INDEX

abandoned women, 3, 64
abandonment, 39, 115
Abrams, Lynn, 1
adults, 40, 43, 87, 96, 106
alcohol, 66-7, 70
Anderson, Michael, 3
Aff Piddle, 11-12, 22-4, 27-8
age distribution, 15-17 see also old age,
elderly
ages of widows, 17, see also old age, elderly
Alcay, 129
Allgemeine Armenflege, 103-4
Alsace, 127
Amendeuix, 129
America 38, 127-30, 132, 134-44
American West, 141-2
animals, 48, 64, 137
Ardleigh, 14
Argentina, 132
artisan, 80, 136, 139-42
Assistance Board, 94
Atlantic Ocean, 142
aunt, 2, 80
Austria, 145-59
Austrian Civil Code 1811, 148
autonomy, 34, 84, 88, 98

Bedfordshire, 13
beer, 12, 66-7
begging, 7, 42-4 see also poverty
Belm, 154
Bergara, 39
Berkshire, 28
Bellinzone, 101
Berne, 99
Biarritz, 137
Bilbao, 39
boarder, 4, 38-9, 62 see also lodger
boarding of children, 6, 93-4, 99
Bolivia, 132
Booth, Charles, 26, 36
Bordeaux, 137
boys, 5, 40, 43, 76, 86, 121, 150
bread, 11-12, 20-1, 27-30, 50, 57-8, 62, 67-8,
84
breadwinner, 2, 45, 47, 50, 52-3, 58-9, 69-71,
101-2, 115, 118
brother, 9, 41-2, 80-2, 96, 134, 136-8, 153
see also siblings
brother-in-law, 81 see also kinship
Buckingham, 16
budgets, 2-3, 5,8, 12-13, 19-31, 47, 49, 54-8,
60, 62-70, see also consumption
Bureau de Bienfaisance, 99
burgher, 147
Business, 2, 35, 47, 49, 52, 57-8, 60, 113,
127, 135, 137, 139, 141-3

Copyright

bachelor, 38, 76
Bamberg Landrecht 1769, 148
Barkham, 22-4, 27-8
Baronies, 134
Bareges, 133-4
Basle, 92, 100,103
Basque Country, 36, 132-5
Bayonne, 130
Bearn, 134

Cadastre, 130
Canada, 132
Canterbury, 83
capabilities, 120, 128, 144
Cardington, 13-15
195

196

Female Economic Strategies in the Modern World

Castel, Robert, 35
Causton, 14
celibacy, 9, 129, 132-4, 136, 138-9, 143-4
census 2-4, 13,15, 17, 45-52, 57-65, 69-70,
75-8, 80-1, 92-3, 104-5
Census 1901, England and Wales, 17
Census 1900 and 1910, Finnish towns,
49-65, 69-70
Census 1930, Switzerland, 93
Censuses of the Poor, Spain, 34-44
Chabot, 2
charity, 13, 26, 31, 45, 78, 80-2, 123
Chesterfield, 16
child birth, 64
child minding, 52, 64
childlessness, 148, 150, 154-5, 157
children, 1-9, 11-12, 15-26, 30-1, 34-5, 40-2,
44-9, 51, 53, 55, 70, 73-9, 81-3, 86-7,
89-107, 116-17, 120, 123-4, 127, 129131, 134-5, 137, 140-3, 145, 149-151,
153-7, 159 see also daughter and son
Chile, 132
Civil Code, 89, 96, 98, 127, 133-4, 136,
143, 148
cleaning, 2,4, 39, 46-7, 49-50, 52, 56, 58-60,
70, 116-17
clothes, 25, 41, 54, 57, 62, 64, 97, 103, 117
coffee, 11, 67-8
cohabitation, co-residence, 2, 7, 39-40, 63,
65, 70, 78, 81, 83, 95 see also residence
patterns
Colchester, 83
communes, 91, 97, 99, 101
community of property, 146, 148, 159
consumption, 12, 20-4, 28-30, 34, 67-8,
120,124 see also budgets
and distribution, 20-1, 23-4, 28, 67-8
Corfe Castle, 13-15,19, 25, 75,79, 85
Cornwall, 21-2
Corseley, 11-13, 18, 30
cost of living, 66, 104 see also budgets
cottagers, 12
cousin, 137-8 see also kinship
crafts, 3, 14, 51, 53-4, 58, 137-8, 147, 155,
157
Cuba, 132
Cumberland, 16, 21-2, 73
Cumwhitton, 21-4, 27

daughter, 4, 6-7, 11-12, 25-6, 38-43, 57, 65,

70, 77, 81-3, 87-8, 95-6, 98, 109, 1234, 131-2, 134-5, 137-8, 140, 142-5,
147-8, 150-2, 154, 158 see also children
Davies, David, 20-5, 27-8
Davies M.F., 11-12, 18, 30-1
Dawnay, Henry, 77-8
Denbighshire, 21-2
Derby, 16
Derbyshire, 16
diets, 8, 11-12, 28, 31, 68, 86 see also consumption and food
divorce, 90, 95-6, 106-7, 142
domestic ideology, 2-3, 5-6, 40,43, 46-7,
49, 69
domestic service, 44, 50-1, 91-2,
domestic work, 37, 42, 93, 110, 114-17
Dorset, 11, 13, 22, 28, 75, 77, 79
dowry, 8, 135-7, 148-9
Durham, 22

Copyright

East London, 11
earnings, 3-7, 12-13, 16-19, 21-6, 30-1, 37,
43, 46-9, 51-60, 63-6, 69-70, 94 see also
income
earnings of children, 12, 16, 19, 23-4,
40-2,64-5, 106 see also budgets
Eden, Frederic Morton, 18, 20, 23-5, 27, 87
education, 4-6, 34, 50-1, 109-10, 112,
115-16, 118-124,134-8, 143 see also
schooling
elderly, 7, 16, 25-6, 31, 39-40, 42, 44, 77, 80,
91, 95-9, 103, 115, 117
employment, 4, 7, 19, 32, 35, 37, 43-6,
49-50, 52-6, 58-9, 64-5, 67, 69-70, 75,
86, 88-9, 91-3, 101-2, 104-5, 109-10,
112-13, 115, 117, 121, 124, 134, 1379, 143 see also income
England, 3,6, 15-17, 26, 74-5, 85, 88
Essex, 14, 83, 85, 87
expenditure, 7-8, 12-13, 20, 27-31, 41, 53,
62, 65-70, 89, 103, 113, 115
on food, 11, 20, 27-30, 66-8 see also
budgets and standard of living
factories, 37, 39, 44, 91-2
family co-operation, 6, 9

Index
family income, 7, 17-19, 35, 41-2, 52, 56,
64-5, 105-6, 120, 139 see also budgets
family reconstitution, 128-130, 138, 140-1
family unit, 1, 39, 87 see also household
structure and residence patterns
farmer, 12, 14, 47-8, 57, 135-6, 138-42,
154-5
farming, 47, 77, 90, 95, 151
father, 8, 17, 34, 37, 43, 80, 82, 87, 90, 93-4,
98, 102, 137, 154, 159
fatherless, 82, 90
Finnish municipal taxation, 52
Feinstein, 46
female clustering, 74, 76-7,81
female earnings, 3-5, 7, 39-42, 52, 54-6, 63,
93, 114-15, 117 see also income and
family income
female work, 39-42, 47-8, 50-1, 55-9, 93,
112-13, 137-140 see also employment
fertility, 89-90
Finland, 47
food, 11-12, 25-7, 29-31, 38, 49, 53-4, 59,
62, 65-8, 70, 85-6, 97, 103, 109-10,
116, 119-23, 141, 149, 158 see also
budgets and expenditure
Food, Health and Education Programme,
109
Forssa, 64
fostering, 62, 63, 69
Foundation for the Aged, 101, 103
France, 4, 74, 127-8, 130, 136, 141-2, 144
French Basque Provinces, 129
French Pyrenees, 127-134
French Revolution, 143

197

Glynde, 22-4, 27
Govan, 17, 26
Gracia, Juan, 36, 39
grandchild, 41, 77, 82-3, 96, 130-1, 134, 140
grandfather, 80,82
grandmother, 96
Graubnden, 90
Greenock, 17
Greenwich, 73
Guipuzcoa, 33-4, 36, 39
Hahn, Sylvia, 2
Halifax, 16, 87
Hampton, Middlesex, 85
health, 15, 24, 35, 41, 50, 67-8, 91, 103, 10910, 119-20, 122-3
Heiratsgut, 149, 153
heiress, 129, 134-8, 141, 143, 152, 156-7
Helsinki, 49-54, 57-62, 68, 71
Higgs, Edward, 46
Hill, Bridget, 45
Hindle, Steve, 73-4
Hirdman, Yvonne, 66
Hitchcock, Tim, 87
Hjelt, Vera, 49
home work, 46, 59, 93
Horrell, Sarah, 2, 20, 25, 46
hospital, 5, 48
household heads, 2, 20-1, 49, 51, 55
female, 2, 45, 58, 63-4, 70, 79
male, 2, 20-1, 46, 55, 58, 66-7, 69, 79, 128
household size, 20, 39
household structure, 111 see also residence
patterns and living arrangements
housewife, 44, 47, 70
housework, 25, 38, 40-1, 51-2, 116-17, 158
housing, 9, 39, 60-1, 74-5, 77, 80, 82, 84-5,
87-8, 119-20, 122 see also living conditions
Hufton, Olwen, 1-2, 74
human capital, 110, 118-19, 122
Humphries, Jane, 2, 20, 25, 45-6
husband, 1-3, 5, 8, 13, 17, 20-1, 27, 30-1,
34, 37-8, 41-3, 49, 52, 57-8, 60, 62-3,
66, 79-80, 84, 89-90, 92, 97-8, 101-2,
105-6, 111, 116, 135-6, 141-2, 145-6,
149-50, 152-7, 159
hygiene, 85

Copyright

garden, 50, 55, 150, 153, 155-6, 158

garden produce, 12, 25-6, 64
gender, 3, 5, 8-9, 33,38, 52, 54, 66, 75, 86-7,
109-14, 116-17, 121, 124, 127, 136,
143-4, 146, 150, 155, 159
and migration 128-9, 131-43
Geneva, 99, 101
girls, 5, 15, 39-40, 43, 49, 54, 73, 76, 86-8,
121, 150
Glarus, 97
Glasgow, 17, 26
gleaning, 37
Gloucester, 22

198

Female Economic Strategies in the Modern World

illegitimate children, 17, 87, 137

image of women, 1, 63
infant, 123
income, 2-8, 11-13, 17-32, 34-5, 38-41,
44-57, 59-70, 75-6, 90-8, 100-6, 10910, 112-24, 139 see also budgets and
earnings
sources, 17, 19-21, 37-41, 57-62, 103,
106
level, 18, 38-9, 41, 59-60, 103
industrialization, 33, 36, 45, 54
inheritance, 4, 8-9, 95, 127, 134-7, 143,
146,148-55, 157, 159
Inkborough, 85
Innichen, 147, 158
institution, 5, 16, 37-8, 42, 48, 50, 84-5,
87-8, 91, 94-6, 99, 103, 147
insurance, 35, 91, 100, 102, 104-7
Ipswich, 16,19
ironing, 4, 37-3, 49, 51-2, 55-6, 58-60, 64,
70, 117
isolation, 1,2, 35, 73-6, 82, 124, 129, 142 see
also solitary
Isturits, 129

laundress, 91, see also washerwoman

Lavedan, 133
legislation, 3, 47, 106, 128
Les Aludes, 129
Levene, Alysa, 87
life cycle, 7, 128-30
listings, 3, 74-5, 78, 83, 88
living arrangements, 82, 96 see also residence
patterns
living conditions, 33, 37, 62, 123, 140-2 see
also housing
living standards, 12, 20, 31, 46 see also cost
of living
Llanarmon/Llandegla, 22-24, 27
lodgers, 4-5, 9, 47, 49, 51-2, 56-7, 60-70, 80,
92, 105-6 see also boarders
lone mother, 77, 79, 81
loneliness, 2,6-7, 115
London, 87
Lower Austria, 154
male income, 53, 58, 66, 69-70 see also
earnings
malnutrition, 110
manual work, 34, 58, 60, 63 see also labourer
and working class
Market Drayton, 26
marriage, 1,4, 8-9, 31, 39, 47, 51, 55-6, 65,
96, 98, 101-2, 129-33, 135, 138-9,
141-59
marriage contract, 4, 130, 145-7, 149-159
marriage market, 1, 9, 133, 138-9, 141
married women, 2,4, 5, 20, 31, 42, 45-7, 49,
51, 54, 56-8, 69-70, 90, 117
Maternalist policies, 123
Maternity Insurance, 35
meals 11-12, 30-1, 59, 62 see also food and
budgets
meat, 11-12, 20, 27-31, 66-8, 70, 158
Memoria, 36
Mendive, 129
Mexico, 109-125, 132
micro simulation, 3, 15-16
middle aged, 15-16, 74, 87
middle class, 36, 40, 43, 47, 60, 69, 92
Middlesex, 85
migration, 4, 32, 36, 90, 95, 100, 127-144
milk, 50, 57, 64, 67-8, 70, 158

Copyright
Jarspeise, 149
Josephinisches Gesetzbuch 1786, 148

Kilmarnock, 17
King, Steven, 13
kinship, 2, 38, 65, 69, 91, 146, 148, 154, 159
see also parents, siblings, cousin, aunt,
uncle
assistance, 2
clustering, 65
contacts, 65
group, 38
network, 69
responsibilities, 91, 96-8
ties, 148
Koeller Barbara, 92
labour market, 2-3, 5-7, 9, 20, 44, 54, 66,
91-2, 94, 101-3, 105-7, 109, 112-14,
116-17, 124, 128
labourer, 8, 13-14, 20-33, 43, 46, 50-2, 55,
58, 64, 86, 90-1, 139-40, 151 see also
manual work

Index
Molyneaux, Maxine, 121
money, 26, 39, 41, 44, 49, 51, 53, 58, 63-4,
67, 78, 80-1, 89, 93-5, 98, 103, 106,
136, 151, 153-6
Monks Sherborne and Basing, 22-24, 27
Morgengabe, 149, 155
mortality, 89, 93
mothers, 2, 5-7, 19, 39, 55, 59-60, 64-5,
69-70, 74, 77, 79, 81, 90, 92, 94, 103,
105-7, 109, 121, 123
Mutual Aid Societies, 35
National Health Insurance, 35
National Insurance Society, 35
Navarra, 37
neighbours, 26, 74, 77, 93
Neuchatel, 99, 101
New Street, Puddletown, 78-80
Newent, 22-4, 27-8
Nordic countries, 47, 62
Nordic society, 48
Norfolk, 14-15
normal family, 1, 2, 54
Norwich, 16
nuclear family, 63, 76, 78-9, 87, 96, 111, 159
nutrition, 8, 29, 120, 123 see also consumption and budgets

199

Parliamentary Act of 1723, 84

part time work, 2, 37, 47-9, 53-4, 58-9, 91,
96, 101, 105, 110
Pau, 130
pauper letters, 73, 83-4
Pelling, Margaret, 1
pension, 4, 6, 26-7, 50-1, 78, 80-2, 85, 98-9,
101-2, 104-6
Pitt, Sir William, Moreton, 75, 85
poorhouse, 16, 44, 48, see also workhouse
Poor Law, 12, 14-16, 19-21,26-7, 31-2, 73-5,
84-6, 88
New Poor Law, 84
Old Poor Law, 86, 88
poor men, 14, 48, 85-6, 110
poor relief, 2-7, 11, 13-15, 17, 19, 21-6, 45,
48, 51, 57, 61, 69-71, 74-7, 80, 82-4,
90-1, 98, 101
poor widows, 13-19, 37-43, 57, 74, 89-105
poor women 75-7, 83-6, 109-10, 120-1,124
population, 13-19, 22, 25, 27, 31-3, 35-6,
39, 43, 52, 63-4, 75-6, 87, 89, 90, 99,
111-13, 115, 118-19, 123, 127, 131-2,
141, 147-8
Portugal, 36
potatoes, 11-12, 64-5, 67
poverty, 1-2, 4-5, 7, 12-14, 16-18, 30-4,
36-42, 53, 74-8, 80-3, 88, 90, 103, 109113, 117, 120-24, 139
Primary, 12, 17-18
Secondary, 12, 18
Poverty line, 31
pregnancy, 69, 121
principal earner, 12
prison, 103
Progresa-Oportunidades, 109, 119-124
property, 4, 8-9, 26, 45, 51, 89, 130-1, 135-6,
141, 145-159
provider, 49, 64, 102, 112
Public Welfare Law 1855, Spain, 34
Puddletown, 76,79, 88
Purbeck Hills, 75
Pyrenees, 4, 127-9, 133-5, 142

Copyright

occupation, 4, 9, 39, 47-52, 57-9, 64, 70, 77,

101, 114, 158
old age, 4-6, 15-16, 31, 35, 48, 69, 90-1, 95,
100-2, 104-7, 157
old age pension, 101
Old Age and Survivors Insurance 1948, 91,
100, 102-7
old men, 48, 87
Old Rgime, 33, 136, 143
orphan, 17, 90, 102-3, 105
Out Relief, 13-17, 19, 26, 31, 48, 57, 86
Ovenden, West Yorkshire, 87
Overseers of the Poor, 13, 16, 74
Paisley, 17
Pampas, 141-2
parents, 15, 25-6, 75, 83, 86, 93-4, 96-8,
111, 134, 137-8, 143, 153, 158 see also
mothers and fathers
Paris, 137

registration of female work, 2,4, 45-6, 49,

58, 69
religion, 140
remarriage, 1, 154, 157

200

Female Economic Strategies in the Modern World

Renteria, 39
renting, 12-13, 38, 44, 51, 65, 70, 95-6
residence patterns, 3, 74-5, 79-82, 84, see also
living arrangements
retirement, 8, 48, 95, 104, 138-9
retirement contracts, 8, 95
Roberts, Elizabeth, 7
Robin, Jean, 2
Rose, Sonya, 2
Rowntree, Seebohm, 12, 18, 29-30, 36
rural areas, 8, 26, 98, 110, 127
Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port, 137
Saint-Jean-de-Luz, 137
Saint-Palais, 137
salary, 34, 40-1, 49, 109, 114, 117, 123
Salisbury, 16, 19
San Sebastian, 34, 36-40, 44
Sare, 129
schooling, 110, 118, 123 see also education
Seend, 21-22, 25
servant, 1, 7, 50, 57, 60, 76, 91-2, 138-9, 156
settlement (residence), 18, 90, 99-100
settlement of property, 130, 132, 141, 144,
147, 150, 152-5
Sherborne, 22-4, 27
Shropshire, 26
siblings, 1,2, 9, 26, 65, 96-7, 99, 136-7, 139,
143, 151 see also brother and sister
sister, 42, 65, 67, 70, 80-1, 134, 136, 141,
152-3
Snell and Millar, 2
Sokoll, Tom, 2, 83
solitary, 1, 75-7, 79-83
son, 21, 23, 25-6, 34, 38-41, 43, 65, 67, 77,
81-2, 87-8, 95, 98, 124, 131-2, 134-5,
137-8, 140, 144, 148, 154, 156-8
son-in-law, 41, 97-8, 154-5, 157
Spain, 3, 33-5
spinner, 15
spinster, 1, 3, 9, 39, 42, 74, 76, 79-83, 88
Staffordshire, 16, 18
standard of living, 7-8, 12,19-20, 22, 25,
30-2, 46, 53, 66 see also living standards,
budgets and cost of living
State of the Poor, 18
St Austell, 21-4, 28
St Botolph, Colchester

St Gallen, Switzerland, 101

St George in the East, London 11
step child, 17
strategies, 3-4, 7-9, 25, 37-39, 41-4, 47-8,
70,73, 75, 81, 84-5, 88, 112, 115, 12830, 132, 134-5, 138, 144, 146
Suffolk, 16, 26
sugar, 11-12, 67-8
survival, 3, 9, 33-5, 37-9, 44-5, 48, 63, 65,
74-5, 109, 115, 123
South Tyrol, 147
support by children, 12, 25-6
Sussex, 22
Swedish working class budgets, 66
Swiss Civil Code 1912, 89, 96, 98
Switzerland, 89-107
Tampere, 53, 64
Tanfield, 22-4, 27
taxation, 52, 105
tea, 11-12, 85
Terling, Essex, 85, 87
textile work, 50-2, 54-5, 59-60
Thingoe, 26
Ticino, 90
Tiroler Landesordnung 1573, 149
tobacco, 39, 66-7, 70
tobacco work, 39, 55
Tocqueville, A. De.,36
Todd, Barbara, 1
Tolosa, 34-7, 39-41
Toulouse, 137
towns, 9, 17-18, 34, 36, 40, 49, 52-3, 57,
64-5, 87, 90, 92-3, 95-6, 99-100, 105,
129-32, 137-9, 141-2 see also urban
areas
trade, 44, 49, 55, 57-8, 68-9, 92, 95, 101,
116, 150, 157
transport, 50, 119-20, 122, 142
Triberg, 153
Turku, 57

Copyright

uncle, 137
under registration, 2
unemployment, 35, 47-49, 53-4, 58-9, 61,
63-4, 100-1, 124
urban areas, 8, 39, 58, 70, 74, 110, 113, 121,
135, 142 see also towns

Index

201

urbanization, 33, 69
Uruguay, 132
usufruct, 145, 149-151,153

widows, 2-8, 11-22, 25-32, 38-43, 45, 48,

51, 57,61-6, 70, 75-6, 80, 83, 89-107,
145-59
widow headed households, 12, 19-20, 38, 63,
90, 105-6 see also household structure
Vaud, 98-9
and residence patterns
Winslow, 16
wage earner, 13-14, 17, 115
wage levels, 5, 13, 54, 66 see also earnings and wills, 4, 8
Wiltshire, 11-12, 15, 18, 21,25, 30
income
Wirksworth, 16
Wall, Richard, 2, 45
Wolverhampton, 16
Waris, Heikki, 49
Worcestershire, 85
washerwoman, 42, 55, 58-9, 70 see also
workhouse, 6-7, 16-17, 35, 41, 58, 74-5,
laundress
84-8, see also poorhouse
washing, 2,4, 25, 37-8, 42, 46-7, 49-52,
workhouse test, 84
56-60, 62, 64, 70, 117
working class, 2-3, 11, 33, 35, 46-7, 49, 51-3,
55-8, 60-9, 101
welfare, 34-5, 66, 75, 85, 100, 112
Welsberg, 153
York, 11-12, 17-18
Widerlage, 149
Yorkshire, 16, 18
widowers, 38, 40, 43, 76, 82, 146, 150, 155,
Zurich, 90, 92, 94, 96, 104-5
159

Copyright