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Speed in air
The speed of sound in air is approximately 344 meters/second, 1130 feet/sec. or 770 miles per hour at room temperature of 20oC (70oF). This speed is primarily a function of temperature. The only other factor that has any effect on the speed of sound in air is the amount of humidity in the air.
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Air is a mixture
Air is a relatively fixed mixture of gases, primarily consisting of Nitrogen, Oxygen, Argon and Carbon Dioxide. It also includes varying amounts of water vapor or humidity. An increase in the amount of humidity in the air increases the speed only small amount. Since humidity can vary so much, and since the amount of change of speed with an extreme change in humidity is less the 0.5%, the speed of sound in air is usually simply measured in dry air, neglecting the effect of humidity. Counter to intuition, changes in air pressure have no real effect on the speed of sound. Sound travels slower at higher altitudes because the temperature and relative humidity are lower, not because the air pressure is lower higher altitudes.
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Adiabatic constant
Since air is primarily made up of molecules consisting of two atoms--Nitrogen (N2) and Oxygen (O2)--then = 1.4.
Molecular mass
The molecular mass of air is an average of the molecular masses of the gases that make up air. The chart below shows the various components of air, the percent of each in air, and the molecular mass of the gas.
Finding the Average Molecular Mass of Air Percent byMolecular Gas Component Volume Mass
Nitrogen (N2) 78.08% Oxygen (O2) 20.95% Argon (Ar) 0.93% Carbon Dioxide 0.03% (CO2) Total 99.99% 0.028013 0.031998 0.039948 0.043999 0.02895 Average
The average molecular weight for dry air is the sum of the Percent times the Molecular Weight for each molecule or component of air. That would be (0.7808 X 0.028013) + (0.2095 X 0.031998) +... and so on. The result for air is the average M = 0.02895 kg/mol
Gas
Air Carbon Dioxide Oxygen Helium Hydrogen
Speed (meters/second)
331 259 316 965 1290
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speed of sound in air is 0.68 times the speed of the air molecules at a given temperature.
In conclusion
The speed of sound in a gas is a function of its temperature. Air is a mixture of gases and includes water vapor. A simple equation can be used to approximate the speed of sound. A more complex equation takes into account factors and can be used with other gases. The speed of sound in a gas is a specific fraction of the average speed of the gas molecules at the given temperature.
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