1. The importance of short circuit studies a. It is used in sizing in of equipment b. For protection coordination c.

For establishing Stiffness of a network, which determines the extent of voltage fluation of a network when subjected to intermittent and fluctuating load demand e.g. when a steel mill is connected to a network at a point 2. Functions of Operational Planning is closely related to System Operation and Control Functions in the area of System Load Schedule and Generating Units Dispatch; Operational Planning will normally carry out a day ahead and week ahead load forecasting (active and reactive loads) with due consideration to extant environmental conditions and then use the forecasted loads and proceed to simulate various scenarios in order to determine the feasible ones that can then be communicated to Control Center for implementation on the Grid. 3. Various Classes of Load Forecasting: a. Short Term Load Forecast Used for operational Planning; Timeframe hour by hour load forecast for 1 to 7 days (used for generation dispatch/Unit commitment) b. Medium Term involves daily peaks predicted for 1 week to several months; Used for maintenance scheduling c. Long Term Timeframe : Seasonal or monthly peak demand forecast for 1 year to 10 years - Used for System Expansion(Transmission and Generation Networks Planning) and Reinforcement Planning 4. Relationship btw Spinning Reserve and Power System frequency: a. Active Power Flow to any node is directly proportional to the power angle between the two connecting nodes upto a theoretical max of 90 degrees; b. In a Synchronous Machine (Generator) amount of active power generated is also directly proportional to the rotating or angular speed of the shaft of the prime mover. So Any increase in load will produce a decelerating torque which will slow down the shaft and hence the speed which implies lower frequency; The Governor reacts by opening valves to increase the speed and hence restore the Frequency of the system. This opening of valves and increasing of speed implies generating more power. Each Generating Unit has its limit of Power Generation. Hence there is a limit to the amount of power that can be made up in response to increase in load or shortfall of generation. The difference between present scheduled generation and the aggregate of the Maximum Power that all Operating Generators as well as unloaded Generators that are spinning and ready to be connected to the grid The more the available spinning reserve the more the system reliability is and the less likely is that the system frequency will fall beyond the ability of the system reserve to stabilize the frequency. c. For practical Systems the max pwer angle is around 40 degrees. In terms of the Grid when System Loading outstrips Generation the