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Cavitation?
Higher pressure, but still moving fast = Kinetic energy
Volute Wall
Moving slowly, now highest pressure (Potential)
Higher than Vaporization Threshold, but lower than NPSHA Minimum NPSHA must be > NPSHR + a safety factor
Sharp speed increase due to centrifugal force. Slight pressure increase. Bubbles start to implode, releasing damaging energy
CAVITATION
Occurs in the impeller and chamber. Sounds like sand going through the pump. Cause - Liquid vaporizes as it enters the eyelet of the impeller if the inlet pressure is too low. These vapor bubbles collapse (implode) under increased pressure during their exit from the impeller.
CAVITATION
Damage Caused - The implosion releases energy which erodes the impeller and bearings, leading to reduced efficiency and possible pump failure. How to Avoid Cavitation - Ensure that the NPSHA is greater than the NPSHR! What does this mean?
NPSH
NPSH - Stands for Net Positive Suction Head. It is the measure of the amount of energy at the pump suction available to exert pressure on the fluid (head is energy, measured in feet). Net = Result of adding some positives and some negatives. Positive = + (always positive) Suction = The inlet of the pump Head = Energy in feet, absolute (Includes atmospheric pressure)
NPSHR
NPSHR - Stands for Net Positive Suction Head Required. Cavitation occurs when the Available Suction Head is less than Required for a specific pump. When Suction Pressure is too low, fluid vaporizes. The created bubbles collapse as they encounter increased pressure while exiting the impeller, resulting in Cavitation
NPSHR
NPSHR Is Unique - The Net Positive Suction Head Required is unique for each pump design. It is a function of the geometric design and RPM. NPSHR is a Given! - Manufacturers provide graphs which illustrate the NPSHR for each pump model at the full spectrum of GPM range. As GPM increases, NPSHR increases.
NPSHR Curve
NPSHA
NPSHA - Net Positive Suction Head Available is unique for each specific application and operating condition. NPSHA - Consists of 5 variables. 1. Gas Pressure - Atmospheric or closed system - (Positive, Pa) 2. Distance of the fluid source above (positive) or below (negative) the pump suction inlet (He) 3. Suction plumbing friction loss (Negative, Hf) 4. Vapor Pressure (Liquid Temperature Sensitive) - (Negative, Pv) 5. Specific Gravity (S.G.) Positives prevent cavitation Negatives promote cavitation
NPSHA
1. Gas Pressure (Air, Vapor, etc.) acting on the fluid surface. Its absolute pressure is always positive (although gauge pressure may be negative). a. For an Open System, determine the atmospheric pressure based on the elevation of the site above seal level (e.g. 14.7psi at sea level multiplied by 2.31 to convert psi to feet of head = 33.4 feet). Consult charts which supply this data. b. For a Closed System, gauge pressure, plus atmospheric pressure based on the elevation above sea level. Multiply by 2.31 to convert psi to feet of head.
Elevation
Pressure
NPSHA
2. Distance of the liquid source above or below the pump inlet, measured in feet: can be positive OR negative. Positive suction head occurs when the top of the water source is above the suction Inlet of the pump. Negative elevation refers to suction lift (like from a pond, tank lower than the pump, etc.)
3. Suction plumbing friction loss - It is always Negative. It is the friction loss for all components prior to the pump inlet. As flow increases linearly, friction increases exponentially. Friction loss is calculated from friction charts for pipe, fittings, valves, and other special fluid carrying devices. The Grundfos Engineering Catalog and the Plumbing/Heating, Sump, Sewage & Effluent Handbook include this information.
Friction
Friction Loss Exponential Flow Linear
NPSHA
Cold
4. Vapor Pressure, at any given temperature is
always Negative. Vapor Pressure reduces the positive effect of NPSH variable number 1, Gas Pressure, by lowering the gas density as temperature rises. Vapor Pressure sounds like it should be positive but it is the result of vaporization due to higher temperature. Remember it as Vaporizing (Negating) the Atmospheric Pressure effect.
Hot
NPSHA
5. Specific Gravity - If the specific gravity is < or > 1.0, the atmospheric pressure - vapor pressure must be adjusted.
NPSHA
NPSHA = 2.31 * (Pa Pv) +/- He Hf Specific Gravity
CR8-80
500.00
400.00
Feet of Head
300.00
200.00
100.00
GPM
NPSHR Curve
Properties of Water