Electromagnetic induction is the production of an electric current by a changing magnetic field (magnetic flux).

8.3.1 Inducing e.m.f. and current

The induced current is produced only when there is relative motion between the conductor / coil and the magnetic field lines (magnetic flux) that are perpendicular to each other. E.m.f and current can be induced by: (a) moving a straight wire quickly across a magnetic field between two flat magnets. (b) Moving a permanent magnet towards one end of a solenoid.

Each time the straight wire cuts across the magnetic field, or the permanent magnet moves towards the solenoid, a current is induced in the coil and a deflection is observed in the sensitive galvanometer. 8.3.2 Determining the direction of the induced current

Flemings Right Hand Rule

Activity 1: To Investigate electromagnetic induction

Action
The wire is moved upwards The wire is moved downwards The wire is move horizontally Magnet is moved upwards Held stationary Discussion 1. What general inference can you make if a galvanometer shows a deflection?

Obseravtion
Galvanometer deflect to left

Inference

_________________________________________________________________________ 2. Based on the results of your experiment, when will an induced current be produced? _________________________________________________________________________ 3. Relate the motion of the copper rod that produces a current in it to the direction of the magnetic field lines. _________________________________________________________________________

Induced e.m.f by coil

1. Write a general statement on how a current can be induced in a solenoid using a magnet. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Conclusion Current is __________ in a straight conductor when it moves and _______________ the magnetic field lines.

Current is induced in a solenoid when there is _________ ________ between the solenoid and a magnet.

8.3.2.1 Lenzs Law

Lenzs Law: The direction of the induced current is such that its magnetic effect always opposes the change producing it. The solenoid will always resist any movement of the magnet relative to the solenoid. When the bar magnet is inserted into the solenoid, the solenoid will try to repel the bar magnet. Therefore, the polarity of that end of the solenoid will be the same as the bar magnets.

Using the right-hand grip rule

When the bar magnet is removed from the solenoid, the solenoid will try to attract the bar magnet. Therefore, the polarity of that end of the solenoid will be the opposite of the bar magnets.

Activity 2: Show the correct direction of the induced current when the magnet is moved in the direction shown.

What is the direction of the induced current?

Determine the poles at P and Q.

8.3.3 Determining the magnitude of the induced current (Faradays Law) Faradays Law: The magnitude of the induced e.m.f. is directly proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux. If there is no relative motion between a magnet and a solenoid, there is no electromagnetic induction. To increase the e.m.f. and current: Increase the relative motion Increase the number of turns on the coils Increase the magnetic strength Increase the cross-section area of the wire Insert a soft iron core in between the coils of the wire

Applications of electromagnetic induction

Current Generator Current generator functions by converting mechanical energy to electrical energy. Current generator works based on electromagnetic induction and uses the Flemings Right hand rule. Current generator is divided into: direct current generator and alternate current generator.

Direct Current Generator

Commutator: reverses the connections of the coil with the external circuit after every half cycle, so that the current in the outside circuit always flows in the same direction. Describe how does a direct current generator work. Show the direction of movement of the coil AB and CD. Mark the direction of the induced current in the coil and the galvanometer.

Coil AB moves ___________, coil CD moves _______ When the coil rotates, its sides cut across the magnetic field lines and induced current flows in the coil from _________________ The galvanometer will deflect to ________

The sides AB and CD are moving __________ to the magnetic field and thus do not ________ the magnetic field lines. No __________ _________ is produced at the instant. The galvanometer returns to ______ mark.

As the coil continues to rotate, current will again be induced in the coil but its direction in now opposite to that in figure 1 which is from ____ to _____ and from _____ to ____ However, the direction of the current through the external circuit remains the same, so the galvanometer deflects to the ___________

The sides AB and CD are moving __________ to the magnetic field and thus do not ________ the magnetic field lines. No ___________ _________ is produced at the instant. The galvanometer returns to ______ mark. The process is ____________

Alternating Current Generator

The two ends of the coil are connected to two slip rings which rotate with the coil. Each slip ring is always in contact with the same carbon brush.

The output current generated is an altern.ating current because the current changes direction in the external circuit each time the coil passes the vertical position.

Assume the current flow from P to Q is positive and the current flow from Q to P is negative. The current, I changes magnitude and direction after every half rotation. Describe how an alternating current generator works. Show the direction of movement of the coil AB and CD. Mark the direction of the induced current in the coil and the galvanometer.

Coil AB moves _________, coil CD moves _________ When the coil rotates, its sides cut across the magnetic field lines and induced current flows in the coil from ______ to _______ and from _____ to _____ (using Flemings right hand rule) In the external circuits, current flows from ____to ____

The sides AB and CD are moving _____ to the magnetic field and thus do not _______ the magnetic field lines. No ________ ________ is produced at the instant. The galvanometer returns to ______ mark.

After the vertical position, the current increases until it attains the maximum value when the coil is in a horizontal position. Coil CD moves _________, coil AB moves _________ The direction of the induced current is from ____ to ____ and from ___ to _____ The direction of the current through the external circuit is from the brush _____ to _____ which is reversed.

The sides AB and CD are moving __ _______ to the

magnetic field and thus do not _______ the magnetic field lines. No _________ __________is produced at the instant. The galvanometer returns to ______ mark. The process is ____________.

8.3.4 Direct Current & Alternating Current 1. A direct current is a current that flows in one direction only in a circuit. 2. The magnitude of a direct current may be: (a) constant (b) changes with time

1. An alternating current is a current which flows to and fro in two opposite directions in a circuit. It changes its direction periodically.

A direct current can flow through a resistor but cannot flow through a capacitor.

An alternating current can flow through both a resistor and a capacitor. Both the direct current and alternating current have a heating effect on the filament of a bulb and can light up the bulb.

TUTORIAL 8.3

1. Diagram below shows a permanent magnet moving towards and entering the end of a coil of wire connected to a sensitive galvanometer.

4. Which diagram below shows the correct direction of the induced current in the coil when the bar magnet is moved in the direction shown? (2005)

7. A straight conductor is moved perpendicularly to the magnetic field. Which of the following diagrams shows the correct direction of the induced current in the conductor? (2006)

Which of the following observations is correct? A. The magnetic field passing through the coil is unchanged. B. The induced current passes through the galvanometer in the direction from P to Q. C. The induced current passes through the galvanometer in the direction from Q to P. D. The heat energy produced in the coil is more than the work done to move the magnet. 2. Diagram below shows the arrangement of a solenoid and a magnet. 8. Diagram below shows a square coil rotating at a steady speed in a magnetic field.

5. The diagram shows a coil of wire placed next to a magnet. The galvanometer pointer deflects when the magnet is pushed into the coil.

Which of the following statement is not a method to produce induced e.m.f. in the solenoid? (2006) A. The magnet is pulled out of the solenoid. B. The solenoid is moved towards the magnet. C. The magnet is moved into the solenoid D. The magnet and the solenoid are moved at the same velocity.

Which graph shows the fluctuation in the current flowing through the lamp starting with the coil being in the horizontal position? Which action will increase the deflection of the galvanometer pointer? (2004) A. The magnetic pole is reversed. B. The number of coils is increased. C. The coil is made from insulated wire D. The magnet is pushed slowly into the

coil. 3. The diagram shows a magnet oscillating in a solenoid. 6. Diagram below shows an electric generator whose output terminals are connected to a cathode-ray oscilloscope.

Which of these actions will not increase the deflection of the galvanometer pointer? (2003) A. Reversing the polarity of the magnet. B. Increasing the number of coils in the solenoid C. Decreasing the diameter of the solenoid D. Increasing the oscillation speed of the magnet 10. Diagram below shows a direct current generator. Part of the coil XY rotates clockwise.

Which of the following diagrams shows the trace on the oscilloscope when the coil is rotating at uniform speed? (2003)

9. Diagram below shows a solenoid. Which of the following rules may be used to determine the direction of the current in the coil? (2007)

(ii) the wire is moved vertically upwards at a higher speed. ____________________________ (iii) The wire is held stationary in between the poles of the magnet. ____________________________ 13. The south pole of a bar magnet is moved towards a solenoid that it connected to a sensitive centre-zero galvanometer.

A. Flemings Left Hand Rule B. Flemings Right Hand Rule C. Right hand Screw Rule D. Right Hand Grip Rule

Which of the following XY position of the coil which does not produce induced current? (1995)

(a) Mark on the solenoid: (i) the end that will become a south pole. (ii) The direction of the induced current. (b) State three ways to increase the induced current in the solenoid ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ 14. Diagram 4 shows a bar magnet is hung on a spring that attached to a retort stand. The bar magnet is displaced downwards and released so it can oscillate through a solenoid which is connected to a centre-zero galvanometer 11. Diagram 24 shows an experiment to induce current in a magnetic field.

Which movement of the copper rod induces the maximum current? (2008)

(a) What is meant by electromagnetic Induction [1 mark] (b) When the bar magnet move towards

Diagram 6.2 (a) State the physical quantity that is represented by the deflection of the galvanometer. [1 mark] (b) Based on Diagram 6.1 and Diagram 6.2: (i) State two differences that can be observed from Diagram 6.1 and Diagram 6.2. [2 marks] (ii) Based on the answer in (b)(i), explain why these differences occur? ................................................... ................................................... ................................................... [2 marks] (c) Name the physics law involved in 6(b)(ii). ....................................................... [1 mark] (d) Explain why the direction of current in the solenoid is upward as shown in Diagram 6.1 and Diagram 6.2? ...................................................... . [2 marks]

12. A straight thick copper wire that is connected to a sensitive centre-zero galvanometer is moved vertically downwards in a magnetic field.

the solenoid, the galvanometer pointer deflect for a while. (i) Explain why the galvanometer pointer deflects? [2 marks] (ii) State the polarity of end A and end B of the solenoid. A: B: [2 marks] 15. Diagram 6.1 and 6.2 show a bar magnet is pushed into a solenoid at a speed of 2 ms-1.

16. The diagram shows the structural design of a generator.

(a) Mark on the wire the direction of the induced current that flows through it. (b) Name the rule that is used to work out the direction of the current. ________________________________ (c) Describe the effect on the induced current if: (i) the wire is moved vertically upwards at a low speed, ____________________________ 15. The diagram shows a pendulum bob attached to the end of copper wire. The bob is allowed to swing between north and south pole of two magnets.

Diagram 6.1

(a) Name the principle used in the generator. ______________________________ (b) Mark the directions of current flow in WX and YZ when the side WX of the coil is displaced in downwards direction. (c) Draw a graph to show the variation with time of the current in conductor YZ.

(a) When the switch is closed and the bob oscillates inside the magnetic field ,the pointer the centre-zero galvanometer deflects to the left and then to the right continuously. Explain why this observation happens? ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ (b) State the type of the current produced. (c) Plot a graph current-time to relate the observation in(a)

(d)(i) Based on the diagram above, at what positions the reading of the galvanometer is zero. _____________________________ (ii) Give the reason for your answer in (c)(i). ______________________________ (e) What types of energy possesses by the bob at point M?

_______________________________ (f) (i) Compare the time taken by the pendulum to stop between the switch is opened with the switch is closed. ______________________________ (ii) Give the reason for your answer in f(i) ________________________________