setheader
CHANGING gt_outtab.

SAP AG AC400 8-262

* Other commands
WHEN OTHERS.

* Exit the transaction
SET SCREEN 0.
LEAVE SCREEN.

ENDCASE.

ENDMODULE. " USER_COMMAND_1000 INPUT
*&---------------------------------------------------------------------*
*& Module STATUS_1000 OUTPUT
*&---------------------------------------------------------------------*
MODULE status_1000 OUTPUT.
SET PF-STATUS '1000'.
SET TITLEBAR '1000'.
ENDMODULE. " STATUS_1000 OUTPUT

*&---------------------------------------------------------------------*
*& Form set_selection_status
*&---------------------------------------------------------------------*
* This routine determines the status of the selection parameters.
* Possible statuses:
* UNDEF no selection parameters provided
* IDENT already selected with selection parameter
* FIRST first selection call
* NEW further selection call with new parameters

FORM set_selection_status
USING is_setheader TYPE setheader
CHANGING ct_outtab TYPE yt_setheader.

* data
DATA: ls_empty_setheader TYPE ys_setheader.
STATICS: ls_old_setheader TYPE ys_setheader.
DATA: ld_status TYPE string.

* Evaluate entered parameters and set status
CASE is_setheader.

* Undefined/empty parameters
WHEN ls_empty_setheader.
ld_status = 'UNDEF'.

* Unchanged parameters
WHEN ls_old_setheader.
ld_status = 'IDENT'.

* Selection parameters not used
WHEN OTHERS.

* First time
IF ls_old_setheader = ls_empty_setheader.

SAP AG AC400 8-263
ld_status = 'FIRST'.

* Change
ELSE.
ld_status = 'NEW'.
ENDIF.

* get data
PERFORM get_data
USING is_setheader
CHANGING ct_outtab.

* Update ls_old_setheader
ls_old_setheader = is_setheader.

ENDCASE.

* Remember status
PERFORM remind_status
USING 'SET'
CHANGING ld_status.

ENDFORM. " set_selection_status
*&---------------------------------------------------------------------*
*& Form get_data
*&---------------------------------------------------------------------*
FORM get_data
USING is_setheader TYPE ys_setheader
CHANGING et_outtab TYPE yt_setheader.

* Clear output
CLEAR et_outtab[].

* data
DATA: ld_empty_setname LIKE setheader-setname.

* Select according to set ID
CASE is_setheader-setname.

* All objects
WHEN ld_empty_setname.
SELECT *
FROM setheader
INTO TABLE et_outtab
WHERE setclass = is_setheader-setclass.

* One object
WHEN OTHERS.
SELECT *
FROM setheader
INTO TABLE et_outtab
WHERE setname = is_setheader-setname
AND setclass = is_setheader-setclass.
ENDCASE.

SAP AG AC400 8-264

ENDFORM. " get_data
*&---------------------------------------------------------------------*
*& Module adjust_window OUTPUT
*&---------------------------------------------------------------------*
MODULE adjust_window OUTPUT.
PERFORM adjust_window
USING gt_outtab
setheader
CHANGING gd_setclstext.
ENDMODULE. " adjust_window OUTPUT
*&---------------------------------------------------------------------*
*& Form adjust_window
*&---------------------------------------------------------------------*
FORM adjust_window
USING it_outtab TYPE yt_setheader
is_setheader TYPE ys_setheader
CHANGING cd_setclstext TYPE setclstext.

* data
DATA: ld_status TYPE string.

* set ld_status
PERFORM remind_status
USING 'GET'
CHANGING ld_status.

* Evaluate status
CASE ld_status.

* Undefined
WHEN 'UNDEF'.
* Maintain cd-setclstext
PERFORM get_setclstext
USING is_setheader
CHANGING cd_setclstext.

* Existing selection
WHEN 'IDENT'.
"nothing to do

* First selection
WHEN 'FIRST'.

* Generate ALV
CALL METHOD go_alv->set_table_for_first_display
EXPORTING
i_structure_name = 'SETHEADER'
CHANGING
it_outtab = gt_outtab.

* Maintain cd_setclstext
USING is_setheader

SAP AG AC400 8-265

* New other selection
WHEN 'NEW'.
CALL METHOD go_alv->refresh_table_display.

USING is_setheader

WHEN OTHERS.
USING is_setheader

ENDCASE.

ENDFORM. "adjust_window
*&---------------------------------------------------------------------*
*& Form remind_status
*&---------------------------------------------------------------------*
* This routine stores the status of selection parameters and
* returns them on request.
* PBO and PAI communicate via this routine
* The following actions are possible:
* SET: Remember status
* GET: Return status
FORM remind_status
USING id_action TYPE string
CHANGING cd_status TYPE string.

* data
STATICS: ld_status TYPE string.

* Evaluate action
CASE id_action.

* Set status
WHEN 'SET'.
ld_status = cd_status.

* Read status
WHEN 'GET'.
cd_status = ld_status.

ENDCASE.

ENDFORM. "remind_status
*&---------------------------------------------------------------------*
*& Form get_setclstext
*&---------------------------------------------------------------------*
FORM get_setclstext

SAP AG AC400 8-266
USING is_setheader TYPE ys_setheader
CHANGING ed_setclstext TYPE setclstext.

* Clear output
CLEAR ed_setclstext.

* data
DATA: ls_setclst TYPE setclst.
DATA: ld_empty_setclass TYPE setclst.
DATA: ls_dd04v_wa TYPE dd04v.

* Processing according to is_setheader-setclass.
CASE is_setheader-setclass.

* Class not set
WHEN ld_empty_setclass.
CALL FUNCTION 'DDIF_DTEL_GET'
EXPORTING
name = 'SETNAMENEW'
langu = sy-langu
IMPORTING
dd04v_wa = ls_dd04v_wa.

* set output
ed_setclstext = ls_dd04v_wa-ddtext.

* Class set
WHEN OTHERS.
* select
SELECT SINGLE *
FROM setclst
INTO ls_setclst
WHERE langu = sy-langu
AND setclass = is_setheader-setclass.

* set output
ed_setclstext = ls_setclst-descript.

ENDCASE.

ENDFORM. " get_setclstext

AC400 Programming in Financials

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AC400 Programming in Financials

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