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Introduction
A mass transfer operation same category as distillation Exclusive to gas-liquid separation Distillation uses the VLE, i.e. difference in boiling temperatures Absorption uses the GLE, i.e. solubility
gas is absorbed into liquid liquid solvent or absorbent gas absorbed solute or absorbate
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Introduction
Absorption in the industry
Air pollution control scrubbing of SO2 , NO2 , from combustion exhaust (power plant flue gas) Absorption of ammonia from air with water Hydrogenation of edible oils H2 is absorbed in oil and reacts with the oil in the presence of catalyst
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This section can be trayed or packed Solute with inert gas unwanted gas solution to disposal or recovery
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Tray tower
Packed tower
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A full tray
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2. Random packing
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and
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have a high solubility for the solute have a low volatility be stable be noncorrosive have a low viscosity be nonfoaming be nontoxic and nonflammable be available, if possible, within the process
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The most widely used absorbents are: water hydrocarbon oil aqueous solution of acids and bases
The most widely used stripping agents are: water vapor air inert gases hydrocarbon gases
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V2
L1
Mass balance: L0 + V2 = L1 + V1
V2
L1
L0xA0 + V2yA2 = L1xA1 + V1yA1 L0xC0 + V2yC2 = L1xC1 + V1yC1 xA + xB + xC = 1.0 To solve these 3 equations their
V2
L1
Gas phase V Components A (solute) and B (inert) Liquid phase L Components C In gas phase you have binary A-B In liquid phase you have binary A-C
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V2
L1
y A2 V 1 y A2
'
x A1 L 1 x A1
'
y A1 V 1 y A1
'
V2
L1
x A0 L 1 x A0
'
y A2 V 1 y A2
'
x A1 L 1 x A1
'
y A1 V 1 y A1
'
V2
2
V3
Vn
n
Vn+1
VN
N
VN+1
L2
Ln-1
Ln
LN-1
LN
L0 + Vn + 1 = Ln + V1
Making a component balance over the first n stages, L0xo + Vn + 1 yn +1 = Lnxn + V1 y1
yn
Ln x n Vn 1
V1y 1 L0 x0 Vn 1
Operating Line
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4
Equilibrium line
y3
x2
xN
Note: If the streams L and V are dilute in key species, the operating line is a straight line
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Analytical Equations for Countercurrent Stage Contact (Kremser Equation) When the flow rates V and L in a countercurrent process are essentially constant, the operating line equation becomes straight If the equilibrium line is also a straight line over the concentration range, simplified analytical expressions can be derived for number of equilibrium stages in a countercurrent stage process
Overall component balance on component A: L0xo + Vn + 1 yn +1 = Lnxn + V1 y1
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Rearranging, LNxN - VN + 1 y N + 1 = Loxo - V1y1 Component balance for A on the first n stages, L0xo + Vn + 1 yn +1 = Lnxn + V1 y1 Rearranging, Loxo - V1y1 = Lnxn - Vn + 1y n+1 Thus,
Since the molar flows are constant, Ln = LN constant = L and Vn+1= VN+1 = constant = V. L (xn - xN) = V(yn+1 - yN+1) (A)
Since yn + 1 and xn + 1 are in equilibrium and the equilibrium line is straight, yn + 1 = mxn + 1. Also, yN + 1 = mxN + 1
xn
Ax n
yN 1 m
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y N 1 y1 y N 1 mx0
AN 1 A AN 1 1
N
When A = 1,
y N 1 mx0 1 ln 1 y1 mx0 A ln A
1 A
y N 1 y1 y 1 mx0
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xo xN xo ( y N 1 / m )
N
When A =1,
x0 ln xN
yN 1 / m (1 A) A yN 1 / m ln(1/ A)
x0 xN yN 1 / m
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xN
A NA1
where
AN
LN mN VN 1
and
A1
L0 m1V1
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Problem - 1& A gas mixture of air and CO2 is contacted in a multi stage mixer with pure water at atmospheric conditions. The exit gas and liquid streams are in equilibrium. The inlet gas and liquid flow rate are 100 kg/h and 300 kg/h respectively. The entering gas contains 0.2 mole fraction of CO2. If 90 % of CO2 is observed, Calculate the composition of the leaving liquid and suggest the coordinates of the operating line. Estimate the number of stages required for the absorption.
Assume the equilibrium relation is y = 2.52x. Estimate the number of stages required if, 1.5 times of minimum solvent is required..
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An adsorption oil containing 0.12 moles of benzene per mole of benzene free oil is to be stripped by using a superheated steam at 121.1oC and at 1 atmospheric pressure. For every 200 kgmol of benzene free oil, 100 kgmol of pure steam was used. The outlet concentration of oil should not exceed 0.005 mol of benzene per mole of benzene free oil. Estimate the number of theoretical stages required for the stripping process. The equilibrium data are given below: X Y 0.02 0.07 0.04 0.13 0.06 0.22 0.08 0.30 0.10 0.40 0.12 0.51 0.13 0.58
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Solution:
V1 = 29.73 kg mol/h, yA1 = 0.00101, L0 = 90.0 and xA0 = 0. Thus,
1 1.195
5.04 stages
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Graphical Equilibrium-Stage Method for Trayed Towers Consider the countercurrent-flow, trayed tower for absorption (or stripping) operating under isobaric, isothermal, continuous, steady-state flow conditions
Phase equilibrium is assumed to be achieved at each tray between the vapor and liquid streams leaving the tray. ====> equilibrium stage Assume that the only component transferred from one phase to the other is the solute, For application to an absorber, let:
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L = molar flow rate of solute-free absorbent G = molar flow rate of solute-free gas (carrier gas) X = mole fraction of solute to solute-free absorbent in the liquid Y = mole ratio of solute to solute-free gas in the vapor
Note that with these definitions, values of L and G remain constant through the tower, assuming no vaporization of absorbent into carrier gas or absorption of carrier gas by liquid. For the solute at any equilibrium stage, n,
Kn
yn xn
Yn / 1 Yn Xn / 1 Xn
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Yn = Xn + 1(L/G) + Y0 - X1(L/G)
XN + 1,L YN,G
1 1
YN+1,G
XN,L (bottom)
Y0,G
X1,L
top
Equilibrium curve
Operating line
Operating line
(top)
Equilibrium curve
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absorber
Stripper
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Y1
YN + 1
XN
Operating line 1
XN (for Lmin)
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(C)
KN
YN 1 / 1 YN 1 XN / 1 XN
(D)
' min
G' YN 1 Y1 YN 1 / YN 1 K N 1 K N
(E)
X0
If the entering liquid contains no solute, that is, X0 0 Lmin = GKN(fraction of solute absorbed) For Stripper,
G'min L' fraction of solute stripped KN
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N Y0,
1 X1,
YN+1 YN + 1
XN
YN
Stage 1 (bottom)
Y1
Stage 1 (top)
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x0
x1
45 xN + 1
Example: When molasses is fermented to produce a liqour containing ethyl alcohol, a CO2-rich vapour containing a small amount of ethyl alcohol is evolved. The alcohol can be recovered by absorption with water in a sievetray tower. For the following conditions, determine the number of equilibrium stages required countercurrent flow of liquid and gas.K-value=0.57. Given L/V=1.5(L/V)min . State your assumption.
H OG N OG
where HOG is the overall Height Transfer Unit (HTU) and NOG is the overall Number of Transfer Unit (NTU)
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V; average liquid flow rate Ky; Overall transfer coefficient a: area for mass trasfer per unit volume of packed bed, S; cross sectional area of the tower
Example: When molasses is fermented to produce a liqour containing ethyl alcohol, a CO2-rich vapour containing a small amount of ethyl alcohol is evolved. The alcohol can be recovered by absorption with water in a packed tower. The tower is packed with 1.5in metal Pall rings. K-value=0.57. Given L/V=1.5(L/V)min . If HOG = 2.0 ft, determine the required packed height. Entering gas: 180 kmol/h; 98% CO2, 2% ethyl alcohol, Entering liquid absorbent:100% water. Required recovery of ethyl alcohol:97%
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b.
A tray tower is used to absorb SO2 from an air stream by using pure water at 25oC. The entering gas contains 20 mole percent of SO2. The tower is designed to absorb 90% of SO2. The flow rate of pure air is 150 kg/h.m2. The entering water flow rate is 6000 kg water/h.m2. The equilibrium data are on solute free basis are given below
Equilibrium data for SO2 - water Mole fraction of SO2 in water, X 0.00000 Mole fraction of SO2 in vapour, Y 0.00000
0.00150
0.00200 0.00280 0.00420 0.00700
0.03420
0.05140 0.07750 0.12140 0.21200
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i. Estimate the concentration of SO2 in the exit water leaving the tower. ii.i. Estimate the number of theoretical stages required for the desired absorption. iii. If the overall efficiency of the tower is 40%, how many number of actual stages are required. I
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Since the equilibrium data are given in molar units, calculate the molar flow rates
V = 150/29
XN = ????
y3
3 y4
x2
333
0 1 0
5.18
0.20 1 0.20
333
xN 1 xN
5.18
0.02 1 0.02
x5 N=4
XN = ----------- ????
yN + 1
xN
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Operating line
yN + 1
4 Equilibrium line y3 y2 y1 1 x0 x1 x2 x3 xN 2
y4
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H OG
V Ky 'a S
3.892 x 10 -3 kgmol/s
V2
V' 1 y2
13.65/3600 1 0.005
3.811 x 10 -3 kgmol/s
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V Ky 'a S
45.7
1.186 6.16 x 10 -2
is from
y = mx = 1.186x
relation established
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A = L/mV = (45.36/3600)/(1.186)(3.852x10-3)
= 2.758
N OG 1 1 ln 1 ln 2.758 2.758 0.026 1.186 x0 0.005 1.186 x0 1 2.758
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Problem - 1 (Assignment) A tray tower is used to absorb the ethanol vapors from an inert gas stream using pure water at 30oC and atmospheric pressure. The concentration of ethanol vapors in the gas stream is 2.2 mol %. The gas stream flow rate is 100.Kg mol/h. It is desired to recover 90% of the alcohol. The equilibrium relation is Y* = 0.68 X. If 1.5 times of the minimum water flow rate is used, estimate the number of theoretical stages required for the absorption. Calculate the number of stages using kremsers equation.
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Problem - 2 (Assignment) A hydrocarbon oil containing 4.0 mol % propane is being stripped by direct superheated steam in a tower to reduce the propane content to 0.2 mol %. A total of 11.42 kg mol of direct steam is used for 300 kgmol of entering liquid. An equilibrium relation of Y = 25x may be assumed. Steam can be considered as an inert gas and will not condense. Find out the number of theoretical stages needed for the operation
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Problem- 3 When molasses is fermented to produce a liqour containing ethyl alcohol, a CO2-rich vapour containing a small amount of ethyl alcohol is evolved. The alcohol can be recovered by absorption with water in a sievetray tower. For the following conditions, determine the number of equilibrium stages required countercurrent flow of liquid and gas.K-value=0.57. Given L/V=1.5(L/V)min . State your assumption.