The Four Latin Languages -------------------------------------Los Cuatro Idiomas Latinos As Quatro Linguas Latinas Le Quattre Lingue Latine Les

Quatre Langues Latines -------------------------------------Espaol (ES) Spanish Portugus (PT) Portuguese Italiano (IT) Italian Franais (FR) French
by Maarten van Gompel (Proycon)
ATTENTION!: Set your browsers encoding to unicode (utf-8) to view accented characters correctly in this document! Abbreviations used in this document: m = masculine, f = feminine, n = neuter/unknown, s = singular, p = plural F = Formal,[cons.]=consonant,[c] = consonant,[v] = vowel,! = must be stressed . = must be unstressed INTRODUCTION This document provides you with a detailed grammar reference of the four most important latin languages: Spanish, Portuguese, Italian and French. This is quite a technical document and most grammar constructions are represented in compact schemes. However, anyone who has a clear understanding of grammar in general should be able to use this document. It can be used both as to study one of the four latin languages as well as to read a reference. For a content listing look at the end of this document... LICENSE Feel free to use this information for any NON-COMMERCIAL purpouse... Don't remove any credits or license information in further development or presentation. I'd also appreciate if you send me a copy if you modify this document. However there's no guarantee that all information in this document is correct. This document comes with no guarantees whatsoever..Please be so kind to report any errors to proycon@unilang.org so they can be removed in future editions. PERSONAL PRONOUNS

1s 2s 3ms 3fs 3ns 3sF 1p 2p 3mp 3fp 3pF

ES yo t l ella ello usted nosotros vosotros ellos ellas ustedes ES me te le la lo le/la/lo nos os les las los les/las/los ES me te le le le le nos os les les les les

PT eu tu ele ela

Subject Pronouns IT io tu lui lei Lei noi voi loro loro Loro

FR je tu il elle vous nous vous ils elles vous FR me te le la vous nous vous les les vous FR me te lui lui vous nous vous leur leur vous

voc ns vs eles elas vocs

1s 2s 3ms 3fs 3ns 3sF 1p 2p 3mp 3fp 3np 3pF

Object Pronouns PT IT me mi te ti o lo a la o/a nos vos os as os/as La ci vi li le Li,Le

1s 2s 3ms 3fs 3ns 3sF 1p 2p 3mp 3fp 3np 3pF

Indirect Object Pronouns PT IT me mi te ti lhe gli lhe le lhe nos vocs lhes lhes lhes Le ci vi gli/loro gli/loro Gli/Loro

1s 2s 3ms 3fs 3ns 3sF 1p 2p 3mp 3fp 3np 3pF

ES m ti l ella ello usted nosotros vosotros ellos ellas ustedes

Prepositional Pronouns PT IT mim me ti te ele lui ela lei voc ns vs eles elas vocs Lei noi voi loro loro Loro

FR moi toi lui elle vous nous vous eux elles vous

ARTICLES Definite Articles PT IT o il l'[vowel] lo [z,s+cons.] a la l'[vowel] os i gli [vowel] gli [z,s+cons.] as le Indefinite Articles PT IT um un uno [z,s+cons.] uma una un'[vowel] uns umas Partitive Articles IT del dell' [vowel] dello [z,s+cons.] della dell'[vowel]

ms

ES el

FR le l'[vowel,h] la l'[vowel,h] les

fs mp

la los

fp

las ES un una unos unas

les FR un une des des FR du

ms fs mp fp

ms

fs

de la de l'[vowel]

mp

fp

dei des degli [vowel] d'[vowel] degli [z,s+cons.] delle des d'[vowel]

NOUNS Noun Gender IT -O

ES -O -MA -[cons.] -A -ION -IN -DAD -TAD -TUD -EZ -UMBRE

PT -O

FR -EAU

-A -O -DADE -GEM -IE -TUDE

-A -IONE

-E -ION

-E

-[others] FR -AU -> +X -EU -> +X -OU -> +X -S -> [unchanged] -Z -> [unchanged] -X -> [unchanged] -AL -> -AUX -AIL -> -AUX [others] -> +S

Plural Nouns ES PT IT -[c],y -> +ES -[c] -> +ES -O -> -I -[v] -> +S -[v] -> +S -A -> -E -Z -> -CES -S. -> -I -> [unchanged] -IN -> -IONES [unchanged] -E -> -I -O -> -IO! -> -II ES/ES/OS -CO -> -CHI -AL -> -AIS -GO -> -GHI -EL -> -IS -CA -> -CHE(f),-OL -> -IS CHI(m) -IL -> -IS -GA -> -GHE(f),GHI(m) -[c] -> [unchanged] -[v]! -> [unchanged] -CI!A -> -CIE -GI!A -> -GIE -CIA. -> -CE -GIA. -> -GE ADJECTIVES Adjectives

ms

ES -O -> -O -E -> -E -OR -> -OR -N -> -N -N -> -N -N -> -N -[c] -> -[c]

PT -O -> -O

IT -O -> -O -E -> -E -IO -> IO

fs

-O -> -A -E -> -E -OR -> -ORA -N -> -NA -N -> -NA -N -> -NA -[c] -> -[c] -O -> -OS -E -> -ES -OR -> -ORES -N -> -NES -N -> -NES -N -> -NES -[c] -> +ES -O -> -AS -E -> -ES -OR -> -ORAS -[c] -> +ES -N -> -NAS -N -> -NAS -N -> -NAS

-O -> -A

-O -> -A -E -> -E -IO -> -IA

mp

-O -> -OS

-O -> -I -E -> -I -IO -> -I

fp

-O -> -AS

-O -> -E -E -> -I -IO -> -IE

FR -E -> -E -EL -> -EL -EN -> -EN -EUX -> -EUX -ER -> -ER -F -> -F -ON -> -ON [others] -> [unchanged] -E -> -E -EL -> -ELLE -EN -> -ENNE -EUX -> -EUSE -ER -> -RE -F -> -VE -ON -> -ONNE [others] -> +E -E -> -ES -EL -> -ELS -EN -> -ENS -EUX -> -EUX -ER -> -ERS -F -> -FS -ON -> -ONS [others] -> +S -E -> -ES -EL -> -ELLES -EN -> -ENNES -EUX -> -EUSES -ER -> -RES -F -> -VES -ON -> -ONNES [others] -> +ES

ADVERBS Converting Adjectives to Adverbs ES PT IT FR -O -> -AMENTE -O -> -AMENTE -O -> -AMENTE [v] -> +MENT -E -> -EMENTE -E -> -EMENTE -ENT -> -OR -> -IO -> EMMENT ORAMENTE IAMENTE -ANT -> -N -> -[v]LE -> AMMENT NAMENTE MENTE -EL -> -N -> -[v]RE -> ELLEMENT NAMENTE MENTE -EN -> -N -> ENNEMENT

NAMENTE [c] -> +MENTE

-EUX -> EUSEMENT -ER -> REMENT -F -> -VEMENT -ON -> ONNEMENT [c] -> +EMENT

COMPARISONS Degrees of Comparison PT IT mais pi (o/a) mais (il/la) pi menos (o/a) menos meno (il/la) meno

ES comperative ms superlative (el/la) ms comp. menos minor supl. minor (el/la) menos

FR plus (le/la) plus moins (le/la) moins FR aussi...que ...que...

Comparisons of Equality and Inequality ES PT IT equality tan...como to...como tanto...quanto inquality ...que... ...do que... ...che... POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES/PRONOUNS Possessive Adjectives PT IT o meu (ms) il mio (ms) a minha (fs) la mia (fs) os meus (mp) i miei (mp) as minhas (fp) le mie (fp) o teu (ms) il tuo (ms) a tua (fs) la tua (fs) os teus (mp) i tuoi (mp) as tuas (fp) le tue (fp) o...dele (ms) il suo (ms) a...dele (fs) la sua (fs) os...dele (mp) i suoi (mp) as...dele (fp) le sue (fp) o...dela (ms) il suo (ms) a...dela (fs) la sua (fs) os...dela (mp) i suoi (mp) as...dela (fp) le sue (fp) o seu (ms) il Suo (ms) a sua (fs) la Sua (fs) o seus (mp) i Suoi (mp)

1s

2s

3ms

3fs

3sF

ES mi (ms) mi (fs) mis (mp) mis (fp) tu (ms) tu (fs) tus (mp) tus (fp) su (ms) su (fs) sus (mp) sus (fp) su (ms) su (fs) sus (mp) sus (fp) su (ms) su (fs) sus (mp)

FR mon (ms) ma (fs) mes (mp) mes (fp) ton (ms) ta (fs) tes (mp) tes (fp) son (ms) sa (fs) ses (mp) ses (fp) son (ms) sa (sa) ses (mp) ses (fp) votre (ms) votre (fs) vos (mp)

1p

2p

3mp

3fp

3pF

sus (fp) nuestro (ms) nuestra (fs) nuestros (mp) nuestras (fp) vuestro (ms) vuestra (fs) vuestros (mp) vuestras (fp) su (ms) su (fs) sus (mp) sus (fp) su (ms) su (fs) sus (mp) sus (fp) su (ms) su (fs) sus (mp) sus (fp) ES mo (ms) ma (fs) mos (mp) mas (fp) tuyo (ms) tuya (fs) tuyos (mp) tuyas (fp) suyo (ms) suya (fs) suyos (mp) suyas (fp) suyo (ms) suya (fs) suyos (mp) suyas (fp) suyo (ms) suya (fs) suyos (mp) suyas (fp) nuestro (ms) nuestra (fs) nuestros (mp) nuestras (fp)

a suas (fp) o nosso (ms) a nossa (fs) o nossos (mp) a nossas (fp) o vosso (ms) a vossa (fs) os vossos (mp) as vossas (fp) o...deles (ms) a...deles (fs) os...deles (mp) as...delas (fp) o...delas (ms) a...delas (fs) os...delas (mp) as..delas (fp) o seu (ms) a sua (fs) os seus (mp) as suas (fp)

le Sue (fp) il nostro (ms) la nostra (fs) i nostri (mp) le nostre (fp) il vostro (ms) la vostra (fs) i vostri (mp) le vostre (fp) il loro (ms) la loro (fs) i loro (mp) le loro (fp) il loro (ms) la loro (fs) i loro (mp) le loro (fp) il Loro (ms) la Loro (fs) i Loro (mp) le Loro (fp)

vos (fp) notre (ms) notre (fs) nos (mp) nos (fp) votre (ms) votre (fs) vos (mp) vos (fp) leur (ms) leur (fs) leurs (mp) leurs (fp) leur (ms) leur (fs) leurs (mp) leurs (fp) votre (ms) votre (fs) vos (mp) vos (fp) FR le mien (ms) la mienne (fs) les miens (mp) les miennes (fp) le tien (ms) la tienne (fs) les tiens (mp) les tiennes (fp) le sien (ms) la sienne (fs) les siens (mp) les siennes (fp) le sien (ms) la sienne (sa) les siens (mp) les siennes (fp) le vtre (ms) la vtre (fs) les vtres (mp) les vtres (fp) le ntre (ms) la ntre (fs) les ntres (mp) les ntres (fp)

1s

2s

3ms

3fs

3sF

1p

Possessive Pronouns PT IT o meu (ms) il mio (ms) a minha (fs) la mia (fs) os meus (mp) i miei (mp) as minhas (fp) le mie (fp) o teu (ms) il tuo (ms) a tua (fs) la tua (fs) os teus (mp) i tuoi (mp) as tuas (fp) le tue (fp) o dele (ms) il suo (ms) a dele (fs) la sua (fs) os dele (mp) i suoi (mp) as dele (fp) le sue (fp) o dela (ms) il suo (ms) a dela (fs) la sua (fs) os dela (mp) i suoi (mp) as dela (fp) le sue (fp) o seu (ms) il Suo (ms) a sua (fs) la Sua (fs) o seus (mp) i Suoi (mp) a suas (fp) le Sue (fp) o nosso (ms) il nostro (ms) a nossa (fs) la nostra (fs) o nossos (mp) i nostri (mp) a nossas (fp) le nostre (fp)

2p

3mp

3fp

3pF

vuestro (ms) vuestra (fs) vuestros (mp) vuestras (fp) suyo (ms) suya (fs) suyos (mp) suyas (fp) suyo (ms) suya (fs) suyos (mp) suyas (fp) suyo (ms) suya (fs) suyos (mp) suyas (fp)

o vosso (ms) a vossa (fs) os vossos (mp) as vossas (fp) o deles (ms) a deles (fs) os deles (mp) as delas (fp) o delas (ms) a delas (fs) os delas (mp) as delas (fp) o seu (ms) a sua (fs) os seus (mp) as suas (fp)

il vostro (ms) la vostra (fs) i vostri (mp) le vostre (fp) il loro (ms) la loro (fs) i loro (mp) le loro (fp) il loro (ms) la loro (fs) i loro (mp) le loro (fp) il Loro (ms) la Loro (fs) i Loro (mp) le Loro (fp)

le vtre (ms) la vtre (fs) les vtres (mp) les vtres (fp) le leur (ms) la leur (fs) les leurs (mp) les leurs (fp) le leur (ms) la leur (fs) les leurs (mp) les leurs (fp) le vtre (ms) la vtre (fs) les vtres (mp) les vtres (fp)

DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES/PRONOUNS Demonstrative Adjectives PT IT este (ms) questo (ms) esta (fs) questa (fs) estes (mp) estas (fp) esse (ms) essa (fs) esses (mp) essas (fp) aquele (ms) aquela (fs) aquelo (ns) aquelos (mp) aquelas (fp) questi (mp) queste (fp) codesto (ms) codesta (fs) codesti (mp) codeste (fp) quello (ms *1) quel (ms) quella (fs) quell' (fs *2) quei (mp) quegli (mp *3) quelle (fp)

close

ES este (ms) esta (fs) esto (ns) estos (mp) estas (fp) ese (ms) esa (fs) eso (ns) esos (mp) esas (fp) aquel (ms) aquella (fs) aquello (ns) aquellos (mp) aquellas (fp)

FR ce ...-ci (ms)cet ...-ci (ms, before [v] or h) cette ...-ci (fs) ces ...-ci (mp) ces ...-ci (fp)

far

further

ce ...-l (ms) cet ...-l (ms, before [v] or h) cette ...-l (fs) ces ...-l (mp) ces ...-l (fp)

IT: *1: Before Z or S+[c] *2: Before [v] *3: Before [v], Z or S+[c] ES ste (ms) sta (fs) Demonstrative Pronouns PT IT iste (ms) questo (ms) ista (fs) questa (fs) FR celui-ci (ms) celle-ci (fs)

close

far

further

esto (ns) stos (mp) stas (fp) se (ms) sa (fs) eso (ns) sos (mp) sas (fp) quel (ms) quella (fs) aquello (ns) quellos (mp) quellas (fp)

isto (ns) istos (mp) istas (fp) isse (ms) issa (fs) isso (ns) issos (mp) issas (fp) aquile (ms) aquila (fs) aquilo (ns) aquilos (mp) aquilas (fp)

questi (mp) queste (fp) codesto (ms) codesta (fs) codesti (mp) codeste (fp) quello (ms) quella (fs) quelli (mp) quelle (fp)

ceux-ci (mp) celles-ci (fp)

celui-l (ms) celle-l (fs) ceux-l (mp) celles-l (fp)

INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS/ADJECTIVES Interrogative Pronouns PT IT Que? Che? Qual? (s) Quali? (p)

what? which?

ES Qu?

Cul (de)? (s) Qual? (s) Cules (de)? (p) Quais? (p)

who? where? when? why? how? how much? how many?

Quin? Dnde? Cuando? Por qu? Cmo (de)? Cunto? Cuntos?

Quem? Onde? Quando? Porque? Como? Quanto? Quantos?

Chi? Dove? Quando? Perch? Como? Quanto? Quanti?

FR Que?/Que'est-ce que? Lequel (ms) Laquelle (fs) Lesquels (mp) Laquelles (fp) Qui? O? Quand? Pourquoi? Comment? Combien? Combien?

which?

how much? how many?

ES Cul (ms) Cul (fs) Cules (mp) Cules (fp) Cunto (ms) Cunta (fs) Cuntos (mp) Cuntas (fp)

Interrogative Adjectives PT IT Qual (ms) Quale (s) Qual (fs) Quali (p) Quales (mp) Quales (fp) Quanto (ms) Quanto (ms) Quanta (fs) Quanta (fs) Quantos (mp) Quanti (mp) Quantas (fp) Quante (fp)

FR Quel (ms) Quelle (fs) Quels (mp) Quelles (fp) Combien de(s) Combien de (p)

REGULAR VERBS

Groups GROUP 1 GROUP 2 GROUP 3 ES -AR -ER -IR PT -AR -ER -IR IT -ARE -ERE -IRE FR -ER -IR -RE

ES infinitive habl ar gerund habl ando participle habl ado

Conjunctions of Group 1 ES: -AR (example: habl ar = to speak) PT: -AR (example: fal ar = to speak) IT: -ARE (example: parl are = to speak) FR: -ER (example: parl er = to speak) PT IT fal ar parl are fal ando parl ando fal ado parl ato

FR parl er parl (je) parl e (tu) parl es (il) parl e (nous) parl ons (vous) parl ez (ils) parl ent

PRESENT TENSE - PRESENT INDICATIVE (I speak) 1s habl o fal o parl o 2s habl as fal as parl i 3s habl a fal a parl a 1p habl amos fal amos parl iamo 2p habl is fal ais parl ate 3p habl an fal am parl ano

PAST TENSE - PRETERITE INDICATIVE (I spoke) (IT: Passato Remoto) (FR: Pass Simple) 1s habl fal ei parl ai (je) parl ai 2s habl aste fal aste parl asti (tu) parl as 3s habl fal ou parl (il) parl a 1p habl amos fal amos parl ammo (nous) parl mes 2p habl asteis fal astes parl aste (vous) parl tes 3p habl aron fal aram parl arono (ils) parl rent PAST TENSE - IMPERFECT INDICATIVE (I spoke/I was speaking) 1s habl aba fal ava parl avo (je) parl ais 2s habl abas fal avas parl avi (tu) parl ais 3s habl aba fal ava parl ava (il) parl ait 1p habl bamos fal vamos parl avamo (nous) parl ions 2p habl abais fal vais parl avate (vous) parl iez 3p habl aban fal avam parl avano (ils) parl aient FUTURE TENSE - FUTURE INDICATIVE (I will speak) 1s habl ar fal arei parl er 2s habl ars fal ars parl erai 3s habl ar fal ar parl er 1p habl aremos fal aremos parl eremo (je) parl erai (tu) parl eras (il) parl era (nous) parl erons

2p 3p

habl aris habl arn

fal areis fal aro

parl erete parl eranno

(vous) parl erez (ils) parl eront

CONDITIONAL TENSE - CONDITIONAL INDICATIVE (I would speak) 1s habl ara fal aria parl erei (je) parl erais 2s habl aras fal arias parl eresti (tu) parl erais 3s habl ara fal aria parl erebbe (il) parl erait 1p habl aramos fal aramos parl eremmo (nous) parl erions 2p habl arais fal arais parl ereste (vous) parl eriez 3p habl aran fal aram parl erebbero (ils) parl eraient PRESENT TENSE - PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE (I speak) (IT: Congiuntivo Presente) 1s habl e fal e parl i (que je) parl e 2s habl es fal es parl i (que tu) parl es 3s habl e fal e parl i (qu'il) parl e (que nous) parl 1p habl emos fal emos parl iamo ions (que vous) parl 2p habl is fal eis parl iate iez 3p habl en fal em parl ino (qu'ils) parl ent PAST TENSE - IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE (I spoke) (IT: Congiuntivo Imperfetto) 1s habl ara/ase fal asse parl assi (que je) parl asse 2s habl aras/ases fal asses parl assi (que tu) parl asses 3s habl ara/ase fal asse parl asse (qu'il) parl t habl (que nous) parl 1p fal ssemos parl assimo ramos/semos assions (que vous) parl 2p habl arais/aseis fal sseis parl aste assiez (que ils) parl 3p habl aran/asen fal assem parl assero assent IMPERATIVE TENSE (Speak!) 2s habl a, no habl es fal a 3s habl e, no habl e habl emos, no 1p habl emos habl ad, no habl 2p is habl en, no habl 3p en FR: parl a parl i parl iamo parl ate parl ino parl e parl ons parl ez

Irregularities in Group 1

Words ending in EMER, ENER, ESER or EVER get an accent sign to the left on the first E in the 1st person singular, 2nd person singular, 3rd person singular and 3rd person plural in the present tense (je, tu, il/elle, ils/elles). Example: Semer: Je sme, Tu smes, Il sme, Nous semons, Vous semez, Ils sment Words ending in -GER, - RER, or - TER change the accent to the left instead of right in all persons and tenses except future and conditional tense. Protger: Je protge, Tu protges, Il protge, Nous protgeons, Vous protgez, Ils protgent, Tu protgais, ATTENTION: Tu protgeras, this is future tense, no changes here. Words ending in -ELER or -ETER get an extra consonant (an L or a T). Examples: Appeler: J'appelle, Tu appelles, etc.. Jeter: Je jette, Tu jettes, etc.. For words ending in -CER: When the C is followed by an A or an O then the C will change in a . Example: Placer: Je place, Tu places, Il place, Nous plaons, Vous placez, Ils placent For words ending in -GER: When the G is followed by an A or an O then an E will be added after the G. Example: Nager: Je nage, Tu nage, Il nage, Nous nageons, Vous nagez For words ending in -OYER, -UYER and sometimes also -AYER: When the Y would otherwise be followed by an inaudible E that Y will be replaced by an I.Example: Nettoyer: Je nettoie, Tu nettoie, Il nettoie, Nous nettoyons, Vous nettoyez, Ils nettoient Conjunctions of Group 2 ES: -ER (example: com er = to eat) PT: -ER (example: com er = to eat) IT: -ERE (example: cred ere = to believe) FR: -IR (example: fin ir = to end/finish) PT IT FR com er cred ere fin ir com endo cred endo com ido cred uto fin i (je) fin is (tu) fin is (il) fin it (nous) fin issons (vous) fin issez (ils) fin issent

ES infinitive com er gerund com iendo participle com ido

PRESENT TENSE - PRESENT INDICATIVE (I speak) 1s com o com o cred o 2s com es com es cred i 3s com e com e cred e 1p com emos com emos cred iamo 2p com is com eis cred ete 3p com en com em cred ono

PAST TENSE - PRETERITE INDICATIVE (I spoke) (IT: Passato Remoto) (FR: Pass Simple) 1s com com i cred etti (je) fin is

2s 3s 1p 2p 3p

com iste com i com imos com isteis com ieron

com este com eu com emos com estes com eram

cred esti cred ette cred emmo cred este cred ettero

(tu) fin is (il) fin it (nous) fin mes (vous) fin tes (ils) fin irent

PAST TENSE - IMPERFECT INDICATIVE (I spoke/I was speaking) 1s com a com ia cred evo (je) fin issais 2s com as com ias cred evi (tu) fin issais 3s com a com ia cred eva (il) fin issait 1p com amos com amos cred evamo (nous) fin issions 2p com ais com eis cred evate (vous) fin issiez 3p com an com iam cred evano (ils) fin issaient FUTURE TENSE - FUTURE INDICATIVE (I will speak) 1s com er com erei cred er 2s com ers com ers cred erai 3s com er com er cred er 1p com eremos com eremos cred eremo 2p com eris com ereis cred erete 3p com ern com ero cred eranno (je) fin irai (tu) fin iras (il) fin ira (nous) fin irons (vous) fin irez (ils) fin iront

CONDITIONAL TENSE - CONDITIONAL INDICATIVE (I would speak) 1s com era com eria cred erei (je) fin irais 2s com eras com erias cred eresti (tu) fin irais 3s com era com eria cred erebbe (il) fin irait 1p com eramos com eramos cred eremmo (nous) fin irions 2p com erais com erais cred ereste (vous) fin iriez 3p com eran com eram cred erebbero (ils) fin iraient PRESENT TENSE - PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE (I speak) (IT: Congiuntivo Presente) 1s com a com a cred a (que je) fin isse 2s com as com as cred a (que tu) fin isses 3s com a com a cred a (qu'il) fin isse (que nous) fin 1p com amos com amos cred iamo issions (que vous) fin 2p com is com ais cred iate issiez 3p com an com am cred ano (qu'ils) fin issent PAST TENSE - IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE (I spoke) (IT: Congiuntivo Imperfetto) 1s com iera/iese com esse cred essi (que je) fin isse 2s com ieras/ieses com esses cred essi (que tu) fin isses 3s com iera/iese com esse cred esse (qu'il) fin t

1p 2p 3p

com com ssemos iramos/isemos com ierais/ieseis com sseis com ieran/iesen com essem

cred essimo cred este cred essero cred i cred a cred iamo cred ete cred ano

(que nous) fin issions (que vous) fin issiez (que ils) fin issent fin is fin issons fin issez

IMPERATIVE TENSE (Speak!) 2s com e, no com as com e 3s com a, no com a com emos, no 1p com amos com ed, no com 2p is com an, no com 3p an ES:

Irregularities in Group 2

This group contains one exceptional case we have to mention, when the verb ends in ECER then the first person singular, present tense will get an extra Z. An example, let's take the verb: abborecer, instead of "(yo) abboreco" we get "(yo) abborezco". This only applies to first person singular in the present tense. Conjunctions of Group 3 ES: -IR (example: viv ir = to live) PT: -IR (example: part ir = to leave) IT: -IRE (example: part ire = to leave) FR: -RE (example: rend re = to give back) PT IT FR part ir part ire rend re part indo part endo part ido part ito rend u (je) rend s (tu) rend s (il) rend (nous) rend ons (vous) rend ez (ils) rend ent

ES infinitive viv ir gerund viv iendo participle viv ido

PRESENT TENSE - PRESENT INDICATIVE (I speak) 1s viv o part o part o 2s viv es part es part i 3s viv e part e part e 1p viv imos part imos part iamo 2p viv s part is part ite 3p viv en part em part ono

PAST TENSE - PRETERITE INDICATIVE (I spoke) (IT: Passato Remoto) (FR: Pass Simple) 1s viv part i part ii (je) rend is 2s viv iste part iste part isti (tu) rend is 3s viv i part iu part (il) rend it 1p viv imos part imos part immo (nous) rend mes

2p 3p

viv isteis viv ieron

part istes part iram

part iste part irono

(vous) rend tes (ils) rend irent

PAST TENSE - IMPERFECT INDICATIVE (I spoke/I was speaking) 1s viv a part ia part ivo (je) rend ais 2s viv as part ias part ivi (tu) rend ais 3s viv a part ia part iva (il) rend ait 1p viv amos part amos part ivamo (nous) rend ions 2p viv ais part eis part ivate (vous) rend iez 3p viv an part iam part ivano (ils) rend aient FUTURE TENSE - FUTURE INDICATIVE (I will speak) 1s viv ir part irei part ir 2s viv irs part irs part irai 3s viv ir part ir part ir 1p viv iremos part iremos part iremo 2p viv iris part ireis part irete 3p viv irn part iro part iranno (je) rend rai (tu) rend ras (il) rend ra (nous) rend rons (vous) rend rez (ils) rend ront

CONDITIONAL TENSE - CONDITIONAL INDICATIVE (I would speak) 1s viv ira part iria part irei (je) rend rais 2s viv iras part irias part iresti (tu) rend rais 3s viv ira part iria part irebbe (il) rend rait 1p viv iramos part iramos part iremmo (nous) rend rions 2p viv irais part irais part ireste (vous) rend riez 3p viv iran part iram part irebbero (ils) rend raient PRESENT TENSE - PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE (I speak) (IT: Congiuntivo Presente) 1s viv a part a part a (que je) rend e 2s viv as part as part a (que tu) rend es 3s viv a part a part a (qu'il) rend e (que nous) rend 1p viv amos part amos part iamo ions (que vous) rend 2p viv is part ais part iate iez 3p viv an part am part ano (qu'ils) rend ent PAST TENSE - IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE (I spoke) (IT: Congiuntivo Imperfetto) 1s viv iera/iese part isse part issi (que je) fin isse 2s viv ieras/ieses part isses part issi (que tu) fin isses 3s viv iera/iese part isse part isse (qu'il) fin t viv (que nous) fin 1p part ssemos part issimo iramos/isemos issions 2p viv ierais/ieseis part sseis part iste (que vous) fin

3p

viv ieran/iesen

part issem

part issero part i part a part iamo part ite part ano

issiez (que ils) fin issent rend s rend ons rend ez

IMPERATIVE TENSE (Speak!) 2s viv e, no viv as part e 3s viv a, no viv a viv emos, no viv 1p amos 2p viv id, no viv is 3p viv an, no viv an

Imperfect vs Preterit Tense ES: Imperfecto & Preterito PT: Imperfecto & Preterito IT: Imperfetto & Pasato Remoto FR: Imparfait & Pass Simple (Assisted by Migul Angel Lopera Molero) In Spanish, Portuguese, Italian and French there are two past tenses, we'll call them the preterite (in italian passato remoto and in french pass simple) and the imperfect tense, we'll now show you which tense to use at what moments and why. But first of all we can say that this issue of two past tenses doesn't really apply to the french language. Altough they have an imparfait and a pass simple. The pass simple is only used in old and official literature and is rarely used in speech or everyday writings. So in French you can just use the imparfait when you need a past tense and this chapter doesn't really apply. Preterite Tense For foreigners it might be difficult to know when to use the Imperfect tense and when to use the Preterite tense in Spanish and Portuguese (the passato remoto in Italian). I assume you already read how to conjugate verbs in both tenses but I assume you don't know when to use them since they both describe a past tense, which is only one tense, the simple past, in English. The preterite is a tense that is to be used when something takes place in the past and also ends in the past. It begins at a specific time in the past and also ends at a specific time in the past, although that might not be clearly stated in the sentence. But something did occur specifically in the past and is now over, it's a completed action. A few situations when the preterite is to be used (note that all describe a completed action in the past): --> An action is a single (completed) event in the past. --> An action occurred during a specifc period of time --> An action was repeated a specific number of times

--> An action was part of a bigger entity of events --> An action describes a beginning or an end. Some spanish example sentences using preterite tense: I ran to the store = Corr a la tienda. I walked for five minutes = Anduve durante cinco minutos I ate an apple = Com una manzana We lived in that old house for only two weeks = Vivimos en aquella casa vieja durante slo dos semanos I went to work, greeted my boss and sat down behind my desk = Me fui al trabajo, salud a mi jefe y me sent detrs de mi escritorio. The airplane began it's descend at 6:00 am = El avin comenz el descenso a las 6 de la maana.

Imperfect Tense The imperfect tense tells us when something occurred in general in the past, but no clear beginning or ending is implied, it might still be occuring and might already be occuring for a long time. Usually the imperfect can also be translated with "used to ..." or "was/were ...+ing". A few situations when the imperfect is to be used (note that all describe an action in the past that is not seen as completed): --> To tell the time --> To tell your age --> To indicate a habit, something that was and maybe still is being repeated --> To describe characteristics of nouns --> To describe mental or physical state --> To create a scene for another action in the past

Spanish examples using the Imperfect tense:

At the time we felt comfortable = En aquel momento nos sentimos cmodos It was four o'clock = Eran las cuatro en punto She was fourteen years old = Ella tena catorce aos I was watching TV when my dad left the house (was watching is Imperfect, left is Preterit) = Estaba viendo la televison cuando mi padre sala la casa He always read the newspaper in the morning = Siempre lea el peridico por la maana His car reminded me of an old wreck I used to have. = Su choche me recordaba a un viejo cacharro que yo tena I was feeling ill = Me senta mal AUXILIARY VERBS To Be ES: estar PT: estar IT: essere FR: tre IT essere essendo stato

ES infinitive estar gerund estando participle estado

PT estar estando estado

FR tre t (je) suis (tu) es (il) est (nous) sommos (vous) tes (ils) sont

PRESENT TENSE - PRESENT INDICATIVE (I speak) 1s estoy estou sono 2s ests ests sei 3s est est 1p estamos estamos siamo 2p estis estais siete 3p estn esto sono

PAST TENSE - PRETERITE INDICATIVE (I spoke) (IT: Passato Remoto) (FR: Pass Simple) 1s estuve estive fui (je) fus 2s estuviste estiveste fosti (tu) fus 3s estuvo estive fu (il) fut 1p estuvimos estivemos fummo (nous) fmes 2p estuvisteis estivestes foste (vous) ftes 3p estuvieron estiveram furono (ils) furent

PAST TENSE - IMPERFECT INDICATIVE (I spoke/I was speaking) 1s estaba estava ero (je) tais 2s estabas estavas eri (tu) tais 3s estaba estava era (il) tait 1p estabamos estvamos eravamo (nous) tions 2p estabais estvais eravate (vous) tiez 3p estaban estavam erano (ils) taient FUTURE TENSE - FUTURE INDICATIVE (I will speak) 1s estar estarei sar 2s estars estars sarai 3s estar estar sar 1p estaremos estaremos saremo 2p estaris estareis sarete 3p estarn estaro saranno (je) serai (tu) seras (il) sera (nous) serons (vous) serez (ils) seront

CONDITIONAL TENSE - CONDITIONAL INDICATIVE (I would speak) 1s estara estaria sarei (je) serais 2s estaras estarias saresti (tu) serais 3s estara estaria sarebbe (il) serait 1p estaramos estaramos saremmo (nous) serions 2p estarais estarais sareste (vous) seriez 3p estaran estaram sarebbero (ils) seraient PRESENT TENSE - PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE (I speak) (IT: Congiuntivo Presente) 1s est esteja sia (que je) sois 2s ests estejas sia (que tu) sois 3s est esteja sia (qu'il) soit (que nous) 1p estemos estejamos siamo soyons (que vous) 2p estis estejais siate soyez 3p estn estejam siano (qu'ils) soient PAST TENSE - IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE (I spoke) (IT: Congiuntivo Imperfetto) 1s estuviera/estuviese estivesse fossi (que je) fusse 2s estuvieras/estuviesas estivesses fossi (que tu) fusses 3s estuviera/estuviese estivesse fosse (qu'il) ft (que nous) 1p estuvieramos/~visemos estivssemos fossimo fussions (que vous) 2p estuvierais/~vieseis estivsseis foste fussiez 3p estuvieran/~viesen estivessem fossere (que ils) fussent

To Have ES: haber PT: ter IT: avere FR: avoir IT avere avendo avuto

ES infinitive haber gerund habiendo participle habido

PT ter tendo tido

FR Avoir Eu (je) ai (tu) as (il) a (nous) avons (vous) avez (ils) ont

PRESENT TENSE - PRESENT INDICATIVE (I speak) 1s he tenho ho 2s has tens hai 3s ha tem ha 1p hemos temos abbiamo 2p habis tendes avete 3p han tm hanno

PAST TENSE - PRETERITE INDICATIVE (I spoke) (IT: Passato Remoto) (FR: Pass Simple) 1s hube tive ebbi (je) eus 2s hubiste tiveste avesti (tu) eus 3s hubo teve ebbe (il) eut 1p hubimos tivimos avemmo (nous) emes 2p hubisteis tivestes aveste (vous) etes 3p hubieron tiveram ebbero (ils) eurent PAST TENSE - IMPERFECT INDICATIVE (I spoke/I was speaking) 1s haba tinha avevo (je) avais 2s habas tinhas avevi (tu) avais 3s haba tinha aveva (il) avait 1p habamos tinhamos avevamo (nous) avions 2p habais tinheis avevate (vous) aviez 3p haban tinham avevano (ils) avaient FUTURE TENSE - FUTURE INDICATIVE (I will speak) 1s habr terei avr 2s habrs ters avrai 3s habr ter avr 1p habremos teremos avremo 2p habris tereis avrete 3p habrn tero avranno (je) aurai (tu) auras (il) aura (nous) aurons (vous) aurez (ils) auront

CONDITIONAL TENSE - CONDITIONAL INDICATIVE (I would speak) 1s habra teria avrei (je) aurais 2s habras terias avresti (tu) aurais

3s 1p 2p 3p

habra habramos habrais habran

teria teramos terais teram

avrebbe avremmo avreste avrebbero

(il) aurait (nous) aurions (vous) auriez (ils) auraient

PRESENT TENSE - PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE (I speak) (IT: Congiuntivo Presente) 1s haya tenha abbia (que je) aie 2s hayas tenhas abbia (que tu) aies 3s haya tenha abbia (qu'il) ait 1p hayamos tenhamos abbiamo (que nous) ayons 2p hayis tenhais abbiate (que vous) ayez 3p hayan tenham abbiano (qu'ils) aient PAST TENSE - IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE (I spoke) (IT: Congiuntivo Imperfetto) 1s hubiera/hubiese tivesse avessi (que je) eusse 2s hubieras/hubieses tivesses avessi (que tu) eusses 3s hubiera/~iese tivesse avesse (qu'il) et (que nous) 1p hubiramos/~isemos tivssemos avessimo eussions (que vous) 2p hubierais/~ieseis tivsseis aveste eussiez 3p hubieran/~iesen tivessem avessero (que ils) eussent Compound Tenses CONTINUOUS TENSE: To be (speaking) ES PT RULE: estar + gerund estar + gerund PERFECT TENSE: To have (spoken) ES PT RULE: haber + participle ter + ptcpl IT stare + gerund IT avere + ptcpl FR

FR avoir + ptcpl

Estar vs Ser (Spanish assistance by Miguel ngel Lopera Molero) In Spanish and Portuguese there are to verbs for the English verb "To be", this might be a bit confusing at first for foreigners but there are rules when to use Ser and when to use Estar. On this page you'll learn the difference between the two and after reading this you'll know in what situations you should use Ser in what situations you should use Estar. The basic rule about which one to use goes like this: If you're describing a temporary condition, you're describing HOW something is, then you use Estar. And if you're describing an essential fixed property, you're describing WHAT something is, then you use Ser.

This might still sound a little vague, so we'll explain some further, Ser is used to: --> Tell Time --> Tell about possession --> Tell about the material something is made of --> Tell the place of origin --> Tell about one's nationality --> Tell about a certain relationship between two persons --> Tell about profession/occupation --> Tell about one's religion or political affiliation --> Tell where an event is taking place --> Tell about unchanging properties/qualities

Some examples using Ser will follow now (English - Spanish - Portuguese): EN: He is a plumber ES: l es fontanero PT: Ele bombeiro EN: My coat is totally made of cotton ES: Mi abrigo es de algodn 100% PT: O meu sobretudo de algodo 100% EN: I am from the Netherlands, so I am dutch ES: Soy de Holanda, as que soy Holands PT: Sou de Holanda, de modo que sou Holands EN: He is her little brother ES: l es su hermano pequeo PT: Ele o seu irmo pequeno EN: That is my bike ES: sa es mi bici PT: Issa minha bicicleta EN: They are catholic ES: Son catlicos PT: So catlicos

EN: My party is today ES: Mi fiesta es hoy PT: A minha festa hoje EN: The leaves of the tree are green ES: Las hojas del arbol son verdes PT: As folhas da rvore so verdes (Note that this only applies to trees that remain green in all seasons, if a tree loses it`s green leaves in autumn then Estar is to be used since it would then be a temporary condition instead of a fixed fact)

Now let's talk about Estar, Estar is used to: --> Tell where someone is, to express location --> Tell the state or condition of a certain object/person --> Tell something is in progress (Estar in combination with the gerund)

Some example sentences: EN: I am in the house ES: Estoy en la casa PT: Estou em a casa EN: He is very happy ES: l est muy contento PT: Ele est mui contento EN: She is ill ES: Ella est enferma PT: Ela est doente EN: I am riding my bike ES: Estoy montando en mi bici PT: Estou montando em minha bicicleta (This sentence uses the ESTAR + GERUND combination to express something is in progress) (SEMI) IRREGULAR VERBS Spanish Abrir (to open) Participle: abierto Acertar (e:ie) (to guess right) (EXAMPLE FOR E->IE STEM CHANGERS)

Present: Acierto, Aciertes, Acierte, Acertamos, Acertis, Aciertan Imperfect: Acertaba, Acertabas, Acertaba, Acertbamos, Acertabais, Acertaban Preterit: Acert, Acertaste, Acert, Acertamos, Acertasteis, Acertaron Future: Acertar, Acertars, Acertar, Acertaremos, Acertaris, Acertarn Conditional: Acertara, Acertaras, Acertari, Acertaramos, Acertarais, Acertaran Participle: Acertado Gerund: Acertando Acordar(se) (o:ue) (to decide) (EXAMPLE FOR O->UE STEM CHANGERS) Present: Acuerdo, Acuerdas, Acuera, Acordamos, Acordis, Acuerdan Imperfect: Acordaba, Acordabas, Acordaba, Acordabamos, Acordabais, Acordaban Preterit: Acord, Acordaste, Acord, Acordamos, Acordasteis, Acordaron Future: Acordar, Acordars, Acordar, Acordemos, Acordis, Acordan Conditional: Acordara, Acordaras, Acordari, Acordaramos, Acordarais, Acordaran Participle: Acordado Gerund: Acordando Acostar(se) (o:ue) (to lay down) Adestrar (e:ie) Adquirir (i:ie) (to acquire) Advertir (i:ie, e:i) (to warn) (EXAMPLE FOR I->IE AND E->I STEM CHANGERS) Present: Advierto, Adviertes, Advierte, Advertimos, Adverts, Advierten Imperfect: Adverta, Advertas, Adverta, Advertamos, Advertais, Advertan Preterit: Advert, Advertiste, Advirti, Advertimos, Advertisteis, Advirtieron Future: Advertir, Advertirs, Advertir, Advertiremos, Advertiris, Advertirn Conditional: Advertir, Advertiras, Advertira, Advertiramos, Advertirais, Advertiran Participle: Advertido Gerund: Advertiendo Alentar (e:ie) (to encourage) Almorzar (o:ue) (to have lunch) Andar (to walk) Preterit: Anduve, Anduviste, Anduvo, Anduvimos, Anduveis, Anduvieron Apostar (o:ue) (to bet) Apretar (e:ie) (to tighten) Aprobar (o:ue) (to approve) Arrendar (e:ie) (to rest) Arrepentirse (i:ie, e:i) (to regret) Ascender (e:ie) (to ascend) Atender (e:ie) (to take care of) Atravesar (e:ie) (to cross) Avergonzar (o:ue) (to shame) Bendecir - Like Decir (to bless) Caber (to fit in, to get in) Present: Quepo, Cabes Preterit: Cupe, Cupiste, Cupo, Cupimos, Cupisteis, Cupieron Caer (to fall, to crash) Present: Caigo, Caes Preterit: Caiga, Caigas Calentar (e:ie) (to warm up) Cegar (e:ie) (to blind)

Ceir (e:i) (to fit) Cerrar (e:ie) (to close) Cocer (o:ue) (to cook) Colar (o:ue) (to strain) Colegir (e:i) (to collect/to gather) Colgar (o:ue) (to hang) Comenzar (e:ie) (to begin) Competir (e:i) (to compete) Concebir (e:i) (to conceive) Concernir (e:ie) (to concern) Concertar (e:ie) (to arrange) Concordar (o:ue) (to agree) Confesar (e:ie) (to confess) Constreir (e:i) (to restrict) Contar (o:ue) (to count) Corregir (e:i) (to correct) Costar (o:ue) (to cost) Cubrir (to cover) Participle: cubierto Dar (to give) Present: Doy, Das, Da, Damos, Dais, Dan Imperfect: Daba, Dabas, Daba, Dbamos, Dabais, Daban Preterit: Di, Diste, Dio, Dimos, Disteis, Dieron Participle: Dado Gerund: Dado Decir (to say) Present: Digo, Dices, Dice, Decimos, Decs, Dicen Imperfect: Deca Preterit: Dije, Dijiste, Dijo, Dijimos, Dijisteis, Dijeron Participle: Dicho Gerund: Diciendo Defender (e:ie) (to defend) Degollar (o:ue) (to decapitate) Derretir(se) (e:i) (to melt) Descender (e:ie) (to descend) Desdecir(se) - Like Decir Desler (e:i) (to dissolve) Present: Deslo, Desles Despertar(se) (e:ie) (to wake up) Desterrar (e:ie) (to exile) Discernir (e:ie) (to discern) Disolver - Like resolver (to dissolve) Divertir(se) (e:ei, e:i) (to amuse) Doler (o:ue) (to hurt) Dormir(se) (to sleep) Present: Duermo, Duermes, Duerme, Dormimos, Dorms, Duermen Imperfect: Dorma Preterit: Dorm, Domriste, Durmo, Durmimos, Durmisteis, Durmieron Participle: Dormido Gerund: Durmiendo

Ducir - All verbs ending in ducir conjugate like like conducir Elegir (e:i) (to choose) Embestir (e:i) (to attack) Empezar (e:ie) (to begin) Encender (e:ie) Encomendar (e:ie) (to entrust) Encontrar(se) (o:ue) (to find) Engrosar (o:ue) (to thicken) Enmendar (e:ie) (to amend) Ensangrentar (e:ie) (to cover with blood) Entender (e:ie) (to understand) Enterrar (e:ie) (to bury) Erguir (e:i) (to raise) Errar (e:ie) (to be mistaken) Present: Yerro, Yerras, Yerra, Erramos, Yerran Escocer (o:ue) Escribir (to write) Participle: Escrito Esforzar (o:ue) (to make an effort) Estar - See auxiliary verbs section Ferir - All verbs ending in ferir. (e:i, e:ie) Forzar (o:ue) (to force) Fregar (e:ie) (to mop) Frer (e:i) (to fry) Gemir (e:i:) (to moan) Gerir - All verbs ending in gerir - (e:ie, e:i) Gobernar (e:ie) (to govern) Haber - See auxiliary verbs section Hacer (To do, to make) Present: Hago, Haces, Hace, Hacemos, Hacis, Hacen Imperfect: Haca Preterit: Hice, Hiciste, Hizo, Hicimos, Hicisteis, Hicieron Participle: Hecho Heder (e:ie) Helar (e:ie) (to freeze) Henchir (e:i) (to fill) Hendir (e:ie) Herir (e:i , e:ie) (to hurt) Herrar (e:ie) (to shoe) Hervir (e:i, e:ie) (to boil) Holgar (o:ue) (to idle) Imprimir (to print) Participle: Imprimido, Impreso Incensar (e:ie) (to insence) Inquirir - Like adquirir (to inquire) Invernar (e:ie) (to hibernate) Invertir (i:ie) (to invent) Ir (To go) Present: Voy, Vas, Va, Vamos, Vais, Van Imperfect: Iba, Ibas, Iba, Ibamos, Ibais, Iban

Preterit: Fui, Fuiste, Fue, Fuimos, Fuisteis, Fueron Future: Ir Participle: Ido Gerund: Yendo Jugar (To play) Present: Juego, Juegas, Juega, Jugamos, Jugis, Juegan Llover (o:ue) (to rain) Maldecir - Like decir (To curse) Manifestar (e:ie) (to declare) Medir (e:i) (to measure) Mentar (e:ie) (to mention) Mentir (e:ie, e:i) (to lie) Merendar (e:ie) (to remember) Moler (o:ue) (to grind) Morder (o:ue) (to bite) Morir (o:ue) (to die) Participle: Muerto Mostrar (o:ue) (to show) Mover (o:ue) (to move) Negar(se) (e:ie) (to deny) Nevar (e:ie) (to snow) Or (to hear) Present: Oigo, Oyes, Oye, Omos, Os, Oyen Oler (o:ue) (to smell) Present: Huelo, Hueles, Huele, Olemos, Olis, Huelen Pedir (e:i) (to request) Pensar (e:ie) (to think) Perder(se) (e:ie) (to lose) Plegar (e:ie) (to fold) Poblar (o:ue) (to populate) Poder (o:ue) (to be able to/to can) Present: Puedo, Puedes, Puede, Podemos, Podis, Pueden Preterit: Pude, Pudiste, Pudo, Pudimos, Pudisteis, Pudieron Future: Podr, Podrs, Podr, Podremos, Podris, Podran Conditional: Podra, Podras, Podra, Podramos, Podrais, Podran Gerund: Pudiendo Poner (to put, to place) Present: Pongo, Pones, Pone, Ponemos, Ponis, Ponen Imperfect: Pona, Ponas Preterit: Puse, Pusiste, Puso, Pusimos, Pusisteis, Pusieron Future: Pondr, Pondrs Conditional: Pondra, Pondras Participle: Puesto Probar (o:ue) (to prove) Quebrar (e:ie) (to break) Querer (e:ei) (To want) Present: Quiero, Quieres, Quiere, Queremos, Queris, Queren Preterit: Quise, Quisiste, Quiso, Quisimos, Quisisteis, Quisieron Future: Querr Conditional: Querra

Recomendar (e:ie) (to recommend) Recordar (o:ue) (to remember) Recostar (o:ue) Regar (e:ie) (to water) Regir (e:i) (to prevail) Regoldar (o:ue) Rer (e:i) (to laugh) Present: Ro, Res Remendar (e:ie) (to mend) Rendir (e:i) (to render) Renovar (o:ue) (to renew) Reir (e:i) (to fight) Repetir (e:i) (to repeat) Requerir (e:i, e:ie) (to require) Resollar (o:ue) Resolver (to solve) Participle: Resuelto Restregar (e:ie) Reventar (e:ie) (to burst) Revolcar (o:ue) Rodar (o:ue) (to roll) Rogar (o:ue) (to request) Romper (To break) Participle: Roto Saber (To know) Present: S, Sabes, Sabe, Sabemos, Sabis, Saben Preterit: Supe, Supiste, Supo, Supimos, Supisteis, Supieron Future: Sabr, Sabrs Salir (to leave, to quit, to go out) Present: Salgo, Sales, Sale, Salimos, Sals, Salen Future: Saldr, Saldrs Satisfacer (To satisfy) Present: Satisfago, Satisfaces, Satisface Preterit: Satisfice, Satisficiste, Satisfizo, Satisficimos, Satisficisteis, Satisficieron Participle: Satisfecho Segar (e: ie) (to harvest) Seguir (e:i) (to follow) Sembrar (e:ie) (to seed) Sentar(se) (e:ie) (to sit) Sentir (e:ie, e:i) (to feel) Ser (to be) Present: Soy, Eres, Es, Somos, Sois, Son Imperfect: Era, Eras, Era, ramos, Erais, Eran Preterit: Fui, Fuiste, Fue, Fuimos, Fuisteis, Fueron Future: Ser, Sers, Ser, Seremos, Seris, Sern Conditional: Sera, Seras, Sera, Seramos, Serais, Seran Participle: sido Serrar (e:ie) (to saw) Servir (e:i) (to serve) Soldar (o:ue) (to weld)

Soler (o:ue) (to be accustomed to) Soltar (o:ue) (to loosen) Sonar (o:ue) (to sound) Soar (o:ue) (to dream) Sosegar(se) (e:ie) (to calm) Temblar (e:ie) (to shake) Templar (e:ie) (to warm up) Tender (e:ie)(to tend) Tener (to have) Present: Tengo, Tienes, Tiene, Tenemos, Tenis, Tienen Imperfect: Tena, Tenas Preterit: Tuve, Tuviste, Tuvo, Tuvimos, Tuvisteis, Tuvieron Future: Tendr, Tendrs, Tendr, Tendremos, Tentris, Tendrn Conditional: Tendra, Tendras Participle: tenido Tentar (e:ie) (to touch) Teir (e:i) Torcer (o:ue) (to twist) Tostar (o:ue) (to toast) Traer (To bring) Present: Traigo, Traes, Trae, Traemos, Trais, Traen Preterit: Traje, Trajiste, Trajo, Trajimos, Trajisteis, Trajeron Trascender (e:ie) (to extend) Transcender (e:ie) (to extend) Trocar (o:ue) Tronar (o:ue) (to roar) Tropezar (e:ie) Valer (to be worth) Present: Valgo, Vales, Vale Future: Valdr, Valdrs Conditional: Valdra, Valdras Venir (To come) Present: Vengo, Vienes, Viene, Venimos, Vens, Vienen Imperfect: Vena, Venas Preterit: Vine, Viniste, Vino, Vinimos, Vinisteis, Vinieron Future: Vendr, Vendrs Conditional: Vendra, Vendras Gerund: Viniendo Ver (To see) Present: Veo, Ves, Ve, Vemos, Veis, Ven Imperfect: Vea, Veas, Vea Preterit: Vi, Viste, Vio, Vimos, Visteis, Vieron Future: Ver, Vers Conditional: Vera, Veras Participle: Viendo Gerund: Visto Verter (e:ie) (to spill) Vertir - All verbs ending in Vertir - (e:i, e:ie) Vestir(se) (e:i) (to dress) Volar (o:ue) (to fly)

Volcar (o:ue) (to upset) Volver (to return) Participle: Vuelto Portuguese Abrir (to open) Participle: Aberto Acudir Present: Acudo, acodes, acode Aderir Present: Adiro Advertir Present: Advirto Agir Present: Ajo Agradecer Present: Agradeo Agredir Present: Agrido, Agrides, Agride, Agridem Ansiar Present: Anseio, Anseias, Anseia, Anseiam Arruinar Present: Arruno, Arrunas, Arruna, Arrunam Aspergir Present: Aspirjo Atribuir Present: Atribuo, Atribuis, Atribui, Atribumos, Atribus, Atribuem Bulir Present: Bulo, Boles, Bole, Bolem Caber Present: Caibo Preterite: Coube etc.. Cair Present: Caio, Cais, Cai, Camos, Cas, Caem Imperfect: Caa etc.. Preterit: Ca, Caste Cobrir Present: Cubro Participle: Coberto Colorir Present: Coluro Compelir Present: Compilo Crer Present: Creio, Crs, Cr, Cremos, Credes, Crem Preterite: Cri, Creste, Creu, Cremos, Crestes, Creram Cuspir Present: Cuspo, Cospes, Cospe, Cospem Dar Present: Dou, Ds, D, Damos, Dais, Do

Preterite: Dei, Deste, Deu, Demos, Destes, Deram Deduzir Present: Deduzo, Deduzes, Deduz Denegrir Present: Denigro, Denigres, Denigre, Denigrem Despir Present: Disp Dizer Present: Digo, Dizes, Diz, Dizemos, Dizeis, Dizem Preterite: Disse etc... Future: Direi etc.. Conditional: Diria etc... Participle: Dito Doer Present: Do/Doo, Dis, Di Dormir Present: Durmo Escrever Participle: Escrito Estar - See auxiliary verbs Extorquir Present: Exturco Fazer Present: Fao Preterite: Fiz, Fizeste, Fez, Fizemos, Fizestes, Fizeram Future: Farei etc.. Conditional: Faria etc.. Participle: Feito Ferir Present: Firo Fluir Present: Fluo, Fluis, Flui, Flumos, Flus, Fluem Fugir Present: Fujo, Foges, Foge, Fogem Ganhar Participle: Ganho Gastar Participle: Gasto Gerir Present: Giro Haver Present: Hei, Hs, H, Havemos, Haveis, Ho Imperfect: Havia etc.. Preterite: Houve, Houveste, Houve, Houvemos, Houvestes, Houveram Ir Gerund: Indo Present: Vou, Vais, Vai, Vamos, Ides, Vo Imperfect: Ia etc.. Preterite: Fui, Foste, Foi, Fomos, Fostes, Foram Participle: Ido

Ler Present: Leio, Ls, L, Lemos, Ledes, Lem Preterite: Li, Leste, Leu, Lemos, Lestes, Leram Medir Present: Meo Mentir Present: Minto Ouvir Present: Ouo Pagar Participle: Pago Parar Present: Paro, Paras, Pra Pedir Present: Peo Perder Present: Perco Poder Present: Posso Preterite: Pude, Pudeste, Pde, Pudemos, Pudestes, Puderam Polir Present: Pulo, Pules, Pule, Pulem Pr Present: Ponho, Pes, Pe, Pomos, Pondes, Pem Imperfect: Punha etc.. Preterite: Pus, Puseste, Ps, Pusemos, Pusestes, Puseram Future: Porei etc.. Conditional: Poria etc... Participle: Posto Gerund: Pondo Preferir Present: Prefiro Prevenir Present: Previno, Prevines, Previne, Previnem Prover Present: Provejo, Provs, Prov, Provemos, Provedes, Provem Preterite: Provi, Proveste, Proveu, Provemos, Provestes, Proveram Querer Present: Quero, Queres, Quer Preterite: Quis, Quisest, Quis, Quisemos, Quisestes, Quiseram Refletir Present: Reflito Repetir Present: Repito Requerer Present: Requeiro, Requeres, Requer Reunir Present: Reno, Renes, Rene, Renem Rir Present: Rio, Ris, Ri, Rimos, Rides, Riem

Preterite: Ri, Riste, Riu, Rimos, Ristes, Riram Saber Present: Sei, Sabes, Sabe, Sabemos, Sabeis, Sabem Preterite: Soube, Soubeste, Soube, Soubemos, Soubestes, Souberam Seguir Present: Sigo Sentir Present: Sinto Ser Present: Sou, s, , Somos, Sois, So Imperfect: Era etc... Preterite: Fui, Foste, Foi, Fomos, Fostes, Foram Servir Present: Sirvo Subir Present: Subo, Sobes, Sobe, Sobem Suster Present: Sustenho, Sustens, Sustm, Sustendes, Sustm Preterite: Sustive, Sustiveste, Susteve, Sustivemos, Sustivestes, Sustiveram Ter - See Auxiliary verbs section Torcer Present: Toro Tossir: Present: Tusso Trair Present: Traio, Trais, Trai, Tramos, Tras, Traem Trazer Present: Trago, Trazes, Graz Preterite: Trouxe, Trouxeste, Trouxe, Trouxemos, Trouxestes, Trouxeram Future: Trarei etc.. Conditional: Traria etc.. Valer Present: Valho Ver Present: Vejo, Vs, V, Vemos, Vedes, Vem Imperfect: Via etc.. Preterite: Vi, Viste, Viu, Vimos, Vistes, Viram Participle: Visto Vir Gerund: Vindo Present: Venho, Vens, Vem, Vimos, Vindes, Vm Imperfect: Vinha etc... Preterite: VIm, Vieste, Veio, Viemos, Viestes, Vieram Participle: Vindo Italian Accendere (to light) Present: Accendo Past (Preterit): Accesi Future: Accender

Conditional: Accenderei Participle: Acceso Accludere (to enclose) Present: Accludo Past (Preterit): Acclusi Future: Accluder Conditional: Accluderei Participle: Accluso Accorgersi (to notice) Present: mi accorgo, ti accorgi, si accorge, ci accorgiamo, vi accorgete, si accorgono Past (Preterit): mi accorsi Future: mi accorger Conditional: mi accorgerei Participle: Accorto Addurre (to claim) Present: Adduco Past (Preterit): Addussi Future: Addurr Conditional: Addurrei Participle: Addotto Andare (to go) Present: Vado, vai, va, andiamo, andate, vanno Past (Preterit): Andai Future: Andr Conditional: Andrei Participle: Andato Annettere (to add) Present: Annetto Past (Preterit): Annettei Future: Annetter Conditional: Annetterei Participle: Annesso Apparire (to appear) Present: Appaio, Apparisci, Appare, Appariamo, Apparite, Appaiono Past (Preterit): Apparsi Future: Apparir Conditional: Apparirei Participle: Apparso Appendere (to hang) Present: Appendo Past (Preterit): Appesi Future: Appender Conditional: Appenderei Participle: Appeso Aprire (to open) Present: Apro Past (Preterit): Aprii Future: Aprir Conditional: Aprirei Participle: Apparso

Ardere (to burn) Present: Ardo Past (Preterit): Arsi Future: Arder Conditional: Arderei Participle: Arso Assistere (to assist) Present: Assisto Past (Preterit): Assistei Future: Assister Conditional: Assisterei Participle: Assistito Assumere (to accept) Present: Assumo Past (Preterit): Assunsi Future: Assumer Conditional: Assumerei Participle: Assunto Bere (to drink) Present: Bevo, Bevi, Beve, Beviamo, Bevete, Bevono Past (Preterit): Bevvi Future: Berr Conditional: Berrei Participle: Bevuto Cadere (to fall) Present: Cado Past (Preterit): Caddi Future: Cadr Conditional: Cadrei Participle: Caduto Capire (to understand) Present: Capisco, Capisci, Capisce, Capiamo, Capite, Capiscono Past (Preterit): Capii Future: Capir Conditional: Capirei Participle: Capito Chiedere (to ask) Present: Chiedo Past (Preterit): Chiesi Future: Chieder Conditional: Chiederei Participle: Chiesto Chiudere (to close) Present: Chiudo Past (Preterit): Chiusi Future: Chuider Conditional: Chuiderei Participle: Chiuso Cingere (to surround) Present: Cingo

Past (Preterit): Cinsi Future: Cinger Conditional: Cingerei Participle: Cinto Cogliere (to pluck) Present: Colgo, Cogli, Coglie, Cogliamo, Cogliete, Cogliete, Colgono Past (Preterit): Colsi Future: Coglier Conditional: Coglierei Participle: Colto Compiere (to complete) Present: Compio, Compi, Compie, Compiamo, Compiete, Compiono Past (Preterit): Compiei Future: Compier Conditional: Compierei Participle: Compiuto Comprimere (to compress) Present: Comprimo Past (Preterit): Compressi Future: Comprimer Conditional: Comprimerei Participle: Compresso Concludere (to conclude) - Has the same irregularities as chiudere Condurre (to drive/to lead) Present: Conduco Past (Preterit): Condussi Future: Condurr Conditional: Condurrei Participle: Condotto Connetterre (to connect) Present: Connetto Past (Preterit): Connessi Future: Connetter Conditional: Connetterei Participle: Connesso Conoscere (to know (a person)) Present: Conosco Past (Preterit): Conobbi Future: Conoscer Conditional: Conoscerei Participle: Conosciuto Coprire (to cover) Present: Copro Past (Preterit): Coprii Future: Coprir Conditional: Coprirei Participle: Coperto Correre (to run) Present: Corro Past (Preterit): Corsi

Future: Correr Conditional: Correrei Participle: Corso Construire (to build) - Has the same irregularities as capire Crescere (to grow) Present: Cresco Past (Preterit): Crebbi Future: Crescer Conditional: Crescerei Participle: Cresciuto Cucire (to sew) Present: Cucio, cuci, cuce, cuciamo, cucite, cuciono Past (Preterit): Cucii Future: Cucir Conditional: Cucirei Participle: Cucito Cuocere (to cook) Present: Cuocio, cuoci, cuoce, cuociamo, coucete, cuociono Past (Preterit): Cossi Future: Cuocer Conditional: Cuocerei Participle: Cotto Dare (to give) Present: Do, dai, d, diano, date, danno Past (Preterit): Diedi Future: Dar Conditional: Darei Participle: Dato Decidere (to decide) Present: Decido Past (Preterit): Decisi Future: Decider Conditional: Deciderei Participle: Deciso Dedurre (to reduce) - Has the same irregularities as condurre Deludere (to dissappoint) - Has the same irregularities as alludere Deprimere (to humiliate) - Has the same irregularities as comprimere Difendere (to defend) Present: Difendo Past (Preterit): Difesi Future: Difender Conditional: Difenderei Participle: Difeso Dipendere (to depend) - Has the same irregularities as appendere Dipingere (to paint) Present: Dipingo Past (Preterit): Dipinsi Future: Dipinger Conditional: Dipingerei Participle: Dipinto

Dire (to say) Present: Dico, dici, dice, diciamo, dite, dicono Past (Preterit): Dissi Future: Dir Conditional: Direi Participle: Detto Dirigire (to direct) Present: Dirigo Past (Preterit): Diressi Future: Diriger Conditional: Dirigerei Participle: Diretto Discutere (to discuss) Present: Discuto Past (Preterit): Discussi Future: Discuter Conditional: Discuterei Participle: Discusso Dissuadere (to unrecommend) Present: Dissuado Past (Preterit): Dissuasi Future: Dissuader Conditional: Dissuaderei Participle: Dissuaso Distinguere (to distinguish) Present: Distinguo Past (Preterit): Distinsi Future: Distinguer Conditional: Distinguerei Participle: Distinto Dividere (to divide) Present: Divido Past (Preterit): Divisi Future: Divider Conditional: Dividerei Participle: Diviso Dolere (to hurt) Present: Dolgo, duoli, duole, dogliamo, dovete, dolgono Past (Preterit): Dolsi Future: Dorr Conditional: Dorrei Participle: Doluto Dovere (to have to/must) Present: Devo, devi, deve, dobbiamo, dovete, debbono (devono) Past (Preterit): Dovetti Future: Dovr Conditional: Dovrei Participle: Dovuto Eccellere (to excel) Present: Eccello

Past (Preterit): Eccelsi Future: Ecceller Conditional: Eccellerei Participle: Eccelso Emergere (to emerge) Present: Emergo Past (Preterit): Emersi Future: Emerger Conditional: Emergerei Participle: Emerso Erigere (to found) Present: Erigo Past (Preterit): Eressi Future: Eriger Conditional: Erigerei Participle: Eretto Escludere (to exclude) - Has the same irregularities as alludere Esigere (to demand) Present: Esigo Past (Preterit): Esigei Future: Esiger Conditional: Esigerei Participle: Esatto Esistere (to exist) Present: Esisto Past (Preterit): Esistei Future: Esister Conditional: Esisterei Participle: Esistito Espellere (to ban) Present: Espello Past (Preterit): Espulsi Future: Espeller Conditional: Espellerei Participle: Espulso Esplodere (to explode) Present: Esplodo Past (Preterit): Esplosi Future: Esploder Conditional: Esploderei Participle: Esploso Estinguere (to extinguish) - Has the same irregularities has distinguere Fare (to do/to make) Present: Faccio, fai, fa, facciamo, fate, fanno Past (Preterit): Feci Future: Far Conditional: Farei Participle: Fatto Fendere (to split) Present: Fendo

Past (Preterit): Fendei Future: Fender Conditional: Fenferei Participle: Fesso figgere (to attach) (more commonly used: affigere) Present: Figgo Past (Preterit): Fissi Future: Figger Conditional: Figgerei Participle: Fitto Flettere (to bend) Present: Fletto Past (Preterit): Flettei Future: Fletter Conditional: Fletterei Participle: Flesso Fondere (to melt) Present: Fondo Past (Preterit): Fusi Future: Fonder Conditional: Fonderei Participle: Fuso Frangere (to break) Present: Frango Past (Preterit): Fransi Future: Franger Conditional: Frangerei Participle: Franto Friggere (to bake) - Has the same irregularities as affliggere Giacere (to lay) Present: Giacco, Giaci, Giace, Giaciamo, Giacete, Giacciono Past (Preterit): Giacqui Future: Giacer Conditional: Giacerei Participle: Giaciuto Giungere (to come) Present: Giungo Past (Preterit): Giunsi Future: Giunger Conditional: Giungerei Participle: Giunto Immergere (to dive/to wet) Present: Immergo Past (Preterit): Immersi Future: Immerger Conditional: Immergerei Participle: Immerso Includere (to include) - Has the same irregularities as alludere Indurre (to lead to) - Has the same irregularities as condurre Introdurre (to introduce) - Has the same irregularities as condurre

Invadare (to invade/to occupy) Present: Invado Past (Preterit): Invasi Future: Invader Conditional: Invaderei Participle: Invaso Leggere (to read) Present: Leggo Past (Preterit): Lessi Future: Legger Conditional: Leggerei Participle: Letto Mettere (to put) Present: Metto Past (Preterit): Misi Future: Metter Conditional: Metterei Participle: Messo Mordere (to bite) Present: Mordo Past (Preterit): Morsi Future: Morder Conditional: Morderei Participle: Morso Morire (to die) Present: Muoio, muori, muore, moriamo, morite, muoiono Past (Preterit): Morii Future: Morir Conditional: Morirei Participle: Morto Muovere (to move) - Has the same irregularities as mordere, except for the participle: Participle: Mosso Nascere (to be born) - Has the same irregularities as conoscere, except for the participle: Participle: Nato Nascondere (to hide) - Has the same irregularities as mordere, except for the participle: Participle: Nascosto Nutrire (to feed) - Has the same irregularities as capire Offendere (to offend) Present: Offendo Past (Preterit): Offesi Future: Offender Conditional: Offenderei Participle: Offeso Offrire (to offer) Present: Offro Past (Preterit): Offrii Future: Offrir Conditional: Offrirei

Participle: Offerto Opprimere (to oppress) - Has the same irregularities as comprimere Parere (to shine) Present: Paio, pari, pare, paiamo, parete, paiono Past (Preterit): Parvi Future: Parr Conditional: Parrei Participle: Parso Percuotere (to hit) Present: Percuoto Past (Preterit): Percossi Future: Percuoter Conditional: Percuoterei Participle: Percosso Perdere (to lose) Present: Perdo Past (Preterit): Persi Future: Perder Conditional: Perderei Participle: Perso Persuadere (to convince) - Has the same irregularities as dissuadere Piacere (to like) Present: Piaccio, Piaci, Piace, Piacciamo, Piacete, Piacciono Past (Preterit): Piacqui Future: Piacer Conditional: Piacerei Participle: Pianto Piovere (to rain) - This verb only as a third person, you can't say "I rain", but only "It rains" Present: Piove Past (Preterit): Piovve Future: Piover Conditional: Pioverebbe Participle: Piovuto Porre (to put down) Present: Pongo, poni, pone, poniamo, ponete, pongono Past (Preterit): Posi Future: Porr Conditional: Porrei Participle: Posto Potere (to be able/can) Present: Posso, puoi, pu, possiamo, potete, possono Past (Preterit): Potei Future: Potr Conditional: Potrei Participle: Potuto Prendere (to take) Present: Prendo Past (Preterit): Presi Future: Prender

Conditional: Prenderei Participle: Preso Presumere (to presume) - Has the same irregularities as assumere Produrre (to produce) - Has the same irregularities as condurre Proteggere (to protect) Present: Proteggo Past (Preterit): Protessi Future: Protegger Conditional: Proteggerei Participle: Protetto Pungere (to stab) Present: Pungo Past (Preterit): Punsi Future: Punger Conditional: Pungerei Participle: Punto Radere (to shear) Present: Rado Past (Preterit): Rasi Future: Rader Conditional: Raderei Participle: Raso Reggere (to bear/to stand) - Has the same irregularities as leggere Rendere (to return/to give back) - Has the same irregularities as prendere Reprimere (to supress) - Has the same irregularities as comprimere Retrocedere (to withdraw) Present: Retrocedo Past (Preterit): Retrocedei Future: Retroceder Conditional: Retrocederei Participle: Retroceduto Ridere (to laugh) - Has the same irregularities as prendere Ridurre (to reduce) - Has the same irregularities as condurre Rimanere (to stay/to remain) Present: Rimango, Rimani, Rimane, Rimaniamo, Rimanete, Rimangono Past (Preterit): Romasi Future: Rimarr Conditional: Rimarrei Participle: Rimasto Riprodurre (to reproduce) - Has the same irregularities as condurre Risolvere (to resolve) - Has the same irregularities as assolvere Rispondere (to respond/to answer) Present: Rispondo Past (Preterit): Risposi Future: Risponder Conditional: Risponderei Participle: Risposto Rompere (to break) Present: Rompo Past (Preterit): Ruppi

Future: Romper Conditional: Romperei Participle: Rotto Salire (to raise) Present: Salgo, Sali, Sale, Saliamo, Salite, Salgono Past (Preterit): Salii Future: Salir Conditional: Salirei Participle: Salito Sapere (to know) Present: So, sai, sa, sappiamo, sapete, sanno Past (Preterit): Seppi Future: Sapr Conditional: Saprei Participle: Saputo Scegliere (to choose) Present: Scelgo, scelgi, scelgie, scegliamo, scegliete, scelgono Past (Preterit): Scelsi Future: Sceglier Conditional: Sceglierei Participle: Scelto Scendere (to go down) Present: Scendo Past (Preterit): Scesi Future: Scender Conditional: Scenderei Participle: Sceso Sciogliere (to dissolve) - Has the same irregularities as cogliere Scomparire (to dissappear) - Has the same irregularities sa appararire Scoprire (to discover) - Has the same irregularities coprire Scorgere (to notice) Present: Scorgo Past (Preterit): Scorsi Future: Scorger Conditional: Scorgerei Participle: Scorto Scrivere (to write) - Has the same irregularities as leggere Sedere (to sit) Present: Siedo, Siedi, Siede, Sediamo, Sedete, Siedono Past (Preterit): Sedei Future: Seder Conditional: Sederei Participle: Seduto Sedurre (to seduce) - Has the same irregularities as condurre Smettere (to stop/to quit) - Has the same irregularities as mettere Soffrire (to suffer) - Has the same irregularities as offrire Solere (to be normal/common) Present: Soglio, Suoli, Suole, Sogliamo, Solete, Sogliono Past (Preterit): Solei Future: - (does not exist)

Conditional: - (does not exist) Participle: Solito Sommergere (to submerge) - Has the same irregularities as immergere Sopprimere (to abolish) - Has the same irregularities as comprimere Sorgere (to stand up) - Has the same irregularities as leggere, except the participle: Participle: Sorto Spandere (to expand) Present: Spando Past (Preterit): Spansi Future: Spander Conditional: Spanderei Participle: Spanto Spargere (to spread) Present: Spargo Past (Preterit): Sparsi Future: Sparger Conditional: Spargerei Participle: Sparso Spendere (to spend) Present: Spendo Past (Preterit): Spesi Future: Spender Conditional: Spenderei Participle: Speso Spingere (to push) Present: Spingo Past (Preterit): Spinsi Future: Spinger Conditional: Spingerei Participle: Spinto Stare (to stay/to remain) Present: Sto, stai, sta, stiamo, state, stanno Past (Preterit): Stetti Future: Star Conditional: Starei Participle: Stato Stendere (to spread) - Has the same irregularities as tendere Stingere (to push/to force) Present: Stringo Past (Preterit): Strinsi Future: Stringer Conditional: Stringerei Participle: Stretto Struggere (to melt/to digest) Present: Struggo Past (Preterit): Strussi Future: Strugger Conditional: Struggerei Participle: Strutto Succedere (to succeed (next)/to happen)

Present: Succedo Past (Preterit): Successi Future: Succeder Conditional: Succederei Participle: Successo Tacere (to remain silent) Present: Tacio, taci, tace, tacciamo, tacete, tacciono Past (Preterit): Tacqui Future: Tacer Conditional: Tacerei Participle: Taciuto Tendere (to stretch) Present: Tendo Past (Preterit): Tesi Future: Tender Conditional: Tenderei Participle: Teso Tenere (to keep) Present: Tengo, tieni, tiene, teniamo, tenete, tengono Past (Preterit): Tenni Future: Terr Conditional: Terei Participle: Tenuto Tingere (to paint) Present: Tingo Past (Preterit): Tinsi Future: Tinger Conditional: Tingerei Participle: Tinto Togliere (to take away/to remove) - Has the same irregularities as cogliere Tradurre (to translate) - Has the same irregularities as condurre Trarre (to pull) Present: Traggo, trai, trae, traiamo, traete, traggono Past (Preterit): Trassi Future: Trarr Conditional: Trarrei Participle: Tratto Uccidere (to kill) Present: Uccido Past (Preterit): Uccisi Future: Uccider Conditional: Ucciderei Participle: Ucciso Udire (to hear, to listen) Present: Odo, odi, ode, udiamo, udite, odono Past (Preterit): Udii Future: Udir Conditional: Udirei Participle: Udito Uscire (to go out)

Present: Esce, esci, esce, usciamo, uscite, escono Past (Preterit): Uscii Future: Uscir Conditional: Uscirei Participle: Uscito Vedere (to see) Present: Vedo Past (Preterit): Vidi Future: Vedr Conditional: Vedrei Participle: Visto Venire (to come) Present: Vengo, Vieni, Viene, Veniamo, Venite, Vengono Past (Preterit): Venni Future: Verr Conditional: Verrei Participle: Venuto Vincere (to conquer) Present: Vinco Past (Preterit): Vinsi Future: Vincer Conditional: Vincerei Participle: Vinto Vivere (to live) Present: Vivo Past (Preterit): Vissi Future: Vivr Conditional: Vivrei Participle: Vissuto/Vivuto Volere (to want) Present: Voglio, vuoi, vuole, vogliamo, volete, vogliono Past (Preterit): Volli Future: Vorr Conditional: Vorrei Participle: Voluto Volgere (to turn around) Present: Volgo Past (Preterit): Volsi Future: Volger Conditional: Volgerei Participle: Volto French Absoudre (To forgive) Present: J'absous, Nous absolvons Past: J'absolvais Future: J'absoudrai Conditional: J'absoudrais Participle: absous

Abstenir (s') (To withhold) - Like Tenir Acqurir (To get (hold off)) Present: J'acquiers, Tu acquiers, Nous acqurons, Vous acqurez, Ils acquirent Past: J'acqurais Future: J'acquerrai Conditional: J'acquerrais Participle: J'ai acquis Admettre (To admit) - Like Mettre Aller (To go) Present: Je vais, Tu vas, Il va, Nous allons, Vous allez, Ils vont Past: J'allais, Tu allais Future: J'irai, Tu iras, Il ira, Nous irons, Vous irez, Ils iront Conditional: J'irais, Tu irais Perfect: Je suis all Apparatre (To appear to) - Like Connatre Appartenir (To belong to) - Like Tenir Appartenir (To belong to) - Like Tenir Apprendre (To learn) - Like Prendre Assaillir (To attack) Present: J'assaille Past: J'assaillais Future: J'assaillirai Conditional: J'assaillirais Participle: assailli Astreindre (To be forced to) - Like Peindre Atteindre (To reach) - Like Peindre Battre (To hit) Present: Je bats, Nous battons, Ils battent Past: Je battais Future: Je battrai Conditional: Je battrais Participle: battu Boire (To drink) Present: Je bois, Nous buvons, Ils boivent Past: Je buvais Future: Je boirai Conditional: Je boirais Participle: bu Bouillir (To boil) Present: Je bous, Nous bouillons, Ils bouillent Past: Je bouillais Future: Je bouillirai Conditional: Je bouillirais Perfect: J'ai bouilli Ceindre (To surround) - Like Peindre Circonscrire (To encircle) - Like crire Commettre (To commit) - Like Mettre Commettre (To commit) - Like Mettre Comprendre (To understand) - Like Prendre Conclure (To decide)

Present: Je conclus, Nous concluons, Ils concluent Past: Je concluais Future: Je conclurai Conditional: Je conclurais Perfect: J'ai conclu Concourir (To cooperate) - Like Courir Conduire (To lead) Present: Je conduis, Nous conduisons Past: Je conduisais Future: Je conduirai Conditional: Je conduirais Perfect: J'ai conduit Connatre (To know (a person)) Present: Je connais, Tu connais, Il connat, Nous connaissons, Vous connaissez, Ils connaissent Past: Je connaissais Future: Je connatrai Conditional: Je connatrais Perfect: J'ai connu Conqurir (To conquer) - Like Acqurir Consentir (To agree) - Like Mentir Construire (To construct) - Like Conduire Contenir (To contain) - Like Tenir Contraindre (To force) - Like Craindre Contrefaire (To imitate) - Like Faire Contrevenir (To contravene / To break (the law)) - Like Venir Convenir (To recognise / To agree) - Like Venir Courir (To walk) Present: Je cours Past: Je courais Future: Je courrai Conditional: Je courrais Perfect: J'ai couru Couvrir (To cover) - Like Ouvrir Craindre (To fear) Present: Je crains, Tu crains, Il craint, Nous craignons, Vous craignez, Ils craignent Past: Je craignais Future: Je craindrai Conditional: Je crandrais Perfect: J'ai craint Croire (To believe) Present: Je crois, Nous croyons, Ils croient Past: Je croyais Future: Je croirai Conditional: Je croirais Perfect: J'ai cru Crotre (To serve) Present: Je cros, Nous croissons, Ils croissent Past: Je croissais Future: Je crotrai

Conditional: Je crotrais Perfect: J'ai cr Cuire (To bake / To fry / To toast) - Like Conduire Dcouvrir (To discover) - Like Ouvrir Dcrire (To describe) - Like crire Dduire (To divert) - Like Conduire Dfaire (To undo) - Like Faire Dmettre (To fire (an employee)) - Like Mettre Dpeindre (To describe) - Like Peindre Dtenir (To detain) - Like Tenir Dtruire (To destruct) - Like Conduire Devenir (To become) - Like Venir Dire (To say) Present: Je dis, Nous disons, Vous dites, Ils disent Past: Je disais Future: Je dirai Conditional: Je dirais Perfect: J'ai dit Disconvenir (To deny) - Like Venir Discourir (To reason) - Like Courir Disparatre (To dissappear) - Like Connatre Dissoudre (To solve) - Like Absoudre Dormir (To sleep) Present: Je dors, Nous dormons, Vous dormez, Ils dorment Past: Je dormais Future: Je dormirai Conditional: Je dormirais Perfect: J'ai dormi crire (To write) Present: J'cris, Nous crivons, Ils crivent Past: J'crivais Future: J'crirai Conditional: J'crirais Perfect: J'ai crit lire (To choose / To vote) - Like Lire mettre (To emit) - Like Mettre Enduire (To catch (a cold)) - Like Conduire Enfreindre (To violate) - Like Peindre Entreprendre (To undertake) - Like Prendre Envoyer (To send) Present: J'envoie, Tu envoies, Nous envoyons Past: J'allais, Tu allais, Nous envoyions Future: J'enverrai Conditional: J'enverrais Perfect: J'ai envoy teindre (To put out (the fire)) - Like Peindre treindre (To embrace) - Like Peindre Faire (To do/ To make) Present: Je fais, Nous faisons, Vous faites, Ils font Past: Je faisais

Future: Je ferai Conditional: Je ferais Perfect: J'ai fait Falloir (To have to) This verb is a special verb which does not have multiple persons. All forms are 3rd person singular. Present: Il faut Past: Il faillait Future: Il faudra Conditional: Il faudrait Perfect: Il a fallu Fuir (To flee) Present: Je fuis, Nous fuyons, Ils fuient Past: Je fuyais Future: Je fuirai Conditional: Je fuirais Perfect: J'ai fui Induire (To take to / To lead to) - Like Conduire Inscrire (To Inscribe) - Like crire Instruire (To instruct / To teach) - Like Conduire Interdire (To forbid) - Like Dire Intervenir (To intervene) - Like Venir Lire (To read) Present: Je lis, Nous lisons, Ils lisent Past: Je lisais Future: Je lirai Conditional: Je lirais Perfect: J'ai lu Maintenir (To maintain) - Like Tenir Mentir (To lie/To be dishonest) Present: Je mens, Nous mentons, Ils mentent Past: Je mentais Future: Je mentirai Conditional: Je mentirais Perfect: J'ai menti Mprendre (se) (To be mistaken) - Like Prendre Mettre (To put) Present: Je mets, Nous mettons Past: Je mettais Future: Je mettrai Conditional: Je mettrais Perfect: J'ai mis Mourir (To die) Present: Je meurs, Nous mourons, Ils meurent Past: Je mourais Future: Je mourrai Conditional: Je mourrais Perfect: Je suis mort (ms)/ morte (fs)/ morts (mp)/ mortes (fp) Mouvoir (To move) Present: Je meus, Nous mouvons, Ils meuvent

Past: Je mouvais Future: Je mouvrai Conditional: Je mouvrais Perfect: J'ai m Natre (To be born) Present: Je nais, Il nat, Nous naissons Past: Je naissais Future: Je natrai Conditional: Je natrais Perfect: Je suis n (ms) / ne (fs) / ns (mp) / nes (fp) Obtenir (To obtain) - Like Tenir Offrir (To offer) Present: J'offre, Nous offrons Past: J'offrais Future: Je offrirai Conditional: Je offrirais Perfect: J'ai offert Ommettre (To omit) - Like Mettre Ouvir (To open) Present: J'ouvre Past: J'ouvrais Future: J'ouvrirai Conditional: J'ouvrirais Perfect: J'ai ouvert Paratre (To appear) - Like Connatre Partir (To leave) Present: Je pars, Nous partons Past: Je partais Future: Je partirai Conditional: Je partirais Perfect: J'suis parti (ms) / partie (fs) / partis (mp) / parties (fp) Peindre (To paint) Present: Je peins, Nous peignons, Ils peignent Past: Je peignais Future: Je peindrai Conditional: Je peindrais Perfect: J'ai peint Permettre (To Permit) - Like Mettre Plaindre (To complain) - Like Craindre Plaire (To please) Present: Je plais, Il plat, Nous plaisons Past: Je plaisais Future: Je plairai Conditional: Je plairais Perfect: J'ai plu Pouvoir (To be able to/ To can) Present: Je peux (Je puis), Tu peux, Il peut, Nous pouvons, Ils peuvent Past: Je pouvais Future: Je pourrai Conditional: Je pourrais

Perfect: J'ai pu Prendre (To take) Present: Je prends, Nous prenons, Ils prennent Past: Je prenais Future: Je prendrai Conditional: Je prendrais Perfect: J'ai pris Prescrire (To order) - Like crire Prvenir (To prevent) - Like Venir Prvoir (To foresee) - Like Voir Produire (To produce / To cause) - Like Conduire Prommettre (To promise) - Like Mettre Proscrire (To ban) - Like crire Rconnatre (To recognize) - Like Connatre Recourir (To resort to) - Like Courir Recouvrir (To recover) - Like Ouvrir Redire (To repeat) - Like Dire Refaire (To redo) - Like Faire Rpartir (To divide) - Like Partir Repentir (se) (To regret) - Like Mentir Requrir (To demand) - Like Acqurir Rsoudre (To solve/ To decide) Present: Je rsous, Nous rsolvons Past: Je rsolvais Future: Je rsoudrai Conditional: Je rsoudrais Perfect: J'ai rsolu Restreindre (To restrain) - Like Peindre Retenir (To retain) - Like Tenir Revenir (To return) - Like Venir Rire (To laugh) Present: Je ris, Nous rions, Ils rient Past: Je riais Future: Je rirai Conditional: Je rirais Perfect: J'ai ri S'Asseoir (To sit) Present: Je m'assieds, Nous nous asseyons, Ils s'asseyent Past: Je m'asseyais Future: Je m'assirai Conditional: Je m'assirais Perfect: Je me suis assis (ms) / assise (fs) / assis (mp) / assises (fp) Satisfaire (To satisfy) - Like Faire Savoir (To know) Present: Je sais, Nous savons Past: Je savais Future: Je saurai Conditional: Je saurais Perfect: J'ai su Secourir (To assist / To help) - Like Courir

Sduire (To seduct) - Like Conduire Sentir (To feel/ To smell) - Like Mentir Servir (To serve) Present: Je sers, Nous servons, Ils servent Past: Je servais Future: Je servirai Conditional: Je servirais Perfect: J'ai servi Sortir (To exit) - Like Partir Souffrir (To suffer / To tolerate) - Like Offrir Soumettre (To subject) - Like Mettre Souscrire (To sign) - Like crire Soutenir (To sustain / To support) - Like Tenir Souvenir (se) (To remember) - Like Venir Suivre (To follow) Present: Je suis, Nous suivons, Ils suivent Past: Je suivais Future: Je suivrai Conditional: Je suivrais Perfect: J'ai suivi Surfaire (To overestimate) - Like Faire Surprendre (To surprise) - Like Prendre Survivre (To survive) - Like Vivre Taire (se) (To be silent) - Like Plaire Teindre (To paint) - Like Peindre Tenir (To hold/To keep) Present: Je tiens, Nous tenons, Ils tiennent Past: Je tenais Future: Je tiendrai Conditional: Je tiendrais Perfect: J'ai tenu Transcrire (To overwrite) - Like crire Transmettre (To transmit) - Like Mettre Tresaillir (To shake) - Like Assaillir Vaincre (To win) Present: Je vaincs, Il vainc, Nous vainquons, Ils vainquent Past: Je vainquais Future: Je vaincrai Conditional: Je vaincrais Perfect: J'ai vaincu Valoir (To be worth) Present: Je vaux, Il vaut, Nous valons Past: Je valais Future: Je vaudrai Conditional: Je vaudrais Perfect: J'ai valu Venir (To come) Present: Je viens, Nous venons, Ils viennent Past: Je venais Future: Je viendrai

Conditional: Je viendrais Perfect: Je suis venu (ms) / venue (fs) / venus (mp) / venues (fp) Vtir (To dress) Present: Je vts, Nous vtons Past: Je vtais Future: Je vtirai Conditional: Je vtirais Perfect: J'ai vtu Vivre (To live) Present: Je vis, Nous vivons, Ils vivent Past: Je vivais Future: Je vivrai Conditional: Je vivrais Perfect: J'ai vcu Voir (To see) Present: Je vois, Nous voyons, Ils voient Past: Je voyais Future: Je verrai Conditional: Je verrais Perfect: J'ai vu Vouloir (To want) Present: Je veux, Nous voulons, Ils veulent Past: Je voulais Future: Je voudrai Conditional: Je voudrais Perfect: J'ai voulu Past Perfect: J'avais voulu PREPOSITIONS ES About (The book is about a castle) About (In about five minutes) Above (It flies above the house) After (After the party) Around (It's around the house) At (We're at the party) At the end of Before (Before you go) Behind (I'm behind the house) Below (It crawls below Sobre PT Sobre IT Sopra Circa Sopra Dopo Attorno a Su FR Sur Environ Au-dessus Depuis Autour de

Acerca (de) Acerca de Encima (de) Acima de Despus Alrededor (de) En Al fondo (de) Antes (de) Depois Em volta de Em

Antes de

Prima di Dietro Sotto

Avant Derrire Sous

Detrs (de) Atrs de Debajo (de) Embaixo de

the house) Beneath (It crawls beneath the house) Between (It's between the towers) Beyond (It's beyond the bridge) By (Stand by the light) By (We go by bus) Down (Look down the stairs) During For (This is for you) From (This is from my father) In (I'm in the house) In (In the summer) In (I'll be there in five minutes) Inside Into (I go into the house) In front of In the middle of Near (It's near you) On (The book is on the table) On top of Opposite to (It's opposite to you) Outside Over (I jump over the gap) Past (I walk past the house) Through (I walk through the door) To (I walk to the house) To (This object helps to walk) Towards (I go towards the house) Under (It's under the

Debajo (de) Embaixo de Entre Ms all (de) Por Por Abajo Durante Para De En/Dentro (de) En En Entre Alm de Perto de Por Embaixo de Durante Para De Em/Dentro de em Em

Sotto Tra al di l di Per Per Sotto Durante Per Di In/Dentro In Tra Dentro In Davanti

Sous Entre Au-del de Prs/Chez En//Par Sous Pendant/Durant Pour De Dans En Dans Dans Dans Devant

Dentro de Dentro de En Em Delante (de) Em frente (de) En el centro No meio (de) (de) Cerca (de) Perto (de) En Encima (de) Enfrente (de) Fuera (de) Por encima (de) Em Em cima (de) Em frente (de) Fora (de) Por cima

Presso Su In cima a

Prs Sur En haut de

Di fronte a En face de Fuori di Entro Lungo Attraverso A Per Hors de Au-dessus Le long de A travers/Par A

Por delante Por A travs (de) A Por Hacia Atravs (de) A Por Em direo a

Debajo (de) Embaixo(de)(BR) Sotto

Dessous/Sous

table) Until (Only until 3pm) With (I walk with you) Without (I go without you) CONJUNCTIONS

Hasta Con Sin

Debaixo(de)(PT) At Fino a Com Con Sem Senza

Jusqu`a/A Avec Sans

ES PT IT According to Segn Segundo Secondo Although Aunque Embora Sebbene And Y E E As (as we grow we get....) Conforme/Segn Conforme As soon as Tan pronto Assim que Non appena como Because Porque Porque Perch Before Antes (de) que Antes que Prima che But Pero/Mas Mais Ma/Per Even if Aun cuando Mesmo que Si If Si Se Se In spite of Pese a que Apesar de Malgrado In such as way that Nevertheless A pesar de que Todavia Tuttavia On the contrary Al contrario muito pelo ~ Al contrario contrrio Or O Ou O Provided that A condicin de Contanto que A condizione que que Since (Since yesterday) Desde Desde que Dacch Since (I will do it since Para que Visto que Poich it's) So As que De modo que Dunque Unless A menos que no A menos que A meno che no non Until Hasta que At que Finch While With Without Mientras que con que sin que Enquanto Com que Sem que Mentre Con che Senza che

FR Selon Bien que Et Aussitt que Parce que Avant que Mais Si Malgr Pourtant Au contraire Ou A condition de quexs Depuis que Puisque Donc moins que ne Jusqu' ce que Pendant que Avec que Sans que

COMMONLY USED EXCLAMATIONS ES PT IT FR

Yes No Hello How do you do? Good day Goodbye See you Sorry Thank you Welcome

S No Hola Como est? Buenos das Adis Hasta la vista Desculpame Gracias Bienvenido

Sim No Ol Como est? Bom dia Adeus At logo Desculpe-me Obrigado Bemvindo

Si Non Ciao Come stai? Buongiorno Ciao Arrivederci Scusate Grazie Benvenuto

Oui Non Salut a va? Bonjour Adieu Au revoir Pardon Merci Bienvenue

COMMONLY USED ADVERBS: TIME RELATED ES PT IT ya j gi siempre sempre sempre constantemente constantemente continuo diario dirio quotidiano temprano cedo mattutino alguna vez alguma vez mai frecuentamente freqentemente spesso tarde tarde tardivo ltimamente ultimamente ultimamente ms tarde mais tarde poi nunca/jmas nunca non...mai ahora agora ora hoy en da hoje em dia FR dj toujours constamment quotidien tt jamais frequentement tard dernirement plus tard ne...jamais maintenant actuellement prsent muchas veces muitas vezes spesso souvent raramente raramente raramente rarement rara vez raramente raramente rarement en breve em breve brievement alguna da algum dia una volta une fois a veces s vezes qualche quelquefois a menudo volta parfois pronto logo presto bientt todava/an ainda ancora encore maana amanh domani demain usualmente normalmente usualemente normalment semanalmente semanalmente settimanale hebdomadairement anualmente anualmente all'anno annuel ayer ontem Ieri hier

already always constantly daily early ever frequently late lately later never now nowadays often rarely seldom shortly sometime sometimes soon still tomorrow usually weekly yearly yesterday

COMMONLY USED ADVERS: LOCATION RELATED ES PT lejos muito longe aqu/ac aqui al la izquierda esquerda cerca perto al la derecha direita all/all/ah a, ali, l IT lontano qui a sinistra presso a destro l FR loin ici gauche tout-prs droit l-bas

far here left near right there

COMMONLY USED ADVERS: STATE/LEVEL RELATED ES mal rapidamente casi no/apenas alto lentamente blandamente muy bien PT ruim rapidamente apenas alto lentamente suavemente mui bem IT malo rapidamente appena FR mouvais rapidement peine

bad fast hardly loud slowly softly very well

alto haut lentamente lentement morbidamente doucement assai trs bene bien

COMMONLY USED ADVERS: (UN)CERTAINTY RELATED ES en realidad PT realmente realmente actualmente certamente provavelmente talvez IT in realt reale infatti certamente probabilmente forse FR au fond

actually

certainly impossibly likely maybe naturally of course only probably unlikely

ciertamente probablemente quiz(s) tal vez/acaso naturalmente por supuesto solamente probablemente improbable

certainement probablement peut-tre

naturalmente naturalmente naturellement naturalmente naturalmente naturellement somente solo seulement provavelmente probabilmente probablement improvavelmente improbabilmente improbablement

COMMONLY USED ADJECTIVES ES PT IT FR

alive antique available awful bad beautiful big black blue boring bright brown clean clear closed cold common correct cosy daily dark dead defect dense developed different difficult dirty dry dumb easy educative empty expected fantastic far fast filled first

vivo/viviente antiguo disponible tremendo malo hermoso/lindo grande negro azul aburrido claro moreno/castao limpio claro cerrado fro comn correcto cmodo diario oscuro muerte defecto denso desarrollado diferente difcil sucio seco mudo facl educativo vaco esperado fantstico lejano/distante rapido llenado primero

vivo antigo disponvel terrvel mau/m belo/lindo grande preto/negro azul chato/maante claro marrom (BR) castanho (PT) limpo claro fechado frio comum correto aconchegante dirio escuro morto defeito denso desenvolvado diferente difcil sujo seco mudo fcil educativo vazio esperado fantstico distante rapido primeiro

vivo/vivente antico disponible terribile cattivo bello/bellino grande nero blu noioso chiaro bruno pulito chiaro chiuso freddo comune corretto confortevole quotidiano oscuro morto diffeto denso

vivant antique disponible terrible mauvais beau (m) belle (f) grand noire bleu ennuyeux clair brun/marron

propre clair ferm/clos froid commun correct agrable quotidien obscur mort dfaut serr dvelopp differente diffrent difficile difficile sudicio sale/malpropre asciutto sec (m) sche (f) stupido bte/stupide facile facile ducatif vuoto vide aspettato attendu fantastico fantastique distante/remoto lointant/loign rapido rapide ripieno primo premire

flying full funny gentle good gray/grey green handsome happy hard (not soft) hard (difficlt) heavy high hollow holy horrible ill improved incorrect intelligent interesting invited known large last light (bright) light (weight) liquid little long low many moving much narrow near new next

volando lleno cmico divertido suave/dulce bueno gris verde guapo contento/alegre feliz duro difcil pesado alto hueco sagrado horrible enfermo/malo mejorado incorrecto inteligente interesante invitado conocido grande ltimo claro ligero lquido pequeo largo bajo muchos mucho estrecho cercano nuevo prximo

cheio engraado divertido leve/suave bom cinzento verde bonito feliz duro difcil pesado alto oco sagrado horrvel doente melhorado incorreto inteligente interessante convidado conhecido grande ltimo claro leve lquido pequeno longo baixo muitos movl muito estreito vizinho novo prximo

volante pieno comico divertente dulce bene grigio verde carino allegro duro difficile pesante alto vuoto sacro orribile ammalato migliorato incorretto intelligente interessante invitato conoscuto grande ultimo chiaro leggero liquido piccolo lungo baso molti molto angusto vicino nuovo prossimo

volant plein amusant/drle comique doux (m), douce (f) bon (m), bonne (f) gris vert beau content/heureux joyeux dur difficile lourd/pesant haut creux sacr horrible malade amlior incorrect intelligent intressant invit connu grand dernire clair lger liquide petit longue bas beaucoup des beaucoup de troit tout-prs nouveau (m) nouvelle (f) suivant

nice old open other pink poor pretty previous primitive purple quick red rich round same satisfied short sick similar slow small smart soft solid sparse splendid square strange strong terrible thick thin ugly unexpected unhappy unique

siguente agradable/ameno simptico viejo abierto otro rosa pobre guapo/lindo bonito previo primitivo purpreo rpido/pronto rojo rico redondo mismo/igual satisfecho corto/breve

siguinte simptico amvel velho aberto outro rosa pobre bonito anterior primitivo roxo/purpreo rpido vermelho rico redondo mesmo satisfeito curto/breve

seguente simpatico gentile vecchio aperto altro rosa povero carino scorso

simpatique gentil vieux (m) vielle (f) ouvert autre rose pauvre belle (f)

enfermo/mareado doente semejante semalhante lento lento pequeo pequeno listo astuto blando/suave mole slido slido disperso/escaso escasso esplndido esplndido cuadrado quadrado extrao estranho fuerte forte terrible terrvel espeso espesso delgado feo inesperado infeliz nico magro/fino feio inesperado infeliz nico

prcdent/antrieur primitif porporino violet rapido rapide rosso rouge ricco riche rotondo rond stesso/uguale mme/pareil/gal soddisfato satisfait corto/breve court bref (m), brve (f) amallato malade simile mme/gal lento lent piccolo petit perspicace malin/fin/fut morbido/polposo mou (m), molle (f) solide formidabile quadrato strano forte terribile obeso/spesso grasso sottile/fino brutto inaspettato infelice unico formidable carr tranger fort terrible pais/gros mince/tnu/maigre laid/vilain inattendu incontent unique

vague warm weak wet white wide yellow young yearly

vago caliente dbil/flojo mojado blanco ancho amarillo jovn anual

vago quente fraco/dbil molhado branco largo amarelo jovem anual

vago caldo fiacco/debole bagnato bianco largo giallo giovane annuale

vague chaud faible mouill blanc large jaune jeune annuel

COMMONLY USED VERBS * = (semi-)irregular verb ES to accept aceptar to add aadir to agree estar de ~ acuerdo to allow permitir to appear parecer aparecer to arrest arrestar to ask preguntar to assist asistir/ayudar to attack atacar to attend to bake to be to be able/can to be born to be right to become atender cocer al horno ser*/estar* poder* PT aceitar acrescentar concordar permitir aparecer prender/deter perguntar ajudar atacar atender cozinhar ~ ao forno ser*/estar* poder* nascer ter razo virar* fazer-se tornar-se comear iniciar crer curvar morder IT accogliere* aggiungere* acconsentire permettere* apparire* arrestare domandare* assistere* attaccare assalire* friggere* essere* potere* FR accepter ajouter tre d'accord permettre paratre apparatre arrter demander seconder/aider attaquer

faire cuire tre* pouvoir* natre avoir raison devenir

nacer tener rzon ser/hacerse ponerse/llegar~ a ser to begin comenzar* empezar* to believe creer to bend combar(se) to bite morder

divenire*

cominciare iniziare credere curvare mordere

comencer croire courber/plier mordre

to bring to build to burn to buy to calculate to call to carry to catch

traer* construir quemar* comprar calcular llamar llevar coger*

trazer construir queimar comprar calcular chamar levar pegar (BR) apanhar (PT) mudar

portare costruire ardere* comprare* calculare

porter construire btir brler acheter calculer appeler porter attraper changer contrler fermer venir se plaindre

chiamare portare acchiappare catturare to change cambiar cambiare modificare to check parar/controlar controlar/parar controllare to choose escoger*/elegir*escolher scegliere* choisir to close cerrar* fechar chiudere* to come venir* vir* venire* to quejarse queixar-se lagnarsi complain to comply conformarse cumprir ubbidire cumplir to afrontar/carear enfrenter confront to continuar continuar continuare continue to control mandar controlar controllare controlar to cook cocinar/cocer cozinhar cucinare to count contar* contar contare to create crear criar creare to cross atravesar atravessar attravesare cruzar cruzar to cry llorar/gritar chorar/gritar piangere* to cure curar curar curare to curse maldecir xingar (BR) bestemmiare praguejar (PT) amaldioar to cut cortar cortar tagliare to dance bailar danar ballare to dare osar atrever-se a~ osare fazer algo/ ousar to decide decidir decidir decidere* to defend defender defender difendere*

confronter continuer contrler cuire compter creer traverser croiser pleurer gurir jurer

(d)couper dancer oser

dcider dfendre

to demand to die to dig to disappear to discover to discuss to do to draw to dream to drink to drive to eat to encounter to enter to erase to escape to exist to explain to fall to fear to feed to feel to fight to find to finish to fit to fix to flee to flow to fly to follow to forget to free

demandar/exigir morir cavar desaparecer descubrir hablar de tratar de hacer* dibujar soar* beber conducir comer encontrar entrar borrar escapar/evidar* existir explicar caer* temer/tener~ miedo dar de comer a nutrir sentir* combatir* batirse con encontrar* hallar acabar/terminar concluir acomodar fijar huir* fluir/correr volar seguir olvidar(se) librar

exigir morrer cavar desaparecer descobrir discutir fazer* desenhar sonhar beber dirigir (BR) guiar (PT) comer encontrar entrar apagar escapar existir explicar cair temer/ter medo

esigere* morire* scavare* sparire scoprire* discutere* parlare disegnare sognare bere guidare mangiare incontrare entrare scappare esistere spiegare cadere

exiger mourir creuser disparatre dcouvrir discuter faire dessiner rver boire rouler/conduire manger renconter entrer effacer chapper exister expliquer tomber avoir peur nourrir sentir (se) battre lutter trouver finir terminer aller (bien) rparer fuir couler voler suivre oublier librer

dar de comer a nutrire sentir combater batar-se encontrar achar acabar/terminar caber fixar fugir fluir voar seguir esquecer pr em ~ sentire combattere lottare incontrare terminare convenire* riparare fuggire scorrere* volare seguire dimenticare liberare

to fry to get to give to go to grow to hate to have to have to/must to hear to heat to help to hide to hit to hold to hope to hurt to invite to join to joke to judge to keep

frer(se) coger*/obtener* adquirir* dar* ir* crecer* odiar tener deber/tener que or* calentar(se) ayudar esconder golpear/pegar tener*/retener* guardar esperar daar/lastimar herir invitar juntar bromear chansear(se) juzgar mantener preservar conservar matar conocer* saber* aterrizar durar rer(se) poner* colocar* dejar* aprender dejar/salir

liberdade fritar ficar dar ir crescer odiar/detestar ter* dever/ter que ouvir esquentar ajudar esconder bater

friggere* ottenere* dare andare* crescere* odiare abbere* dovere* udire* scaldare aiutare celare picchiare colpire tenere*

dlivrer faire frire recevoir obtenir donner aller crotre dtester/har avoir devoir/falloir entendre chauffer aider cacher frapper battre tenir esprer faire mal avoir mal inviter joindre

ter*/conter segurar esperar sperare machucar/ferir dolere* doer convidar invitare juntar brincar julgar manter ficar matar conhecer saber aterissar (BR) aterrar (PT) durar rir pr colocar aprender deixar/sair

giudicare conservare

juger maintenir

to kill to know (prson) to know (fact) to land to last to laugh to lay

uccidere* conoscere* sapere* atterare durare ridere* posare

tuer connatre savoir dbarquer durer rire mettre placer apprendre quitter

to learn to leave

imparare lasciare

to lie mentir to like gustar to listen escuchar to live vivir to look mirar to lose perder to love amar to mix mezclar to mantener maintain to make hacer/construir to marry casar(se) to measure medir to meet encontrar to move mover* to name llamar to need necesitar to obey obedecer cumplir to offer ofrecer to open abrir to order ordenar to participar participate to pass pasar to pay pagar* to phone llamar to play jugar* to practice practicar to pray rezar/orar to promise prometer to prove probar to provide suministar to push empujar to pull tirar to put poner*/colocar to reach alcanzar to read leer* to receive recibir to remain quedar(se) to recordar* remember acordarse*

mentir gostar escutar viver olhar perder amar misturar manter

mentire ascoltare vivere* guardare perdere* amare mescolare

mentir aimer couter vivre regarder perdre aimer mler/mlanger maintenir faire se marier mesurer renconter mouvoir appeler/nommer avoir besoin de obir offrir ouvrir ordonner participer passer payer appeler jouer exercer prier promettre prouver pousser tirer mettre lire recevoir rester rappeler

fazer/construir fare casar(-se) sposarsi medir misurare encontrar incontrare mover muovere chamar chiamare necessitar bisognare obedecer ubbidire cumprir oferecer offrire* abrir aprire* mandar/ordenar ordinare participar partecipare passar pagar chamar jogar praticar rezar prometer comprovar fornecer empurrar puxar pr alcanar ler receber ficar lembrar(-se) passare pagare chiamare giocare esercitare pregare* promettere* provare provvedere* spingere* tirare posare leggere* ricevere rimanere* recordare

to remove remover/quitar to repair reparar to reply responder contestar to resist resistir to rotate (hacer) girar to run correr to say decir* to search buscar to see ver* to sell vender to send enviar/mandar to separate separar to shout gritar to shrink to show to sing to sit to skip to sleep to smell to smile to sneeze to speak to spend to stand encogerse* mostrar* cantar sentarse brincar/saltar dormir* oler* sonrer estornudar hablar gastar* estar de pie levantarse to stay quedar(se) to stop detener*/parar to study estudiar to succeed tener xito to swallow tragar to swear jurar* to swim nadar* to take tomar* to take off despegar to taste gustar to teach ensear to tell contar/decir* to tend tender (a) (to)

remover consertar responder resistir (fazer) girar correr dizer buscar ver vender enviar/mandar separar gritar/berrar encolher(-se) mostrar cantar sentar-se saltar dormir cheirar sorrir espirrar falar gastar estar em p levantar-se ficar parar/deter estudar ter xito engolir/tragar jurar nadar tomar decolar gostar ensinar contar/dizer tender (a)

spostare riparare rispondere opporsi* far girare* correre* dire cercare* vedere* vendere spedire/inviare separare gridare/urlare strillare restringersi* mostrare cantare sedere omettere* dormire odorare sorridere starnutire parlare spendere* stare in piedi* stare* smettere* studiare riuscire* inghiottire giurare nuotare prendere* salire* assaggiare insegnare raccontare tendere (a)

enlever rparer rpondre rsister tourner courir dire chercher voir vendre envoyer sparer crier rtrcir montrer chanter s'asseoir sauter dormir sentir sourire ternuer parler dpenser tre debout rester arrter etudier russir avaler jurer nager prendre dcoller goter enseigner raconter

to think to throw

to touch to translate to travel viajar to try probar to turn volver/tornear to comprender understand entender* to unite unir to use usar to visit visitar to vote votar to wait esperar to wake despertar to wake up despertarse to walk andar*/caminar to want querer* to wash lavar to wear llevar to win gaar to wish to work to worry desear trabajar (pre)ocupar(se) inquietar(se) to wound herir to write escribir* STATUS & CONTENTS

pensar* echar*/lanzar* arrojar tocar/palpar traducir

pensar jogar/atirar lanar tocar traduzir viajar tentar voltar entender compreender unir usar visitar votar esperar acordar acordar-se andar querer lavar usar ganhar

pensare gettare lanciare toccare tradurre* viaggare tentare/provare voltare capire* comprendere* unire usare visitare votare aspettare svegliare svegliarsi camminare volere* lavare vestire vincere* guadagnare desiderare lavorare

penser jeter lancer toucher traduire voyager essayer tourner comprendre unir utiliser visiter voter attendre (r)veiller se rveiller marcher vouloir laver porter gagner dsirer travailler se faire des soucis blesser crire

desejar trabalhar preocupar(-se) inquietar ferir ferire escrever scrivere*

Status of completion of this document: completed? Introduction yes License yes Personal Pronouns yes Object Pronouns yes Indirect Object Pronouns yes Prepositional Pronouns yes Definite Articles yes

verified? n/a n/a yes (fr,it), no (es,pt) yes (fr,it), no (es,pt) yes (fr,it), no (es,pt) yes (fr,it), no (es,pt) yes (fr,it), no (es,pt)

Indefinite Articles Partitive Articles Noun Gender Plural Nouns Adjectives Adverbs Degrees of Comparison Comparisons of equality ~ Possessive Adjectives Possessive Pronouns Demonstrative Adjectives Demonstrative Pronouns Interrogative Pronouns Interrogative Adjectives Regular Verbs Imperfect vs Preterit Tense Auxiliary Verbs Compound Tenses Estar vs Ser (Semi) Irregular Verbs

yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes almost, lacks examples yes 50%, lacks tenses yes almost, lacks translation of PT verbs no (to start yet) no (to start yet) no (to start yet) yes yes yes

yes (fr,it), no (es,pt) yes (fr,it), no (es,pt) yes (fr,it), no (es,pt) yes (fr,it), no (es,pt) yes (fr,it), no (es,pt) yes (fr,it), no (es,pt) yes (fr,it), no (es,pt) yes (fr,it), no (es,pt) yes (fr,it), no (es,pt) yes (fr,it), no (es,pt) yes (fr,it), no (es,pt) yes (fr,it), no (es,pt) yes (fr,it), no (es,pt) yes (fr,it), no (es,pt) yes (fr,it), no (es,pt) yes (fr,it), no (es,pt) yes (fr,it), no (es,pt) yes (fr,it), no (es,pt) yes, Migul Angel Lopera Molero yes (fr,it), no (es,pt) yes (fr,it), no (es,pt) yes (fr,it), no (es,pt) yes (fr,it), no (es,pt) yes (fr,it), no (es,pt) yes (fr,it), no (es,pt) yes (fr,it), no (es,pt) yes (fr,it), no (es,pt) yes (fr,it), no (es,pt) yes (fr,it), no (es,pt)

Relative Pronouns Conditional Sentences Passive Sentences Prepositions Conjunctions Commonly Used Exclamations Commonly Used Adverbs yes Commonly Used nearly, still has some gaps Adjectives Commonly Used Verbs nearly, still has some gaps CREDITS

This document is made by Maarten van Gompel (Proycon), assisted by: ES: Migul Angel Lopera Molero (rashd) PT: IT: Annemarie FR: Annemarie

Created with GNU Emacs 20.7.1, yudit, nedit and gedit on a linux system Character Encoding: UTF-8 (Unicode) Made by Maarten van Gompel as part of the Languages Made Clear Project and UniLang Community Feel free to distribute and modify for NON-COMMERCIAL purpouses. (see LICENSE section) Return to the Resource Index