PRELUDE TO SUMMARY WRITING Exercise 1 Give a general term to the following cluster of words 1.

. chairs, tables, and cupboards 2. cars, buses, lorries and trucks 3. clothes used for sleeping 4. runner, jumper, and games player 5. of different colours 6. people of no fixed home 7. cannot be forgiven 8. cannot be trusted 9. not fit to be eaten 10. love of one,s country furniture

Exercise 2 - one word for two 1. go into 2. take out 3. go with 4. talk about 5. talk softly enter

6. write down 7. asked for -

8. picked out -

9. go beyond 10.

put emphasis on -

Exercise 3 one word for a phrase 1. in a short while 2. all of a sudden 3. little by little 4. as time passed 5. last of all soon/ shortly . .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

6. for the time being 7. time and again 8. all the time 9. once in a while 10. -

now and then

Exercise 4 : Summarising at sentence level Shortening phrases Instruction: Replace the underlined phrases with a word or phrase e.g.We should use buses and trains instead o cars transport
1. We should not discard items such as glass bottles,

public

aluminium cans and old ...

newspapers

that

can

be

recycled

2. Poisonous gases are produced when fuels such as wood,

coal and oil are burnt. ...

3. Air pollution causes heart problem, lung cancer and

respiratory diseases such as asthma. .

4. The air in the city is full of dust, particles and poisonous

gases that make the air unhealthy .

5. The vehicles on the road emit gases such as carbon

monoxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons and sulphur dioxide. . -

6. We have to open the windows and turn on the fan to

let air circulate in all our rooms. .

7. Pollution in the house can be caused by the burning

of fuels when we do cooking over heaters, stoves and in ovens at home. .

8. When water and air are polluted then fish, birds,

animals and plants will die. .

9. In recent years, the people who live in Malaysia

have become more environmentally conscious. .

10. Sources of water that are polluted are likely to cause

harm to peoples health. .

Exercise 5 Summarise the main idea in the paragraphs given below in one sentence 1. Students must exercise to keep fit and healthy. They ought to take part in all kinds of games and sports. Just as studies exercise the brain, games exercise the body. Students must exercise to keep fit and healthy 2. Saving is not only for the adults. Children too, should be encouraged to save. By saving, children learn the value of money. They learn to buy only what they need, and not to waste their money on unnecessary things. Children should be encouraged to save as it teaches not to spend unnecessarily

3. Savings kept in a home can be easily stolen. Besides, if the house catches fire or is flooded, all the money may be lost. Therefore one should keep ones savings in a bank. 4. Crows often make a lot of noise. In the morning, they wake up very early and greet each other loudly. Then they fly off together to get their breakfast. Wherever they are, you can hear them crowing loudly. 5. To improve your English you must read books. If you read more books you will learn more words and phrases. You will get more knowledge and

ideas. If you have ideas and know a lot of words, you will be able to write better. 6. Smoking is bad for health. When you smoke, you will lose your stamina. Your lungs become polluted. As a result, you may fall sick. You will have brownish teeth and bad breath. ................................................................................................................... ........................... 7. The water in Sungai Rambai is black in colour. The river has become a dumping ground. Old tyres, plastic bottles, animal carcasses, etc, are clogging the river. It is indeed an eye sore. 8. Water is an important natural resourse. Unfortunately the quality of water and the sources of water supply have been badly affected. The felling of trees has caused soil erosion. This has in turn polluted the rivers and the quality of water. 9. Examinations are set for various reasons. They can be used to check a students academic progress. They can be used to select a student for a scholarship. They can also be used to select a student for a particular course. ................................................................................................................... ........................... 10. Several men were arrested in connection with illegal logging operations in forest reserves. The arrest was made possible by the information given from the nearby villages. Since receiving the tip-off, police and officers from the Forestry Department have been watching the various activities carried out at the forest reserves before making the arrest.

 EXERCISE 5: - PARAPHRASING Paraphrase the sentences in italics and bolded passage given. from the sample

Trees are very useful. For many years they have provided us with timber to build houses, boats and furniture. Some even provide food and shelter to human beings and animals. They share their fruits with certain birds and animals. Squirrels, birds and insects use their branches, trunks, roots and leaves as homes. In hot weather, trees make us more comfortable. They give us shade and protection from the sun. The air is cooler too in places where there are trees around them. Trees also help to save our soil together and prevent it from being washed away. The leaves help to protect the soil too. When big raindrops hit the leaves, they break up into smaller drops that will not damage the soil. Human beings need oxygen to live. Trees remove carbon dioxide from the air when they make food. Then, they give out oxygen into the air for us to breathe. Knowing that trees are so useful, we should not cut them down indiscriminately.

Write a summary on Why trees are very useful For ages, trees have been very useful as they are .........

Sample Answer:

a. Original Sentence:

Trees are very useful. For many years they have provided us with timber.. Paraphrased sentence: For ages, trees have been very useful as they are the main source of timber.

b. Original Sentence: Some even provide food and shelter to human beings and animals. Paraphrased sentence: We can get food and shelter from trees.

c. Original Sentence:

They give us shade and protection from the sun. The air is cooler too in places where there are trees around them. Paraphrased Sentence: Trees protect us from the sun and make the air around us cooler.

d. Original Sentence: Trees also help to save our soil together and prevent it from being washed away. The leaves help to protect the soil too. Paraphrased Sentence: The roots and leaves of the trees even help to save our soil.

e. Original Sentence:

Trees remove carbon dioxide from the air when they make food. Then, they give out oxygen into the air for us to breathe.