EXPERIMENT

5
OBJECTIVES Oscilloscope DMM Function Generator DC Supply COMPONENTS

DARLINGTON CONNECTION AND CASCODE AMPLIFIER CIRCUITS

1. To measure DC and AC voltages in Darlington and Cascode connection circuits. EQUIPMENT REQUIRED

Resistors (1) 100 (1) 51 , 1 W (1) 1.8 K (1) 4.7 K (1) 5.6 K (1) 6.8 K (1) 100 K (1) 1 K (1) 50 K potentiometer Transistors (2) 2N3904 or (2) 2N5551 or (2) 2N4401 or Any Equivalent FET RESUME OF THEORY

Capacitors (1) 0.001 F (4) 10 F

(1) TIP120 or (1) TIP 102 or (1) TIP 112 or Any Equivalent NPN Darlington

Darlington Circuit: A Darlington connection, as shown in Figure 5.1, provides a pair of BJT transistors in a single IC package with effective beta (D) equal to the product of the individual transistor betas.

 D = 1 2

Equation 5.1

The Darlington emitter-follower has higher input impedance than that of an emitter-follower. The Darlington emitter-follower input impedance is ZI = RB D RE Equation 5.2

The output impedance of the Darlington emitter-follower is Z O = re The voltage gain of a Darlington emitter-follower circuit is AV = RE RE + re Equation 5.4 Equation 5.3

Cascode Circuit: A cascode circuit, as shown in Figure 5.2, provides a common-emitter amplifier using Q1 directly connected to a common-base amplifier using Q2. The voltage gain of stage Q1 is approximately 1, with the voltage VO1 being opposite in polarity to that applied as VI. AV 1 = 1 The voltage gain of stage Q2 is non-inverted and of magnitude AV 2 = Resulting in an overall gain AV = AV 1 AV 2 = RC re2 PROCEDURES Part 1. Darlington Emitter-Follower Circuit a. For the circuit of Figure 5.1, calculate the DC bias voltages and currents. Equation 5.7 RC re2 Equation 5.6 Equation 5.5

Figure 5.1 (calculated) (calculated) VB = _9.9992 V_ VE = _8.599 V__

Calculate the theoretical values of voltage gain, input and output impedance. (calculated) (calculated) (calculated) Calculate the base and emitter DC currents. (calculated) (calculated) Calculate the values of transistor beta at this Q-point: (calculated) D = 10,000 IB = 16.861nA IE = 168.6A AV = _0.9999__ ZI = 49.995k_ ZO = 15.42m_

b. Apply an input signal VSIG=1V, peak at f= 10 KHz. Using the oscilloscope, observe and record the output voltage to assure that the signal is not clipped or distorted. (Reduce the input signal amplitude if necessary.) (measured) (measured) VI = 3.97 V VO = 9.413 V

Calculate and record the AC voltage gain. AV = VO VI (calculated) Part 2. Darlington Input and Output Impedance a. Calculate the input impedance. (calculated) Calculate the circuit output impedance (calculated) ZO = 0.0154_ ZI = __50k__ AV = 2.370 V

b. Connect a measurement resistor. RX=100 K, in series with VSIG. Measure and record input voltage, VI. (measured) Calculate the circuit input impedance using VI Z I = RX VSIG + VI (calculated) Remove measurement resistor, RX. c. Measure the output voltage VO with no load connectedSSSsssseee (measured) VO = _9.408 V__ ZI = __50k__ VI = ___1 V___

Connect load resistor, RL=100 . Measure and record resulting output voltage (VO = VL). (measured) Calculate the circuit output impedance using V V Z O = RL O L VL VO = __10 V___

(calculated)

ZO = __-5.92_

Compare the calculated and measured values of ZI and ZO. They have large difference_______________________________________________ Part 3. Cascode Amplifier a. Calculate DC bias voltages and currents in the cascode amplifier of Figure 5.2 (assuming base currents are less than the voltage divider current.)

Figure 5.2 Applied Formulas: AV = AV 1 AV 2 AV 1 = RC (common-emitter) re IE=DIB VB=VE+VBE=VCC-IBRE Zi=RB//(ri+DRE) Zo= ri//D

D= (1)(2) IB=_VCC-VBE_ RB+DRE VE=IERE

Av= _RE+DRE__

ri+(RE+DRE)

DC Formulas: VB1=VCC[R3/ (R1+R2+R3)] VE1=VB1-VBE IE1=VE1/RE IC=IE2 I3=VB1/R3= 1 VC1=VE2=VCC-I1R1-VBE2 VB2=I1(R2+R3) VC2= VCC-ICRC re1= re2 = 25mV/IE2

AC Formulas: AV1 -1 Av2 RC/re

(calculated) (calculated) (calculated) (calculated) (calculated) (calculated) Calculate the DC bias emitter currents. (calculated) (calculated) Calculate the transistor dynamic resistances. (calculated) (calculated)

VB1 VE1 VC1 VB2 VE2 VC2

= _5.497 V_ = _4.097 V_ = 10.647 V_ = 11.345 V_ = 10.647 V_ = 12.625 V_

IE1 = 4.097 mA_ IE2 = 4.097 mA_

re1 = _6.346 _ re2 = _6.346 _

Connect the cascode circuit of Figure 5.2. Measure and record DC bias voltages. (measured) (measured) (measured) (measured) VB1 VE1 VC1 VB2 = _5.347 V_ = _4.643 V_ = 11.167 V_ = 11.874 V_

(measured) (measured) Calculate the values of emitter current. (calculated) (calculated) And the values of dynamic resistances. (calculated) (calculated)

VE2 = 11.167 V_ VC2 = _8.253 V_

IE1 = 4.097 mA_ IE2 = 4.097 mA_

re1 = _6.346 _ re2 = _6.346 _

c. Using Equations 5.5 and 5.6, calculate the AC voltage gain of each transistor stage: (calculated) (calculated) AV1 = __-1____ AV2 = _283.64_

d. Apply input signal, VSIG=10mV, peak at f=10KHz. Using the oscilloscope, observe the output waveform VO to make sure that no signal distortion occurs. If the output is clipped or distorted, reduce the input signal until the clipping or distorting disappears. Using the DMM measure, record the AC signals. (measured) (measured) (measured) Calculate the measured voltage gains. (calculated) (calculated) (calculated) AV1 = __-1____ AV2 = _283.64_ AV = -283.64_ VI = __20 mV_ VO1 = __12 mV_ VO2 = __1.8 mV_

Compare the measured voltage gains with those calculated in step c and d. They have large difference_______________________________________________ e. Using the oscilloscope, observe and record waveforms for the input signal, VI, output of stage 1, VO1, and output of stage 2, VO2. Show amplitude and phase relations clearly.