Queenie Gene Gadong Groupmates: Louise Alain Imbong Ma.

Lourdes Mercolita Angelo Tugahan Joshua Revesencio Experiment No. 4 Reynolds Number I. Introduction

Date Performed: September 12, 2011 Date Submitted: September 26, 2011

The food industry offers a lot of products, be it hard solids or fluids. That said a Food Technologist must not only be familiar with solid raw materials and finished goods. An efficient food technologist must also be knowledgeable of the principles and theories regarding fluid flow. The word fluid does not only cover liquids it also includes the gases and fluidized solids. These are materials that have the tendency to behave as fluid that is they have the ability to flow. Fluids are further subdivided to consider their specific properties into thin liquids, thick liquids, gases and fluidized solids. The study of fluids is also subdivided into two, fluid statics, and fluid dynamics, or fluids at rest, and fluids in motion. The principles of fluid statics are almost an exact science. (Geankoplis, 1995) The most important property of a fluid at rest is its pressure. The pressure of the fluid it exerts in its surroundings is measured as the amount of force exerted on an area. The fundamental equation used to calculate the fluid pressure considers the acceleration due to gravity (g), the density of the fluid ( ), and the depth of the fluid (Z) as factors that give the pressure at a given depth of fluid. (Earle, 1983) The study of fluid dynamics as compared to that of fluid statics is more complex. The overall balance of mass and energy equation is used to create a design for the motion of fluid flow. The type of flow of fluids is an important fluid dynamics aspect. When watching a flowing open stream or river one would notice two types of pattern in the waters flow. When the flow is slow the pattern of flow is smooth, but when the movement of water is rapid, eddies or swirls moving in all directions are developed. The two types of flow pattern are the Laminar flow, and the Turbulent flow. In the laminar flow velocity of fluid is low and the fluid layers slide off smoothly without the appearance of eddies or swirls. Turbulent flow happen when the velocity is high and there is the presence of the eddies or swirls, showing a fluctuating nature. (Geankoplis, 1995) Although we have said that there are only two types of fluid flow another term is added to denote the type of flow occurring between the laminar and turbulent flow, the Transitional flow. The existence of the two types of fluid flow was initially visualized by British engineer, Osborne Reynolds. He experimented by injecting a thin stream of dye to a transparent pipe with a smooth stream of water. Reynolds noted that when the flow is slow the flow of the dye is smooth, in a single line and follows the direction of the flow, indicating a laminar or viscous flow. But when the velocity of the water

is increased the smooth straight line of the dye is broken, and the pattern became very erratic. From these observations Reynolds concluded that the instability of flow is not only a function of velocity but is also due to the density and viscosity of the fluid. And so the term Reynolds Number became the parameter that establishes if a fluid flow is laminar or turbulent.

The (Re) is a dimensionless value that denotes the ratio of the inertial force, which maintains the movement of the fluid, and the viscous drag that retard the motion of fluid. When the calculated (Re) is less than 2100 the flow is laminar, if it is greater than 4000 the flow is turbulent, but when the (Re) is between 2100 and 4000 the flow is considered transitional. II. Objectives: 1. To characterize the flow of water in a pipe in terms of its Reynolds No. (Re) 2. To determine the upper and lower critical Re 3. To describe the flow behavior as function of velocity III. Results: Table 1: Behavior of fluid flow from low to high flow.

Adjustment Velocity (m/s) 0.0229 0.0261 0.0386 0.0299 0.0462 0.0598 0.0988 0.1089 0.1327

Case 1: From low to high flow Appearance of Filament of Dye 788 898 1328 1029 1590 2058 3400 3748 4567

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Critical Upper

3748

Table 2: Behavior of fluid flow from low to high flow.

Adjustment Velocity (m/s) 0.1517 0.0867 0.0634 0.0342

Case 2: From high to low flow Appearance of Filament of Dye 5221 2984 2182 1177

1. 2. 3. 4. Critical Lower

2182

Table 3: Critical Reynolds Number

Upper Trial Velocity (m/s) 1. Literature Value % Difference 0.1089 4000 6.32% 3748 Velocity (m/s) 0.0634 2100 3.91% 2182 Lower

IV. Discussion Taking in table 1, an initial glance on the appearance of the filament of dye column one would assume that the Upper would the seventh 7th data collected. The Upper is the critical value obtained just before the flow in the set-up turned turbulent. The initial hypothesis that the 7th data is critical number for the low to high flow is wrong, since it was just a guess coined out of the appearance of the dye. As it turned out in calculating for the (Re) of all the data obtained the 8th data was the critical value. The Upper NRe is 8th data with the (Re) of 3748, which is much closer to the >4000 range of turbulent flow, as compared to the 3400 of the 7th data. The (Re) has no unit; this is because all of the units in the equation are able to cancel each other out. Comparison of the Literature value, 4000, and the critical number obtained by the group yielded a 6.32% difference, see table 3. To find the lower NRe we had to find the critical value on our data just before the high to low flow set-up turned to laminar. Noting the table 2 values and depictions the researcher originally concluded that the lower NRe would be the 3rd data obtained. In calculating for the (Re) this hypothesis proved true, the lower NRe is 2182. Comparison of the literature value <2100 and the experimental value we have calculated show a 3.91% difference between the two.

V. Conclusion and Recommendation In conclusion we can see that the Upper >4000 range for turbulent flow and the lower range for a laminar flow. is 3748 a value with just a 6.32% difference from the is 2182 with only a 3.91% difference from the <2100

As we have discussed the (Re) is influenced by factors such as the velocity, viscosity and density of fluid. To be able for the students to further differentiate the influence of the factors several changes are recommended for the experiment. One is that the viscosity of the fluid be considered, do another trial using a different fluid with a slight viscosity difference. Also the group has noticed that when the set-up was allowed to run even with the input of water eddies were observed. These eddies were more distinct than the swirls noted for the experimental data. Consideration must be placed on the flow of water in the set-up. VI. Appendix: Experimental Data:
Upper NRe Trial 27.5 Volume of Water Collected 3L 3L 3L 3L 3L 3L 3L 3L 3L Time of Collection 3:05:89 2:43:98 1:50:07 2:22:96 01:32:74 01:11:41 00:43:83 00:39:33 00:32:76 Velocity Volume of Water Collected 3L 3L 3L 3L Lower NRe Time of Collection Velocity

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

0.0229 0.0261 0.0386 0.0299 0.0462 0.0598 0.0988 0.1089 0.1327

00:28:53 00:49:54 01:07:23 02:04:83

0.1517 0.0867 0.0634 0.0342

Diameter of Pipe= 0.03m Density of Water at T = 998 kg/m3 Water Temperature= 27.5 Viscosity of Water at T= 0.87x10-3 Nsm-2 Sample Calculations:

v= Q/A