REPORT OF; COMPRA, MARIFE M. EMAIL ADDRESS; marife_compra30@yahoo.

com LAB PARTNERS;

ABSTRACT:
The purpose of this experiment was to study about the structure, adjustments and measurements in microscopy. The initial idea was to learn to measure tiny objects using the principles of microscopy. In this experiment, the lowercase "e" cut from a newspaper was used as the specimen and a ruler as a medium of measurement. Observe first the compound microscope. Then, label all the parts in your laboratory report sheet. After labelling, identify the function of each part. Then, proceed to the main experiment. The lowercase "e" was placed on a glass slide in the right position and put a single drop of water and covered it with a cover slip. Then, the specimen was placed on the stage. Then, revolve first the nosepiece into low power objective. After that, adjust the diaphragm to light up the specimen just enough light to see through the ocular lens. Then, observe it of what does it look like, position of the letter, etc. Put the high power objective. Focus the specimen more clearly. Observe. Then, gather all the data with regards to the specimen before removing the glass slide from the stage. After removing the glass slide, revolve the nosepiece into 10x objective. Place a ruler across the middle of the stage and focus on the millimetre markings. Measure the field. Then, convert it to micrometer. Next, revolve the nosepiece again into high power objective. Do the same 10x objective procedures. At the end of the experiment, all gathered data were analyzed and the conclusions were; a. The specimen will not be observed properly if the way of using the compound microscope is wrong. ; b. The lowercase "e" in the LPO is upside down because of the lens while in HPO, only one part of the specimen is in focus. ; c. Measurement of the field in LPO was higher since it measures the whole area while measurement in HPO was smaller since it only measures one part of the field.

INTRODUCTION:
As many would refer, the microscope is the biologists basic tool. It was developed to explore living things that are too small to be seen with the naked eye. And to know more about microscope, one should be able to know each structure, adjustment, and measurement of a microscope. The compound microscope has three basic parts: the lens system, the focusing system and the lighting system. The lens system has two sets of lenses that are called objective lenses. These lenses make the initial or primary magnification. The second kind of lens is the ocular lens which is sometimes called eyepiece. This lens makes the secondary magnification. A laboratory specimen to be viewed through the microscope is mounted on a glass slide and covered with a cover clip. The slide rests on a stage. Stage clips hold the slide in place. Also, they help in making slight adjustments in the slides position by holding the slide steady. For the viewer to see the specimen, there should be light that must pass through. There are three types of lighting system. The first one is the one that uses a concave mirror that focuses a beam of light on the slide. The second one is the one that uses a lens under the stage to focus the light. And the last one is the one that uses a sub stage light instead of a mirror. One must be very careful in adjusting the lighting lenses because it might affect the specimen being experimented. The focusing system brings the image of the specimen into proper focus. It is necessary to change the distance between the slide and the objective lenses to accomplish proper focusing. There are two types of this system: coarse adjustment knob and fine adjustment knob. The objectives of this experiment are identifying the parts and uses of a compound microscope and learning to adjust the microscope for viewing biological specimens. How to measure small objects using the principles of microscopy is another objective of this experiment. The unit of measurement in microscopy is micrometer which is onethousandth of a millimetre. One should be able to know how to measure specimens through the use of microscope. Here, we will see if the compound microscope is a very useful tool and its relationship in experimenting a specimen as well as the principles of microscopy in measurements.

MATERIALS:
compound microscope microscope slides and cover slips newspaper pencil scissors

METHODS:
A. Parts and functions of the compound microscope Observe a compound microscope and label it in your laboratory report sheet. Then, identify the functions or uses of each part. B. Magnification and power of the compound microscope Prepare the compound microscope. Cut a lowercase "e" and place it in a glass slide. Put a single drop of water and cover it with a cover slip. Put the low power objective in place. Place the specimen on the stage and hold it with the stage clip. Look through the eyepiece and carefully adjust the diaphragm so that you see a bright field of view. Be sure the letter is in right position. Focus the letter and turn the coarse adjustment knob until the objective is as close as possible to the slide without even touching it. Look through the eyepiece and turn the coarse adjustment knob in the direction that will move the object away from the stage. To sharpen the focus, turn the fine adjustment knob back and forth. Observe. Then, revolve the nosepiece into high power objective. Repeat the procedures. When finished, dont forget to arrange all the things used in this experiment. C. Measurement using the compound microscope After removing the slide, put the 10x objective in place. Place a ruler across the middle of the stage and focus on the millimetre markings. Then, after getting the measurement, convert it into micrometer. Put the HPO into position. Repeat the procedures. Lastly, calculate the diameter of the field under high power by dividing the magnification power of HPO by the magnification of the LPO.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

A. Parts and functions of the compound microscope

Label first the parts of the compound microscope. Then, identify the functions or uses of each part; a. Eyepiece Lens: the lens at the top that you look through. They are usually 10X or 15X power. b. Tube: Connects the eyepiece to the objective lenses c. Arm: Supports the tube and connects it to the base d. Base: The bottom of the microscope, used for support e. Illuminator: A steady light source (110 volts) used in place of a mirror. If your microscope has a mirror, it is used to reflect light from an external light source up through the bottom of the stage. f. Stage: The flat platform where you place your slides. Stage clips hold the slides in place. If your microscope has a mechanical stage, you will be able to move the slide around by turning two knobs. One moves it left and right, the other moves it up and down. g. Revolving Nosepiece or Turret: This is the part that holds two or more objective lenses and can be rotated to easily change power. h. Objective Lenses: Usually you will find 3 or 4 objective lenses on a microscope. They almost always consist of 4X, 10X, 40X and 100X powers. When coupled with a 10X (most common) eyepiece lens, we get total magnifications of 40X (4X times 10X), 100X , 400X and 1000X. To have good resolution at 1000X, you will need a relatively sophisticated microscope with an Abbe condenser. The shortest lens is the lowest power, the longest one is the lens with the greatest power. Lenses are color coded and if built to DIN standards are interchangeable between microscopes. The high power objective lenses are retractable (i.e. 40XR). This means that if they hit a slide, the end of the lens will push in (spring loaded) thereby

protecting the lens and the slide. All quality microscopes have achromatic, parcentered, parfocal lenses i. Rack Stop: This is an adjustment that determines how close the objective lens can get to the slide. It is set at the factory and keeps students from cranking the high power objective lens down into the slide and breaking things. You would only need to adjust this if you were using very thin slides and you weren't able to focus on the specimen at high power. (Tip: If you are using thin slides and can't focus, rather than adjust the rack stop, place a clear glass slide under the original slide to raise it a bit higher) j. Condenser Lens: The purpose of the condenser lens is to focus the light onto the specimen. Condenser lenses are most useful at the highest powers (400X and above). Microscopes with in stage condenser lenses render a sharper image than those with no lens (at 400X). If your microscope has a maximum power of 400X, you will get the maximum benefit by using a condenser lenses rated at 0.65 NA or greater. 0.65 NA condenser lenses may be mounted in the stage and work quite well. A big advantage to a stage mounted lens is that there is one less focusing item to deal with. If you go to 1000X then you should have a focusable condenser lens with an N.A. of 1.25 or greater. Most 1000X microscopes use 1.25 Abbe condenser lens systems. The Abbe condenser lens can be moved up and down. It is set very close to the slide at 1000X and moved further away at the lower powers. k. Diaphragm or Iris: Many microscopes have a rotating disk under the stage. This diaphragm has different sized holes and is used to vary the intensity and size of the cone of light that is projected upward into the slide. There is no set rule regarding which setting to use for a particular power. Rather, the setting is a function of the transparency of the specimen, the degree of contrast you desire and the particular objective lens in use. l. Coarse adjustment knob m. Fine adjustment knob These are the results of observing the compound microscope. Further researches have been made in getting these results. B. Magnification and power of the compound microscope Low power objective

High power objective

1. Prepare the compound microscope. 2. Prepare a slide to be viewed under the microscope. Cut a lowercase "e" from a newspaper and place it in the center of a clean side. Put a drop of water. 3. Place the edge of a cover slip against the water and with a pencil gently lowers the cover slip over the letter. 4. Place the slide under the stage clips, so that the letter is right side up. Focus the letter. 5. Focus the letter with the low power objective 10x first by clicking the low power objective into position in the nosepiece. 6. Turn the coarse adjustment knob until the objective is as close as possible to the slide without touching it. 7. Look through the ocular and turn the coarse adjustment knob in the direction that will move the object away from the stage. The letter will come into approximate focus. To sharpen the focus, turn the fine adjustment knob back and forth. 8. Look at the letter using the high power objective by switching the nosepiece. Sharpen the focus by turning the fine adjustment knob. 9. Gather all the data and write it down on your laboratory report sheet 10. Be sure to arrange all the materials used in this experiment. These are the steps in obtaining this experiment. One should follow each step properly in order to get an accurate result. Here, theres no need to furthermore discuss this experiment since it is easy to understand and easy to perform. The table above were the images of the same specimen in LPO and HPO lenses. This experiment was not done only once. It was also repeated but not several times to test if the result is consistent. C. Measurement using the compound microscope LPO 5000micrometer HPO 2000micrometer Figure 1.1 LPF HPF Figure 1.2 1. Using the 10x objective in place, put a ruler across the middle of the stage and focus on the millimetre markings. The unit in microscopic measurement

under the compound microscope is the micrometer. The micrometer is onethousandth of a millimetre. 2. Rotate the nosepiece to bring the high power objective into position. 3. Calculate the diameter of the field under high power by dividing the magnification power of the HPO by the magnification of the LPO. The diameter of the low power field can be obtained by dividing the value of the LPO with the value of the high power field. This value is approximate diameter of the high power field. These are the steps in measuring using compound microscope. The field here talks about the circled light you see in the eyepiece. Once you put a ruler in the middle of the stage, you could measure the micrometer and the diameter of each field. Again, theres no need to furthermore discuss this one since this is easy to understand and, maybe, easy to perform. Figure 1.1 gives the micrometer measurement of the objective lenses. Figure 1.2 gives the diameter of each field.

CONCLUSIONS:
Microscope is a very useful tool to humankind. In order for it to be very useful, one should know how to use it. Knowing first the parts and then the functions makes you familiar enough on how to use it. Also, one must also be very careful especially with the specimen to be experimented. Its not just knowing all the parts and functions but also on how to use it correctly. One must also know the principles of microscopy when it comes to the structures, adjustments and, most especially, the measurements in using a microscope. At the end of this experiment, all gathered data were analyzed and the conclusions were; a. The specimen will not be observed properly if the way of using the compound microscope is wrong. ; b. The lowercase "e" in the LPO is upside down because of the lens while in HPO, only one part of the specimen is in focus. ; c. Measurement of the field in LPO was higher since it measures the whole area while measurement in HPO was smaller since it only measures one part of the field.

REFERENCES:
www.yahoo.com.ph Biology Laboratory Manual