Five Years of Sez Act

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FIVE YEARS OF SEZ ACT
A CITIZENS' REPORT CARD
ON SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES
Acknowledgement
We would like to acknowledge the countless effort of researchers, activists,
civil society organizations and peoples movements in providing inputs
for the formulation of this document. And, we would like to appreciate the
perseverance of these individuals and groups in engaging with Special
Economic Zones and enriching the democratic tradition through their
untiring struggle and critique against the Special Economic Zones.
Contents
I. The Context ..................................................................................................................... 1
II. Profile of Sezs in India - An Overview ...................................................................... 3
III. Issues of Concern ........................................................................................................... 7
1. Expropriation of Resources and Livelihood Issues ........................................ 7
2. Economic Implications ...................................................................................... 10
3. Implications on Governance and Democratic Processes ............................. 14
4. Environmental Issues ........................................................................................ 15
IV. Issues Raised by Cag ................................................................................................... 17
V. Points Raised by Parliamentary Standing Committee on Commerce ................ 21
VI. Concerns Highlighted by the Mord Committee .................................................... 23
VII. Final Word .................................................................................................................... 25
VIII. Signatories ................................................................................................................... 27
IX. Questions for Parliamentarians ................................................................................. 29
X. Reference List/ Web Resources ................................................................................ 31
XI. Struggles Against SEZS Across India after the SEZ Act 2005 .............................. 33
XII. Map of SEZS Approved after the SEZ Act .............................................................. 50
XIII. Hindi Version ............................................................................................................... 51
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: 1 :
State Govern-
ments across the
country, instead
of initiating a
public dialogue,
have used the
force of state
machinery,
coercion and
fraudulent means
to subvert and
suppress people's
protests, be it in
Nandigram
(Salim SEZ),
Kakinada (KSEZ
and GMR SEZ),
Kalinganagar
(Jindal SEZ) or
Jagatsinghpur
(Posco)
I. THE CONTEXT
W
e, as citizens, members of academia, peoples
movements, action groups and representatives of
various community based organisations, have, for the last
four years, consistently raised several concerns in the
matter of the SEZ legislation passed by the UPA
government in 2005, and the following establishment of
SEZs across the country. The provisions of the legislation
itself, which promote the creation of new political and
economic territories in the country, made it clear that this
is a recipe for disaster and instability. But the actual
implementation and creation of these zones has also
demonstrated that the stated goals of industrialisation,
technological development or even export growth are a
mere eye wash. After four years of the SEZ Act - it is out in
the open - that these zones are promoting the expropriation
of public and community resources for the profit of
domestic and global corporations and the financial market.
The UPA government, though aware of, has chosen to
ignore the multiple resistances of the people against forced
land acquisition for creation of Special Economic Zones in
various parts of the country - West Bengal, Maharashtra,
Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Punjab and
Haryana. Despite repeated demands made by farmers and
affected communities to stop this forced acquisition and
grabbing of resources for these zones, governments across
the country, instead of initiating a dialogue, have used the
force of state machinery, coercion and fraudulent means
to subvert and suppress peoples protests, be it in
Nandigram (Salim SEZ), Kakinada (KSEZ and GMR SEZ),
Kalinganagar (Jindal SEZ) or Jagatsinghpur (Posco).
As citizens organisations and peoples movements, we are
deeply concerned about the SEZ Act and its implications
for the Indian polity, society and economy for the following
reasons:
: 2 :
A Citizens' Report Card on Special Economic Zones
1. The unconstitutional nature of the SEZ Act which
undermines other legislations
2. Breakdown of democratic governance systems,
especially of the Local (both Urban and Rural) Self
Governments with the creation of independent
private capital enclaves outside the purview of the
Indian State
3. Large-scale forced acquisition of land and
promotion of speculative real estate businesses;
resulting in loss of agriculture, fishing-based and
other traditional livelihoods
4. Creation of exploitative work environments
5. Increased burden on natural resources like land,
water, forests and uncontrolled environmental
destruction
6. Revenue losses and creation of serious economic
imbalances
7. Breakdown of multi stakeholder pattern by
supporting hegemonic monopolistic business
model and centralisation of capital and resources
8. Lack of government efforts to initiate or open
public consultations on the matter
It is in this context and with these concerns in mind that
this report card has been compiled. The aim is to bring to
light some of the ground realities as well as serious
apprehensions of people and communities, which require
immediate action and attention.
: 3 :
II. PROFILE OF SEZs IN INDIA -
AN OVERVIEW
T
he latest available statistics on Special Economic Zones
show that the Board of Approvals at the Ministry of
Commerce, the central body authorised to clear SEZ
proposals, has approved 578 SEZs, of which 315 have been
notified. An analysis of figures on the nature of SEZ
approvals displays a continuation of the pattern, evident
since SEZ Act in 2005.
Sector-wise
An overwhelming number of SEZs continues to be in
Information Technology and related industries. Till
December 2008 181 notified SEZs exist for IT companies,
representing 66% of the total number of SEZs. Additionally
there are 341 formally approved and 11 in-principle
approvals. The share of IT is thus slightly lower among
the formally approved SEZs compared to notified SEZs,
probably since smaller IT SEZs manage to acquire land
faster than large multi-product SEZs. With all the different
SEZs taken together, at various stages of approvals, the IT
sector still accounts for more than half of the total (55%).
The second largest sector is multi-product SEZs, with 9%
of the all zones.
With all the
different SEZs
taken together, at
various stages of
approval, the IT
sector still
accounts for more
than half, 55% of
the total.
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Andhra Pradesh,
Tamil Nadu and
Maharashtra thus
account for
almost half of all
the SEZs in the
country. Even
more imbalanced
is the spread of
SEZs when one
considers the
locations within
each state. 48 out
of the 99 formally
approved SEZs in
Andhra Pradesh
are in or close to
Hyderabad, while
34 of 66 formally
approved are in
or close to
Chennai
Source: Ministry of Commerce, SEZs: Sector wise Distribution, data
from 8 December 2008 available on www.sezindia.nic.in
: 4 :
Regionally
Andhra Pradesh tops the list of notified SEZs (57), followed
by Tamil Nadu (44) and Maharashtra (43). Maharashtra
has the highest number of SEZs waiting to be notified, with
104 formally approved and 34 approved in principle,
compared to APs 99 and 2 and Tamil Nadus 66 and 18,
respectively. These three states thus account for almost half
of all the SEZs in the country. The share is especially
significant among the already notified SEZs with 144 out
of the total 274.
Even more imbalanced, is the spread of SEZs when one
considers the locations within each state. 48 out of the 99
formally approved SEZs in Andhra Pradesh are in or close
to Hyderabad, while 34 of 66 formally approved in Tamil
Nadu are in or close to Chennai. The main number of SEZs
can easily be characterised as being in the IT-sector and in
one of primarily Western or Southern cities (with real estate
and infrastructure developers taking advantage of the
urban periphery). This said, almost every state in the
country has tried to establish a few SEZs within their
territories, including Dadra & Nagar Havelis 4, and
Pondicherrys 1 formally approved zones.
Land Requirements
There are 53 multi-product SEZs at the in principle approval
stage, which implies that they might soon be formally
notified. These are zones, which require really large areas
of land and have been contentious on the issue of
displacement. Recently, the rule preventing SEZs larger
than 5,000 hectares was lifted, which lead the Adani group
to apply for and receive permission to merge 3 such zones
(4498 + 2658 + 2648 hectares), which were created next to
each other at Mundra in Gujarat to avoid the land ceiling.
Recently the rule
of preventing
SEZs larger than
5,000 hectares was
bent for the
Adani group to
grant a merger
between the 3
zones of (4498 +
2658 + 2648
hectares) it had
created next to
each other at
Mundra in
Gujarat to avoid
the land ceiling.
: 5 :
The largest Multi Product SEZs in the In principle-category Size (ha)
DLF Universal, Gurgaon, Haryana 8,097
Omaxe Limited, Alwar District, Rajasthan RJ 6,070
D.S. Constructions Limited, Palwal, Haryana 5,000
Skil Infrastructure Limited, Nandagudi Hobli, Karnataka 5,000
Reliance Haryana SEZ Limited, Jhajjar District, Haryana 5,000
Mumbai SEZ Limited Gujarat Positra Port Infrastructural Limited 5,000
New Kolkata International Development, Medinipur, West Bengal 5,000
Writers and Publishers Limited, Indore, Madhya Pradesh 4,050
Suncity Haryana SEZ Developer Private Limited , Ambala, Haryana 3,237
Skil Infrastructure Limited, Himachal Pradesh, Airport based 3,230
Rewas Ports Limited, Rewas, District Raigarh, Maharashtra 2,,850
Videocon Realty and Infrastructure, Aurangabad, Maharashtra 2,763
Indiabulls Infrastructure Development, Raigarh, Maharashtra 2,429
Among the actually operating SEZs, the biggest ones apart
from the Mundra zone(s) in Gujarat is APIIC
Visakhapatnam SEZ with 2,206 ha in and the Kakinada SEZ
with 1,035 ha both in Andhra Pradesh and the Navi Mumbai
SEZ with 1,223 ha in Maharashtra
So far the notified
1
SEZs have officially required 30,122 ha
of land. But the many, really large multi-product SEZs in
the In principle category cover an area of 1.22 lakh hectares,
or roughly around 869 hectares per SEZ on average. In
Andhra Pradesh the 7,400 ha converted into SEZs is less
than Gujarats almost 10,000 ha (9,997) despite there being
56 SEZs in AP compared to Gujarats 21. Gujarat has clearly
prioritised large-scale multi-product SEZs while the rest
of the country has mainly IT zones. Maharashtra and Tamil
Nadu, who also have a large number of SEZs, use much
less area, 5,018 and 2,307 ha respectively, again indicating
that mainly IT SEZs are being notified (so far).
The many, really
large multi-
product SEZs in
the In principle
category cover an
area of 1.22 lakh
hectares, or 869
hectares per SEZ
on average
1
The data on notified SEZs (from the MoC website sez.nic.in) is from
30th September 2008 and thus older than the other data used in this
report.
: 6 :
With the economic slow-down towards the end of 2008,
for the first time we witnessed companies applying to de-
register/denotify SEZs. The fact that real estate and IT
companies were worst hit by the downturn and that the
direct impact was on demand for creation of SEZs further
established that SEZ projects in the country are essentially
dominated by this sector. It remains to be seen what the
net effect of this will be especially since the Ministry of
Commerce seems to have no clear guidelines on
denotification and what happens in cases where the land
is already in possession of developers in the name of SEZs.
In the meantime we continue to see a lull in the applications
for new zones. Nevertheless, as of April 2009 the total
number of formal approvals was 578 and notified SEZs
were 330)
: 7 :
III. ISSUES OF CONCERN
1. EXPROPRIATION OF RESOURCES AND
LIVELIHOOD ISSUES
Large-scale requirement and forced acquisition of
land
I
ndia is almost unique in its concept of creating SEZs on
demand i.e. the location, size and nature of the zone is
explicitly determined not by state economic policy but by
the demands of private capital. Moreover, the only
condition for setting up such a zone is the possession or
intent to possess a sufficient area of land. This, as common
sense would suggest, has led to widespread agitation by
farmers, land owning and land based communities in
various locations (please refer to list in Annexure).
Despite the guidelines issued by the Ministry of Commerce
and the EGoM SEZs on 15th June 2007 that prohibit forced
acquisition of land for private, nearly all states continue to
use the Land Acquisition Act (1894) to acquire the land for
SEZs and that too without any provision for rehabilitation.
In some states like Tamil Nadu and AP, governments are
also invoking the urgency clause: 17(4) of the Land
Acquisition Act, to acquire land compulsorily. In states like
Maharashtra, state supported land acquisition was brought
to a halt in projects like Karla (Mahindra and Mahindra
SEZ), Raigarh (Reliance SEZ), Nasik (India Bulls SEZ),
Nagpur (Mihan SEZ), after issuing land acquisition notices
under (Section 4 and 6) LA Act. The acquisition notices
however are yet to be withdrawn. Infact, except for
Nandigram in West Bengal and Amritsar in Punjab, there
have been no withdrawal of notices in case of any other
SEZ. As in the case of the Reliance SEZ in Raigad, for which
even the Supreme Court refused to grant extension for land
acquisition, the Ministry of Commerce (MoC) is yet to
cancel its approval. The MoC continues providing approval
extensions to companies even though they have managed
In states like
Gujarat a large
part of the land
being diverted to
SEZs is in the
category of
common or
gowcher land
(wrongly referred
to as wasteland).
Much of this land
is in the coastal
and dryland
areas, on which
fishing and
grazier
communities
depend on for
their day-to-day
livelihoods.
: 8 :
to purchase only a small part of the required land for the
SEZ.
It is argued that much of the land being diverted for SEZs
is already available with State Industrial Development
Corporations (IDCs). While this is a fact, it needs to be
specified that in many cases lands, which had been
previously acquired by IDCs and were lying vacant and
are now being transferred to SEZ developers also used the
Land Acquisition Act (1894). These sales are obviously at
much higher rates than the original acquisition price paid
to the farmers, which has spurred a whole new set of issues.
There are several court battles being fought for better
compensation by original owners. In such a context the
question is what is the role of IDCs in the country? And
should they be allowed to function as agents of real estate
developers?
The issue of compensation at market value, even to land
owners is meaningless as the scales are heavily tipped in
favor of private buyers and Government owned Industrial
corporations, who are the informed negotiators deciding
the package.
Furthermore, not all states IDCs have readily available
lands and given the rate at which the SEZ approvals were
being granted, it became clear that IDCs lands alone would
not suffice. As a result, IDCs have also started acquiring
fresh land to be transferred to SEZs.
Landless and Agricultural labourers displaced
without compensation
Almost 80% of Indias agricultural population owns only
about 17% of the total agriculture land, making them near-
landless workers. Far more families and communities
depend on a piece of land (for work, grazing) than those
who own it outright. However, during land acquisition,
compensation is discussed only for those who hold land
titles. No compensation has been planned for those who
do not.
The most
outrageous
acquisitions are
taking place in
Andhra Pradesh
which has the
highest number
of SEZ approvals,
in the form of
acquiring
assigned lands
(allotted to Dalits
and Scheduled
Tribes) for SEZs.
: 9 :
In states like Gujarat a large part of the land being diverted
for SEZs is in the category of common or gowcher land
(wrongly referred to as wasteland). Much of this land is
in the coastal and dryland areas, on which fishing and
grazier communities depend for their day-to-day
sustenance. Since these lands are common lands with no
individual titles, they are transferred for industrial use
without even consulting the local communities and
panchayats. Temple or Panchami land in Tamil Nadu and
Waqf board lands in Andhra Pradesh are other examples
of Public lands that have been expropriated and privatised
for SEZs.
The most outrageous acquisitions are taking place in
Andhra Pradesh, which has the highest number of SEZ
approvals, in the form of acquiring assigned lands (allotted
to Dalits and Scheduled Tribes) for SEZs. This is amply
evident in places like Polepally, Kakinada, Chittoor and
Anantapur where SEZs are proposed. These acts are against
the letter and spirit of the Indian Constitution, which
guarantees right to life and livelihoods to citizens through
Article 21 of the Constitution and special rights to
Scheduled Tribes and Castes.
Destruction of Agro-based and rural economies
Loss of local agriculture, fisheries-based and other
traditional livelihoods are leading to large-scale
displacement of people and the ensuing food and
livelihood insecurity suffered by them are matters of grave
worry. The bulk of land being acquired for SEZs is fertile,
agricultural land, especially in the case of multi-product
zones. Agricultural Scientists have estimated that close to
1.14 lakh farming households (each household on an
average comprising of five members) and an additional
82,000 farm worker families who are dependent upon these
farms for their livelihoods, will be displaced. The total loss
of income to the farming and the farm worker families,
then, is an astounding Rs.212-crore a year (Bhaskar
Goswami 2006). These are 2006 estimates after the initial
SEZ approvals were sanctioned which have multiplied
In Maharashtra
the Directorate of
Industrial Safety
and Health
cannot carry out
inspections in
SEZs without the
permission of the
Development
Commissioner.
Andhra Pradesh
is offering
concessions in
minimum wages
and is allowing
work for 365
days per year,
even for 24 hours
a day (if overtime
is paid).
: 10 :
three-fold. Further, there is hardly any assessment of
destruction of other allied livelihoods of artisans and craft-
dependent households or others surviving on small
businesses in the SEZ affected villages
The setting up of coastal SEZs in Gujarat, Maharashtra,
Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh have led to serious
opposition by fisher people who will lose their access to
the sea, especially as a result of the port based SEZs. Saltpan
workers are another such affected community in case of
coastal SEZs.
Creation of exploitative employment opportunities
and working conditions resulting from nullification
of labour protection laws
The harsh condition of workers in existing SEZs in India
and China is already well known. The power in the hands
of the Development Commissioner to declare SEZs as
public utility services under the Industrial Disputes Act
means that in SEZ areas, workers have no rights to strike
or even to form unions and organize collectively to bargain
for better wages or working conditions. The SEZ policy of
the government transfers all powers of the State Labor
Commissioner to the Development Commissioners of the
SEZ. As an example, in Maharashtra, the Directorate of
Industrial Safety and Health cannot carry out inspections
in SEZs without the permission of the Development
Commissioner. Andhra Pradesh now is offering
concessions in minimum wages and is allowing work for
365 days per year; even for 24 hours a day (if overtime is
paid). In the Noida EPZ, workers have been sacked for
demanding the implementation of labor laws.
i
2. ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS
The Ministry of Finance in a study, estimated a revenue
loss of 1,75,487 Cr. from tax holidays granted to SEZs. This
estimate was compiled for the period 2004-2005 to 2009-
2010. Annually, this amount is equivalent to about 6-7% of
the central governments receipts during 2005-06. The
The Ministry of
Finance
conducted a
study, and came
up with the
figures that the
cumulative
revenue loss from
tax holidays to
SEZs over the
period 2004-05 to
2009-10 is
estimated to be
1,75,487 Cr.
Annually, this is
equivalent to
about 6-7% of the
central
governments
receipts during
2005-06.
: 11 :
foregone tax revenue is four times the annual allocation
for the National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme
(NREGS) and as such, can feed 50 million hungry people
every day, each year. The Government is now
contemplating declaring every large factory in the country
an SEZ. If this happens, it would be a tax scam of
monumental proportions. The Finance Ministry, which has
collated the tax filings of 4,10,451 companies (including
SEZs) has found that there has been a sharp rise in revenue
forgone by the government on account of certain
exemptions including accelerated depreciation, which
shot up from Rs. 73,96 crore in 2006-07 to Rs 12,946 crore
in 2007-08 and further to Rs 14,344 crore in 2008-09. (http:/
/www.hindustantimes.com/News/business/39-tax-
exemptions-cost-govt-Rs-68-914-crore-in-revenue-
foregone/Article1-446258.aspx)
In its performance audit-report on indirect taxes for the
Union Government tabled in the Parliament on 11 March
2008, the CAG brought 370 SEZ units under scanner with
a limited objective to verify if they had complied with
existing Customs Act, Rules, notifications etc. The review
brought out systemic as well as compliance weaknesses
that caused loss revenues to the tune of Rs.246.72 crore.
Furthermore, the CAG threw light on the absence of
enabling provisions, which resulted in Rs.1724.67 crore of
revenues forgone, or irrecoverable. (See details in Section
IV).
Additional losses come from state-level incentives. The
secretive nature of these deals means that such estimates
of revenue losses are not taken into account even when
made by CAG and others. The implication is that the
Central Government itself does not know the full
implications of the SEZ scheme. More recently in January
2010, the Central Board of Excise and Customs (CBEC)
recommended an overhaul of the Special Economic Zone
(SEZ) Act 2005, saying that it had detected gross violations
of duty and tax concessions causing a revenue loss of Rs
1,75,000 crore till date. (http://business.rediff.com/report/
2010/jan/28/sez-act-needs-overhaul-says-cbec.htm)
Revenue Losses
due to
Unnecessary Tax
Concessions:
The CAG review
brought out
systemic as well
as compliance
weaknesses that
caused revenue
losses to the tune
of Rs.246.72 crore.
Furthermore, the
CAG threw light
on the absence of
enabling
provisions which
resulted in
Rs.1724.67 crore
of revenues
forgone, or
irrecoverable.
The Ministry of
Commerce
figures of 3.5
lakhs
employment and
90,000 crore
investment
generated by
SEZs are being
questioned on
their authenticity
and efficacy since
these have to be
established
through a
detailed and
independent
evaluation.
: 12 :
Regional and Sectoral Imbalances
If we look at the distribution of the lands within SEZs
approved, we find that 70% of the land is concentrated in
the hands of 25 to 30% of medium and large sized multi-
product zone developers. The rest of the smaller SEZs are
mostly in the IT sector. Most of the SEZs are also
concentrated around urban areas and their peripheries and
other infrastructurally developed centres in the top 5 states,
already considered as industrially progressive. This in itself
contradicts the Governments stated interest in bringing
SEZs to backward areas.
Furthermore, if we look at the IT sector approvals, we find
that it is real estate companies like Rahejas, Unitech, DLF,
Parsavnath, Emaar and many others who are dominant.
These companies have found their own ways of subverting
the ceiling laws by floating subsidiary companies.
According to a news report, DLF (a major SEZ developer)
has floated 68 subsidiaries, each of which also has
subsidiaries. EMAAR, another infrastructure developing
company has 350. The Parliamentary Standing Committee
in its 83
rd
Report on Functioning of SEZs has also stated
its concern about real estate speculation in areas were SEZs
are coming up. With only 35 to 50% of the area earmarked
as a processing zone, the rest remains open for housing
and entertainment, due to which real estate firms are
dominating SEZs. This point has been emphasized by the
Parliamentary Standing Committee report as well (Refer
to Section V). Also, the advantages an SEZ has over units
outside (in the Domestic Tariff Area) violates the basic
norms of a competitive economy and creates more
imbalances.
Stated objectives remain unfulfilled?
The Secretary of the Ministry of Commerce has admitted
that 40% of SEZs approved may never really take off the
ground (Panos-Kalpavriksh media dialogue on SEZs -
December 2008). Additionally, the figures of 3.5 lakh
employment and 90,000 crore investment, estimated to be
It needs to be
mentioned
further that a
great recession in
the world
economy is not a
good omen for
promoting SEZs,
which will
produce for an
increasingly
shrinking and
protected export
market. Also, its
not specified
what happens to
a developer
whose SEZ does
not meet the
export
requirement.
: 13 :
generated by SEZs are being questioned on their
authenticity since these have to be established through a
detailed and independent evaluation. With the economic
recession being faced across the globe and country, the IT,
Real Estate and export sectors have been the most hit. The
MoC itself admits that 50,000 jobs have been lost in SEZs
alone in the last six months. And many developers are
lining up to denotify their SEZs or cancel the received
approvals.
Further the conditions of contract labour in SEZs are the
most pathetic. Wages in existing SEZs are often below
minimum. Sen and Dasgupta in a May 2007 survey found
that in the Noida SEZ, workers were getting Rs. 80 a day
for 9 hours of work (as opposed to the Minimum Wage of
Rs. 110-120/day). Such is also the case in Falta in West
Bengal. (See: http://www.mainstreamweekly.net/
article8.html)
Indian policy makers have very little regulation over the
activities within a zone. Notwithstanding claims of export-
orientation, the only requirement imposed on SEZ units is
a vague need for them to have a positive net foreign
exchange balance. Even that only applies to industrial units
in the zone. If the goal of SEZs is indeed exports, surely a
more stringent clause than merely positive net foreign
exchange for the SEZ as a whole ought to be applied.
Export Oriented Units had much stiffer requirements and
thus performed much better when measured against the
stated purpose. It needs to be mentioned further that a
recession in the world economy is not a good omen for
promoting SEZs, with production being geared for an
increasingly shrinking and protected export market. Also,
it has not been specified as to what happens to a developer
whose SEZ does not meet the export requirement. Just like
it hasnt been specified as to what the procedure for
denotification is? The recession and the accompanying
demand for denotification by developers like DLF (SEZs)
is exposing this loophole. In such cases, the real question
is, what happens to the land? Will it be returned to farmers?
If so, how and when?
The SEZ Act
(Section 9, 11, 12
and 31) takes
power back to the
center and
bureaucracy (by
creating Board of
Approvals and
Development
Commissioner
and SEZ
Authority),
whose
accountability is
not certain.
: 14 :
3. IMPLICATIONS ON GOVERNANCE AND
DEMOCRATIC PROCESSES
Breakdown of governance systems especially of the
local self-governments with the creation of foreign
enclaves
The SEZ Act (Section 9, 11, 12 and 31) takes power back to
the center and bureaucracy (by creating Board of
Approvals, Development Commissioner and SEZ
Authority), whose accountability is not certain. The fact
that the SEZs would have their own regulations, the rights
for environmental and labour related clearances, security
arrangements, means that they would be self contained
privatized autonomous entities, where existing
constitutional rights would be difficult to exercise and
enforce. The creation of separate courts for SEZs ridicules
the existing judicial system. There is no clarity about how
elections will be conducted, and what happens to the
governing authority of the Gram Sabha/ Municipality,
under the 73rd/74th amendments.
There is no transparency in the guidelines formulated for
selection, modification and rejection of SEZ proposals by
the BoA. The representation and role of key ministries like
Agriculture, Labour, and Environment is lacking. As
Chairman of the Administrative Reforms Committee, M
Veerappa Moily in a report on SEZs stated that We need
to restructure the Board of Approval by putting in people
who are objective and can take a balanced view.
The Commerce Ministry had made public announcements
of various studies comparing SEZ with other countries. Mr.
Kirit Somaya filed an RTI regarding this, and received the
following official reply - study of export of nearby
countries of Bangladesh and Sri Lanka was done. No other
studies or scientific analysis available.
Both houses of
Indian
Democracy
passed this bill
within a day (10
th
and 11
th
May
2005) with
virtually no
discussion,
undermining
many of the
objections that
were raised.
: 15 :
No space for popular concerns or public
consultation:
The SEZ Act was passed in haste without much public
debate. The Ministry did not facilitate any public
consultation, participation or debate on the SEZ Act. In both
houses of Parliament, this bill was passed within a day (10
th
and 11
th
May 2005) with virtually no discussion,
undermining many of the objections that were raised.
Information demanded from the Ministry of Commerce on
the approved projects under the RTI Act 2005 has been
denied on the clause of maintaining trade secrets. This
has been done despite the fact that many of these projects
have initiated acquisition procedures displacing livelihoods
of a large number of people, making the information sought
a Public Interest question. In Tamil Nadu, a researcher-
activist was indicted by the Tamil Nadu Industry
Department for asking too many questions and the case is
subjudice in the Madras High Court (Case number
WP33936 of 2007). Once the above information request was
made in 2006, the appeal process was a lengthy one with
several hearings at the Tamil Nadu Information
Commission towards the end of 2007. In the end the
commissioner chose to allow the request and also made
strong remarks on the lack of transparency of the industry
department.
4. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
Land, water and air are natural resources that SEZs are
likely to exploit and gain control over, and the use of which
is directly linked to the environmental impacts of SEZs.
The change of land use of an area, from agriculture to
industrial purpose is bound to change the ecosystem and
ecological health of any area. Ironically, SEZs are being
granted environmental clearances like any ordinary
projects, with no mention of studies related to environment
impacts of upcoming developments. Examples of Chinese
SEZs indicate the extent of the environmental losses
involved.
SEZs are being
granted
environmental
clearances like
any ordinary
projects, with no
obvious mention
of studies related
to environment
impacts of
upcoming
developments. In
many cases they
are being
exempted from
the mandatory
Environment
Clearance Public
Hearings -The
Mundra SEZ is
one such
example
With provisions
like the one
restricting entry
into the SEZs,
which are open
to authorised
persons only, it
is difficult for
independent
researchers to
enter the area to
carry out any
environmental
impact
assessments or
studies.
: 16 :
India is already going through a crisis in terms of water
scarcity as well as loss of forests and biodiversity. The point
is that in the current framework for economic development,
costs of loss of forest and other common lands; large scale
exploitation of water resources; coastal lands and lines;
pollution - air and water; generation of e-waste etc; are not
even being computed.
There is great deal of ambiguity and contradictions when
one compares how environment clearances are dealt with
in the EIA notification and the SEZ legislations. In this
regard, it is important to consider the following points.
While industrial units within the SEZs are exempt from
Environment Clearance public hearings, the SEZ itself is
required to under go public hearing. However, there are
cases like the Mundra SEZ where the Ministry of
Environment has recommended that Public Hearing be
exempted for the creation of the Multi Product SEZ.
The issue of compliance monitoring of clearance conditions
becomes a serious concern with all powers centred in the
hands of the Development Commissioner. With provisions
like the one restricting entry into the SEZs, which are open
to authorised persons only, it is difficult for independent
researchers to enter the area to carry out any environmental
impact assessments or studies.
CAG Audit
Report on
Madhya Pradesh
for the year
ending March 31,
2005 has indicted
MPSIDC for
allotting a tract
of land that was
acquired 22 years
back and was
lying vacant, to
Indore SEZ at
cheaper rates,
resulting in loss
of revenues
worth Rs 22.58
crore.
: 17 :
IV. ISSUES RAISED BY CAG
T
he Comptroller and Auditor General of Indias (CAG)
Union Audit Report 2007 outlined that some existing
SEZs are operating within a system that enables the
government to forego tax revenue. Tabled in the Parliament
on 11 March 2008, the CAG report brought 370 SEZ units
under scanner with a limited objective to verify if they had
complied with existing Customs Act, Rules, notifications
etc. The review brought out systemic as well as compliance
weaknesses that caused lost revenues to the tune of Rs.
246.72 crore. Furthermore, the CAG threw light on the
absence of enabling provisions, which resulted in
Rs.1724.67 crore of revenues foregone, or irrecoverable.
Duty foregone by the Government on the SEZ scheme
during the period 2000-01 to 2005-06 was Rs. 8,842 crore.
The budget estimates of the duty foregone for the year 2006-
07 was Rs. 2,146 crore.
It was observed during the audit, that 22 SEZ units had
been achieving the prescribed positive Net Foreign
Exchange mainly though domestic sales and this defeats
one of the sub-objectives of the scheme, which is to augment
real exports. While an overall export of Rs.7, 149.23 crore
was made by these 22 units, the actual export content was
only Rs.1, 999.27 crore (28 per cent) and the remaining Rs.5,
149.96 crore (72 per cent) related to Domestic Tariff Area
earnings (selling of goods from inside the SEZ to outside
the SEZ as opposed to selling outside the country). The
range of the domestic earnings as a percentage of total
export earning in these units was 59 to 100. Customs duty
of Rs. 1,043.29 crore was foregone on import of goods by
these units.
The report further indicated that credits received by SEZs
place them at an unfair advantage over non-SEZ units that
do not receive the tax credit. The CAG reported, no
provision had been made to recover duty foregone on
inputs procured by the SEZ units and used in the
manufacture of products which were cleared at nil rate
CAG Audit
Report on Goa
for the year
ending March 31,
2008 probed into
land allotments
by Goa Industrial
Development
Corporation for
seven SEZs and
found out that
tracts of land that
were specially
procured were
lying unutilized
and were handed
to SEZ
developers at
cheaper rates
with loss of
revenue worth Rs
102.64 crore.
The most critical
recommendation
made by the
Parliamentary
Standing
Committee on
Commerce in its
83rd report
included the
need to pause
and ponder. The
report clearly
expressed
concern about the
fast pace at which
approvals were
being granted by
the BoA despite
apprehensions
raised from all
quarters.
: 18 :
in DTA. The government needs to address this disparity
to ensure a level playing field for units in DTA as well as
in the SEZ (ibid).
The government was denied Rs. 285.81 crore because duty
was not levied / short levied at seven SEZs in cases where
imports were being made in violation of the SEZ conditions.
Through the audit, the CAG confirmed that irregular DTA
sales led to a non-levy/ short levy of Rs. 84.37 crore in
Central Excise duty. The report further outlines specific
cases where the CAG determined that individual SEZs were
not achieving minimum net foreign exchange performance
(NFEP). Duty free irregular imports made by EOUs are a
huge drain on the Government Revenue. There is an urgent
need to put in place a workable co-ordinate mechanism
between Commerce and Finance Ministries, to detect such
lapses and recover duty in time (ibid).
CAG Audit Report on Madhya Pradesh for the year ending
March 31, 2005 has indicted MPSIDC for allotting a tract
of land that was acquired 22 years back and was lying
vacant, to Indore SEZ at cheaper rates, resulting in loss of
revenues worth Rs 22.58 crore.
Goa Irregularities
Similarly CAG Audit Report on Goa for the year ending
March 31, 2008 probed into land allotments by the Goa
Industrial Development Corporation for seven SEZs and
found out, that tracts of land that were specially procured
in August 1992, August 2001 and March 2007 were lying
unutilized and were handed to SEZ developers at cheaper
rates. The audit scrutiny pointed out the loss of revenue
worth Rs 102.64 crore.
Reviewed by the Goa Legislative Assembly in early 2009,
the CAG report on Goa acknowledged major discrepancies
in land transfers related to SEZs in the state. The
Comptroller and Auditor General of Indias review of the
Goa Industrial Development Corporation (GIDC) reveals
Tax concessions
in SEZs are
similar to STPs
and EoUs - then
why is there are a
need for SEZs?
Parliamentary
Standing
Committee on
Commerce in its
83rd report
: 19 :
that the action of the corporation lacked transparency, had
major irregularities, and cost the state significant losses in
revenue (CAG, Goa State Report, Chapter VII Government
Commercial and Trading Activities). Among others, the
Report highlighted inconsistencies in the land allotment
to SEZs in the Verna Industrial Estate. The report says,
Allotments of land at Verna Phase IV to SEZs were
irregular as the land was acquired for an industrial growth
centre with financial assistance from the government of
India (ibid). The Goa government received 10 crore of
financial assistance from the Industrial Growth Centre
(IGC) Scheme of the Government of India to establish and
promote the Verna Industrial Estate with small and
medium units. In turn, the GIDC allotted land acquired
within the estate to SEZs, which is a contradiction to the
mandate of the scheme. The CAG concluded that the state
is liable to refund the contribution of Rs 10 crore received
from GOI.
The report further explains that the GIDC, which
technically was not assigned any role under the SEZ policy,
allotted 38.41-lakh sq.m of land to seven SEZs. Allotment
to SEZs was made without publicizing, that too before the
State government formulated its SEZ policy, says the CAG
(ibid). The GIDC also provided four SEZ developers with
more land than what was officially approved by the SEZ
Board of Approvals, and the land was allocated at a lesser
rate costing the state over Rs. 36.89 crore.
The CAG report on the Goa Industrial Development
Corporation, referred to the Government of India in June
2008, concluded (direct quotes):
Corporation deviated from its established role, of
acquiring and allotting land directly to the
entrepreneur, by allotting land to developers for
further allotments by them
Allotments were made without any transparent
selection procedures
The
Parliamentary
Standing
committee
slammed the
Ministry of
Commerce on the
ground that at the
time of the
release of the
83rd report there
were 152 formal
approvals and by
the time the ATR
was presented in
the Rajya Sabha
the total number
of approved SEZs
had crossed 500.
: 20 :
Allotments to SEZs were made without
publicising, that too before the State Government
formulated its SEZ policy
Land acquired for small and medium scale
industries under IGC (Industrial Growth Centre)
Scheme was allotted to SEZ, violating GOI
guidelines
Revision of premium rate of Verna Phase IV
(industrial estate proposed to house SEZs) only
after major chunk was allotted at lower rate,
tentatively fixed, resulted in loss of Rs. 36.89 crore
Allotment of land contiguous to the land allotted
to four SEZs at lesser rate resulted in loss of Rs.
39.47 crore
Allotment of 14.36 lakh sq. m land to two SEZ
developers without adopting approved formula
resulted in loss of Rs 17.76 crore
(Source: The Comptroller and Auditor General of India, Goa State Report,
Chapter VII Government Commercial and Trading Activities)
: 21 :
V. POINTS RAISED BY
PARLIAMENTARY STANDING
COMMITTEE ON COMMERCE
T
he Parliamentary Standing Committee on Commerce
of the previous government under the Chairman ship
of Murli Manohar Joshi submitted its 83rd report on the
Functioning of SEZs to the Parliament on 20th June 2007.
The report raised some very pertinent points on the SEZ
policy and its implications. The most critical
recommendation made by the committee included the need
to pause and ponder. The report clearly expressed concern
about the fast pace at which approvals have been granted
by the BoA despite apprehensions raised from all quarters.
The report also stated that in the process of enquiry being
carried out by the Standing Committee members, the local
administration was not forth coming, the state governments
were not supportive and in some places the sub-committee
was prevented from meeting people.
Most importantly the report criticised the escalation of
displacement as a result of large SEZs leading to
displacement and speculation in many situations. In the
Action Taken Report (87th report) submitted to the Rajya
Sabha on 24th October 2008, the Ministry of Commerce has
absolved itself of the responsibility of the land issues stating
three points:
that the MoC had issued guidelines stating that no
land would be acquired by force after 5th April
2007 using the Land Acquisition Act, 1894 in case
of private SEZs
that the government had come out with two bills
on amendment to the Land Acquisition Act and
the Rehabilitation and Resettlement Bill 2007 in
order to deal with the issue of displacement
that ultimately land was a state subject and hence
it is the prerogative of the state to follow the
Citizens Groups
Demand: A
moratorium on
further approvals
of SEZs till
an independent
review of the
functioning of
existing SEZs as
recommended by
the Parliamentary
Standing
Committee in its
83rd Report.
Public audit of
SEZs should be
conducted
through public
consultations and
hearings as a part
of this. The
ultimate move
should be a
repeal of this
legislation
because of its un-
constitutional
nature
: 22 :
guidelines issued by the centre and avoid conflict
of interest
All the three arguments are inadequate because they do
not deal with ground realities in the establishment of SEZs.
While private SEZs are expected to carry out direct
purchase of land, in many cases it is the IDCs which are
being used to first acquire the land and then hand it over
to the private companies. That the two bills (LAA and R&R)
introduced in the Parliament in the last session of the
previous government, leave much to be desired, in terms
of their redressal of the problem of displacement and
alienation of farmers and rural communities from their
lands has been well argued.
Some of the other recommendations of the Parliamentary
Standing Committee which were brushed aside by the
Ministry of Commerce in the ATR include:
Region wise cap on the SEZ approvals to allow for
balanced regional development of SEZs.
Imposition of restrictions on unnecessary social
infrastructure
Linking of fiscal incentives to exports
Tax concessions in SEZs are similar to STPs and
EoUs - then why is there are a need for SEZs?
Re-look at delegation of Labour Commissioners
powers to the Development Commissioner
Most importantly the Parliamentary Standing committee
slammed the Ministry of Commerce on the ground that at
the time of the release of the 83rd report there were 152
formal approvals and 82 notifications by the Board of
Approvals and there was no effort to put a halt on the
approvals despite the committees recommendation to hold
approvals till amendments were put in place. By the time
the ATR was presented in the Rajya Sabha the total number
of approved SEZs had crossed 500. The MoC has merely
stated that it was in the process of getting a scientific
evaluation done on the performance and impacts of SEZs.
: 23 :
VI. CONCERNS HIGHLIGHTED
BY THE MoRD COMMITTEE
T
he Report of the Committee on State Agrarian Relations
and Unfinished Task of Land, Ministry of Rural
Development, Government of India, New Delhi, 2008, has
raised the following concerns with regards to SEZs
The Report describes the SEZ policy as highly
questionable SEZ and the SEZ Act 2005 as bearing
contradictions in abundance (p. 133).
The Report notes that the SEZ Act and Rules make no
mention of the role of the Pollution Control Board or of
Coastal Regulation related provisions, and takes
advantage of an amendment to the Coastal Regulation
Zone (CRZ) Notification of 1991 that allows for SEZs to
be located in ecologically sensitive coastal areas and no
development zones (135-6)
The Report also describes how SEZ Act (2005) gives a
blank cheque to the water requirement, neither making
mention of the sources of water to be used nor any
prescriptions for regulation and limitations on water
use for proposed zones (p. 142). Citing the case of
Gujarat, the Report is critical of the Gujarat SEZ Act that
says, The SEZ developers will be granted approval for
development of water supply and distribution system
to ensure the provision of adequate water supply for
SEZ units and notes that the allocation of millions of
litres of water from the Sardar Sarovar Project to
industrial purposes including the Mundra SEZ has been
criticized by a CAG report from 2006 for its impact on
the availability of water for drought prone areas (p.142).
The Committee on State Agrarian Relations and
Unfinished Task of Land, Ministry of Rural
Development, Government of India states
unequivocally that The conversion of agriculture land
for non-agricultural uses is leading to serious
consequences (p. 229)
The Report of the
Committee on
State Agrarian
Relations and
Unfinished Task
of Land, Ministry
of Rural
Development
describes the SEZ
policy as highly
questionable
and the SEZ Act
2005 as bearing
contradictions
in abundance.
: 24 :
The Sub Group on Governance Issues and Policy of
Land of the Committee on State Agrarian Relations and
Unfinished Task of Land, Ministry of Rural
Development, Government of India writes that the
notification of SEZs in 53 out of 607 districts is sure to
promote regional inequities.
The Sub-Group recommended revisiting the SEZ Act
comprehensively and putting a ban on exemptions on
diversion of land in scheduled areas and also transfers
of common property and agricultural land for SEZ/STZ
purposes. It also criticized the Act for the lack of Cost-
Benefit analysis conducted for SEZ projects or
assessment of economic losses as a result of diversion
of agricultural land to non-agricultural purposes and
resultant impacts on local livelihood. (p. 134)
: 25 :
VII. FINAL WORD
T
he above mentioned issues were raised at meetings
with the Union Minister of Commerce, the Special
Secretary MoC, Minister of State (MoC) in September 2006,
Chairperson of the Empowered Group of Ministers in April
2007 and with the Parliamentary Standing Committee on
Commerce in May 2007 by delegations of civil society
members, activists and representatives of affected
communities. Each time assurances of consultations were
given but no such initiatives were taken and the demands
put forth have been completely overlooked till date.
Meanwhile, more that 550 projects have received approvals
and land grab continues.
We believe that the current SEZ Act and Policy provides
legislative and judicial support to privatization of the
countrys resources and has the potential to destabilize the
democratic governance system. In addition to this, it
threatens and over rides the existing rights of workers,
farmers and other communities to be affected by SEZs. We
are also concerned about the huge costs to the state
exchequer as well as the economy of this country as a result
of concessions provided to Private Corporations under the
SEZ legislation and policy.
Therefore, we once again firmly demand that to ensure
industrial and economic development which is sustainable,
equitable and democratic, the SEZ Act be thoroughly
reviewed. We demand:
A moratorium on further approvals of SEZ
An independent review of the functioning of
existing SEZs vis a vis stated objectives as
recommended by the Parliamentary Standing
Committee in its 83rd Report. Public audit of SEZs
should be conducted through public consultations
and hearings as a part of this
: 26 :
In areas where there have been protests against
approved and notified SEZs, the projects must be
cancelled or de-notified and land acquisitions
already made should be annulled.
The ultimate move should be a repeal of this
legislation because of its un-constitutional nature
We demand that the democratically elected government
starts responding to the interests of its citizens and people
than to those of companies and developers.
: 27 :
VIII. SIGNATORIES
1. Sez Virodhi Manch, Goa
2. SEZ-Virodhi Sangharsh Samiti, Raigad, Maharashtra
3. Campaign Against Special Economic Zones (Sirapu
Porulaathara Mandala Edirappu Iyyakkam), Tamil
Nadu
4. Karavali Karnataka Janaabhivriddhi Vedike,
Mangalore
5. Matru Bhoomi Raksha Sangharsh Samiti, Gagret,
Himachal Pradesh
6. Karnataka Domestic workers Union and NAPM
Karnataka
7. Nadi Ghati Morcha, Chhattisgarh
8. A.P. Agricultural Workers Union and NAPM
Andhra Pradesh
9. Kisan Sangharsh Samiti, Madhya Pradesh
10. Azaadi Bachao Andolan
11. National Alliance for Peoples Movements
12. Thanal, Kerala
13. River Basin Friends, North East
14. Mamata Dash, National Forum for Forest People and
Forest Workers
15. Preeti Sampat, Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan
16. Ashok Agarwal, Supreme Court Lawyer, New delhi
17. Ashim Jain, Bangalore
18. Rohit Jain, Shruti, New Delhi
19. Asit Das
20. Meher Engineer
21. Amita BaviskarAssociate Professor, Institute of
Economic Growth, Delhi University
22. Shiva Chandra Dhakal, Assistant Professor, School
of Social Work
23. Centre for Community Organisation and
Development Practice
24. Tata Institute of Social Sciences
25. Arun Kumar, Professor, JNU,
: 28 :
26. Yamini Atmavilas, Associate Professor and Chair,
Gender Studies, Centre for Human Development
27. Satish K. Jain, Professor of Economics, Centre for
Economic Studies and Planning, JNU
28. Pradeep Esteves, Conext india, Bangalore
29. Aseem Sirvastava, Economist and Writer
30. Rajesh Ramakrishnan, New Delhi
31. Kamal Chenoy, Professor, JNU
32. Vijayan MJ, Delhi Forum
33. Harsh Kapoor, South Asia Citizens Web
34. Lakshmanan, Assistant Professor, MIDS, Chennai
35. Clifton and Sidharth Narrain, Alternative Law
Forum, Bangalore
36. Priyanca Mathur Velath, Ph.D Candidate, Centre for
the Study of Law and Governance, Jawaharlal Nehru
University
37. Ashish Ghosh, New Delhi
38. James Pochurry, Action Aid, New Delhi
39. Wilfred D, General Secretary, Indian Social Action
Forum (INSAF)
40. S. Parasuraman, Director, Tata Institute of Social
Sciences
41. Trilochan Sastry, Professor and Dean (Academic),
Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore
42. Swapna Banerjee-Guha, Professor of Development
Studies
School of Social Sciences, Tata Institute of Social Sciences,
Mumbai, India
43. Ramaswamy Iyer, New Delhi
44. Atul Chokshi, Professor, Department of Materials
Engineering, Indian Institute of Science
45. Nagesh Hegde, Bangalore
46. Deepak Malghan, Assistant Professor, Centre for
Public Policy
Indian Institute of Management Bangalore
47. Manshi Asher, Environment Research and Action
Collective, Himachal Pradesh
48. intercultural resources, New Delhi
: 29 :
IX. QUESTIONS FOR
PARLIAMENTARIANS
1. The Report of the Committee on State Agrarian
Relations and Unfinished Task of Land, Ministry of
Rural Development, Government of India, New
Delhi, 2008, has raised several concerns with regards
to SEZs especially in relation to land grab and
dispossession. What has been or will be the course
of action of the MoRD with relation to this report?
2. In response to the 83rd report of the Parliamentary
Standing Committee on Commerce on the
Functioning of SEZs, the ATR 87th report was
submitted to the Rajya Sabha on 24th October 2008
by the Ministry of Commerce. What has been the
follow up to this by the newly appointed
Parliamentary Standing Committee? Have the
concerns of the 83rd report been addressed in the
ATR and discussed in the Parliament?
3. The Comptroller and Auditor General of Indias
(CAG) Union Audit Report 2007 outlined that some
existing SEZs are operating within a system that
enables the government to forego tax revenue.
Tabled in the Parliament on 11 March 2008, the CAG
report brought 370 SEZ units under scanner with a
limited objective to verify if they had complied with
existing Customs Act, Rules, notifications etc. The
review brought out systemic as well as compliance
weaknesses that caused lost revenues. What follow
up has been undertaken in this regard, including
discussions in the parliament and what action has
been taken?
4. Does the Ministry of Commerce have any
mechanism of independent assessment of the success
of exports, employment in SEZs? Does the Ministry
of Commerce have a sector wise and SEZ-wise
disaggregated data to show that SEZs established
after the passing of the SEZ act have been successful?
The Ministry of Commerce should present this data.
: 30 :
5. It has been five years since the SEZ Act 2005 was
passed and almost 10 years since the policy was
evolved. Does the Ministry of Commerce have any
independent or scientific study to prove that SEZs
have been successful in fulfilling their objectives
6. Does the Ministry of Commerce have disaggregated
data on the Net Foreign Exchange earned by SEZs?
If yes, the MoC should present this data from the
last ten years for each of the SEZs. If not, then can
the MOC clarify on what basis it proclaims that SEZs
have been successful in fulfilling their objectives?
7. Can the MoC present the total number of SEZs and
list of SEZs that have applied for denotification or
withdrawal of approvals? Does the MoC have a
guideline on what happens to the land that is in
possession of developers who have decided to
withdraw from the SEZ?
8. Can the Ministry of Commerce enlist cases where
the SEZ proposal was denied approval on the
grounds that the landowners were unwilling to part
with the land?
9. Despite the guidelines of the EGoM with reference
to no forced acquisition of land for SEZs, there are
several SEZs where the Land Acquisition Act 1894
is being used. What action has the Ministry of
Commerce taken in ensuring that the EGoM
guideline is complied with?
10. Does the Ministry of Commerce have figures of the
total land actually acquired for and diverted to SEZs
in the last five years and the various categories of
land state wise? The MoC should present this data
11. Does the Ministry of Finance have the latest data on
losses to State as well as Central Revenue
departments due to exemptions and subsidies
granted to SEZs in that last five years? Data to be
presented.
: 31 :
X. REFERENCE LIST/ WEB
RESOURCES
1. SEZs: One More Anti-Bharat Act by India Arun
Kumar, Mainstream April, 27-May 3, 2007. Pp. 11
18
2. SEZs: A catalogue of questions, Aseem Srivastava,
http://infochangeindia.org/200702036051/Trade-
Development/Analysis/SEZs-A-catalogue-of-
questions.html
3. Seminar, February 2008, Special Economic Zones
Cul-de-sac http://www.india-seminar.com/
4. 83rd report of the parliamentary standing committee
on commerce on the functioning of Special
Economic Zones
http://164.100.47.5:8080/newcommittee/reports/
Engl i s hCommi t t e e s /Commi t t e e %20on%
20Commerce/Report%20SEZ1.htm
5. 87th report of the parliamentary standing committee
on commerce on Action taken by Government on
the recommendations/observations of the
committee contained in its 83rd report
http://164.100.47.5:8080/newcommittee/reports/
Engl i s hCommi t t e e s /Commi t t e e %20on%
20Commerce/87th%20report.htm
6. Comptroller Auditor Generals reports on SEZs
7. In the Name of Growth: The Politics and Economic
of SEZs in India, Shankar Gopalakrishnan, Council
for Social Development, http://sanhati.com/
articles/228/
8. Ministry of Commerces Official Website on SEZs
http://www.sezindia.nic.in/
: 32 :
9. Special Economic Zones: Profits At Any Cost By C.R.
Bijoy, 22 October, 2007, Countercurrents.org
10. Peoples Memorandum Against Special SEZs, 2006
11. Letter to the Empowered Group of Ministers, 2007
12. Peoples Delegation Meets Ministry of Commerce
on SEZs http://www.ncasindia.org/public/
whatnew/sez/press_release.pdf
13. Public Price of Success: Nokia SEZ, http://
www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/content/
nokia-sez-public-price-success
14. Citizens Research Collective against SEZs
sez.icrindia.org/
15. The Special Economic Zones Act 2005
: 33 :
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: 50 :
XII. MAP OF SEZS APPROVED AFTER THE
SEZ ACT
Source: Aseem Srivastava and Kashif Ali, December 2008
: 51 :
|=;=: (==, |.|=4+-2005 = |. =.a
|= =|.-+ =+|..
I. =--.
r- iili -ii+i , + ~i i +i , i - ri , lli+ -ii
~iiiln ^-+i - lnl+li ls i ii îni i i
- l+-i i i - i i ,ii zeer - iln l ^
i+ + n-i- l ni n n r r | i+ + iii+ - ri --
n r l ~ii ~i ~l-ini i r , i l + ~ili ~i
i+ln i l+-ii i ii n r | l+ ;+ i i i-nl
li+ ~i l+-i i + r ii li n li r l ~ini lîi, ini lî
li i ri n l l+i n l, i i r| ; ( )
~lil+- ++ i i i r iln ri î r l i i
l+i lrni lii iii ii l i l+ i- il
ii+i liri i ii r r |
i i + i^ ri + i i lli+ lr-i l- î,
-rii-, ~i i i, nl-+i, i rliii - li i ~ili i i
l+-i i l + i l- ~li^ ri lii lni i, i ~+ ii + i
i-ni +i r| li+i iiln - ii ,ii ;+ i i l + i l-
~li^ ri ii+i i + i + i îni -i ^ i ,
i i i n-i- i i +i+ i ^r +ni lni ii i i+
+ l i -ii+i i nin, i ^ ~i - ~il ii+i
i ;-n -i ni ~i; r | i + i^ i- - l- , ii+ii -
i-~i , l ^+^ - l i ^nl r - i -i - li
î|
ni +i^l ^-+i + ~i i +i -, r- l++ iii
iini i+iln, -i ~i -ii iii ln ^ri;
l lnn r
: 52 :
. ~lil+- ~ iil+ -ii ~ i+ +i i iiln r
r |
z. iini i- i i ir -n l+i i ; l+-i i
ii -ii+i - ii (iri ^ i-ii i +i ) i i ni l
-ii+ -ii +- ri ri r |
s. -i+ ri r i l- ~li^ ri li i -- - l+
ii i ni, -si i+ ~ i l ~iili ii+i i
+ i+ r ri r|
. ii iiii i i i inii + ri r|
r. ~l+ ln i ii l+ii , ^ -i+ i i ln
ii+i i n ri r|
s. i- i + i+ ~i ^ ii ~ili ~ n + i l+-i i ri ri r|
/. i -ii iliii i ~i i ii+i ii i
-i + r lrniii i i +- li i ri r|
s. i ,ii ; - i ; r i i i i l+ li l-i
i i ; i -ir+ +ri li i ri r|
; li - i s -i+i i; i i i + +i ~i + ^ ii
l ni~i i n +i r l+ n-i i+ + i i iri + i
n r|
: 53 :
II. -..+ + == =| =|c.. - |= |+r.+a.==
i +i+n- ~i li n n r -nii i -
+ l ~li n i -ii, ili - i i + r/s i
- i i r l+- sr ~li ln r r |
li i ~ili i ~i- l-i zees nii ~i i -+ i
l+ nni i ~i ;iii n r i l zeer - ii lin ~lil+- i
~iii + i | l zees ~ili - -n - i ii ri ri i
r-+ l+i i ii i+ ,^~li ln i+
l ~i + n ii r, ~ i+i r r l ;i i , ii i ri î|
l - i ~~il r ; ni l i l ri ni r| n n
l -i r l - - ~i+ i -ri+i - + i i ~i +i -
-ri i+ i l- î| ; i , l zees n i + s
ii - rrz ; i ~iil - i i r, l+- z/z ~li ln r
r | (~ zees n r/s i i ~iil - i i ^; r ~i sse
i ~li ln li î r)
=+ ...|+
i iin lr-i +i n+i (~i; -i) ni î
lin r| -i i s ~li ln ~i; -i l+i l + r | i
l i i i - ss ii i lnl+li- n r | ; ~ii
s ~iil -i n ,iln -i n r r | ;
nr ~iil - i - ~i; -i i lr-i ~li ln i i
n +i - s ri - r| i ;l i l si - ~i; -i r -i
i - i ~i -i+ ~li^ ri n r | - i lli+
ii - ii i ^ lli+ li i ~ili i i - ~i; -i i i lr-i
~ ii ~ii ~li i+i rr ii r| r -i i i
i lr-i s ii r|
: 54 :
l zees - ili - i ,ii ii ~i i ~+ i i i lr-i
; i r
( + |r-=( =|=|}
~i; -i,; -il+,ri , -i - ss
;ll+l^ r
ii- s
i il+,iin
r -i
-i l- -i
i-i l-~ r
- -i;~, ,++
~
lzzks r % okf.kT; ea =ky;] **ls t% ls DVj vk/kkfjr forj.k** vka dMs MkVk QkeZ ,oa fnlECkj 2008 es a
miyC/kA
. + ...|+
i ~li ln i - ~i i i r/ i ii iii r ; i
nl-+i - , -rii- - s r | -rii- - ~li
~li ln ri + i niii - r , ri e ~iil ~i s ,i ln
- ri r | l ; - i ~i i i - ss ~iil
~i z ,i ln - ri r nl-+i - ss ~iil
~i s ,i ln - ri r | ; nr i i -
i ~ii ;+ ni+ ii - r | ~ n ~li ln r z/ i -
i lr-i ii ~r- r|
l - i - -ii+ li ni i l--ii ~li
~ n ln ii + ~ini r| ~i i i - ~iil ni -i n ss -
s ni rii ~ii r , l ;i nr nl-+i - ii ~iil
-i n ss - s +; ~i i r | ; nr i -
: 55 :
i i ~i; -i i - ~i - n l-i i liii i - ri +i î n
li i ni r| î^ r ii + ~+ ;i - i i
-ii+i l i li r, ri n l ii +i^ r i -
i l i - r |
-. |+ =| .+-4=+.
rs r ni î ,i ln ni - i i - r , i ~ ri
~iil ~li ln ri n r | i r ri i-n -
-i+ i l- i ~ini r ~i l-ii+ - lii- ri
r | ri ri - , ~i i l-ii+ ii -i i - i + î| ri ri
- r,eee r - ~ ~li i î+ i l+- i r-i li
î r l+ ~i+i - r i s i i (ss, zsrs, zss r - ~) i
ii l-i+ l ~i + + i -ii li r| ; - r + ^ in
- - i - i l- il ^ + l i ni+ i l+-i i
li r |

lcls cM+k fo'ks"k vkfFkZd {ks= *lS}kafrd* Js.kh esa
vkdkj
gsDVsvj
i |+ ,nn| ,r|||| r -| s,as/
| - ||-- , , |-||+ | r -| c,a/a
i --|+ ||-- , , r|||| r -| r,aaa
|- ; |-- ||-- , + ini r| i, +|- r -| r,aaa
|| r|||| ||-- , n, r|||| r -| r,aaa
- ; ||-- n|n | || | - ; |-- ||-- r-| r,aaa
| |n| ; -+ |+ - - - +i, |- n| r -|
|;- || ||-- , ; | , - | r -| ,ara
+|-i r|||| |; - ||-- , ||, r||||r -| s,zs/
|- ; |-- ||-- , |r-| | | - - r -| s,zsa
i| | - ||-- i| , |n , -r||- r -| z,sra
i|| |+ i~-i ; |-- , | n||| , -r||- r -| z,/cs
; ||~ ; |-- - - |n , -r||- r -| z,zs
: 56 :
i -i- - ^ in - - i ~ii i iln ri r
r +- liiii-+- - i~i; ~i; i z,zes r - ~ ~i ii+ii
,esr r - ~ i +i ri ~i i i - r ~i -rii- +i -; - ,zzs
r - ~ r |
~ n i ~li ln r r + l ~iliil ni se,zz
r - ~ i l- ilr| l+ r n lii r -i i ,i ln ni
- r ii - r + l .zz ii r - ~ -i+ ilr,
~ii n r l ~in+ sss r - ~ -i+ ilr| ~i i i -
/,ee r - ~ i l- l r-ni nln li î r i l ^ in -
s,ss/ r - ~ -i+ r-ni ni - i - r| rii l ~i i i - rs
- i ^ in - z r | ^ in + -- ni lii
r -i li i ~ili i i i iil-ni i r l i ~ ii
+ - ni ~i; -i i i iil-ni i r| -rii- ~i nl-+i -
ii i - r l+ ri -i r,es r - ~ z,se/ r - ~
-i+ ri ;+ l r-ni nln r ~i r| ;+ n l-ni r l - n
~i; -i i l ~li ln l ^ r |
: 57 :
III. |+.-.|4 +
1- ==..=. |+ .=||+=. = c.a| = +
: | +.= | -. |+ =| .+-4=+. . -. |+ | == ==.
l+-i i -i- - iin - -i ^ ~iii l+-i i i ~iiii
s ii r, ~ii n i -ii+, ~ii -ii -- i i
~ili +ilni ~iii l+ii ln +ri ri ni r l~ l+i i i -i ^
~iii n ri ni r| ; ~ii i -iiln + l -i
in ri ni r i n -i+ i ri +i i i + i irn ri +i| ;
l+ln ni r i +ni r l li+i , -i+ -ili ~i -i+
~iiiln - ii i li i î|
r + zee/ i ili - i ;i~i - r l+ i l i; -
l + li i i l- i +ri li iî, ; i
î^ ii i l+-i i l -i+ l i l-
~li^ ri - ss i i ^ ri r ~i i ii + i l i ;
iii+ ^ ri| ~i i i ~i nl-+i s i ni i l-
~li^ ri ~lil+- i i ~iin iii /, i ;-n -i n r ~l+i
-i+ i ~li^ ri ri r | -rii- i - ii (-lr i
-lr i ), i^ (li ), +il (; li ~ ), +i^
(l-ri+ ) i li +i~i - i l- ~li^ ri i iii s ~ n^ n
ii +i l- i l+ i+ii - ~i+ i i -li n i l-
~li^ ri - i- ~i ^; r| ri il i l- ~li^ ri +i l- i ~ii ii
i li i+i ii r| i-n - , l- î + i^ i- ~i i -
~- n ~ii ri ii +i l- i +ri li î r| ri n l
n- ii + i^ li i l- ~li^ ri -i- -
i i iil li r, l ili - i i ~ii ii ~+i
-i ln i +i ii r| ili - i îni l
: 58 :
l+i i l-ni ri r nil ri n l ~i i l- si -
lr- i ii+ i -ii |
nii ini r l l r-ni nln i l- - ~lii i r ri
i ~ini l^ li l+^- i -i r| ; i; i -- +
i n r l ; -i-i - ~ini l^ li l+^- ,ii ~li^ lrn -i+i
i l r-ni nln li i ri r l l i l- ~li^ ri
~lil+- i i ^ li î r| r li -iiil ni li+i
ii r - ~ ~li i-i - i ^; ~i l+ + nr n-i-
ii i i li r ~i -i+ rn - ~i l ; i+ +i
i; i -i+ ~i -ili ,ii i i ri r | i ~ini l^ li
l+^- i i l-i i -- - lini ~i i i r i ~ini l^
i -ir+ i`
ii - ~ - ~i i i ri n l i l- -ili l -i+i
r i l r -i+i i nr l+i iiii ii ~ini l^ ii i+i
i - rni r, i l i-n n + i i+ii n -i ii ni
r |
; i + ni i ii i ~i; ii i r i i l- ii
~i + i-n ii , l i - li i ^; ii | ; r i ri
ini r l ~i; ii i i l- i n +ri ri î| li +nii r l
~i;ii + ii i r -ni nln + l + i l- ~li^ri i
l r |
|=. +.+= = |+-..||+ -.|+r|= + c.|+r +=
iin - î^ se ii i lnr ~iii i i ni i -i+ i
/ ii r i l r î^ i l-ri+ - +ini r| -i+ l+i
r + i ii ii li - i -i+ - (i-
: 59 :
~i i; l) ~iln r| l - ~i i in l + l i i
ri r i l -i+i -il r | l+ + l i ; i +i +ri +i
r l+ i -i+ +ri r|
^ in i - -i+ i -i+ l r-ni nln i ^;
i i- lr i î i l- i ii - ~ini r (r ^n ni i l-
nii î)| ;+ -i+i i i lr-i n-i i i - r ~i -s ~ii
~i iri - i i ^ ~+i l+ ~iili l ;+ -i+i
~iln r| l -i+ i- lr i l- r li i ; -il +ri r,
;l r - ii i ini s ^ ri r-ni nln li ini
r | nl-+i - - l i i-i i l- ~i ~i i i - i i -i+
~il ~ iri r , ri i l+ -i+i i l ~i
l+ii li î|
l ii lr ^ i l- ~li^ ri i ~i i i -
ri r r ri -i+ ~li^ ri - ii i - -i n
r r ~i ri lni ~+ ln ilni i ~i l-n i ^; -i+ i
~li^ri li î| il~i, ii+ii, li ~i ~+n - r
l i ni lii; li ri i -ni r| i i+i- r
i iini lii+ i + ii+i~i lii r , l+ nrn lii+ i
iii z nrn r +i^l i i+ i+i+ ~lii i î -i
ni r|
c.+| ...|+ |+ .+|-. .4+-.. =| +.r|
-ii+i i ni, -si i+ ~ i l ~iili i iln ii
-i+ l-ii+ iin ~iili i ~ ii i ^ ii l ni
li r | l ~li^ lrn l i r -i+ i i lr-i i+
i ni i -i+ r , ii r -i i i -i- - i r| li
nil+i i ~i+ r l ~+i ~iili l ;+ i ni l+i i
: 60 :
. ii i lnr li (r li - ~in+ r - r ) ~i i
sz,eee i lnr - i li l-iiln ri ^ | ; nr i lnr
i lnr - lii i ii+i i zz i ~i-+i i
+ i+ ri î| ~+ -i+ i - i - i i i ~ini i + zees
r, i l ~ ln^ +i ri i r| ; ~ii, iiln î i -
li~ii , -nii l+i lii i ~ si - iili i ri î
~ili~i +- ri + i - ii i ; ~i+ +ri li î r|
^ in, -rii-, nl-+i , ~i i i ii - n-i li i ~ili
i i i -s ~ii i ~i ^ ii lni i i i-+i +i i r i l
+ - - i+ i î i ^; r| ii ni i - ~iiiln li i
~ili i ii +- +i+ i - - i -
; iiln r r |
+= =.-. =.== =. |=|-=4 == -..-.-.=.| .=. = += .
=.4|-.|+ +4. ==.
iin ~i i+ - -i i li i ~ili i i - - i i +i rini
r i; i+i r| i ii lin + i ~lii li ~i n i
ri ni r i l ~ini l^ li - nrn +i i î i i
-n r l i - i-îi i r ni + i ~lii +ri ri î
~i ri n l r rn n+ i i- -iri l l++ +i+
~i i- lr ;- -i ri + i ~lii +ri ri î| +iln - i
i - ~ii ^ i ~lii li l-+ i r-ni nln
ni r| -rii- - ~ini l^ -i- ii l+ ii l+i li
l-+ i ~+ -ln - l+iii +ri ni r| ~i i i +n-
- i - lin i+ ri r ~i ssr l+ i- + i ;in
ri r ~i ri n l iii i - i- + i ;in ri r| +i i
- ;i - i ,ii - i+ +i i i^ + i -i ^ + r
+ii l+i li î|
: 61 :
2. .|.= |-..+
=.+-4= += = = =.-. .=-+ =. = ==.=
li - i + ~+ ii r, ~i ~+ ~i nin r l +
zeeer zeese n i ~li - i - - s - l i+
ii ii+i ,/r,s/ i i- + i+ i ~+ -i+ r| r -
+ zeeres ii+ iin i ,ii in i- s/ ii
i r| i n llin - i- i-i ^ i-ii i î i +i (+ î)
l ii+i ~i l-n ri + i - i i ^ +i r, l r i r
i i i lii i lnl+ ii + ii i ni r| i - i
r n si - ri n r , ~i r ii lin + i r l i i r i -i
r| l i ri ni r ni r ~l--ii - ii -ii ri î|
li - i l+ lrn ,e,r l+i i - i;i i ;--i
li r ~i + ii l -ln - ~ r i lrn s s - - - i
i- - si ~ii r, i l zeese/ - /s,ss i
zee/es - z,ss i ri î ~i zeeses - ,z i
ri î| http://www.hindustantimes.com/News/business/39-tax-exemp-
tions-costgovt-
Rs-68-914-crore-in-revenue-foregone/Article1-446258.aspx)
iin l+ -ri ii ii (ii) + i i s/e
;i; i l r i++ l ii iii li l + l+ii ln
~lil+-i , l+-i , ~li +i~i ~il i i+ li r i +ri | ii ,ii
~ -i ii l ni l ^ li - i -i zees i
- i li î| -iii - l-in ~i ~+ i+ i l-i i iil-
li î li r zs./z i i- + i+ r ~i| ;
~ii ii + + iii+i ii ii ii l r i- -
/z.s/ i i ~ ii iln r ; |
: 62 :
~lnln ii-i i -ni lini l ii r ~i| ;+ -nini i
r-- -ii i -n r l ii ~i ~ ,ii i- ii- i
~+ -i+ î+ i ii ; i+ +ri li î| +nii r r l
i - i +i~i ~ i - +ri i+ni r i
; i i -ilrn ri r|
. +|4 + . |a= = + a=
l r- -i n nrn i l- lni + i ni r- in r l
/e ii -i+ - ~i lii ~ii zr se ii r -i i
i + rii - l-- r r | r i si - r iin
~i; -i - r | ~lii i li i ~ili i ir ~ii i i
- ~i iii r ii ~ i i^n lln i - l-in r , i l r
ri ~ini l^ ^lnii -i+ in r | ; nr r i ,ii
ls ;ii - î+ ii lin i i li iiiii r|
; ~ii l r- ~i; -i - i -i lni + i ni i ^ l
r i, l+- , i, i +ii, -i ~i ; nr i ; ~
i -- - l+i rii r | ;+ l+i + ~+ ri l+i +i-
il ^ i+ + i ni + i ~+i r ~^ nii l+ii r |
-ii li - ~+ i , i ( i ) + ss ri
+i l r ~i r ri ~+ ri r| ~ ii^n
liii +i -i i sre ri r | i -iii l-ln +
~+i ssi li - lii - ii + ;ii - i -- -
n - - ii l ni ni; r ri + r r | sr re
ii li^n i ~ii i ril ^ -+i + l si
li ini r ~i l ii i -- - l+ i rii ri ri
r | ; n i ~i i -iii l-ln ,ii i li - - ii i li
î ( i i+ r)| r ii l iri i - i ii ;i; i
lni î ~i -ii - -i i -i ni r ~i ii ~ n +
i ni r|
: 63 :
|=..|+ a4 -.| | =r|:
ili - i l + r -ii li r l -i n r li i ~ili
i i - e ii i l+-i i ri +ri ri ii r ( +i ~ i
-ili i li zees)| ; ~ii i ni+ ii i î i
+ili ~i se,eee i i l+ i ri + -i- - i -ilini
i-ni i - r r i l ;r l-n n -n - ~i + ,ii
-iiln li i+i r| ~ -i i ~ili - i + l+i i - ~i i -
~i; -i, i -- -,~i l+i n i ii ii - i r| ili
- i + -i -ii li r l ls s -ri+i - - ri
re,eee +ili i-i r ; r | ~i ; ~+ i ~+i~li ln
+ i in -i lni i i+ l ni - i r |
ii ri - - i - i rin ii +i r| -i i -
- i +n- ii - r| + ~i i^ ni + -; zee/ ~+ ii
- ii l +i i - i s i - i- l se i i+i l- ri
r| l- î - i~-i - ii ;n+i ri l- ri r| ( i http://
www.mainstreamweekly.net/article8.html)
iini +iln - i + ~ n^ n ^lnlli r n ri - ll+- r| l+i n
~iiiln i ri n r ii ;i; i ~^ ==(((= -( o |+ -(|
|+|=+ = + a= i^ + i n r| n ii r i + ~ini l^ ;i; i
i^ ri ni r| l i i-n - l+i -i r ni ;i; i
-i ==(((= -( o |+ -(| |+|=+ = + a= ((( a(= == = =( -(( = | (((
=( =+= +( = a(= == =| ==+ r i l+i n ~iiiln ;i; i i ~ini
ii n ii ~i l+ii ln i lin ~i+ li î ni
;i; i + rn i + li r| ii ri r l +i i r l
l ~i -ii i -ri- i - i -ir+ l ~si - +ri
r, i l l ni r ~i ~i lin l+i n ii i î| ii ri r
l+ln +ri r l + i i ri î l+ l+i -i ~ini~i
: 64 :
i i +ri i ^ | -i i i r l+ln +ri r l ~+ili ln
l i li r ` - i ~i i ,ii
~+ili ln + l i ^; -i ^ ;i ~ln i i^ ri
r| -i-i - -i+ i i ri ni r` i r li+i i i i-i i
iî` l i r ni `
3. |-..== + a.=+.|+= ||=4.. | |-..+
|+-.| ;-=a+ = == = |-..==|4 4+-.. =. . c..=+. | -..=|4
-+==.. =. +-+ r.=.
~lil+- +iiiri i ~+ s s, , z s nrn
~lii (-i ln i li l-+ ~i ~ii-i i ^-+ )
ni r, l+i i ri l+ln +ri r| r n l i i -
ii --ii, ii ; ni-, ii+ ii ~+ l+- ~lii ri ^ ,
li -n r l ri -i i lii+ i ~liii i i^ +i
l-+ ri î| l ~^ ii +i+i -i i il -ii i
-i ini r| ; i - i ; --ni +ri r l /s / ii i+
nrn +i li iî ~i ^ i-ii i l+l l~i-i iii
~liii i i ri î`
-i ln i ,ii -nii +, iii iil + i -
ni liil+ ii - i ; ilini +ri r| li, - ~i ii
- i - ii i i l-i -n lni i +~ i li î| iil+
+ ii - -i -+ i ii -i ;i i li - i r+i r
l, r- n ln lii i i î i iil- n r
-i ln i i l ^l-n + i n r|
ili - i + ii ii ii ~+,n +i + i
i l+ ii iii i r| ; -i- - i ln i -ii + ~i-i~i; ili
: 65 :
i r ~i i - r -i - r ~i l i i ~i i i i i i
i i i - l+i -i ~+ r ~i r| i ; ii i nil+ l ii i ~
+ -i +ri r|
== |.+-. 4. =.+.-4 =:.+ = |a| =.; -..= =r|
i+ + i l+i i î i r i ~i - i li î|
- i ,ii i+ + i ; ii + i-i , iiîii ~i ~i- r +ri
i; ^; | iini i n i +i +i + ; l i l+ -
(e -; zeer) i iln li l- i ; r +ri i; ^; ~i
r n - ii i +~ i li î|
; ~ii, ~i-i~i; i+ + zeer nrn ili - i -i n
i i -i i - i+ii -i î ^; ni + ii i î +ini +i-
i+ii + -+i li| r ; in i li î l
r n i -i + -i+ r n i i - i î i +i
~iili ln li r ;l + i î i - i l+ lrn
nrn +i i ii i+i ilr| nl-+i - ii iiii i ni
i r n ~li i s+ nl-+i ni ^ ilii ,ii i ii -rii
î li - -i ~ii ii - i ri; i - - ( + zee/ i ~ .i.
sssss) ri r| + zees - i i n ~i + -ii ii r ~i
i ~i li i ii r ; ~i nl-+i +i -ii+ -i
n-i- +i;i i zee/ ~ n - i -n n r ; | ~ n - l-+ +
~i + i ~+ -ln + i +i ~i ni ^ lii^ - ili ni ~ii
s i l-lii ii i|
4. |4.+-. =..| +
-i+, ri i+i i ln ii+i i i r+ ri +i r ~i l+ i
li i+i r ~i l+i ;-n -i i ii ~i iii i
: 66 :
r ~i r| ~ini l^ l li ii i i l- i ^ - i
i i ii -i- n + ~l+i ~ ini r| l
l+i r r l i li i-i i - i nr ri i ii
- i i i ri r, l- iii li i ii ~i lin
~+ i - i ; l +ri ri ni r| i+ irii n
l-ni r l ;+ ii i ii ~ n r |
iin r ri i+i - ii ii î i -i llini
- ^ ri r| r+ i ni- r l ~ili li -i i i
î ~ i-i i l- i ii--i ri î, ii+i i -n
i r+ ri î, n-i i l- i l+ii ri î, ri ~i i+i ii iiii
; i ii l+ î| l ;+ i î+i +ri i i ri r|
~^ ;~i; ~li +i ~ n^ n l i+ i i ii - i
li i i n +i ni - ii ~--ni ~i li iii + ~ini
r| ; i - , l++llin l ~i li +i -r- i r| i
;i; i i i ii - i i + +i; s - n - i
+ +i; i n ri ni r| l, - i -i-i - i ii
- i + lili i r l r -i l+-i i - + +i; i s -
i i|
-i ln ini i+ i l+î+i i - i ii ii l ni i li r
i l ii ~lii - - l-+ rii - l n r| - li
iri i i r ~i +- l ~li n ln i i
iii+ r, ;l li ii -n ii ini ,ii i ; ii ii
~i+ i ~+ l l - i +i - l r|
: 67 :
IV. =||=| o.. z.| | +
iin l+ -ri ii ii (ii) + zee/ ~il- li - -
ii ln li r l s -i i li i ~ili i -ii nrn i
r r l+ i i ii- - s - + l i -ilrn li r|
-i zees i - i l ^ ii li - - s/e ;i; i i
; il-n nrn i ~ n^ n ii î nil ni îi i
l ri + -i i i l ~lil+-, l+-i , ~li +i~i ~il i i+
li r l +ri ! -iii iii^n ~i ~+ i+ i -i li -i+
~ii l i- - zs./z i i + i+ r ~i| ; ~ii
ii + + i î iii+i i ^-i î i ~i ii ii ii
l+ ii i- - /z.s/ i i ~ ii iln r ; | i ,ii
i i ^; i ~ - s - zeeee zeeres i ~li
ii+ s,sz i ii| i zeese/ l i ~ z,s i
i s - i iii+ li î|
~il- i i+ r ii î l l zz ;i; i l+ii ln ii-i
i , l+i n ll+- i ~i ril i; r i ii - n i li
l| ; nr r i +i + i i lni r l+i
i-nl l+i -i i i+i ii| rii l ;+ zz ; i;i ,ii l-i
/,s.zs i i l+i n li î, -^ i-nl l+i -i
,sss.z/ i (zs ii) i ii, i i r,s.ss i (/z
ii) i i ~ i ~i-+i lin ii| ;+ ;i; i - l+i -i
~i-+i ii - i ~i-+i i ii - rs ee ii| ;+
;i; i i -n ~i ~iin es.zs i i i-i i ~ i s -
i î|
li - r ii n ni r l ,ii ril l ^ ~i r + ^
;i;i - i ~+ ln ii r in r i l - ~i ril
n r | ii + li - li r l, ;i;i ,ii in l ^
: 68 :
i ~ - s - ~i i i-i -i n l ^ -ii l+-i i
- ^ i^ni i ii l i ; iii+ +ri li î r| i i
i ~-i+ni i+ + i in r nil i-i ;i;i iiii
;i;i i -i+ -n l+ln li i |
i ini i ~ i+ ~iin l i+ i -i-i - i ~ +ri
î+ ,in - i ~ î+ ii i zsr.s i
ln r ; | ~il- -i- , ii + -- li r l
~l+l-n i-i li ii -i i ~ - s.s/ i i -i
~ii| ; ~ii li - + ii -i-i i ii ln ni r ri
ii + l+i ln li r l ln^n +n- i , l ii ll+-
i + (+; i) +ri ril ri ii | l+i n ~iiln ;i; i ,ii
i ~ - n ~l+l-n ~iin i i- - iii -i ~ii r| i
il-i i ri+ + - i ~ îri l, ili li
- i i i ii - n+i -iiln + i n r|
- i - s -i zeer i -in r i l ii i ~il- li -
- ri î r l - i i ~ini l^ li l+^- (-i~i; ii)
zz i r ~~li^ lrn i ; iii -i+ i ;i i -
i i ri r, l zz.rs i i- i + i+ r ~i
r|
. +. =| |=4|+++.|
;i nr î i - ii s -i zeer i -in r i l ii i
~il- li - - î i ~ini l^ li ii i+ (i~i; ii) ,ii in
l l ^ i l- ~i -+ i i i ~i ni îi l -i+
ii ni ~^-n ssz, ~^-n zee ~i -i zee/ - l ^ i ,
l+i ;-n -i +ri li i i ii ~i r i -n i-i
i li î| ~il- i ni ~i + ez.s i i- ii- i
ni îi|
: 69 :
zees i ii - î i lii+ii ,ii -iii l r î i ii
li - - -iii î l i - lin i l- r-ni ni - ii+
ii ili i; ^; | i~i; ii i -iii - iin i ii + i^
li l ii i+ i - ili ni i ~ii ii, l+i +i i s
i-i i li î, ii+ ~l+l-nni ii, ~i l lii--
i i iii ii- i ii-i r ~i| (ii, î i i li - , ii^ /
ii ilil ii ^lnllii )| ~ -i-i +i ; l--
;-- - -i- - ii li - + i r i l- ~i -+ - ~l+l-nni~i i
ii ln li| li - nini r l, +i i - i i l- ~i -+
~l+l-n i i l i l- ~li^ ri ~ini l^ li l
iin i lii ri ^ li î ii| î i i + iin
i ~ini l^ li i +i nrn i -- ;i; i
ii +i ~ini l^ ;-- - -iiln i -ilrn + l i i
lii rini ril i| ; , i~i; ii + ;-- - - ~li^ lrn
i l- i ~i l-n li, i l i +i +i i i li iiiii r|
ii + ~+ l+i - ri r l i i iin i ril
i i rini i i + i in r|
; ~ii ii ~+i li - - r -- ni r l n+ii ni
i~i; ii +iln nrn li ii i l-i l l+n +ri r, l
+ in l ss. ii ^ -i- i l- ~i l-n i| ii i
r+i r l, i ^ ii+ i l- ~i -+ li î ~i r ii
i i ,ii +iln iln + ii r li î| i~i; ii
+ i i i ,ii ~iil ni -i ln ~li
i l- - ri i; ~i i ,ii n i-n ss.ss i -
~i l-n li î|
î i ~ini l^ li ii i+ ii i li - i l iin i
i + zees - ii ^; - l++ l+i l ^ r
~i^ lnln + l i i l- ~i -+ l+^- ~+i
-iiln i l-i r- ^; , l i i l-i -i+ ~li^ ri
: 70 :
ii nl-i i ~i l-n + i r|
~i -+ l+i li iii + li~i l ^|
i ^ ii+ i l- ~i -+ li î ~i r ii i i
,ii +iln iln + ii r li î|
~i;ii i +i nrn i -- -n ni î l
~li^ lrn i l- i i ~i l-n li î, i l iin i
liil+ i i ~ i+ r|
+i i l l l-- i +iii n li î ii
i - - i l- ~i l-n i ^; ii, li r i-
- ss.ss i i + i+ r ~i|
i i ~i l-n -i+ -i - -i+ ~i l-n li
î l ss./ i i + i+ r ~i|
i i ^ li - i- i .ss ii ^ -i-
i l- ~i l-n li î, l lii-- /./s i i + i+
r~i|
(| n ii, n| | | || -, ||n / |i |||| || n|n|||| )
: 71 :
V. +.|-.-4 | ==|4 -..4| =|+|+ o.. z.| |
=+.a
- i -+i r i ii i ~ini - lsi i i ili i
-iii l-ln + lii ~+i ssi li - ze + zee/ i
- -n n i| li - + +iln ~i li+ s r
i l^ i -i r | l-ln ,ii ~ii +i-- lili -
-ri l n+ i ~ini iil- r| li - + i ni - i i
,ii l n ^ln -i lni i i ri r l ni ilr i l
ii ln-ilri - ; ~ii i ni; ^; ii|
li - - r ii ri î r l i l-ln -i ,ii i ^; i
i li - , -ii+i ii+ i-+ +ri ~ii, i i ri î +ri ii
~i ; ^r l-lni i i î l-+ i i î|
-r- i r l li - + lii-- n l-ii+ i
~ii +i i l l-ii+ ; ^r - - ii ri r| i
ii - z ~- zees i -n n i i; li - (s/i li - ) - ili
- i + i i i l- - i l- ii i i- n rn r l++ ni+
in n i r
ili - i + r rn r liil+ i ii li ii l r ~
zee/ i l+i l+-i i l i l- ~li^ ri ~lil+- ss
nrn li i ii -i+ i + ~li^ ri +ri li iî|
l-ii+ - -iii+ l i l- ~li^ ri ~lil+- ~i
+i l zee/ - ii i+ l i + i l i li ii|
~ nn -i+ i -i-i i ~ n^ n ~ini r ~i ; nr ii i
i r l ,ii ii liil+ ii i i+ ~i -i
|
: 72 :
ii ni+i n ~i n r i l i l+-i i - -i i -i+i i;i
i ~+ ii n r | ri il l+i li i ~ili i i ii i l- ii+
i ~ ii i ini r ; -i-i - ~ini l^ li l+^-i -i-
-i+ ~li^ ri li ini r ~i l l+i l+i i i i ini
r| lsi i ii+ i i l - i l ^ i +-
l-ii+ i --i ~i li+i ^ i-ii - ii -i+ rlii+ i
--i -iii+ l ii s li i+i r ~i ; ii r
ri i r|
i -iii l-ln i s ~ lilii i lr ili - i ,ii
i i; li - - l+i li î +- l++ in iil- r
n ln i i li l i - i i i i-i n
i i|
~+i i-il i i i îi i
lii i -ir+ i l+i n i i i
i - lin i- n+ii ii l+i n ~iiiln
;i; i ~+ r ni l i n i r`
- ~i n ~lii i li ~i n i i + l i+
li i|
ii -r- i r l i -iii l-ln + ili - i i
; ~iii li i; i l ssi li - ii ri + - -i ln i
,ii rz ~iil -i lni ~i sz ~li +i ii ~i ; i
l-ln ,ii ii i+ ri + n - i i i + i lili i ;
l i ; i +ri l ^ | iii - i i; li - i li î
n -i n i i ree ii ri i ii| ili - i + -i
;n+i ri l r i i + ~i l i+ i
nil+ l ii i li - ii|
: 73 :
VI. = - |4 .+|-. |+=.= + +.a4 =| =|+|+ o.. z=.
=| ; .-.=.|
i ^ i-ii li - i i i li i i l- ~ i i i
l-ln (-- - ^ l+ l i ~+ll+ -i- ~i ) i li - +
i - l++llin ~ii i n i r
li - + +iln i ~ln ~ii i i ( ) ri r, ~i
+iln zeer i r nin - li iiiii ( ss) ri r|
li - i r+i r l ~lil+- l+- - ii l+ i i i
n-i i+ + ii iii+i i li i l-i i l +ri r, ~i r
n-i ll+- i (i~i ) ~li +i ss - ii i+ i ii
-ini r, i l i il-ilni +ii n-i ;ii
li ln i i - -iiln + i ~+ -ln ni r (srs)|
li - r ii i + ni r l ~lil+- (zeer) l nr i+i
i n i + l i i s - ni r, i l i+i i n
i - i ; l +ri ni r ~i -niln i + - i+i ;-n -i
i+ + i-i ii l+ii ln +ri ni r ( z)| ^ in -i-
i rii n r , ^ in ~lil+- i ~ii +i ni r l
~+ i, ;i; i i i n i+i ~i ln i iii+ l+ln +
l i ~i ln lni l -i ln i
iî ~i rni r l - i lrn ~ ni î i i i
li +i iii i- i+i ~i l-n + i - rni r, l
ii iiln i i l ini ~ + ii ii
+ i + zees - ~ii +i i ii ( z)|
i ^ i-ii li - i i i li i i l- ~ i
i l-ln i -- r+i r l, li i l- i ^ li
i ^ l r-ni nln + ^ ii lii- ri ^ | ( zzs)
: 74 :
i ^ i-ii li - i i i li i i l- ~ i
i l-ln i iil+ - +iln l-ln + lii r l
se/ li - rs li - i ~li +i l+ln ~-i+ni
i ii l- î|
l-ln + ~lil+- i l-ni -iii ~i ~+ ln ;ii -
i l- r-ni ni - s - i i + ~i ,-i l i- lr li
li i l- i r-ni nln + i î+ i lili i r| ;+
~lil+- - li +i~i l i^nii l ii i ~ii i
li i l- i ^ li i ^ l r-ni ni ri + i + i+ ~i
lii-- ~iili i iln ~i+ ~ii i ii ~ii +i
i r| ( s)
: 75 :
VII. |++ =.
in l~lin - +i^l -i lnl+lii, ini~i
iiln - i lnl+lii ,ii i ili - i, ili - i
li i l, ili i - i ii ln zee/ - ~i ili
i -iii l-ln ii ~ zee/ - r ; - - -i ^| r i
li l-i + ~ii+ l ^ l+ i ; ii i r +ri i ^;
~i + -i i ^ -i î i ~i n ~+ ii i ^; | ; i riin
~i l^ ^, rre i -i i -i ln l- î ~i i l- i ~li^ ri
ii r|
r-ii -i++i r l -i i i+ + +iln i ii+i l+ii
i liii il ri ^ i+ n r ~i ; i ni l iil+
-ii ~l-i ri ni r| ; ~ii iiln ri + i
- i , li+i ~ - ii i + -i i ~liii ln n r |
i+ + +iln ~ n^ n l+i l+i i i+ l i+ ii
lini - i i ~i -ii iiii ii i i
+ i iii i n r- ~+i l ni -i n r |
;l r- i l - ni -i ^ n r l ~ini l^ ~ili
li l+ln l i i l l-i+, i ni l i i ri ~i
; +l i+ + i ^r+ -iii i i| r-ii -i ^ r l
i iii -i lni i lri -il^n li i|
-i i liii ii ii i -iii l-ln i ssi
li - - i ^; lilii i -n -iii i; i| + li
l-i + +i; i -i- i i l+ ~il- i;
i|
l+ ;ii - -i ln ~li +i lii li i ri ri r ri
: 76 :
li +i~i i l+-n i ~+ili ln li i ~i i l- ~li^ ri
i li i+i ilr|
; i+ + ~ iil+ -ii ii ; ~ nn l+-n li i+i
ilr|
r-ii -i ^ r l i ni l ^ +i r ; i l+i ~i
i +i^li i î lrni ln i ri l+ln |
r-+..=+.
. li ii - , î ~i
z. li ii ii l-ln, i^ , -iri-
s. + ~^ -- - i ;i +il- i (li i iii - i li
; i-), nl-+i
. iii +i -i +ili l, l , - î
r. -in i l- ii ii l-ln, ^^ -, lr-i i
s. +i - i - l-- l++ +i-, +i -
/. +i ii-i -i i , sii^
s. ~i i i l^ ~ l++ +i-, ~i i i
s. li+ ii l-ln, - i
e. ~iii i~i ~i i +
. + i+ i ~i i ~ - - -
z. i+i,
s. l l+ , +i ;--
. --ni i, + i+ i - i -- i i --
: 77 :
r. iln n, - li+ il- ^-+
s. ~ii ~^ i, ~lini, i- i - , +; l~i
/. ~ii- +, î
s. i lrn +, ln, +; l~i
s. ~ln i
ze. - r ; ll+
z. ~l-ni il-, i l- i , ;--i- - ~ ;i +il- ^ i i,
l~i llni
zz. li i, ~l-- - i , - ~ i i
zs. - l+-i ~^ +i; i+ - - -i
z. -i-i ; --i- - ~ i i i;
zr. ~i -i, i , +
zs. il-+i ~i--li, i l - i , --i, -
= -+ - -
z/. nii -i +, i ~ ;i+l-, - ;i+il-
--i il+ ^, +
zs. i ;-- l, i - -- ; li, î
zs. ~i- ii-n, ~i ii-i i
se. i i i-.i+, +; l~i
s. -i +, i , +
sz. l+ -. ., l~i i -
ss. ri , ii lii ll-
: 78 :
s. -i+, ri i , - i ; --i- - ~i i i --i, +;
sr. l-+ l,ii +iii, ~i~-+ l- i -, î
ss. l i -ii l i, ii -i, - l --i ~ ~i
^+ , +
s/. ~iiii ii i, +; l~i
ss. i i , i+ , +; l~i
ss. l~ i, + -i, ; l+ i i i+ i - (; i)
e. . i i-+, l+ i, -i-i ; --i- - ~ i i i;
. li + ii-i, i i+ ( l-), ; l+ ; --i- - ~
-+ - -, î
z. -+i +i ^ ri, i ~ - - --i, - ~i i i
i; , -i-i ; --i- - ~ i i i; , - ; , iin
s. i-i-i-i ~, +; l~i
. ~n i ii, i , li- - - ~ - -il~ ; ll+l ^, ; l+
; --i- - ~ i;
r. +i^ i r ^ , î
s. i -i+, l-- - i , - l li, ; l+
; --i- - ~ -+ - -, î

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