Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
AND DEVICES
CIVIL
ENGINEEBING TYPES
AND
DEVICES
A CLASSIFIED
AND ILLUSTRATED INDEX OF PLANT, CONSTRUCTIONS, MACHINES, MATERIALS, MEANS AND METHODS ADOPTED AND IN USE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS OF EVERY CLASS.
FOR THE USE OF
CIVIL ENGINEERS,
1,760 Jllustrations.
BY
T.
W. BARBER, M.INST.C.E..
AUTHOR OF "THE ENGINEER'S SKETCH-BOOK OF MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS", ETC., "THE REPAIR AND MAINTENANCE OF MACHINERY," "THE PORT OF LONDON AND THE THAMES BARRAGE," ETC., ETC.
D.
PREFACE.
THE
object
aimed at in
this
work
is
classification in
all
the
known
devices
and methods
in the
in use in every of
branch of
civil
engineering work,
form
an engineer to make a selection without overloading the matter with detail, which every competent
sufficient to enable
There are numerous published works dealing with special branches of engineering, or parts of such, in full detail, which
may
such as
It is
hoped that
this index
may
W. BARBER.
3O8662
CONTENTS.
SECTION.
1
PAGE.
. . .
2 3 4
5
.,
-.
12 16
Motive-power
Bridges and girders
Iron buildings
18
44
6
7
.....
'
...
.
.
Wood
framing
struts,
.
46
52
58 62
8
9
Columns,
and
.
ties
Anchorages
'.
10
11
Constructional steelwork
'.
66
72
12 18
14
... ...
.
.
.72
.
74 84
15
16
Retaining walls
..
86
92
17
18
Railways: earthworks
,,
...
.
. .
19
,,
...
.
.
96
108
20
21
,,
stations
22
23
24-
Tramways
'.
...
.
.120
.
Canals, aqueducts
...
.
'.
25
.140
144
.
26
27
Plate work
Gas supply
Hydraulics
...;.'
.
150
152
28 29 30
31
...
.
.
160
174
Docks, harbours
.176
viii
CONTENTS.
PAGK.
SRCTION.
32
83
34
35
36 37
Fencing
..... ...
.
.
.... ...
.
182
.184
.
186
.188 .192
196
.
38
39
Submarine engineering
Opening bridges
Roofs
.
. .
...
.
202
40
41
...
.
.
'
.214 .216
.
42
43
44
Dams and
weirs
.....
.
.1
.
220
^34
240
244
Water supply
...
'.
CIVIL
BUILDERS,
AND CONTRACTORS.
AND
DEVICES.
Section
1.
for
a large
building
on uncertain
2-9 Cylinder or caisson foundations for bridge piers, etc. The groups of cylinders are connected by horizontal frames
to
form a base
for the
masonry
10
Vertical section of a cylinder caisson lined with brickwork or concrete. The bottom edge is bevelled to enter the
ground, and, where necessary, the cylinder
is
loaded inside or
on top
to force
it
down
as the material
is
excavated.
11
or sand
by water-jet from
12
FOUNDATIONS.
CIVIL
13
pier,
sunk
in
the
same
14
sheet piles.
(See
15
air-locks in water,
16,
17
in
soft
strata
18
Iron cylinder sunk to the rock as a working in which to fix a column founded on the rock.
pit or caisson
19
Screw
Each
is
pair of piles
is
founded.
20
(as
21
Concrete or sand
piles.
Sand
piles are
(see
formed in holes prepared by a driven pile or jumper Nos. 1-10, Section 41) and filled with sand.
FOUNDATIONS.
CIVIL
22
23
Ditto,
battered,
24
Concrete
pile.
25
piles.
26
resting
on
piles.
27
to protect
the
wash
of the sea.
28
Wall on
girders, supported
by screw
piles.
29
30
Invert arch
to
spread the
openings
31
32
33
Hollow screw
34
Hollow
facilitate
revolved.
made by
blasting with
FOUNDATIONS.
CIVIL
Section
2.
Section of
Ditto,
in courses.
Ditto,
Ditto,
backed by brickwork.
in
7-11
12-16
to
2| bricks
thick.
17
Flemish bond
English bond
in wall face.
18
in ditto.
19-22
I
Plans of bonding
in
li brick walls.
23
24
Elevation of face of
random rubble
wall, No.
1.
25
Ditto, in
courses, No.
'
2.
26
Ditto,
3.
t
27
Ditto,
and masonry
L UL UJU r r
10
r
t
12
13
j_
14-
15
J6
I .
I .
I .
I
.
I
.
I I ,
I.
I
.
.1
JL
19
20
W~n
21
22
23
27
10
CIVIL
28
wall.
29
30-2
33
34
pair of windows.
35
36
Wood
slabs secured
by
nails.
37-43
Copings
for
boundary
walls.
44-5
angular or straight.
11
30
31
36
12
CIVIL
Section
3.
DRAINAGE.
Land drains
1-5
\-
'
box and
Inspection chamber, brick in cement, with and frame and open junctions.
cast-iron cover
Smaller inspection box the drain may have a branch and cover as shown or open half-round pipe as No. 8.
:
10-12
for inspection
13-16
Land drains
subsoil drains.
17
Open
18
19
20
Oval
ditto.
21
DRAINAGE.
13
14-
15
16
13
17
19
14
CIVIL
22
on
flat
brickwork base.
23
on concrete base.
24
Another form of
ditto.
25
Main sewer
in
an earthen embankment.
26
Cast-iron pipe sewer lined with brick or concrete and carried across a river or stream on steel girders.
27-30
in general use.
31
flush pipe.
There are
32
33
or lake
Separate sewers
drainage.
Marshes are drained into rivers and streams by open drains main drain usually intersecting the marsh and emptying into a
inside
and
is
parallel to the
river wall.
From
low
water
run through
DEAINAGE,
15
24-
31
16
CIVIL
MOTIVE-POWER.
is
;
It is
assumed that all physical energy from the sun, whose rays combine
be obtained
1,
derived heat
;
more or
2, light
;
less directly
3, actinic
or
chemical power.
Heat may
a
b
c
By direct use of the sun's rays. From any combustible material. From chemical reaction.
Chemical reactions
From
contraction, or expansion, as
the foregoing elementary physical sources the following are the power for mechanical purposes:
employed
:
in producing
motors
work
is
restricted to attraction.
to drive
It
any kind
also
it
can
may, by
rise
and
Falling water
Wheels,
for
machines employed
to utilize, see
etc.,
Water
Section 28.
Descending weights must first of course be raised, absorbing as much power in raising as they give out in falling, neglecting
Clockwork, water, or compression of a spring, and multiplying pulleys are the apparatus employed to utilize
friction.
this
form
of energy.
MOTIVE-POWER.
17
Wave motion
pumps,
etc.,
source of power.
and erratic to be a practicable Rocking air-compressing chambers, rocking have obtained some small measure of success.
is
too uncertain
Wind,
windmills.
Expansion of
air
air
and
gases.
are used to drive a light screw motor, fan, etc. Hot-air engines, see Ryder's patent and numerous others, which act by alternate expansion and contraction of air by
from a
fire
employed
to give
or an air engine.
Expansion of
liquids, other than water (by heat), into the Engines in which the fuel is burnt under gaseous form. pressure and the total products of combustion employed (with or without steam) to drive a motor.
is
;
Steam
sources of pressure on a piston or or to produce direct rotary motion also in the jet ram pump or injector or by direct pressure on a body of water contained in a closed vessel, as in the pulsometer,
of
in reality one
is
the last-mentioned
power
;
it
employed by
;
direct
steam accumulator,
etc.
Explosives
by application
of flame,
heat, percussion, etc., suddenly assume the gaseous form, thus increasing their bulk many hundred times, usually in
a small fraction of a second of time. A second class comprises explosive mixtures of gases, such as hydrogen and oxygen, Some attempts have been carburetted hydrogen, and air. made to employ explosive substances to drive engines in The second various ways, but with no permanent success. class of explosive mixtures of gases is largely employed in the gas engine, petroleum engine, and their varieties.
Fuels, hydrocarbons, etc., are employed to evaporate water to expand air or other gases, or convert liquids into steam and also by vaporization to supply gas for use in into gases numerous forms of gas and oil engines.
; ;
of
air as
are gas engines employing the vapour of an explosive mixture, instead of that of engine) or carburetted hydrogen gas (gas
18
CIVIL
Section
BRIDGES
struts,
AND
and
GIRDERS.
Sections 8 and 10.)
ties see
MASONRY
1
BRIDGES.
Semicircular arch.
Elliptical arch.
Gothic arch.
Byzantine arch.
Moorish arch.
Skew arch
bridge.
Semi-arch.
10
TIMBER BRIDGES.
11
12
with
struts.
13
14
piers,
19
13
14
10
20
CIVIL
15
piers.
16
Braced timber
masonry
piers.
girder,
double
strutted
and
carried
on
17
pile piers.
18-22
23-4
Arched timber
bridges, braced.
25
26
struts.
27
girder
TT
16
TT
/
18
19
26
22
CIVIL
28
29
Cross section of
ditto.
30-2
Cast-iron bridges.
CAST-IRON
BRIDGES.
33-4
35-41
Cross sections
of various types of
cast-iron girders.
42
43
Ditto,
44
45
STEEL GIRDERS.
46-8
Sections of rolled steel girders.
49-51
and
plates.
23
28
29
30
41
39
38
33
37
36
42
50
51
44
46
47
4-8
49
45
1]
24
CIVIL
52-3
of
rolled
girders,
54-7
Sections of
pressed
steel
troughs
for
bridge
floors.
across
58-61
Bulb and
steel girders.
62
63
Ditto,
STEEL BRIDGES.
Braced girders with horizontal flanges.
64-6
67
Lattice girder.
68-9
Warren
girders.
70-4
25
54-
55
A
56
58
59
60
61
57
1 &
62
73
74-
63
64-
65
66
\/v
72
67
68
X
69
26
CIVIL
75-8
Braced arched
girders.
79
Combined
girder.
horizontal
80
81-3
84-5
86
87
27
28
CIVIL
88-9
SUSPENSION
BRIDGES.
90
vertical ties.
91
92
ties.
93
94
ties.
95
96
29
88
90
91
XXXi
96
30
CIVIL
97
bracings.
98-9
central girder.
100-1
102
continuous.
103-5
81
32
CIVIL
106
107
two semi-arch
side spans.
108
and
109
last.
110
tubular
Ill
112-13
Sections
33
34
CIVIL
114
Double
cantilever
bridge with
vertical
and
diagonal
In the
last three
is
horizontal boom.
115
boom forming
the roadway.
116
117
In the
last
is
carried
on
the
vertical braces.
118
Combined
horizontal
and bowstring
bridge
with
vertical ties.
119
120
cellular top
boom.
121
118
14-
I
\
119
120
36
CIVIL
122
Lattice girder.
BRIDGE FLOORS.
123
124
ballast,
125
Transverse
old bricks,
flat
asphalt,
and
126
rail sleepers
and
127
of
rolled
cross
ballast
128
Transverse troughs
a sleeper railway.
(see
Nos. 54-6)
filled
129
130
131
longitudinal J rolled
girders
on
cross girders.
132
Plate girders, transverse and longitudinal, supporting plank flooring and longitudinal rail sleepers.
37
123
126
132
127
J28
129
130
38
CIVIL
133
Longitudinal
carried
by
cross girders.
134
plates
and
135
Carriage
of
wood
or
and longitudinal
filling.
136
Ditto
with cast-iron
channels
laid
on three thicknesses
of
girders.
137
Cambered roadway
of
wood
or granite setts on
cast-
138
139
Sleeper railway on
girders.
140
on ballast and
141
Double
on plank
floor supported
on four longitudinal
girders.
142
transverse
39
14-1
40
CIVIL
143
144
Arched plate
girder.
145
146-8
149-50
Platework and
standard parapet.
151-2
Tube
rail
cast-
or
wrought-iron
standards.
153-4
41
14-3
42
CIVIL
155-7
158~9
Braced bridge
160
Type
in timber or steel.
161
Pontoon bridge on
Bridge parapets.
43
L
'159
161
160
44
CIVII,
IRON BUILDINGS.
;
arched
of
T and L irons.
Iron shed (any type of roof, see Section 41) carried on cast-iron or steel columns (see Section 8), and either open sides or wood
or corrugated steel filling on framing.
Ditto of
open
side building.
Ditto,
ornamented in
cast iron.
Corrugated
iron
schools, chapels,
bungalows, sheds, stables, dwellings, and other buildings are of very varied design
and do not require illustration. They are generally lined inside with matched boarding, or studding covered with fibrous plaster,
and the
fire-places, flues,
wood
or concrete floors.
and chimneys built of brickwork with Such buildings are frequently made
for export,
to take apart
and pack
and are
easily erected
on
Steel
now
commonly employed
large
buildings,
floors,
the brickwork,
and partitions
IRON BUILDINGS.
45
Or
-ilk
a-
46
CIVIL
Section 7.
wood
wood
1-7
Junctions of crossing
or right-angled timbers.
8-10
11
12
tie
beam.
13, 14
15, 16
17, 18
Ditto,
notched,
19-21
and
bolts.
47
16
15
21
20
48
CIVIL
22-3
Other scarf
24-5
struts
and head-pieces.
26-8
Laminated arch.
(See Section
5.)
29
Junction of
rafter, purlin,
and queen
post.
30
rafter.
31
Queen
49
22
23
50
CIVIL
32
Junction of principal,
sockets.
rafters,
and king-rod
in cast-iron
33-4
Scarf joints.
35-9
Buildings wholly of
nuts,
wood
and
in
some
Wood
pile structures.
weirs.
51
33
34-
39
52
CIVI1,
Section
8.
TIES.
columns
1-3
Cast-iron round
column and
base.
5-7
Cast-iron
section
column and
foot.
Cast-iron round
column
with stiffening
ribs.
9-11
core.
12-14
Wall
pilaster columns.
15, 16
Box
or raised bases
for cast-iron
column.
17
Steel tube
column
18
Upper
steel girders.
19
steel
column or
strut.
20
Ditto,
21-2
23
Double
flat
bar
24-7
53
18
VL1
i
21
ILJ
rl ri
22
L_J)
24-
25
26
54
CIVIL
28-9
Box-form
30
31
Double
and plate
strut.
32-8
Hollow or box-form
steel
columns
for
heavy
loads.
39
40
bar steel
strut.
41
Box-form
steel
column
for
heavy loading.
42-5
46
Double
steel
column
47-8
49
50-1
52-3
Column
formed
of four
round
steel bars,
connected by cross-
TIES.
55
28
b
29
30
52
nl
IQl
51
56
CIVIL
54
Section
of
two box-form
steel
columns,
joined
by
55
Elevation of head
of last-named.
56-7
Double
lattice steel-tapered
column.
58-9
Double L
steel lattice
column or
strut.
60-3
Cast-iron columns.
57
60
61
58
CIVIL
Section
9.
ANCHORAGES.
truck, which grips by sinking
for ploughing tackle.
its
wheels
employed
Anchor
laid
plate, buried in the ground below a mass of masonry, Sometimes a frame or plate
is
the
method
used.
Screw mooring.
Heavy stone
tie-rods,
sunk in the ground and having a ring attached Used for guy ropes, or a mass of concrete similarly placed.
and foundation
bolt attachments.
Grapnel.
Mushroom
anchor.
flukes.
Several
Anchorage
for
suspension bridge
chains
with rolling
expansion bearing.
ANCHORAGES.
59
60
CIVIL
10
Anchorage
Anchored concrete
roof.
ANCHOKAGES,
61
62
CIVIL
Section 10.
CONSTRUCTIONAL STEELWORK.
(See also Sections 4, 5, 6, 8, 42.)
1-6
Details of junctions
Crossing of two
bars.
8-11
Roof bracings,
ties.
12-14
Cap
of steel column.
15-17
Roof principals,
wall junctions.
18-27
Sections of top
booms
28-30
booms
of steel-plate girders.
CONSTRUCTIONAL STEELWORK.
63
64
CIVIL
31-2
booms
of steel-plate girders.
33
Section of bottom
cross girders.
boom
of braced girder,
formed
of
four
34
Ditto,
bars,
stiffeners.
35
of plate girder.
36
Section of bottom
boom
of
stiffeners,
37-42
of bracing.
43-4
bearings.
45
46-9
CONSTRUCTIONAL STEELWORK.
65
50
39
37
38
4-1
4.2
43
4-6
45
44-
66
CIVIL
Section II.
Bridge floors.
Ordinary
2-3
types.
Double boarding.
Wood
brick
floor bedded
on
sand
or
asphalt,
on close
boarding.
Cross section
of last-named.
floor,
wood
bedded on cement.
10
11
and concrete
floor,
67
!L
10
I
II
68
CIVIL
12
flat
soffit
to take a plaster
coverings
may
be as No. 9.
13
steel joists.
14
9.
15
Ditto,
as No. 9.
16
17, 18
Sections
of ditto.
19-21
22
filling,
on crossed
strips.
23
Ditto,
filling
any
covering, as No. 9.
24
Ditto, carrying
an ordinary wood
on their bottom flanges concrete slabs supporting joist and boarded floor, as No. 1.
25
(or
H) bar
joists
;
filled
inter-
coverings
may
and
plaster.
69
III
12
14-
15
22
I
23
24
70
CIVIL
26
steel joists
filled
underside for a ceiling and covered with concrete and any finish, as No. 9.
27
any
covering, as No. 9.
28
covering.
29
Steel trough floor (see Section 5), filled with concrete in which wood floor strips are bedded to take wood boarding, as
Nos.
2, 3.
30
Another form
of No. 28.
81
Close
wood
Partitions.
Brick partitions
mortar or cement.
Ordinary partitions
and
plaster,
etc.
are of
wood
and
cement,
71
26
27
28
29
30
31
72
CIVIL
Section
ROOF COVERINGS.
on a bed of straw and fastened down
Thatch.
by ash
Slates.
Formed
of reeds laid
many
sizes,
Tiles.
tiles
secured usually by
laths.
to
wood
Wood
sometimes held
1-3,
Section
11,
tarred or
felt,
Willesden
Concrete
expanded
steel netting.
(See
Section 41.)
slates.
Galvanized corrugated
steel.
(See Section
6.)
Galvanized
Section
1
13.
Macadam
rolled
road, consists
in.
with a 6
rough stone base about 1 foot deep, layer of broken stone and a little fine ballast
roller.
is
down by heavy
;
Tarmac road
with coal
saturated
tar.
Wood
laid
on asphalt, above 9
in. to 1 ft.
of concrete.
Granite cubes,
stone.
laid
on concrete or hard
rolled
rough broken
of 3 in. of gravel
on broken stone
base,
Tramway
road.
Asphalt roads
are formed of li
in.
of
Limmer
or Val
rm irrrniTTrrrrrrr^
74
CIVIJj
Section
relate
required
in
connexion
with
and are intended to supply particulars of the dimensions of the manufactured or raw material, giving the
constructions,
sections
to size
available
for
Rounds, from
-fe
to
7f
in.
diameter and up to 18
long.
in. square,
and up
to
ft.
18
ft.
long.
wide, and
up
to
18
long.
iron sections are made from f by f in. up to 14 by 3f in., or to 12f united inches, with equal or unequal flanges, and up to 30 ft. long; but the acute, obtuse, and round angled sections
are not usually stocked.
12
united
inches,
or
to
and
to
36
ft.
long in
in.
in.
Zore
girders, from 3 to 8
deep,
and
to
24
ft.
long.
ft.
Channel
iron, from f to 12
iron, from
1 to
in.
wide, and to 25
long. long.
Convex
in.
wide, and
up
20
to
ft.
20
ft.
Cope
1
iron, from
1 to 4 in. wide,
and
to
long.
long.
Half-round iron, from \ to 4 in. wide, and to 20 ft. Funnel ring iron, from 3| by iV in. to 8 by T9 in.
up
to
wide, and
18
ft.
long.
Jackstay iron.
4
5
iron.
Double-headed
Flanged
Bridge
rail.
rail,
30
to
60
ft.
long.
6
7
rail.
8 9
10
'
75
o
o
10
12
13
o o
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
76
11
CIVIL
Bulb web
12
13
14
15
Tramway
rail.
16-18
19
Firebar iron.
iron.
Double angle
Cross iron.
20
21-3
24
Casement
bars.
25
Octagon
Hexagon.
Tyre bar.
iron.
26 27
28-9
30
31
Trough
iron.
Used
Double convex
Tramplate
iron.
32-3 34-5
36
iron.
Oval
iron.
flats.
37-9
40
41
Round edged
Segment round
Bevelled
iron.
iron.
42
43
Bevel edge
flat iron.
44
45
iron.
46
47
iron.
48
Moulded
rolled
flat bar.
In addition to the above, iron ornamental mouldings are with moulded and relief ornaments in bars, from
to 2f in. wide, and up to 16 or 18 ft. long. Also plain mouldings similar in sections to those used in joinery.
77
28
29
30
<O
34
31
32
33
35
39
37
4-0
38
CD
is
O
4-1
4-2
43
44
45
46
47
49
50
78
CIVIL
Plates
thick.
and
steel)
are manufactured
from i
to
in.
thick
in.
ordinary.
ft.
up
to 14
ft.
by
Strips from 7 to 22
wide,
and up
to
30
ft.
long.
Chequered
patterns, are
made
6 by 2
ft.
up
to 8
ft.
by 3
ft.
in.
Sheets, plain, in thicknesses from No. 10 w.g. to No. 36 w.g., and from 6 by 2 ft. to 10 by 4 ft. Corrugated sheets, plain or galvanized, from No. 16 to No. 26 w.g., and from 6 by 2 ft. to 9 by 2 ft.
Tinned
sheets,
same
as above.
,,
,,
Lead-coated sheets
,,
,,
Tin
11
in.,
14 by 10
in.,
Hoops, f
49 50
51
to 7 in. wide,
to No. 24 w.g.
bridges, etc.
Round
Square
iron.
iron.
52
53
54-8
59
Angle
Rolled
irons.
joists.
60
61
Fore girder.
iron.
Channel
Tyre
iron.
65-6
iron.
of
is
Iron and Steel Plates. It is essential to possess some knowledge what sizes and weights are obtainable at ordinary prices, because it
frequently desirable to utilize the largest available, in order to save
the cost of
making
joints.
Frequently joints are made by riveting, all, but simply because they cost less
Information of this kind
is
only to be
79
54-
55
IX
56
51
52
53
L
59
6.0
[58
62
63
'I
66
CIVIL
of
is thus Taking a 1^ in. dimensions of which are given in a list as 40 ft. in length by 10 ft. in width, it is not possible to get a plate measuring 40 by 10 ft., for that would make a united area of 400 ft., and the list limit is 150 ft. area. But the area can be taken
:
which are supplied to the trade. " The meaning of maximum dimensions
maximum
out either in length or in width, within the limiting length of 40 ft. and width of 10 ft. The maximum area divided by any length in feet
not exceeding the
length exceeding the
;
maximum,
and
the
maximum
will give the maximum width for that area divided by any width in feet not
Thus, 150
3
ft.
in.
will give the maximum length for that luidth. area divided by the maximum length, i.e. 40, gives width of plate. Or 150 ft. divided by the maximum width,
maximum,
ft.
i.e.
10, gives 15
maximum
ft. length of plate. And for anything over these dimensions special quotations have to be made. But no
and the
greatest
Again, in reference to
extras ",
many
mind.
form is and also circles. The extra, under this head, may be about 25s. per As regards thickness, plates under ^ in. thick are an extra, rated ton. As regards width and length, .at from 10s. to 20s. per ton more. quite special terms are made, amounting to 5s. perhaps on each 3 in., And as regards weight, steel plates over about 40 cwt. a serious item.
are charged extra, at the rate of about 5s. per 5 cwt. To give examples The Steel Company of Scotland
:
Thus, as regards shape, any departure from the rectangiilar an extra, as tapered plates, sketches, i.e. any irregular outlines,
roll
steel
plates
of
to
ft.
1^
in.
thick,
in the latter.
in.,
The
seconds in thickness up to T%
eighths
by sixteenths up
table will give
up
to
limiting sizes,
general.
If in. which
The following
may
It will
thicknesses
named
MAXIMUM.
81
& Sons
ft.
roll plates
with an area of 80
intermediate.
rolled to
in the first
from i to 1^ in. in thickness and 140 ft. in the last other sizes
;
the limit
But by special arrangement plates ^ in. thick can be 140ft. area, and l^in. of 170ft. Thirty hundredweight is of weight in ship plates, and 40 in boiler plates. Plates
rolled at special
prices.
up
to
It
is
impossible to roll plates exactly to weight, and it is usual to allow a deviation of from 2i to 5 per cent over weight for boiler plates, and
under or over for ordinary plates. The Parkhead Steel Works roll yV in. plates to a maximum area of 36 ft., i in. plates to 70 ft., \ in. plates of 110 ft., j in. plates of 140 ft., 1 in. plates of 150 ft., and Ij-in. plates of 150 ft. area. The limiting
weights are 20 cwt. for ship plates, and 40 cwt. for boiler plates. Above these 5s. per 5 cwt., or part of the same, is charged.
with a
the second
width.
30
to
ft.
to
in
ft.
the
maximum
ordinary
from 5
in.
ft.
in.
diameter of
All
in.
thick,
ft.
in.
diameter in 1 J
thick.
The limiting weights and dimensions of the steel plates Vaughan & Co. are 18 cwt. 80 sq. ft. in area, 23 ft. in
between 12 and 60
a
in. in
of
Bolckow,
length,
and
width.
Extras
are, for
;
every hundredweight,
above 23
Is.
ft.
in
length, 5s.
for
80
ft.,
from i
to
li
in. in
rolled
82
CIVIL
The Dalzell
Works
of
David
Colville
difference
and
Ordinary
prices are charged to 84 in. wide in boiler plates, but to 72 in. only in Above that they charge 5s. per ton for every 3 in., or ship plates.
So in weight, 40 cwt. is the limit for boiler plates, and part of 3 in. 30 cwt. for ship plates over those 5s. per ton is charged for every
;
at ordinary prices
the following
;
in.
thick,
10
in.
diameter
fs
in.,
ft.
in.
f in., 9 ft. and -fs in., 8 ft. 6 in. As a sample of the usual limiting sizes of iron plates, I give the following It consists of a few selected Snedshill plates rolled by the
:
Lilleshall
sheets
most favourably known Shropshire and boiler plates from ^V to 1 in. in thirty -seconds to -f$ in., and by sixteenths
of the
It will
much
less
than those of
The Butterly Company roll both iron and steel plates. The limiting weights and dimensions are as follows For iron boiler quality, 8 cwt., above that the extra prices are 20s., 40s., 60s., 80s. respectively, from
:
8 to 10 cwt., 10 to 12 cwt., 12 to 14 cwt., and 14 to 16 cwt. respectively. For bridge quality 10 cwt. is the limit, and extras are 20s. and 40s., from 10 to 12 cwt., and from 12 to 16 cwt. respectively. Area 60ft., and for every 10 ft. or part above that, 20s. length 25 ft. width 4 ft. 6 in. over those various extras, ranging from 20s. to 80s.
; ; ;
Wire
in
hard iron,
soft
tempered
steel,
(wound with
wire.
soft
;
either cotton, silk, gutta-percha, flax, etc.), or copper Also brass, copper, lead, zinc, and other metal wire, hard or tinned iron wire, galvanized iron wire, tinned brass wire,
of wrought iron, either butt or lap welded, or drawn, are made in four qualities or strengths (l) gas tube steam or water tube (3) boiler flue tube (4) hydraulic
:
tube.
in. internal
diameters
83
much
to
made
to order.
Solid
sizes are
drawn
made up
10
in.
diameter
larger
made
to order.
iron, are Special steel or wrought -iron pipes, flanged with to 4 ft. diameter with welded joints, and welded steel or made up
ft.
diameter.
:
in the following strengths Rain-water hot-water pipes, gas mains, water mains, hydraulic mains for pipes, high pressure, and the thicknesses of metal vary according to the
pressures.
4ft.,
6 and 9
ft.
Castings
to
are
made
according to
and
for
;
of
any weight up
20
tons.
rolls,
made
crusher
either
Bessemer,
soften
Thomas- Gilchrist, or
upon.
They
require annealing to
them
sufficiently
for
machining.
Wrought-iron castings,
Mitis metal,
etc.,
malleable cast-iron castings are most relied upon for toughness, the process having now attained great perfection, but is not applicable
to very thick castings.
at
Pressed iron or steel forgings of simple forms are now obtainable low prices. Also drop forged articles of almost any shapes.
in
Forgings
size,
steel
can
shape, and weight, and are replacing made of cast iron or built up.
are
copper,
brass,
tin,
zinc,
phosphor-
Muntz
metal, aluminium,
silver,
nickel,
and a great
which are valuable compounds varying in and hardness from the hardest steel to that of soft copper. tenacity Most of the above are manufactured into wire, sheets, tubes, rods, etc., and can in addition be cast into any form from a crucible.
Copper can be forged but not welded
brazed or soldered.
;
joints in
it
are generally
84
CIVIL
Section
15.
MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION
STEEL.
;
up
10
in.,
Yellow, white, and red pine in logs, deals, and battens to about 3 ft. diameter by 35 to 40 ft. long deals, 9 in., and 11 in. wide, and from li to 4 in. thick battens and
;
imported up to 22
willow, poplar, etc.
in.
wide.
Spruce and
sycamore, pear-tree,
sheets, with
or without
canvas
in.
up
to
36
wide
in.
thick
cord i to 1
in.
diameter
canvas insertion or wire coiled inside or outside, from i to 4 in. bore usually in 30 and 60 ft. lengths. Washers, rings, rollers,
strips, belts,
and moulded
is
articles of
every form.
articles.
Gutta-percha
Leather.
Most
oxen, sheep, goats, deer, horses, dogs, hogs, and seals, and the larger skins are divided into butts, shoulders, cheeks, and bellies,
the dimensions depending of course upon the size of the animals. Ox hides are the largest and kid skins the smallest in general use. For mechanical purposes ox hide, raw or tanned, is chiefly used,
Sheep skins the can be obtained either strained, half-strained, or unstrained first are hard and comparatively stiff, the last-named soft and
as for valves, seatings, belts, piston leathers, etc.
;
pliable as cloth.
leather.
Other
and chamois
There are
many imitations
employed
in mechanical constructions.
Vulcanized fibre
and hard, and
is
in sheets
up
to 1 in. thick.
Ebonite.
shape.
A hard,
black,
Papier mache.
form.
Solid paper,
MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION.
Asbestos,
etc.
85
millboard,
Bone.
Vegetable ivory
etc.,
made
of cotton,
in round, square,
86
CIVIL
Section
16.
RETAINING WALLS.
footing founded
otherwise as No.
1.
8-5
counterforts.
7-8
face.
ties.
RETAINING WALLS.
87
LJ
88
CIVIL
10
Piles
and planking
with anchor
ties.
11
Piles,
ties.
walings,
and sheet
12
strutted across
by
13
Retaining wall
to support
upper
strata.
14
Masonry bridge
15
16
of clay
and
fascines,,
17
ties.
KETAINING WALLS.
89
90
CIVIL
18,
19
Masonry bridge
embankment
of
The plan
to
support the
RETAINING WALLS.
91
92
CIVIL
Section
17.
RAILWAYS, EARTHWORKS.
2
3 4
5
on sloping ground.
Trenched toes
to
an embankment
to prevent slipping.
Embankment founded on
peat base.
mattresses
or
fascines
on a
Embankment
sinks
into
across
a
and
mud
raises
bank.
it
The embankment
sides
the
is
mud
on both
until
an
equilibrium
attained.
8
9
Embankment
pit.
Embankment supported by
faces,
walls
on both
tie-rods.
10
11
Earth drains
bank in wet
situations.
12
13
14 15
Ditto, Ditto,
16
cover.
17
Cutting in ground with upper strata rock and under strata soft. The latter kept up by retaining walls, supported where
necessary by invert arches.
18
RAILWAYS.
93
94
CIVIL
19
20
Bench cutting
in cliff
face.
up by
21
22
23
wall.
24
to hold
up
loose
upper
soil.
25
Retaining wall
to support
upper rock
strata.
26
Bench cutting
protected by a
snow
shed.
27
Road
The road
to be
28
Benched out
toes
for foot of
an embankment
of soft earth.
29
80-4
for cuttings.
35
Embankment
across a marsh,
laid
on mattresses or fascines
36
Embankment
over ground
subject to floods.
RAILWAYS.
23
35
36
96
CIVIL
Section
18.
RAILWAYS:
PERMANENT WAY.
see Section 23.)
Double head
Flanged
Ditto,
rails
spiked to sleepers.
plates spiked to sleepers.
on bearing
on on
Ditto,
steel sleepers.
flat
Ditto,
bar sleepers.
up
at the ends.
7 8
Ditto,
on longitudinal
tie bolts.
Ditto,
on plates and
10
11 12
Double head
Flanged
rail
rail
and guard
on a dished plate
rail to a flanged
rail.
with
flat
bar cross
tie.
Wood
guard
13-16
17
Rail spikes
rails
and
bolts.
Flanged
stones,
concrete
18
19
Street tramway.
Sleeper railway
laid
20
rack
and
steel
EAILWAYS.
97
TWH
T^TTT
98
CIVIL
21,
sleepers bolted
down
to
22
Street
23
Mode
way
masonry
bed.
24
Flanged
rail
and bearing
rail
plate.
25
Double head
wood
key.
on
steel chair
and
26
Flanged
rail
27
wood
sleeper.
28
Flanged
rail
on longitudinal
steel sleeper.
29
Bridge
rail on ditto.
30
Saddle
rail
on longitudinal
timber sleeper.
31
Barlow
rail.
32
Double head
33
Flanged
rail
34
Double head
Double head
35
rail
and
KAILWAYS.
99
2\a
22
100
CIVIL
36
Double head
rail in bent
flat
bar chair.
37
Flanged
rail
on bearing
plate.
38
Anchorage
incline.
39
Centre grip
40
41
42
Double
and
crossings.
"
43
Double
line
RAILWAYS.
101
37
39
4-0
102
CIVIL
44
45
crossings.
46
switches.
47
48
lines.
49
bridge.
50
Ditto,
under main
lines.
KAILWAYS,
44
103
45
48
50
104
CIVIL
51
Road over a
bridge.
52
Ditto,
on skew.
53
Level crossing.
54
Under bridge or
"
cattle creep
".
55
56
sidings.
57
sidings.
58
59
Traverser table
or transferrer.
60
of double-headed rails.
E AIL WAYS.
105
106
CIVIL
61-3
Buffer stops.
64
Turntable.
65
Section
of ditto
and foundation.
66
67
Traverser table.
68
Section
of ditto.
In
provided to
or workshop to another.
shafting,
motor,
The
sector table
is
w hich can
T
be turned to connect
rail.
Object
an arrival train
rails,
employing
of line.
cross-over
EAILWAYS.
107
A
IF
A
i r
67
iL
68
108
CIVIL
Section
19.
Signals are now invariably semaphores by day and lamps by night, and these are placed at elevations at which they can be
seen
for
by drivers
at
certain
standard distances,
left.
all
signal
arms
They comprise:
of
Starting
signals,
the forward
end
the
train
platform
;
home
(these
distant
signals
signals,
placed
about
1,000
;
yards
behind
the
home
signals,
;
advanced starting
placed
about
for
disc signals,
Hand lamps
glasses,
and coloured
flags
Signal cabins
at
elevations
commanding a view of
all
all
movements
of the
The
of
other
stations,
from
which
and
to
which messages
are
transmitted.
running
fixed in long
rods
and wires
Gas,
oil,
or electric lighting
is
RAILWAYS.
109
In fogs detonators are used by fogmen placed where they can also in some cases the men use receive the cabin signals
;
cabin,
as
well
flags.
in the
form
by day and at night lamps, to indicate the and every train carries a white light in
to
warn other
trains
as
to
its
position on the
Telephones
are
also
and
their stations.
Telegraphs connect
movements
all
may
some
cases
110
CIVIL
Section 20.
RAILWAYS
of
STATIONS.
and circum-
Plans of stations
stances
;
any
service.
The following
Ditto, of
wood planking on a
sleeper wall.
iron.
5,
Low
in
Platform of
wood
Water
crane.
Type section
10
Ditto of
inspecting pit.
RAILWAYS.
Ill
112
CIVIL
11
for eleven
engines
with
12
turntables.
13
in engine houses
and carriage
14
Hydraulic
and refixing
15
for hauling
wagons and
EAILWAYS.
113
15
114
CIVIL
16
Body
of
lifting
four
machine,
standards
with
screws
and
jaws
driven
similar machine,
is
sometimes
employed
also
an overhead
traveller
with four
lifting chains.
17
Snow
or boulder shed,
to
protect
or falling stones.
18
Another form
of the last-named.
19
Under syphon
to carry a
KAIL WAYS.
115
18
116
CIVIL
Section 21.
Ditto, in
rock, with arched head, the upper part not being safe
to stand alone.
Ditto,
strata are
without support.
and
up
to
the rock.
Elliptical arch tunnel for two lines of rail. The above are the types generally in use, but there are numerous variations
of these sections in use in different countries.
Double tunnel
for
two
lines of railway or
Double
tunnels
however,
same way
circular,
Tunnel or subway
for sewers
10-15
ground
in
the ordinary
EAILWAYS.
117
118
CIVIL
16, 17
Belgian and
German methods
of tunnel driving.
18
19
or masonry.
20
21
or concrete.
22
Arch and
invert culvert.
23
culvert.
24
Large culvert
25
26
Section of railway
embankment
27
Tube tunnel
EAILWAYS.
119
120
CIVIL
Section 22.
Tramways, Section
23.)
details of these
must always be
suited to circum-
only propose here to indicate the various types of under-framing and wheels in use, and to give sketch sections of bodies
or cars for different purposes.
We
UNDER-FRAMES.
1
for
single
rail
or
wire
rope,
of cranes.
2~5
Three-wheel
in use.
6-9
9,
leading and
off the
ground,
is
10
bogies.
11, 12
the centre pair having end play, swivel the leading and trailing
by means
13
Plan of four-wheel
Six- wheel
14~16
cars,
the
latter
with
leading
and
trailing
swivelling bogies.
121
15
16
122
CIVIL
17
Ten-wheel truck,
axle.
18
Twelve-wheel
transverse
ditto,
movement on
19~28
Sections of cars
arrangements
for railways
of seating, etc.
29,
30
Hopper wagons.
31
32
End
tip cart.
33
End
tip
wagon.
123
17
20
it;
18
21
23
25
28
2.7
I
29
30
31
33
124
CIVIL
34
Furniture wagon.
35
36
Long truck
37
38
39
Hudson's patent
tip
wagons, with
three centres.
40
Hopper wagon,
41
125
34-
35
37
36
39
I
00
126
CIVIL
35
36-8
for
20
to
I,
40
Cross sections
of
two types
of
41
Double axles
to
42
Divided axle
for
same purpose
as No. 41.
43
Expanding
(leather)
vestibule
44
Close buffers
for
made-up
trains.
127
37
rye;
4.4-
43
128
CIVIL
Section 23.
TRAMWAYS.
with transverse
flat
bar
ties.
Permanent way,
with
rails laid
and wood,
brick, or granite
cube paving.
As
resting
on cast-iron chairs
in concrete.
Steel rope conduit line, with central conduit formed in a concrete bed and steel frames to support and connect the
rails
slot.
steel
Arrangement
American section
Saddle
rail.
10
11
12
13, 14
End views
and central
current conductors.
TRAMWAYS.
129
10
mi
/&
ci
12
130
CIVIL
15-17
Tramway
turnouts on
single lines.
18
Electric railway side conductor rail with wood protection, showing current collector on the carriage under-frame.
19
Another form
20-1
Overhead
lines.
For double
sometimes used
fixed
22
electric trolly
conductor
for over-
23
Cross section
of ditto.
24-7
TRAMWAYS.
131
17
19
132
CIVIL
28
at a four street
tramway
junction.
29
30
Open
31
Closed tramcar on
(Barber's patent).
32
Long tramcar
TRAMWAYS.
133
28
29
n
32
nrn
"OT7
134
CIVIL
Section 24.
CANALS
AQUEDUCTS.
filling.
1,
Canal bank
Canal
Canal cut in
bank, carried
below.
soft
ground
down
Canal on a bench
masonry
wall.
both banks.
iron
canal
or
aqueduct
in
concrete
or
10
Aqueduct
in concrete.
11
base.
12
concrete
aqueduct
or
drain
in
an
earthen
embankment.
13
Canal tunnel
14
15, 16,
18-21
erosion.
Methods
of
protecting
17
Boat incline
CANALS.
135
136
CIVIL
22
Canal overflow
23
Canal or aqueduct
lining.
carried
24
25
section.
26
towing-path.
27
28
Canal dredger
29
travelling
on
rails
on a
CANALS.
137
29
138
CIVIL
30
31
Canal
wells
lift,
carrying
each end.
32
Canal
lift of five
are raised
by
filling
pneumatic cylinders in wells the cylinders the wells with water, and lowered by
;
running
off the
lift
comprise incline
incline
lifts,
in
which
carried
up the
by rope or hydraulic
lift.
33, 34
from
springs,
obtained by
pumping from
a river
CANALS.
139
32
<
140
CIVIL
Section 25.
Dutch
Also
made
in cylindrical
Steam
is
Gas
jets.
Hot
air
furnace
The
air is
heated by
smoke
flues.
Ventilating skylight.
9,
10
Ventilating sash.
11
French windows.
Pedestal central heating stove. and under the floor. The
12
flue is carried
down
13
14
room by a pilaster inlet pipe taking its air from outside and an upper flap opening into a flue or the open air.
141
142
15
CIVIL
Ventilating fan.
motor.
16 17
Open
are taken
18
19
Chandelier ventilation
Ventilating flue and
flap valve.
to a
room.
floor
and
ceiling.
22
23
and
slide ventilator.
for
carriages,
operated
by a rod.
24
Gas heating
air flues
led
Horizontal flues
cold
air.
room behind
Electric stoves
and
lamps and
reflectors.
are
much
used
Mining ventilation
current
;
is
either
motor.
Railway carriages
beneath the
seats,
stoves
open or close
or
by gas
radiators,
3,
steam
is
Geysers
are gas
143
17
16
20
21
24
144
CIVIL
Section 26.
PLATE WORK.
2.
joint.
Double butt
joint.
6-9
10
11,
12
PLATE WORK.
145
2
i
12
146
CIVIL
13
14-17
etc.
18
19,
20
Fire-box stays.
21
Gusset stay
much
used to
and tanks.
usual to weld
all
In household boilers
avoiding
it is
iron
22-3
Cover plates
L
24-8
irons, etc.
etc.,
not
subject
to
29
Junction
of
or
T iron
for
and
plate.
30
Gusset junction
or
T iron and
tie bars.
31
Mode
of joining laps
work.
32
Junction of
flat
bar and
or
T iron.
33
34-40
Seams
employed
PLATE WORK.
147
,Q
g Q o 9 o o
"
Q o 06; o-o 6 o
rfh
24
26
27
28
37
38
39
4-0
148
CIVIL
41 42
43 44 45
Bottom seams
No. 44
is
46-7
Intermediate seams,
or diaphragms.
48
Elbow seam.
49
JOINTS.
Junction of
T or L iron verticals.
51
Gusset plate
corner stiffener.
52
Plate end
for a tie-rod.
53
iron junction,
as in a floor framing.
54
55
for
56
The
circular cover
is
down
PLATE WOKK.
149
J
I,
**
150
CIVIL
Section 27.
GAS SUPPLY.
Type section
of
retort
of a gas house showing general arrangement bench, elevators, drawing and charging machine,
etc.
hydraulic mains,
a condenser
The gas
is
and
There are
many
Ordinary type of gasometer, consisting of a cylindrical plate-iron domed vessel, the lower part of which dips into an
annular water space.
are braced together.
The gasometer
The
weight of the
is
guided by rollers
which
gasometer
is
adjusted
3-6
of fireclay.
iron front
and
and used
Ib.
for lighting
and other
"
Mond "
of
gas,
water gas,
spirit
petroleum
for
employed
and other gases are manufactured and heating, lighting, and gas-engine driving.
GAS
SUPPLY.
151
152
CIVIL
Section 28.
HYDRAULICS.
Water-lifting wheel
for irrigation.
for irrigation.
Water chain-bucket
lift.
lifts.
Chain pump.
Water-lifting wheel.
pump.
The movement
of the
Ditto.
Hydraulic ram.
10
11-15
16-18
Hydraulic accumulator.
Water supply.
HYDRAULICS.
153
154
CIVII,
19-21
Horizontal
compound pumping
engines.
22-3
24
Vertical parallel
25
Turbine.
26
Jet wheels.
27
Pelton wheel.
28
29
Tide wheel on a
float.
30
Undershot
jet wheel.
31
32
Water motor
HYDRAULICS.
155
156
CIVIL
33
Breast wheel.
34
Overshot wheel.
35
36
37
Submerged
air
motor wheel.
38
Diagonal wheel.
39
Tide wheel.
40
Flutter wheel
high
fall.
41
Horizontal wheel.
42
43
44
Undershot wheel.
Various
buckets.
45-8
forms
of
plain
and
ventilated
wheel
49
Plan of turbine.
50-1
Turbines.
HYDRAULICS.
157
158
CIVIL
52-4
to
55
Flume on staging
56
57
to
lake.
HYDBAULICS.
159
52
53
54-
160
CIVIL
Section 29.
river walls
to prevent flood
Training groynes
stream and
assist scour.
or groyne.
Floating
booms
main stream.
Training banks
to confine a
main stream.
8-9
in a river or estuary
assist scour.
10
trench,
and inner
11-13
as protective works.
14
wall.
161
162
CIVIL
15
16
17
timber,
masonry
(or
18-21
Foreshore
protective
works
of
masonry
pitching,
22
23
Curved
24
25
jetty.
26
rubble base.
27
Ditto
28
163
164
CIVIL
29
30
31-3
works.
34
35
36
Ditto
piled footing.
37
Ditto
38
Ditto of
39
Ditto of
,40
Ditto of
clay wall
and sand
41
River foreshore
42-4
165
38
166
CIVIL
45
Groyne constructed
of piles,
stakes,
46
47
48
49
a nibble
mound.
50
Terraced breakwater
51
filled
with
rubble
and with
52
53
Masonry sea
walls.
54
55
56
Breakwater
sand
filling,
section.
57
58-61
167
168
CIVIL
62
Breakwater formed of a concrete box base with superstructure of concrete blocks and mass concrete top with subway and
parapet.
63
Concrete breakwater
built
64
65-6
rubble
section.
67
Circular concrete
position
fort,
built
as
a caisson
and sunk
in
on
levelled foundation.
68
or breakwater.
19
Coffer-dam, formed
rammed
clay.
70
Timber
jetty
on a
71
Masonry sea
wall.
72
73-4
together, carrying
75
water
pressure
pump, superstructure
of
masonry.
169
170
CIVIL
76
Wharf
wall
built
77
78
79-81
82-5
86
Type plan
pavilions.
87
Timber
jetty.
88
89-90
Long
tidal
is
incline
on
floats or
dumb
lighters.
The
incline
in section maintained at
any angle by
side levers
91
92
Cantilever jetty
171
89
172
CIVIL
93
94-101
of various types of
wharf
walls.
102
103
or training bank.
104-5
106
Breakwaters
at entrance to a river.
107-8
etc.
109-10
wharf
walls.
173
174
CIVIL
Section 30.
IRRIGATION.
water
to
The
artificial
supply
of
crops
in
places
where the
SOURCES OF SUPPLY.
Rainfall
to
:
The run
off
dry areas.
Eain- water
Springs
Led
Wells
raising machinery.
Artesian wells
reservoirs.
The water
is
directed
into
canals
or
storage
Streams
From mountains
or
hills,
dammed
at suitable points,
and
to
raise
the
pumped up
to a sufficient head.
Lakes
irrigation
Their level
often raised by a
of supply.
dam
to
Artificial reservoirs
dam
down
IRRIGATION.
175
DISTRIBUTION.
Canals
Branch canals
Distributaries
and
field channels.
slight
fall
calculated
is
to
give
the
required
maximum
flow
controlled
by simple
gates or sluices.
Aqueducts
(Section 24).
176
CIVIL
Section 31.
DOCKS, HARBOURS.
1-6
The plan
of a harbour
of
is
and character
tidal range,
No
Sluicing basin on a
filled at
dock or harbour,
to the locks.
Type plan
basins
of
a dock with
and
locks.
type
DOCKS, HARBOURS.
177
178
CIVIL
9-11
Type plans
gates.
of locks with
is
cylinder, swing,
and
sliding
No. 10
the
common
form.
12
apron
and
13
and
side framings
on each
side containing
work-
plant.
14
Floating dock as
15-18
or jetties in timber
and stone
19-21
in
wood and
steel.
DOCKS, HARBOURS.
179
180
CIVIL
22-3
Type plan
or harbour.
24-7
Block plans
from ship or
of
types
of
river jetties
26 and 27 contain
28
29
and
30
Lock
position.
31
DOCKS, HARBOURS.
181
30
182
CIVII.
Section 32.
MOORINGS.
1-6
Various forms of buoys, with and without cages or used to mark channels or sunken rocks or shoals, and
form and colour varied
to indicate their purpose.
bells,
their
7~10
Beacons
11
The
light-rooms, stores,
12
Screw
pile
13
Masonry lighthouse
which
is
of the
Eddystone type,
of the tower.
built
on a rock
livingis
and
The masonry
14
Masonry lighthouse
for a
15
The
a
caisson
is filled
may
be protected by
mound
of rubble.
16
Screw
LIGHTHOUSES, BUOYS,
ETC.
183
-V:
184
CIVIL
Section 33.
DISPOSAL OF REFUSE,
Is
ETC.
Town
refuse
ordinarily
Destructors
1.
Low
temperature furnaces
the
products
of
combustion
High temperature
steam in
services,
boilers, the
to
municipal
or
as
electricity
pumping sewage
The remaining
clinker
and
ash
are
As manure
The
refuse
is
seldom of a quality
so used.
suitable
for
manuring, although
much
of
it is
Street sweepings
are,
mills,
bleach works,
wool cleaning,
etc.
1,
chemically
to
by preor
The
liquor
is
chemically
DISPOSAL OF REFUSE,
ETC.
185
bacterially treated to
form an innocuous
effluent,
The sludge is treated chemically or dried for use as a manure, and in most cases considerable quantities of valuable by-products are obtained from both the liquors and the
a stream or sewer.
precipitates.
Drainage
(see
Section 3) carries
away a very
streets,
large proportion of
and
sinks.
s(i
CIVIL
Section 34.
2-6
of various forms.
10
11
Similar tank,
vertically arranged.
12
13
Saddle tank.
14
15
187
luQ
'000 0000
1
o
O O
Q o
O o o
C
00o
oo O
oo
.o
12
188
CIVIL
Section
35.
MINES
AND
WELLS.
Ventilating mines.
1
pump
rods, rising
main,
Plan of
elliptical
mine shaft
with similar
fittings.
Mode
of sinking shafts or wells by cast-iron or steel cylinders, sometimes lined internally with brickwork and
loaded to assist sinking.
The
soil
Well sinking by
brickwork.
The lower
section,
built
The
cylinder
is
Well sinking by
Brick-lined well
in soft ground continued down into rock or hard strata without a lining.
Mode
of timbering a shaft
Another method,
throughout.
10
and separator.
Tube
wells, put down singly or in groups or series, are tubes with the lower lengths perforated and driven down to waterbearing strata.
An
is
may
MINES, WELLS.
189
\>
.
190
CIVIL
11
12
Cage
safety gear
kept
out of
hoisting rope.
18
Another method.
14
if
drawn
too high.
15-16
Cage indicators
17
18-19
Cage safety
20-1
MINES, WELLS.
191
2 0-,.-
192
CIVIL
Section 36.
FENCING.
3-4:
American
Tree stumps and roots are also placed close together to form
a rough fence.
Split post
uprights are
woven
in with
Open
Ditto,
with triangular
rails.
Lattice
and
rail fence.
for cattle.
10
posts.
than the
11
The
rail
12
13
of tree branches.
14
FENCING.
193
194
CIVIL
15
The tubes
are
ordinary
gas-pipes,
galvanized
ordinary unions.
16
T iron
(or
wood)
posts.
17
Tube fence
18
Garden fence
or
T iron posts.
19
20
T or L
girder.
iron posts
and
21-2
23-9
for
masonry
or
brick
80
balusters.
31
Rolling gates
Fencing posts
tubes.
are also
made
many
and
Holes for fencing posts are sometimes blasted by small sticks of dynamite (40%Tsunk in holes jumped in the ground,
or bored
by a screw auger.
FENCING.
195
17
19
20
21
22
23
b
24
25
26
27
28
i=
29
30
196
CIVIL
Section 37.
(Forms,
side supports.
Centering for an
elliptic
arch supported on
corbels.
Braced centering
the springing.
for
an
elliptic
7,
elliptic arches.
a braced
10, 11
Temporary timber
viaduct.
197
198
CIVIL
12
13
travelling
14, 15
formed
ladders, materials
16
of
poles, planks,
and put-
wheeled up the
The
its
centerings shown
are types of
very
many
varieties designed
and used.
own
designs of centerings.
17
Travelling stage
a railway station
or
other
18
199
A ~
L_ __ "i. - V-
r
i
*>~~
~ A
*~
- A-
-?\
!-
V _-_-V4- -^^
- ^'^ -
-_
-_^r-_ _
/6
17
r\
200
CIVIL
19
Floats
and stages
and deposit
it
in
20
21
to its site.
201
19
202
CIVIL
Section 38.
HOISTING MACHINERY.
type of wharf crane, but with
and base plate
;
Is
common
the
post,
revolving in a footstep
is
Has no
and back
3
and a centre
pin.
of
wrought
iron.
jib.
fixed at
wood.
The
jib
turns
and the two guys are fixed at an of 90 apart, and well secured by anchoring or loading angle often made with very long jib for builders' work, and mounted on three tall framed stages to enable the crane to reach every
three- fourths of a circle,
;
part of a building.
5
Wharf
In this arrangement there is a vertical tension on the centre bolt and thrust on the foot of jib.
6
Whip
crane, chiefly used in goods sheds. The barrel is sometimes worked by an endless handrope as shown, and sometimes by a second rope and drum with a hand crank.
The balance
10
Foundry crane,
as No. 11.
jib,
11
traveller, usually formed, of flat used only for light loads, for smiths' shops, etc.
circle,
12
Wharf
similar to No. 4,
13
14
Floating derrick.
Light balance crane.
HOISTING MACHINERY.
203
204
CIVIL
15
16
or three
guy ropes
may
17
18
19
to
back
leg.
This design
loading
heavy
lifts,
such
as
heavy
machinery, shipping-masts,
boilers, etc.
20
for
fixing
columns,
masonry,
etc.
21
harbour
22
Portable steam crane, very largely used on wharfs, piers, etc., and sometimes fitted with travelling gear in addition to
hoisting and slewing motions.
23
Wharf
jib.
crane, with
This
etc.,
is
ground
goods,
and
and
by hand
24
fixed post.
etc.,
movements
is
operated by hand
;
the slewing
is
performed
HOISTING MACHINEEY.
205
206
CIVIL
25
Hydraulic short
employed Bessemer
steel
lift
works.
cross strains,
support for
26
portable or fixed
the position of
27
in
is
28
29
for use
on breakwaters,
etc.
30
Overhead hydraulic
to
span a railway
31
rail.
32
Overhead
traveller on gantry.
33
Goliath.
34
lift
35
HOISTING MACHINERY.
207
208
CIVIL
36
Heavy hydraulic
for
employed
work
)
37
Ship's davit.
38
Balanced
sufficiently
heavy
and
39
Hydraulic strut
the
jib.
jib crane.
The load
is
raised
by raising
40
must be
41
Wagon
42
Double sheave
jib.
43
Crane with
rising jib.
44
45
Basement crane,
The winch
is
projected diagonally
upward when
in use.
a fixed one.
46
Loophole crane,
wound upon
projected
horizontally
when
in
use
by
47
to
span a railway.
HOISTING MACHINERY.
209
36
210
CIVIL
48
Wharf
traveller.
49
Gantry crane
or
transporter
to unload
from a
vessel
and
50
Roof
traveller crane.
51
Wharf crane
rail.
52
Transporter.
53
Gantry crane.
54
Long
jib
wharf crane
to reach over
two or three
vessels.
HOISTING MACHINERY.
211
212
CIVIL
56
Travelling crane
ground.
or
goliath running on
rails
laid
on the
57
Overhead type
travelling
crane, running
on
overhead
58
and
steam
59
60
hoisting,
tipping,
and
dis-
61
62
jointed jib
63
Travelling transporter
it
and depositing
in heaps.
Builders'
extensive
raised
as No. 4, for
high and
mounted on a
triangular platform
HOISTING MACHINERY.
213
214
CIVIL
Section
39.-SUBMARINE ENGINEERING.
(See also Sections 29, 30, 32, 39.)
usually fed
trough or conveyor
and dumped on the canal bank, or shot into drop-bottom barges and deposited in deep water. (See Section 24 and Nos. 6, 7.)
Bottom dredger
shoals.
for deepening a
is
The material
in deep water.
and sunk
Water or compressed air injector jet Has a pipe for sand or mud bottom.
material to the shore.
suction.
line
to
4, 5
of laying
on prepared
form of a bank.
Canal dredger,
discharging on to a bank
tip.
travelling
on a railway
Dolphin, a group
to a pier.
for
harbour buoys.
SUBMARINE ENGINEERING.
215
216
CIVIL
Section 40.
OPENING BRIDGES.
Balanced
lifting
bridge
for
short
;->-4
Single swing bridge, supported on a strut frame with rollers running on a curved rail on the bottom.
fitted
Double balanced
to be
open to the
river.
carried
by an
air float.
Double swing bridge on a central pier, giving two openings. When open it is protected from drifting vessels by dolphins or
pile tenders.
OPENING BRIDGES.
217
218
CIVIL
Transporter bridge.
10
11
on central caisson
pier.
12
Chester.
The
central
The
central floor
is
hinged
floor of
falls far
18
14
Balanced
lifting bridge.
15
Double-leaf
lifting
bridge.
The
lifting
beams
have
OPENING BRIDGES.
219
220
CIVIL
Section 41.
ROOFS.
TIMBER ROOFS.
2-3
Queen
post trusses.
4-5
Church roof
trusses.
Gothic arch
truss.
7-8
Church roof
trusses.
9~10
Arched roof
11
Framed
tie.
12,
13
Laminated arch
truss.
ROOFS.
221
222
CIVIL
14, 15
Simple triangular
trusses.
16
High-pitch roof
truss.
17
tie.
18
Mansard
truss.
19
tie,
ornamented.
20
Framed
STEEL ROOFS.
21
Arched
tie.
22
Simple triangular
truss.
23
bracing.
24
25
Arched or bowstring
26
27
tie-rod.
ROOFS.
2528
14-
224
CIVIL
28
Triangular
29,
30
Ditto with
compound
truss bracing.
51
32
Compound
triangular truss.
33
34
four supports.
35
truss.
36
truss.
37
38
Ditto.
39
principals.
40
ROOFS
225
31
226
CIVIL
41
truss.
42-3
elliptic tie
and
ventilator.
44
Three-hinge roof.
45
single column.
46
ties.
47
Compound
truss
Mansard
type.
48
Ditto.
49
outside
cantilevers as
50
51-2
ROOFS.
227
228
CIVIL
58
cantilevers.
54
55
Roof formed
main
on parallel braced
girders.
56
57
58
Station
roof
over
59
60
Station roof
of central arched
cantilevers.
61
in several bays.
to avoid
The
sun -glare.
62-3
Roof formed
of
64-5
louvres.
EOOFS.
229
230
CIVIL
66
Arched roof
67
68
Arched
69
70
Platform roof of
wood
gutter.
71
72
73-9
walls.
80
ROOFS.
231
232
CIVIL
81-3
steel
framed.
84-5
Typical details of a triangular truss framing and wall or column supports 85 is an elevation of a trussed purlin. (See
;
also Sections 6
and
10.)
86
tie bar.
87
Junction of
tie
bar and
diagonals.
88
Junction of principal,
tie bar,
and
steel
column.
89
wood
at support.
ROOFS.
234
CIVIL
Section 42.
1,2
Section and elevation of square concrete pile and horizontal ring ties.
reinforced.
re-
3, 4
5,
Forms
Iron
a hole
for circular
and square
piles.
7-10
rammers
is
for
"Compressol"
hole.
piles.
With No.
made
soil
in the
pressing
in
'the
around the
of
hole
filled
11
Form
a square pile
ties.
or column.
12
Wall forms
kinds of
There are
many
ties of special
make
in use.
13
14
wood
bricks or
fillets.
15,
Foundation bed
piles.
of
17
Form
for a square
column.
18-20
The
girder.
"
Kahn "
for a
main
21-2
Grooved
grooves.
bar
to
take
splayed
truss
rods
fixed
in
the
23
24
Corrugated bar
for ditto.
235
rfr
rfri
M-W
18
19
17
236
CIVIL
25-7
Type
of forms for a floor, with joists and ported on columns all in reinforced concrete.
;
girders, sup-
28-30
joisting.
31-4
Floor girder
reinforcement.
various styles
of
35
36
37
Another form
38-9
spandril bridge.
The arch
in three ribs.
40-4
Various types
forcement rods.
of notched
rein-
45
girder joists
and
287
238
CIVIL
46
side walls, in
which
taken by anchored
tie bars.
47-8
49, 50
toe
and back
buttresses.
51
wall.
52
long
and projecting
heel.
53-4
and openings.
Prevention of freezing
of
of concrete
by additions
;
of solutions
calcium
chloride
or
it
common
salt
concrete by rendering
more impermeable.
Expanded
steel
is
reinforcement
of
239
49
4-7
48
240
CIVIL
Section 43.
DAMS AND
WEIRS.
"
1
Gerard
"
Fish pass.
"
Stoney
"
sluices
and darn
Balanced sliding
dam
or sluices.
4>,
in
masonry or
concrete.
Drum
<S
Earthen
dam
and
29.)
10-12
13, 14
Pitched stone
dam and
sluices.
15
16
241
242
CIVIL
17
Standard type
of concrete or
masonry dam.
18
in
19
Concrete spillway.
20
21-2
Plans of dams,
straight
and arched.
23
Masonry dam
24
Series of
dams
to divide a
Many
"
canalized
"
by the construction
of
dams and
Some
as
the
Charles,
at Boston,
have
dam
243
24-
244
CIVIL
Section 44.
WATER
SUPPLY.
Reservoir wall
Filter
bed
lined
foundation.
The bed
and
layers of sand
gravel.
Elevated tank
Stand pipe
8
to give
7,
from a
reservoir.
10
culvert,
and
valves, reached
a bridge.
11
caststeel
These
cylindrical case,
for
lifts,
etc.,
is
supplied
mains
in
London,
etc., at pressure of
700
Ib.
For
WATER
SUPPLY.
245
BOOKS FOR
132
CIVIL
Demy
ENGINEERS
Svo.
Cloth.
Net
5s.
HENRY
C.
ADAMS,
330
pages.
Illustrated
SEWERAGE SYSTEMS
THEIR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
A
Practical
Treatise upon the Principles of the Design, Construction, and Maintenance of Town Sewerage Systems, with Examples of existing Works.
By
HUGH WATSON,
Illustrations.
A.M.Inst.C.E.
Buckram.
1
Super-royal Svo.
5s.
WATER SUPPLY
CONSTRUCTION
A
Practical
of of
By W.
K.
BURTON,
to the
ALLAN GREENWELL,
pages, with
F.G.S., A.M.Inst.C.E.
24 Photographic
Plates.
Demy
Svo.
WATER
By
SUPPLIES
D.Sc. (Lond.),
Their Purification, Filtration, and Sterilisation A Handbook for the use of Local and Municipal Authorities.
SAMUEL RIDEAL,
K.
Fellow of University College, London; Fellow of the Institute of Chemistry; Public Analyst for the Metropolitan " " Jiorough of Chelsea; Author of Disinfection and Disinfectants
And ERIC
RIDEAL, B.A.
With
Plates
(Cantab.),
Ph.D.
(Bonn).
and Tables.
4 to.
Cloth.
64
pages.
15 full-page
Plates.
Net 12s.
A GRAPHICAL HANDBOOK OF
REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
By
JOHN HAWKESWORTH,
C.E.
of plotted curves,
Consisting of a series of Plates showing graphically, the required design for Slabs, Beams, and Columns,
by means
external loading, together with practical examples explaining the methods of using each Plate. With an Appendix containing the requirements of the Building Code of New York City in regard to Reinforced Concrete.
LONDON: CROSBY
STAMPED BELOW
AN INITIAL FINE OF 25 CENTS WILL BE ASSESSED FOR FAILURE TO RETURN THIS BOOK ON THE DATE DUE. THE PENALTY WILL INCREASE TO SO CENTS ON THE FOURTH DAY AND TO $1.OO ON THE SEVENTH DAY OVERDUE.
1933
28Mar'5lPM
OCT
10
1936
tlB RKRt
4
MAY
U8E
4 1955 Ul
OCT
LD
21-50m-l,
05306