10.

Principles of Stereoscopy

10. Principles of Stereoscopy

Principles of Human Stereoscopy

Eye Base

A A B

DA DB DA- DB

B = Parallactic Angle

Vision with one eye vs. two eyes Depths and distances can be more easily and accurately determined with two eyes (binocular vision) Principles of binocular vision can be applied to photographs to produce a 3-D image

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Acquisition of Stereo Photography

60% Overlap

Lillesand & Kiefer

Stereo photo coverage along a flightline

Two flightlines of stereo aerial photography

Uncontrolled photomosaic of the block of aerial photos

Jensen 2000

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10. Principles of Stereoscopy

Stereoscopic Photography Uses a pair of successive overlapping photographs called a stereo pair Stereo pairs provide two different perspectives in region of overlap, capturing parallax Parallax is the difference in appearance of objects due to change in perspective Minimum stereo pair overlap is 50%, typically 55 - 60% Region of overlap is viewed through a stereoscope, allowing interpreter to see in 3-D

Direction of Flight Camera Base

Principles of Stereo Viewing

Stereo Pair of Photos T T

Eye Base Viewing through Stereoscope T T Stereo Pair of Photos T

Eyes see bottom of object at B and converge at top at T B

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10. Principles of Stereoscopy

Formation of Stereoscopic Model

Flightline

Photo Exposure Centers

Stereoscope

Photo n

Photo n + 1 along flightline

Stereo Model

The giant eyebase of stereo photography

Stereo Model

After Jensen, 2004

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10. Principles of Stereoscopy

P dP-2 PP-1 Negatives PP-2 dP-1 f

Geometry and Derivation of the Parallax Height Equation

D Lens H-h

H A h Ground B dP-1 dP-2 C dP

h = height of object being measured (e.g., tree) H = height of camera above base of object P = absolute parallax (air base) But, measured as the average distance between PPs and CPPs dP = difference in absolute parallax between top and bottom of the object From similar triangles (ABC and ADE), h / (H - h) = dP / P and, h = H * dp / P + dP
after Paine & Kiser, 2003

Measurement of Height using Stereoscopic Parallax: for any terrain

A B

Flightline

h = H x dP / P + dP = height of object
H = flying height above ground level dP = differential parallax = A - B P = absolute parallax = X Y
after Campbell, 2002

+
X

+ = PP + = CPP

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10. Principles of Stereoscopy

Measurement of Height using Stereoscopic Parallax: for flat terrain

A B

Flightline

+
M

+ = PP + = CPP
N

h = H x dP / P + dP = height of object
H = flying height above ground level dP = differential parallax = A - B P = absolute stereoscopic parallax or the average photo air base Equals the average distance between PPs and CPPs of the stereo pair of photos (i.e., average of M and N)

Example Photo Measurements

13 mm 10 mm
Principal Point Principal Point

76 mm

78 mm
Conjugate Principal Points

Assume flying height AGL = 5,000 feet

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10. Principles of Stereoscopy

Example Calculation of Height h = H x dP / P + dP H = 5000 feet dP = 15 - 13 = 2 P = (76 + 80) / 2 = 78 h = (5000 x 2) / (78 + 2) = 10,000 / 80 = 125 feet

Measurement of dP

Stereometer

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Techniques for Measuring dP

Parallax bar or stereometer, precision = 0.01 mm

Parallax wedge Engineers Scale is a third method, but it is not as precise.

Techniques for Measuring dP

Floating Mark Principle

from Lillesand & Kiefer, 2000

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10. Principles of Stereoscopy

What is the height of the tree?

15 mm 12 mm

76 mm

80 mm

Flying height AGL = 4,000 feet

Precision of Height Determinations Precision of heights determined from stereo photos depends on a number of flights, including flight altitude, photo base length, photo scale, image resolution, and ability to perceive stereoscopic parallax (i.e., can you see the top and bottom of an object?)
For photo base (P) of 80 mm, photo overlap of 65%, and differerential parallax of 0.05 mm, the precision of height measurements ranges from 0.6 m for 1,000 m flying height to 3.1 and 6.3 m for flying heights of 5,000 and 10,000 m

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