SOIL LABORATORY EXPERIMENT NO: 1 GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS - SIEVE ANALYSIS AIM: To determine the percentage of gravel , sand

and a conbined percentage of silt and clay. APPARATUS: 1. A set of specified sieves 2. Balance

CALCULATIONS:Weight of material retained in each sieve % of retained = Weight of sample taken for the test % of passing = 100 - % of retained GRAPH:-

x 100

A semi log graph connecting particle diameter in mm and percentage of passing is plotted and the grain size distribution curve is obtained. From the grain size distribution curve percentage of gravel, coarse sand, medium sand and fine sand are calculated. Effective sizes D10, D30, D60 are calculated from the graph. Uniformity co-efficient Cu, Coefficient of curvature Cc and fineness modulus of the soil are found out. The approximate value of k (coefficient of permeability) is also calculated as R= 100x (D10)2(Hayen williams coefficient)

INFERENCE:Uniformity coefficient Cu is a parameter indicating the range of distribution of grain size is a given soil specimen. If Cu is relatively range it indicates a well graded soil, if Cu is nearly equal to unity it means that the soil grains are of approximately equal size and the soil may be referred to as a poorly graded soil. In some cases a soil way has a combination of two or more uniformly graded fractions and this soil is referred to as gap graded. The parameter Cc (coefficient of curvature) describes the shape of grain size distribution curve. If Cu>6 and Cc- 1 to 3 (well graded sand) If Cu>4 and Cc- 1 to 3 (well graded gravel) D15 and D85 sizes are used for design of filters D50 size is used for correlation of liquefaction potential of saturated granular soil during earthquakes. Filter criteria (D 15 of filter ) / ( D85 of base material ) < 4 to 5 (D 15 of filter ) / ( D15 of base material )

Sl.No.

I.S. Sieve

Weight retained (gms)

Cumulative weight retained (gms)

Cumulative percentage retained

Percentage passing

1 4.75 mm 2 2.36mm 3 1.18mm 4 600 5 425 6 300 7 150 8 75 9 Pan MODEL CALCULATION: 1. Effective size of soil

= D10

2. Uniformity coefficient (Cu) = D60 / D10 3. Coefficient of curvature ( Cc) 4. Fineness modulus RESULT: 1. Effective size of soil 2. Uniformity coefficient (Cu) = 3. Coefficient of curvature ( Cc) 4. Fineness modulus a) b) Coarse sand Medium sand =(D30) 2 / (D60 x D10) = (Total sum of cumulative % retained) / 100 = = = (4.75 mm to 2.00 mm) (2.00 mm to 0.425 mm) = = % %

c) 1. 2. 3. 4.

Fine sand (0.425 mm to 0.075mm) Gravel > 4.75 mm Sand (4.75 mm to 0.075 mm) Silt (0.075 mm to -0.002 mm) Clay < (0.002 mm)

= = = = =

% % % % %

EXPERIMENT NO. : 2 GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS HYDROMETER ANALYSIS INTRODUCTION: In I.S. specifications, the various fractions have the following limits of equivalent particle diameter. Gravel Sand Silt Clay < > 4.75 mm equivalent particle diameters 4.75 - 0.075 mm equivalent particle diameters 0.075 0.002 mm equivalent particle diameters 0.002 mm equivalent particle diameters PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION USING HYDROMETER: AIM: To determine the percentage of silt and clay in the given soil sample. APPARATUS: Hydrometer, measuring cylinder (1000 ml), high-speed stirrer, deflocculating agent, constant temperature bath, thermometer and stop watch.

Correction to hydrometer readings: 1. Meniscus correction (Cm) Since soil suspensions are opaque, the true reading of the hydrometer at the bottom of the meniscus of the liquid cannot be obtained. In order to read the hydrometer at the top of the meniscus, a meniscus correction must be made. The meniscus correction is positive and added to the hydrometer reading. 2. Temperature Correction (M t) Hydrometers are usually calibrated at 20oC and if the suspension is not at this temperature, a correction is necessary for the change in density of the liquid. The correction is added if the temperature is above the standard temperature and subtracted if below. Corrections are obtained from the temperature correction chart. 3. Dispersing agent correction (Cd ) The addition of dispersing agent raises the specific gravity of the liquid and therefore the correction has to be subtracted. For the standard concentration, the correction is 0.8.

The corrected hydrometer reading R is thus given by R = R h + Cm - C d + M t Correction to height of fall: The correction is due to rise in level of suspension in the hydrometer jar due to the immersion of hydrometer. The effective depth H R corresponding to any reading of the hydrometer Rh is obtained from the calibration chart of the hydrometer used. CALCULATIONS: The observed data and computed quantities are recorded in the data sheet. The percentage by weight of particles smaller than the corresponding equivalent particle diameter D is found from the formula. % finer than D = 100 GsR ---------------W s (Gs 1) %

Where total dry weight of soil particles in 100 ml of suspension. (50 Weight of material retained in sieve no. 75 mm. Gs = Specific gravity of soil particles and R = Corrected hydrometer reading. The equivalent particle diameter D in mm is obtained from the formula Ws =

D Where, = HR = Gs = and t =

0.175

( HR /

(G 1) t mm

Viscosity of water in C.G.S. Units (Piece) Effective height of fall in cms Specific gravity of soil particles observed time in minutes

DATA SHEET HYDROMETER ANALYSIS Gs Ws = =

10

Meniscus correction (Cm ) Correction for dispersing agent (C d ) R = R h + C m + M t 0.8 = R h % finer than D in mm + Mt - 0.3

= =

0.5 0.8

D = 100 Gs R / Ws (Gs 1) = 0.175 ( HR / (G 1) t %of particles finer than % the particles correspond finer than ing particle Dmm (to diameter basis) ( - 75 basis)

Temp erature To C

Observed Elapsed hydromet time t er minutes reading (Rh )

Temperature correction ( Mt )

Corrected hydromete Viscosity r (Poise) reading (R)

Height of fall (H R ) Cms

Equivale nt particle diameter (Dmm)

1 2 3 8 15 30 60 120 240 1440 MODEL

11

RESULT:

EXPERIMENT NO.: 3 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF SOIL GRAINS AIM: To determine the specific gravity of the given soil sample. 1. (A) laboratory method using a density bottle: APPARATUS: (i) A 50 cc density bottle with a perforated stopper (ii) A drying oven at 105 c to 110 c (iii) Analytical balance

12

CALCULATIONS:(W2-W1) The specific gravity of soil grains at Tc= (Gs @ Tc) (W2-W1)- (W3-W4)

Specific gravity of water @Tc The specific gravity of soil grains is = referred @27c (Gs @ Tc) DATA SHEET Observations Weight of density bottle /(W1, g) Weight of density bottle with soil (W2, x Gs @ Tc specific gravity of water @27c

Density bottle

13

g) Weight of density bottle + Soil + water (W3, g) Weight of density bottle + water (W4, g) Temperature of the test T c Specific gravity of distilled water G T

MODEL CALCULATION:

RESULT:Specific gravity of soil grains at test temperature = Specific gravity of soil grains at @27c =

1. (b) Field method using a psychomotor / volumetric flask: APPARATUS: pychometer / volumetric flask and a counter balance sensitive it one grams. DATA SHEET Observations Weight of Volumetric flask / pychnometer (W1, g) Weight of Volumetric flask / pychnometer with soil (W2, g) Weight of Volumetric flask / pychnometer + Soil + water (W3, g) Weight of Volumetric flask / pychnometer + water (W4, g) Density bottle Pychno meter Volumetric flask

14

Temperature of the test T c Specific gravity of distilled water G T MODEL CALCULATION: The specific gravity is obtained from the following expression. Specific gravity (Gs) = (W2 (W1) GT
-------------------------------------------------

(W2 (W1) - (W3 (W4)

RESULTS: Specific gravity of the given soil (G) (Using density bottle) Specific gravity of the given soil (G) (Using Pychno meter) Specific gravity of the given soil (G) (Using volumetric flask)

= = =

15

EXPERIMENT NO.: 4 RELATIVE DENSITY OF SAND AIM: To determine the maximum void ratio and the minimum density as well as minimum void ratio and the maximum density for the given sand. APPARATUS: (i) A standard compaction mould without collar (ii) A funnel (iii) A straight edge (iv) A balance with weight. DATA SHEET: Diameter of the mould Height of the mould Minimum Density: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Volume of the mould, (Vt cm3 ) Specific gravity of sand, (Gs) Weight of mould (g ) Weight of mould + sand in loose state (g) Weight of sand in loose state (g) = = = = = = =

16

6. 7. 8. 9.

.Minimum density of the sand (g / cm3) (Ws / Vt) Volume of the solids, ( cm3) Vs = Ws / G Volume of the voids, ( cm3) (Vv = Vt Vs) Maximum void ratio, (e max = Vv / Vs)

= = =

Maximum density: 10. 11. 12. Reduction in height of the sand after tapping the sides (cm) Reduction in volume(Cm3 ) Reduced volume of sand after tapping the sides (V1 cm3) (Total volume Reduction volume) 13. 14. 15. 16. Maximum density of the sand, (Ws / V1) (g / cm3) = = cm3) V1 Vs = = Volume of solids, ( cm3) Vs = Ws / Gs Volume of voids (Vv Minimum void ratio, emin = Vv / Vs = = =

Assuming a field void ratio in-between e max and e min (usually taken as (emax + emin) / 2) The density index or relative density can be calculated using the relation Relative density ID = (e max e field) / (emax - emin) INFERENCE:

17

Based on the relative density of sand obtained. The denseness of the medium can be inferred as per the following table.

MODEL CALCULATION:

RESULT: Soil: 1. 2. 3. 4. Maximum density (g / cm3) Minimum void ratio ( emin ) Minimum density, (g / cm3) = Maximum void ratio (e max ) = = = specific gravity:

EXPERIMENT NO.: 5 ATTERBERG LIMITS TEST- DETERMINATION OF LIQUID LIMIT OF SOIL. Aim: To determine the liquid limit of the given soil. Apparatus: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Liquid limit device with grooving tool, China clay disc Balance to weigh up to an accuracy of 0.01gm Spatula Container to dry the sample

Observations and calculations:

18

Observations: Soil: Specific gravity:

Weight of can (W0 ) (gm) Weight of wet soil with can (W1) (gm) Weight of dry soil with can (W2) (gm) Weight of water (W2 W1) (gm) Weight of dry soil (W2 W0) (gm) Moisture content (W %) Number of Blows (N)

Graph: A plot is made between the water content and number of blows in a semi log plot.

19

Calculation: 1. 2. (W2 W1) Moisture content W =------------------- x 100 (W2 W0) Liquid limit is directly found from the graph (corresponding to 25 blows) (W2 W1) Flow index (If) = ------------------Log (N2 / N1)

3.

Where, W1, W2 = water content in % at N2 and N1 blows respectively Results: Soil: Liquid limit of the soil Flow index = = Specific gravity:

20

EXPERIMENT NO: 5A ATTERBERG LIMITS TEST- DETERMINATION OF PLASTIC LIMIT OF SOIL Aim: To determine the plastic limit of the given soil. Apparatus: 1. glass plate 2. china clay disc 3. balance 4. container to dry the sample in oven Observations: Soil: Specific gravity (G)

Weight of can (W0 ) (gm) Weight of wet soil with can (W1) (gm) Weight of dry soil with can (W2) (gm) Weight of water (W2 W1) (gm) Weight of dry soil (W2 W0) (gm) Moisture content (W %)

21

Calculation: (W1 W2) Determination of Moisture content W =------------------- x 100 (W2 W0) The average of the three moisture contents is taken as the plastic limit of the soil it is expressed to the nearest whole number. Results: Soil: Plastic limit of the soil Specific gravity: =

EXPERIMENT NO.: 5B ATTERBERG LIMITS TEST- DETERMINATION OF SHRINKAGE FACTORS OF SOIL. AIM: To determine the following characteristic of the given soil. 1. Shrinkage limit 2. Shrinkage ratio 3. Volumetric change 4. Linear shrinkage APPARATUS: Evaporating dish, spatula, stainless steel dishes, glass cup, three pronged plate and mercury.

CALCULATIONS:

22

The water content of the soil at the time it has been placed in the dish, expressed as a percentage of the dry weight of the soil, shall be calculated as follows: W Wo w = ------------ X 100 Wo Where, w = water content of the soil when placed in the dish W = Weight of wet soil pat obtained by subtracting the weight of shrinkage Dish from the weight of wet pat and dish, and Wo = weight of dry soil pat obtained by subtracting the weight of the dish from the weight of the dry pat and dish. Shrinkage limit: The shrinkage limit (Ws) shall be calculated as follows: Ws Where, Ws w Wo V Vo = = = = = shrinkage limit water content of wet soil weight of oven dried soil pat volume of the wet soil pat Volume of the oven dried soil pat = w ( ( V Vo) / Wo ) X 100

Shrinkage ratio: The shrinkage ratio R shall be calculated as follows: R = Wo -----Vo

Volumetric shrinkage: The volumetric shrinkage (Vs) shall be calculated as follows: Vs = (w Ws) R

Linear shrinkage: The linear shrinkage (Ls) shall be calculated as follows: Ls = 100 [1 { 100 / (Vs + 100) }] in %

Shrinkage index (Is): Wp - Ws Where

23

Wp = plastic limit of the soil. Specific gravity (Gs): The specific gravity of the soil solids (Gs) may also be calculated from the data obtained in the test by the following formula 1 Gs = ------------------1 / R Ws / 100 REMARKS: Obtained is to be reported rounded off to the nearest whole number. If any individual value The test shall be repeated at least three times for each soil sample and the average of the values thus varies from the average by more than + 2 %, it shall be discarded and the test to be repeated 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Trial No. Shrinkage dish No. Weight of empty shrinkage dish (g) Weight of mercury filling the dish (g) Volume of dish = volume of wet soil pat, Weight of mercury filling the dish / 13.6, ( Vccs) Weight of shrinkage dish + wet soil pat (g) Weight of wet soil pat (g) (Weight of shrinkage dish + wet soil pat) - Weight of empty shrinkage dish) Weight of shrinkage dish + dry soil pat (g) 1 1 2 2 3 3

Weight of oven dried soil pat (Wo, g) (Weight of shrinkage dish + dry soil pat) - weight of empty shrinkage dish 10 Water content of the wet soil pat, (W) % = (Weight of wet soil pat - weight of oven dried soil pat) / weight of oven dried soil pat) 11 Weight of mercury displaced by dry soil pat + weight of evaporating dish (g) 12 Weight of evaporating dish (g) 13 Weight of mercury displaced by oven dried soil pat (g) = (Weight of mercury displaced by dry soil pat + weight of evaporating dish (g) - weight of evaporating dish 14 Volume of dry soil pat (Vo) ccs = Weight of mercury displaced by oven dried soil pat / 13.6

24

MODEL CALCULATION:

RESULT: Soil: Shrinkage limit Shrinkage ratio Volumetric shrinkage Linear shrinkage = = = = Specific gravity:

CONSISTENCY LIMITS: 1. Consistency index (CI) Liquid limit natural water content = ------------------------------------------Liquid limit - plastic limit Natural water content plastic limit -------------------------------------------------liquid limit plastic limit

2. Liquidity index (LI) Or = Water plasticity ratio (IL) Plastic characteristics

Plasticity index 0 1-5 5-10 10-20 20-40 > 40 -------------------------Flow index (IF)

Plasticity Non plasticity Slightly plasticity Low plasticity Medium plasticity High plasticity Very high plasticity Plasticity index (IP) Toughness index ( IT) =

Consistency classification:

25

CI

LI

Consistency

Unconfilled compression strength Qa in KN / m2 100-200 50 100 25-50 < 25 200-400 > 400

1.00 0.75 0.75 0.50 0.50- 0.25 0.25 0.00

0.0 0.25 0.25 0.50 0.50- 0.75 0.75 1.00

Stiff Medium Soft Very soft Very stiff Hard

CI + LI = 1 Activity ratio (Ac) = Plasticity index (Ip) ------------------------------------Percent finer than 2 microns

Ac <0.75 0.75 1.25 >1.25 Sensitivity of clay (St) Sensitivity <1 1-4 =

soilty classification Inactive clay Natural clay Active clay Undisturbed (qu) -----------------------------Remoulded ( qu) Remarks --Honey comb structure 26

Classification / type Insensitive Normal clays( low and

medium sensitive) 4-8 8-15 Sensitive Extrasensitive Honey comb of flocculated structure Flocculants structure >15 Quick clays unstable Relative between shrinkage limit and swelling type of soils Shrinkage limit(Wl)% >12 10-12 < 10 Swelling potential (Sp)

Swelling type Non critical Marginal critical Sp = 60 K Ip

2.44

K = 3.6 * 10 -5 for clay content between 8 to 6.5 % Relation between Sp and Ip

Sp <1.5 1.5- 5 5 -25 > 25

Ip Expansitivity 0-15 15-35 35-55 >55 Low Medium High Very high

EXPERIMENT NO.: 6 DETERMINATION OF MOISTURE- DENSITY RELATIONSHIP USING STANDARD PROCTOR TEST. AIM: To determine the moisture content dry density relationship of the given soil under light compaction. APPARATUS:

27

1. 2. 3.

Proctors compaction mould with base and extension cellar Standard rammer Balance and Weights.

28

CALCULATION: a) Wet density, ( wet g / cc)

W2 W1 --------------------------Volume of the mould (wet density) / (1+ w / 100)

Dry density ( dry g / cc) Where, W2 = W1 = w =

And

weight of mould with moist compacted soil weight of empty mould water content, percent

Plot the dry density moisture content curve and determine the optimum moisture content and the maximum dry density. b. Zero air voids curve: The line showing the dry density as a function of water content for soil containing no air voids is called the zero air voids curve and established by the equitation. Dry density ( dry) = Gs w / ( 1 + w G) Where, Gs is the specific gravity of the soil particles. DATA SHEET Mould no. Volume of mould, (v, cm3) = =

29

Weight of empty mould with out collar (W1, gms)

Trial No. Weight of mould with compacted wet soil (W2, gms) Weight of empty mould with out collar Weight of the compacted moist soil (W2 W1) gms Wet density ( wet g / cc) Moisture content, w % Dry density ( dry, g / cc)

MOISTURE CONTENT DETERMINATION: Trial No. Can no. Empty can weight (gms) Weight of can with wet soil (gms) Weight of can with dry soil (gms) Weight of water (gms) 1 2 3 4 5

Weight of dry soil (gms) Moisture content (w %)

ZERO AIR VOIDS CURVE: Specific gravity Gs =

30

Moisture content (w) Dry density = Gs w / ( 1 + w Gs) MODEL CALCULATION:

5%

7.5 %

10 %

12.5 %

15 %

17.5 %

RESULT: Soil: a. 1. 2. 3. specific gravity:

From the plotted dry density moisture content curve report the following Optimum moisture content = Maximum dry density (g / cc) = Void ratio at maximum dry density =

b. Plot the zero air void curve also in the same graph.

31

EXPEREIMENT NO.: 7 PERMEABILITY DETERMINATION - CONSTANT HEAD METHOD AIM: To find out the coefficient of permeability of the assigned soil using a constant head permeameter. APPARATUS: Universal permeameter with accessories.

CALCULATIONS: The coefficient of permeability k of the soil calculated from the relation. k = (Q L) / At h 32

Where, k = Q = A = L = H =

Co efficient of permeability of soil (cm / sec ) Total discharge in time t (cm3 / sec) Area of sample perpendicular to the direction of flow of water (cm2) Length of the sample (cms) Head causing flow ( cms )

k is normally expressed in cm / sec. the other terms in the equation should be obtained in proper units. If the soil sample is sand, compare the k value of sand, with the value obtained by Hazens equation for filter sands (i.e.) k = 100 (D10 )2 , where k is the permeability in cm / sec. and D10 is the ten percent size expressed in cm. DATA SHEET Constant head permeability test Dimensions of the permeameter Area of the sample (cm2 ) (A) Volume of the sample (V) ccs Specific gravity of the soil (Gs) Volume of solids, Vs = (Ws / Gs) ccs Volume of voids Void ratio, (Vv = V Vs) ccs = = = = = = ( T ) poise = e = Vv / Vs = = = =

Weight of the sample filling the mould (Ws grams) =

Length of the sample, (L, cms ) Head causing flow, (h, cms) Viscosity of water at 27 c ( 27 ) poise Temperature of the test, T c Viscosity of water at T c

Trial no.

Time t in sec.

Quantity of water collected Q.cs

K at T c Cm / sec

k 27 = kT x T / 27

33

kT (average) k27 (average) MODEL CALCULATION:

= =

RESULT: Soil: k27 Void ratio = = Specific gravity:

EXPERIMENT NO: 7 A PERMEABILITY DETERMINATION -FALLING HEAD METHOD AIM: To determine the coefficient of permeability (K27 in cm / sec) of fine grained soils like silt and clay having low permeability.

34

APPARATUS: Permeameter with accessories.

35

CALCULATIONS: The coefficient of permeability of the soil can be calculated from the calculation. kt = {2.303 a L log 10 ( ho / h1 ) } / At Where, kt = coefficient of permeability in cm / sec at temperature T c a = Area of cross section of the stand pipe (cm2) L = Length of the specimen in cm A = Cross sectional area of specimen in cm2 t = time in seconds for the head to fall from ho to h1 ho = head at the beginning of test (cms) h1 = head at time t (cms) k is usually expressed at a standard temperature of 27 c k27 = kT x ( T / 27 ) Where, k27 = kT = coefficient of permeability at 27 c coefficient of permeability at T c 36

t 27

= =

coefficient of viscosity at T c coefficient of viscosity at 27 c

DATA SHEET: Variable head permeability test: Dimensions of the permeameter Area of the sample (A, cm2) Area of the stand pipe (a, cm2) Volume of the sample (V cm3) Weight of the sample filling the mould (Ws, gms) Specific gravity of the soil sample, Gs Volume of the solids, (Vs = Ws / Gs) cm3 Volume of voids, (Vv = V Vs) Void ratio (e = Vv / Vs) Length of sample (L, cms) Viscosity of water at 27 c ( 27 ) Viscosity of the water at T c (T ) Temperature of the test, T c cm3 = = = = = = = = 8.55 Millie (poise) = = = = =

Trial No. 1. 2. 3 . 4.

Initial head ho, cms

Final head at time t1 h1 cms

Time in seconds t1

kt at the temperature of the test

Average of kt k27 = kt (average) x

( t ) ------------------ cm / sec ( 27)

MODEL CALCULATION:

37

RESULT: Soil: k27 Void ratio specific gravity:

EXPERIMENT NO: 8

38

DETERMINATION OF SHEAR STRENGTH PARAMETERS- DIRECT SHEAR TEST ON COHESIONLESS SOIL APPARATUS: Direct shear test apparatus with the necessary accessories.

39

CALCULATION: The angle of internal friction, can be computed from the plot of ultimate shear strength Vs normal stress, using the relation. t = tan In which t = shear stress. DATA SHEET DIRECT SHEAR TEST ON COHESIONLESS SOIL Soil sample Weight of dry soil used, (g) Dimensions of sample Void ratio, (e) Proving ring calibration I division = = = = = 6 cm x 6 cm x 2 cm

Specific gravity of soil, (Gs) =

Trial no. Normal stress , Kg / cm2 Proving ring dial reading at failure Shear force at failure (kg) Ultimate shear stress , Kg / cm2

MODEL CALCULATION: RESULT: Soil: Ultimate friction angle ult Void ratio e specific gravity: = =

40

41

EXPERIMENT NO. 8A DETERMINATION OF SHEAR STRENGTH PARAMETERS- UNCONFINED COMPRESSION TEST ON COHESIVE SOIL AIM: To determine the unconfined compressive strength of soil. APPARATUS: Unconfined compression tester (motorized) with the necessary accessories.

42

CALCULATION: The stress strain curve of the specimen is plotted and using the same relationship as before the unconfined compressive strength of the sample is determined. DATA SHEET: Unconfined compression test (using load frame) Soil = = 3.81 cm dia

Dimensions of the sample

43

8.57 cm length Volume (cm3) Area (initial), (Ao cm2)= Moisture content (W %) Dry density (g / cm3) Degree of saturation, (S) = = = = = Proving Load (P) Stress = ring in (Kg) P/A readings (Kg/ cm2) (No.of division) A=Ao / (1 v) (cm 2) =

Proving ring calibration 1 division Deformation Strain 1v (No. of in (mm) divisions x)

Deformation dial calibration 1 division

MODEL CALCULATION:

RESULT: Soil: Dry density (g / cm3) (w % )

specific gravity: = = = = =

Moisture content

Degree of saturation (S) Unconfined compressive strength (g / cm2) Shear strength (c) ( g / cm2)

Consistency qu Consistency Hard Verystiff

qu (unconfined compressive strength in KN/m2 c=( qu / 2)

>400 200-400

44

Stiff Medium Soft Very soft

100-200 50-100 25-50 <25

EXPERIMENT NO.: 8B DETERMINATION OF SHEAR STRENGTH PARAMETERS- TRIAXIAL COMPRESSION TEST Aim: To determine the effective stress parameters of and C of a soil. Apparatus: 1. Compression machine 45

2. 3.

Triaxial cell Specimen mould, rubber membrane, membrane stretcher, rubber binding strips and porous stones

DATA SHEET Sample data: Area: Machine data: Loading rate: Data of testing: Pressure applied S.No. Kg /cm2 s3

Length of the sample: Proving ring constant: Proving ring dial Deviator load 46 Total normal stress

Deviator

reading

stress kg / cm2 d

kg / cm2

s1

Result: The stress parameters = Cohesion of the given sample C = And angle of internal friction of the given sample.

EXPERIMENT NO.: 09 ONE DIMENSIONAL CONSOLIDATION TEST (DETERMINATION OF COEFFICIENT OF CONSOLIDATION ONLY) AIM: To find the co efficient of consolidation of the given remolded clay sample ( by square root fitting method and log fitting method) under a pressure increment from 0 to 0.5 T / S. ft.

47

APPARATUS: Consolidometer with the necessary accessories.

SECURE ROOT FITTING METHOD: CALCULATIONS: Co efficient of consolidation Cv is calculated using the relation Cv = T 90 H 2 ---------T 90 48

Where, T90 H = = = time for 90% consolidation = effective drainage path in cm height of sample ----------------------2 0.848

And t 90 = time required seconds for 90% compression obtained from square root plot. The primary compression ratio, r can be calculated using the relationship. 10 ---- (d s - d 90) 9 ----------------------------------d0 - df Where, ds = Corrected zero point d0 = Compression dial reading at 0 % consolidation ds = Compression dial reading at zero time df = Final dial reading LOG t FITTING METHOD: Co efficient of consolidation C v is calculated using the relationship. T50 H2 C v = ----------------t 50 Where, T50 = time factor for 50% consolidation = 0.197 H = effective drainage path in cm = height of sample -------------------2 T50 = time required in seconds for 50% compression obtained from log t Plot. The primary compression ratio r cn be calculated using the relationship R Where, d 100 = = d s - d 100 --------------------dsdf

compression dial reading at 100% Primary compression by log fitting method ds = Corrected zero point d0 = Compression dial reading at zero time And d f = Final dial reading When the sample is subjected to different pressure increments, the void ratios can be calculated at the corresponding pressure ranges. The slopes of the e log p curve is called the compression index (Cc) where Cc is given by eo - e Cc = - -------------------------

49

_ log 10 (s / s0) where eo - initial void ratio corresponding to initial pressure s0 and e void ratio at increased pressure _ s DATA SHEET CONSOLIDATION TEST Soil sample: Dimensions of ring Load on hanger Load on sample Consolidating pressure Date Starting time Least count of deformation dial Elapsed time t in minutes 0 1 2.25 4 6.25 9 12.25 16 20.25 25 = = = = = = = t (min) Dial gauge reading 3 dia and 1 height 5 lbs 55 lbs (lever arm ratio 1: 11 ) 0 to 0.5 T / ft2

50

30.25 36 49 64 81 100 121 144 169 1440 (24 hours) CALCULATION: 1. 2. Weight of Consolidometer base + Ring along with bottom porous plate (W1 g) Weight of Consolidometer base + ring + Wet soil along with the Bottom porous plate (W2 g) 3. 4. 5. Weight of wet soil, (W2 W1 ) g Moisture content (w %) Weight of dry soil (W2 - W1) X 100 -------------------------- (g) 100 + w 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Specific gravity (Gs) Volume of solids V s cc (5) / (6) Volume of solids Height of solids ----------------------Area of solids Height of voids (initial) Height of voids (final) Initial void ratio (e 0 ) Final void ratio (e f) = = = = = = = = = = = =

51

13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

Dial reading corresponding to initial height= Dial reading corresponding to final height Initial height of sample Final height of sample Average height of sample during the test = = = =

t Fitting method T 90 = 0.848 t t H Cv d0 ds d 100 df

50

Log t fitting method = 0.197

=

t 90 = t t H Cv d0 ds d 90 df
90 =

50

=
=

90

= =
=

= =

MODEL CALCULATION:

52

RESULT: Soil: specific gravity:

Co efficient of consolidation C v cm 2/ sec t Fitting method = Log t fitting method = Primary compression ratio r: t Fitting method = Log t fitting method =

EXPERIMENT NO.: 10 FIELD DENSITY TEST -CORE CUTTER METHOD Aim: To determine the dry density and dry unit weight of in-situ soil by core cutter. APPARATUS: 1. Cylindrical core steel core cutter 150mm long and 10cm internal diameter with a wall thickness of 3mm beveled at one end, 2. Steel dolly 2.5cm high and 10cm internal diameter with wall thickness of 7.5mm, 3. Steel rammer of weight 9kg, 4. Balance,

53

5. Moisture cans.

54

DATA SHEET 1. Weight of the core cutter + wet soil gm 2. Weight of the core cutter only 3. Volume of the core cutter in cm3 4. Wet density gm / cm3 obs.(2/3) gms/ cm3 5. Wet unit weight kN/m3 ( obs. 4 )x 9.81 6. Moisture content % 7. Dry density gm / cm3 obs.(4)/ (1+w) 8. Dry unit weight kN/m3 obs.(7)x9.81 gm = = = = = = = =

RESULT: 1. Wet density gm / cm3 2. Wet unit weight kN/m3 = =

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3. Dry density gm / cm3 4. Dry unit weight kN/m3

= =

EXPERIMENT NO: 10A FIELD DENSITY TEST -SAND REPLACEMENT METHOD AIM: The object of this experiment is to determine the dry density of natural or compacted soil on the field by sand replacement method. APPARATUS: Sand pouring cylinder, calibrating container and metal tray.

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DATA SHEET Field density test Volume of cone and bulk density of sand: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Weight of sand pouring cylinder Weight of sand pouring cylinder with sand Weight of sand pouring cylinder with Sand after filling the cone Weight of sand filling the cone Weight of sand pouring cylinder with sand After filling the cone and calibrating can Weight of sand filling the cone And calibrating can (6) - (4) Bulk density of sand (7) / (8) Volume of cone (4) / (9) (2) - (5) = = = = W2 W4 (W2 W4) (W2 - W3) Weight of sand filling the can only Volume of can (10 cm dia and 12.5 cm deep)= = W4 = = W3 W2 W3 = = W1 W2

Field density: 11. Weight of sand pouring cylinder with sand 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20 21. Weight of sand pouring cylinder with Sand after filling the cone and hole Weight of sand filling the cone (4) Weight of sand filling the hole (11) - (12) - (13) Volume of hole, (14) / (9) Weight of empty cans Weight of soil taken from the field Weight of soil retained on 4.76 mm sieve Weight of wet soil passing 4.76 mm sieve Volume of material retained on 4.75 mm Sieve (19) / Absolute density Of + 4.75 mm Material (assume a density Of 2.65 g / cm3 for + 4.75 mm sieve) =

(2) = = = = = = = = =

Weight of cans with soil taken from the field =

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22. 23. 24.

Volume of material passing 4.75 mm sieve (15) (21) Moisture content of (4.75 mm material (W %) Weight of dry soil passing 4.75 mm sieve (20) X 100 -------------------100 + w Dry density of soil (on 4.75 mm basis). (24) / (22) Total dry weight of soil (19) + (24) Dry density of soil (on over all basis) (26) / (15) Percentage of + 4.75 mm material (19) ---------- X 100 (26)

= = =

25. 26. 27. 28.

= = =

MODEL CALCULATION:

RESULT: 1. 2. 3. 4. Field density of soil (-4.75 mm sieve basis) (g / cm3) Field density of soil (Over all basis) (g / cm3) Percentage of + 4.75 mm size material Moisture Content of material passing 4.75 mm sieve = = = =

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