PAULINO, Victor Ephraime V.

3E -MT

Assignment

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Dutch microscopist his hobby: grinding lenses and using them to study tiny objects skillfully ground, powerful single lenses capable of high image quality observed protozoa in rainwater & pond and well water; bacteria in the human mouth & and intestine discovered blood corpuscles, capillaries, and the structure of muscles and nerves in 1677 he first described the spermatozoa of insects, dogs, and humans his research on lower animals argued against the doctrine of spontaneous generation, and his observations helped lay the foundations for the sciences of bacteriology and protozoology Robert Koch one of the greatest bacteriologists who ever lived first achievement was to isolate and identify the anthrax bacillus (1876) in 1882 he isolated and identified the tubercle bacillus (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) in 1883 he identified the bacterium that causes cholera (Vibrio cholerae) studied bacterial diseases not only in humans but also in animals, and identified, among others, the cause of rinderpest, the lethal and economically important cattle plague of Africa works was facilitated by many of the techniques he and his associates developed to isolate bacteria and grow them on culture media in the laboratory published many papers and books and fostered the development of a whole generation of bacteriologists and medical scientists in other fields with Jakob Henle he developed the Henle-Koch postulates, four basic criteria that are required for proof that a micro-organism caused a disease: (1) the organism can be isolated in every case of the disease; (2) it can be cultivated in pure culture; (3) cultured organisms can induce the disease in experimental animals; and (4) the organism can be recovered from the infected experimental animals. Robert Hooke English scientist and inventor known for his 1665 book Micrographia coined the term "cell" for a basic biological structure his numerous inventions include a reflecting microscope, the universal joint and a variety of clocks, barometers and optical devices Zacharias Janssen Dutch spectacle-maker

 sometimes given the credit for inventing the first compound microscope, probably with the help of his father in the year 1590 first crude compound microscope produced by the Janssens was simply a tube with lenses at each end the magnification of these early scopes ranged from 3X to 9X, depending on the size of the diaphragm openings Joseph Lister British surgeon and medical scientist he observed that 45 50% of amputation patients died from sepsis (infection). Initially he theorized that airborne dust might cause sepsis in 1865 he learned of Louis Pasteur's theory that microorganisms cause infection using phenol as an antiseptic, Lister reduced mortality in his ward to 15% within four years he is regarded as the founder of antiseptic medicine John Tyndall study mathematics, physics, and chemistry his chief scientific work is considered to be his researches on radiant heat included measurements of the transmission of radiant heat through gases and vapors published in a series of papers starting in 1859 Tyndall effect the scattering of light by particles of matter in its path, thus making the light beam visible which he discovered in 1859 elucidated the blue of the sky following the work of John Rayleigh on the scattering of light demonstrated that dust in the atmosphere contained microorganisms, and verified that germ-free air did not initiate putrefaction Louis Pasteur demonstrated that a specific microscopic organism causes each kind of fermentation, and that when other microorganisms get into the liquid, they can cause souring showed that "germs" cause milk to sour and cause infectious diseases found that he could kill many microorganisms in wine by heating and then rapidly cooling the wine--a process now called pasteurization discovered that some microorganisms require air--specifically, oxygen--while others are active only in the absence of oxygen aerobic and anaerobic organisms in 1877 Pasteur began to study anthrax, a disease mainly of cattle and sheep developed a vaccine using a weakened strain of the anthrax bacterium in 1885 he developed the first vaccination against rabies in humans

 The use of agar in bacteriology is known to all. It was the school of bacteriology of Robert Koch that introduced agar which until then had been a curious oriental food. Today, agar is utilized around the world in bacteriological culture media as the only gelling agent of choice. Bacteriological agar is incorporated into culture media for the isolation of bacterial and fungal microorganisms as well as the differentiation of strains and the study of their susceptibility to chemotherapeutic agents. A Petri dish is a shallow glass or plastic cylindrical dish that biologists use to culture cells, which can be bacterial, animal, plant, or fungus. It was named after the German bacteriologist Julius Richard Petri (18521921) who invented it in 1877 when working as an assistant to Robert Koch. 1. Salmonella typhi August Gaffky 2. Shigella dysenteriae 3. Vibrio cholerae 4. Bacillus anthracis 5. Mycobacterium tuberculosis 6. Mycobacterium leprae 7. Corynebacterium diphtheriae 8. Neisseria meningitides 9. Neisseria gonorrhoeae 10. Klebsiella pneumoniae 11. Treponema pallidum 12. Streptococcus pneumoniae 13. Borrelia burgdorferi 1 2 Karl Joseph Eberth/ Georg Theodor Kiyoshi Shiga Robert Koch Robert Koch Robert Koch Gerhard Armauer Hansen Edwin Klebs/ Friedrich Loeffler Albert Neisser Albert Neisser Edwin Klebs Fritz Schaudinn/ Erich Hoffmann George Sternberg/ Louis Pasteur Willy Burgdorfer 3

4 6 5

10

11

12

13