LECTURE 7 Element distributed loads and thermal loads So far, we have formulated the stiffness matrices for frame

members in the local and global coordinate systems. The next step is to determine what happens when distributed member loads (along the local x- and y- axes) and temperature changes occur in the interior of a member. In such cases, one must determine the member fixed fixed-end force vectors and then assemble the global equations of equilibrium accounting for the effect of the fixed fixed-end forces:

The matrix equations in the presence of fixed end forces are the same fixed-end as those for truss members. The only difference is that the stiffness matrix, coordinate transformation matrix and fixed end force vector fixed-end are different than thos of a truss member. We will now see how to se . obtain the fixed-end for rces for frame members.

Distributed loads

Let as assume that we have a frame member with distributed loads along the positive x- and y directions, as shown below: y-

In order to calculate the fixed end force vector in the local coordinate fixed-end system, we determine the fixed end forces for the two cases (axial fixed-end distributed load and transverse distributed load separately, then we simply sum the fixed-end forces for the two cases. In both cases, we end cases. will assume that EA = constant, EI = constant. Let us start with the case of axial load (load along the local x x-axis):

Next, we solve the differential equations and obtain the fixed fixed-end forces for the case of transverse distributed load, that is, distributed load along the local y-axis: axis:

NOTE: in the presence of distributed member loads wy, the variation of the bending moment in the member is PARABOLIC!!

The fixed-end forces for distributed element loads along b end both the x and y axes are obtained by summing the end forces for the two cases that we solved separately. Thus,

The fixed-end forces for the local x direction only depend on the end x-direction distributed load wx, while the fixed fixed-end forces in the local y-direction y and the fixed-end mom ments only depend on the distributed load wy (why?). 5

Thermal loads

In the presence of temperature changes in frame members, we have to modify the compatibility and constitutive equations for both axial force and bending moment. In general, for frame members, we can ce have a temperature variation over the cross sectional depth: cross-sectional

The obtained variation of the temperature change can be considered as the sum of the following two cases:

The first case, in which we have UNIFORM TEMPERATURE VARIATION over the cross sectional depth will only give axial fixedcross-sectional fixed end forces. In this case, we simply need to modify the compatibility and constitutive equation for the axial direction as follows:

The second diagram of temperature variation over the cross he cross-sectional depth with zero temperature change at the position of the centroidal axis, will lead to a situation where we have a modification of the , compatibility and constitutive equations corresponding to bending: corresponding

Since we are interested in the fixed end forces, we must assume a fixed-end fully fixed member in both ends, as show in the first figure of page 6, shown thus:

We can calculate the fixed end forces for the case of linear variation e fixed-end of temperature change over the cross sectional depth (with zero cross-sectional temperature change at the centroidal axis):

Finally, the fixed-end forces for the two cases must be summed, and end thus, the fixed-end force vector for a linear temperature variation end over the sectional depth of a frame member is:

NOTE: In professor Contes notes (p. 5 5-26 and 5-27), the assumption 27), that 1 > 2 is made, for this reason the signs for the fixed fixed-end moments are OPPOSITE.

The fixed-end forces for the local x direction depend on Tcen, while end x-direction the fixed-end forces for the local y direction and the bending end y-direction moments depend on T ( T (why?).

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