CDMA 1.9 GHZ Optimization Procedures

CDMA RF Optimization Procedures for 1.
9 GHz PCS Systems
Version 1.53
November 6, 1996
Prepared by V. DaSilva, M. Feuerstein, J. McElroy, S. Shio, X. Wang CDMA RF Optimization and Applications Group Lucent Technologies, Bell Laboratories Whippany, New Jersey
LucentTechnologiesProprietary UsePursuanttoCompanyInstructions
ABSTRACT TheRFoptimizationproceduredefinesfieldtestsintendedtotuneallaspectsofCDMA airinterfacenetworkperformance. Asproposed,theoptimizationprocedureistobe conductedintwophases: clustertestingandcompletesystemwideoptimization. In otherwords,theinitialpassoftheRFoptimizationwillbeperformedasapartofthe clustertests;thesecond,moredetailedtuningphase,willoccuraftercompletionofall clustertests,onceallcellsitesintheCDMAnetworkareactivated.Theprimaryreason forbreakingtheoptimizationworkintotwophasesistoreducethetimeandresources requiredtocompletetheclustertestcycles. Themostsignificantobjectivesoftheoptimizationtestingarethefollowing:first,toen surethatacceptablecoverageisachievedforthepilot,paging,synchronization,access, andtrafficchannels;second,tominimizethenumberofdroppedcalls,missedpages, andfailedaccessattempts;third,tocontroltheoverallpercentagesof1,2,and3way soft/softerhandoff;andfourth,toprovidereliablehardhandoffsforCDMAf1tof2. DuringtheRFoptimizationprocess,CDMAparameterswillbeadjustedusingsimulat edtrafficloading,duetotheextremecostandlogisticalobstaclesassociatedwithem ployinglivetraffic. Inallcases,forwardlinkloadingwillbeimplementedusingOr thogonal Channel Noise Simulator (OCNS). Reverse link loading will be achieved throughtheuseofanattenuatorandcirculatoratthemobile. TheCDMARFoptimizationproceduredefinedherecovers1.9GHzPCSsystems;due tothedifferinghardwareconfigurationsanddeploymentscenarios,aseparatedocu mentaddressesmethodsappropriatefor800MHzcellularsystems.Becauseofthepre dominanceof13kbpssystemsbeingdeployed,thedocumentisprimarilyintendedfor usewith13kbps(RateSet2)voicecodersystems;however,onlyminorchangestothe proceduresarerequiredtoaccommodate8kbps(RateSet1)voicecodersystems.
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................................................3 2. RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS................................................................................................................................6 2.1 STAFF................................................................................................................................................................................6 2.2 TEST EQUIPMENT................................................................................................................................................................7 2.3 CELL CLUSTER....................................................................................................................................................................8 2.4 DATA ANALYSIS .................................................................................................................................................................8 3. CDMA SYSTEM PARAMETERS..............................................................................................................................8 3.1 FIRST PASS OPTIMIZATION PARAMETERS ..............................................................................................................................9 3.2 SECOND PASS OPTIMIZATION PARAMETERS ............................................................................................................................9 3.3 FIXED PARAMETERS ..........................................................................................................................................................10 4. INITIAL CLUSTER CONFIGURATION..............................................................................................................11 5. SELECTION OF DRIVE ROUTES........................................................................................................................11 6. SIMULATION OF TRAFFIC LOADING..............................................................................................................12 6.1 FORWARD LINK LOADING...................................................................................................................................................12 6.2 REVERSE LINK LOADING....................................................................................................................................................13 7. NOMINAL PARAMETER SETTINGS..................................................................................................................14 8. OPTIONAL PRELIMINARY TESTS.....................................................................................................................15 8.1 IN-VEHICLE PENETRATION LOSS MEASUREMENT..................................................................................................................15 8.1.1 Test Equipment...............................................................................................................................................16 8.1.2 Test Conditions...............................................................................................................................................17 8.1.3 Test Procedures..............................................................................................................................................17 8.1.4 Data Analysis.................................................................................................................................................18 9. CDMA PERFORMANCE TESTS............................................................................................................................19 9.1 SPECTRAL MONITORING TEST.............................................................................................................................................19 9.1.1 Entrance Criteria...........................................................................................................................................20 9.1.2 Test Conditions...............................................................................................................................................20
9.1.2.1 Reverse Link Measurements..........................................................................................................................................20 9.1.2.2 Forward Link Measurements.........................................................................................................................................20
9.1.3 Test Procedures..............................................................................................................................................21 9.1.4 Data Analysis.................................................................................................................................................22 9.1.5 Exit Criteria....................................................................................................................................................22 9.2 UNLOADED COVERAGE TEST..............................................................................................................................................22 9.2.1 Entrance Criteria...........................................................................................................................................23 9.2.2 Test Conditions...............................................................................................................................................23 9.2.3 Test Procedures..............................................................................................................................................23 9.2.4 Data Analysis.................................................................................................................................................24 9.2.5 Exit Criteria....................................................................................................................................................25 9.3 LOADED COVERAGE TEST..................................................................................................................................................26 9.3.1 Entrance Criteria...........................................................................................................................................26 9.3.2 Test Conditions...............................................................................................................................................26 9.3.3 Test Procedures..............................................................................................................................................26 9.3.4 Data Analysis.................................................................................................................................................27
9.1.3.1 Reverse Link Measurements..........................................................................................................................................21 9.1.3.2 Forward Link Measurements.........................................................................................................................................21
9.3.5 Exit Criteria....................................................................................................................................................28 9.4 SYSTEM -WIDE OPTIMIZATION TEST.....................................................................................................................................29 9.4.1 Entrance Criteria...........................................................................................................................................29 9.4.2 Test Conditions...............................................................................................................................................29 9.4.3 Test Procedures..............................................................................................................................................30 9.4.4 Data Analysis.................................................................................................................................................31 9.4.5 Exit Criteria....................................................................................................................................................31 9.5 DROPPED CALL TEST.........................................................................................................................................................32 9.5.1 Entrance Criteria...........................................................................................................................................32 9.5.2 Test Conditions...............................................................................................................................................32 9.5.3 Test Procedures..............................................................................................................................................33 9.5.4 Data Analysis.................................................................................................................................................33 9.5.5 Exit Criteria....................................................................................................................................................34 10. SPECIALIZED CDMA OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES..............................................................................34 10.1 NO SERVICE....................................................................................................................................................................35 10.1.1 Inadequate Pilot Signal Strength from Serving Sector...............................................................................35 10.1.2 Reverse Overload Control False Alarm......................................................................................................36 10.1.3 Paging or Access Channel Message Failure...............................................................................................36 10.2 HANDOFF FAILURE...........................................................................................................................................................37 10.2.1 Excessive Number of Strong Pilot Signals..................................................................................................38 10.2.2 Unrecognized Neighbor Sector....................................................................................................................38 10.3 POOR VOICE QUALITY FORWARD LINK.............................................................................................................................39 10.3.1 Inadequate Traffic Channel Signal Strength...............................................................................................39 10.3.2 Intermodulation Interference.......................................................................................................................40 10.4 POOR VOICE QUALITY REVERSE LINK...............................................................................................................................40 11. SPECIALIZED CDMA OPTIMIZATION TOOLS...........................................................................................40 11.1 ALERT PROGRAM..........................................................................................................................................................41 11.1.1 Data collection procedures..........................................................................................................................42 11.1.2 Running ALERT............................................................................................................................................53 11.2 LABEL PROGRAM..........................................................................................................................................................54 11.3 BUILD PROGRAM..........................................................................................................................................................55 11.3.1 Building Neighbor Lists...............................................................................................................................55 11.3.2 Optimizing window sizes..............................................................................................................................57 11.4 ORIG/TERM PROGRAMS FOR TROUBLESHOOTING ORIGINATION/TERMINATION FAILURES ...................................................58 11.4.1 Sample Orig Output.....................................................................................................................................58 11.4.2 Causes for Origination and Termination Failures......................................................................................59 12. ANTENNA DOWNTILT PROCEDURES............................................................................................................60 12.1 ENTRANCE CRITERIA........................................................................................................................................................61 12.2 IDENTIFICATION OF CANDIDATE SECTORS ...........................................................................................................................62 12.3 CALCULATION OF DOWNTILT ANGLE................................................................................................................................63 12.4 EXIT CRITERIA................................................................................................................................................................66 13. RISKS AND CONTINGENCIES...........................................................................................................................67 14. SCHEDULE................................................................................................................................................................67 15. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.........................................................................................................................................67 16. REFERENCES...........................................................................................................................................................68
iv
CDMARFOptimizationProceduresfor1.9GHzPCSSystems
1.
Introduction
TheRFoptimizationproceduredefinesfieldtestsintendedtotuneallaspectsofCDMA airinterfacenetworkperformance. Asproposed,theoptimizationprocedureistobe conductedintwophases: clustertestingandcompletesystemwideoptimization. In otherwords,theinitialpassoftheRFoptimizationwillbeperformedasapartofthe clustertests;thesecond,moredetailedtuningphase,willoccuraftercompletionofall clustertests,onceallcellsitesintheCDMAnetworkareactivated.Theprimaryreason forbreakingtheoptimizationworkintotwophasesistoreducethetimeandresources requiredtocompletetheclustertestcycles. Themostsignificantobjectivesoftheoptimizationtestingarethefollowing:first,toen surethatacceptablecoverageisachievedforthepilot,paging,synchronization,access, andtrafficchannels;second,tominimizethenumberofdroppedcalls,missedpages, andfailedaccessattempts;third,tocontroltheoverallpercentagesof1,2,and3way soft/softerhandoff;andfourth,toprovidereliablehardhandoffsforCDMAtoAMPS orCDMAf1tof2. DuringtheRFoptimizationprocess,CDMAparameterswillbeadjustedusingsimulat edtrafficloading,duetotheextremecostandlogisticalobstaclesassociatedwithem ployinglivetraffic. Inallcases,forwardlinkloadingwillbeimplementedusingOr thogonal Channel Noise Simulator (OCNS). Reverse link loading will be achieved throughtheuseofanattenuatorandcirculatoratthemobile. TheCDMARFoptimizationproceduredefinedherecovers1.9GHzPCSsystems;due tothedifferinghardwareconfigurationsanddeploymentscenarios,aseparatedocu mentaddressesmethodsappropriatefor800MHzcellularsystems.Becauseofthepre dominanceof13kbpssystemsbeingdeployed,thedocumentisprimarilyintendedfor usewith13kbps(RateSet2)voicecodersystems;however,onlyminorchangestothe proceduresarerequiredtoaccommodate8kbps(RateSet1)voicecodersystems. Cluster testing consists of a series of procedures to be performed on geographical groupingsofapproximately19cellseach;roughly,theclustersareselectedtoprovidea centercellwithtworingsofsurroundingcells.Thenumberofcellsineachclusteris relativelylargetoprovideenoughforwardlinkinterferencetogeneraterealistichand offboundariesinthevicinityofthecentercellandthefirstringofcells aclusterof fewercellswouldprovideacceptableresultsovertoosmallofageographicarea.Ap
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proximatelyonetierofcelloverlapisprovidedbetweeneachclusterandthenexttoaf fordcontinuityacrosstheboundaries.Thegoalistocompletealltestsforagivencell cluster,whileminimizingtheutilizationoftestequipment,personnel,andtime. For thisreason,clustertestingisintendedtocoarselytunebasicCDMAparametersandto identify,categorize,andcatalogcoverageproblemsareas.Noattemptwillbemadeto resolve complex timeintensive performance problems during the cluster test phase; suchlocationspecific,detailedrefinementswillbedeferreduntilthesystemwideopti mizationphase. Thefirstpreliminarystepintheclustertestinginvolvesmonitoringuplinkanddown linkinterferenceintheCDMAbandtoverify thatthespectrum isclear enoughfor CDMA operation. For the CDMA system to properly function, spectrum must be clearedinasufficientguardbandandguardzone. Ifstronginbandinterferenceis present,evenintermittently,thenradioperformancecanbesignificantlydegradedfor theCDMAsystem.Inextremecases,itcanbeatimeconsuming,difficulttasktoidenti fyandmitigatethesourcesofexternalinterference(e.g.microwavedatatransmissions, externallygeneratedintermodulationproducts,widebandnoisefromarcweldersand othermachinery,etc.);therefore,itisimportanttobeginspectrummonitoringasearly aspossible.Thesespectralmonitoringtestsalsoprovideabaselinedatasetofmeasured backgroundinterferencelevelsthatcanbeusedtooptimizereverseoverloadcontrol thresholdsandjammerdetectionalgorithmsforspecificenvironmentalconditions. Thenextstageoftheclustertestingpriortooptimizationistoexercisebasiccallpro cessingfunctions,includingorigination,termination,andhandoff,toassurethatthese rudimentary telephony capabilities are operational. Quick measurements are then madeofCDMAsignallevelstoverifythateachcellsiteistransmittingtheappropriate powerlevels. Thesebasicfunctionaltestsareintendedtodetecthardware,software, configuration,andtranslationerrorsforeachcellsiteintheclusterpriortodrivetest ing.Thissectortestingphasewillinvolvedrivinginthecoverageareaofeachsectorto assurethatinstallationhasbeencompletedcorrectly.Atthisstage,itiscommontode tectbadcoaxialcables/connectors,misorientedantennas,andothersimilardefects. Afterbasiccelloperationhasbeenverified,surveysofforwardlinkpilotchannelcover ageareperformedwithlighttrafficloadonthesystem. Duringtheunloadedsurvey measurements,allcellsintheclusteraresimultaneouslytransmittingforwardlinkover headchannels(i.e.pilot,sync,andpaging),withonlyasingleMarkovcallactive.The driveroutesusedinthemeasurementsaretobejointlyselectedbyLucentandthewire
lessserviceprovider.Ingeneral,thedriverouteswillincludemajorfreewaysandroad wayswithinthedesignedcoverageareaoftheclusterwherehighlevelsofwirelesstraf ficaretobeexpected.Driveroutesmayalsobeselectedtoexploreweakcoverageareas andregionswithmultipleservingcells,aspredictedbypropagationmodelingsoftware (e.g.CE4),orbasedonknowledgeofthesurroundingterraintopography. Theunloadedpilotsurveyresultsidentifycoverageholes,handoffregions,andmulti plepilotcoverageareas.Thepilotsurveyinformationhighlightsfundamentalflawsin theRFdesignoftheclusterunderbestcase,lightlyloadedconditions.Thepilotsurvey providescoveragemapsforeachsectorinthecluster;thesecoveragemapsareused duringtheoptimizationphasetoadjustsystemparameters.Finally,measuringthepi lotslevelswithoutloadservesasabaselineforcomparisonwithmeasurementsfrom subsequentclustertestsunderloadedconditions.Characteristicsofcellshrinkagecan becomparedundertheextremesoflightandheavytrafficload. Duringtheunloadedcoveragetests,twoiterativepassesofoptimizationareconducted. Thefirstpassoptimizationentailscorrectionofneighborlistsandadjustmentstothe fundamentalRFenvironment(transmitpower,antennaazimuth,height,downtilt,an tenna type). The second pass at optimization involves fine adjustment of handoff thresholds,searchwindows,overheadchanneltransmitpowers,andaccessparameters. Thesetwoiterativeoptimizationpassesarefocusedonresolvingproblemsobservedby thefieldteamsfromthecoverageplotsandfromanalysisofdroppedcallmechanisms. Thefinalmeasurementstobeperformedasapartoftheclustertestingarecoverage driverunsconductedunderloadedconditions. Driveroutesfortheloadedcoverage testingwillbeexactlythesameroutesasthoseusedfortheunloadedcoveragesurveys. Theobjectivesaretoprovidecoarsesystemtuningandtoidentify,categorize,andcata logcoveragedeficienciessothemoredifficultproblemscanberesolvedduringlater systemwideoptimizationtests.Duringtheloadedtesting,bothfirstpassandsecond passtuningparametersareadjustedtofixproblemsobservedbythefieldteams.Atthe conclusionoftheloadedcoveragetests,aperformancevalidationprocedureisconduct edtomeasuresystemperformanceagainsttheclusterexitcriteria. Thefieldtestteamshaveexpressedastrongdesiretokeeptheactualclustertestingas quickandsimpleaspossible,bydeferringmuchofthedetailedsystemtuningtothe subsequentsystemwideoptimizationphase.Oncethecoveragedeficiencieshavebeen identifiedforaparticularcluster,ifaspecificproblemcannotberesolvedinapproxi
matelyonehalfhour,thenthefieldteamwillnotethesituationandproceedwiththe drivetesting. AfterallclustersintheCDMAnetworkhavebeentested,systemwideoptimization willbeginwithallcellsactivated.Optimizationteamswilldrivetesteachoftheprob lemareas identifiedduringtheclustertesting,usingthesametestconditionsunder whichtheproblemwaspreviouslyobserved.Iterativetuningprocedureswillbeused tofixcoverageproblemsbyadjustingtransmitpowersandneighborlistentries.Inex tremesituations,handoffthresholds,searchwindowsizes,orotherlowleveltuningpa rametersmayhavetobemodified. Ifcoverageproblemscannotberesolvedbythe fieldteaminonehour,thentheteamwillflagtheproblemareaforfurtherinvestigation byotherRFsupportpersonnel. After attempts havebeen made by the site team to resolve theindividual coverage problemareas,thesystemwideoptimizationwillproceedtothefinalphase.Thefinal optimizationstepwillbeacomprehensivedrivetestcoveringthemajorhighwaysand primaryroadsinthedefinedcoverageareafortheCDMAnetwork.Duringthesystem widedriverun,simulatedloadingwillbeusedtomodeltrafficonthenetwork.Perfor mancedatawillbecollectedasasmallnumberofactiveCDMAsubscriberunittraverse thesystemwidedriveroute. Statisticswillbecollectedtocharacterizepilot,paging, traffic,andaccesschannelcoverageovertheentiredriveroute.Specificproblemareas identifiedbythesystemwidedriverunwillbeaddressedonacasebycasebasis,after theentiredrivehasbeencompleted. Comprehensivestatisticsfromthesystemwide drivewillbeusedtoassesstheoverallperformancequalityofthenetwork,including droppedcallrates,handoffprobabilities,andframeerasurestatistics. Attheconclusionofthecomprehensive,systemwidedrivephase,theRFoptimization procedurewillbeconsideredcompleteandtheCDMAnetworkreadyforlivetraffic testingandmarkettrialsleadingintocommercialservice.Oncesignificantloadingwith livetrafficispresentontheCDMAnetwork,additionaltuningofthesystemparame terswillberequiredtoaccommodateuneventrafficconditions(e.g.traffichotspots, unusualtrafficpatterns,etc.)andotherdynamiceffectswhichcannotbeeasilypredict edormodeledwithsimulatedtrafficloading.
2.
Resource Requirements
2.1 Staff
Theclustertestingwillrequirethefollowingpersonneltoconductthetests:
CLUSTERTEST TASK CellSiteConfiguration SpectralMonitoring Measurement DataAnalysis PilotChannelCoverage Measurement DataAnalysis
TECHNICAL HEADCOUNT
DURATION PERCLUSTER days days days days days
Thesystemwideoptimizationtestingwillrequirethefollowingpersonneltoconduct thetests: SYSTEMWIDEOPTI MIZATIONTASK CellSiteConfiguration CasebyCaseOptimization Measurement DataAnalysis TECHNICAL HEADCOUNT DURATION days days days
2.2
Test Equipment
Inordertoconducttheclustertestsandsystemwideoptimization,thefollowingtest equipmentwillberequired.Typicalquantitiesrequiredforeachtestteamareindicated withinsquarebrackets([])beforeeachitem. 1. [3]Spectrumanalyzer,lownoisepreamplifier,loggingcomputerwithIEEE488in terfacecard,softwareforautomatedloggingcontrol 2. [3]CDMAmobileorportablediagnosticmonitors(QUALCOMMQCP800orQCP 1900phones,portablecomputer,GPSreceiver,mobilediagnosticmonitorsoftware) 3. [2]Attenuatorsforgeneratingartificialtrafficloading Thefollowingtestequipmentisoptional,butwouldbebeneficialfortroubleshooting duringthefieldtesting: 1. [1]Calibrated800MHzor1.9GHzRFpowermeterandpowersplitterordirectional coupler
2.3
Cell Cluster
Theclusterofcellstobetestedmustmeetthefollowingobjectives: 1. Clusterofapproximately19cellsinstalled,configured,andoperational.Cellsmust becapableoftransmittingpilot,page,andsynchronizationchannelsontheforward link. Testcluster shouldprovide geographical overlapping coverageregions be tweenthecells.Theoutermostringofcellsintheclusterwillbeprimarilyusedas forwardlinkloadingtoproviderealistichandoffboundariesandinterferencelevels fortheinteriorcells. 2.4 Data Analysis Thefollowingdataanalysissoftwarewillbenecessarytoprocessandpresentthere sultsofthepreclustertests: 1. Postprocessingdataanalysissoftware,suchasLucentDataAnalysisTool(DAT),to generatesummaryresultsandconvertMobileDiagnosticMonitor(MDM)binary logfilestoASCIIorEXCELformat 2. Postprocessingdataanalysissoftware,suchasLucentDataAnalysisTool(DAT),to generatesummaryresultsandconvertCellDiagnosticMonitor(CDM)orCallTrace logfilestoASCIIorEXCELformat 3. Messageparsingtool,suchasQUALCOMMNPAR,todisplayovertheairmessag inginformation 4. MAPINFOsoftwaretodisplaygraphicalresultsfromcoveragesurveysoverlaidon streetmaps 5. Plottingandstatisticalanalysissoftwarepackage,suchasMicrosoftExcel,toprocess anddisplayspectrummonitoringdata 6. Scripts,suchasALERTandBUILD,usedtoautomatetheanalysisofmessagelog gingfiles
3.
CDMA System Parameters
ThetranslationdatabasefortheCDMAsystemcontainsagreatnumberofparameters whichimpacttheRFperformanceofthenetwork.Manyoftheseparametershavecom plexinteractionsinvolvingsystemwideinfluencesuponcapacity,coverage,andquali ty. Forthisreason,themainCDMAparameters havebeen dividedintothreecate gories: firstpass, secondpass,and fixed parameters. Firstpassoptimizationparameters aretheprimarytuningknobswhichcanbeusedtooptimizetheCDMAperformance. Secondpassoptimizationparametersshouldbechangedinunusualcaseswhereprob lemscannotberesolvedduringthefirstpassoptimization. Fixedparametersshould notbechangedunderanycircumstancesduringthefieldoptimizationprocess.
ThefollowingsectionscategorizetheprimaryCDMAparameters.Thereferences[14] listedaftereachtranslationparameterrefertoapplicationnotesthatprovidedetailed techniquesforselectingappropriatevalues,parameterinteractions,rangelimitations, anddefaultsettings. 3.1 First Pass Optimization Parameters ThefollowingCDMAsystemparametersshouldbeusedastheprimarytuningcontrols fortheRFoptimizationprocedureduringthefirstpassatoptimization: 1. Neighborlistentries[4] 2. BCRattenuation(totalforwardlinktransmitpower)[1] 3. Changestoantennaconfigurations(azimuthorientation,antennaheight,downtilt angle,antennatype) 4. Hardhandoffthresholds(CDMAtoAMPSorCDMAf1tof2)[4] Thefirstpassoptimizationparametersaretheprimarytranslationstobeusedtofix coveragedeficiencies.CellsitetransmitpowerscanbeadjustedwithBCRattenuation toaddresscoveragespillover,overshootproblems,andmultiplepilotcoverageregions. Insomecases,transmitpowerscanbeadjustedtoprovidefillincoverageforweaksig nalstrengthareas. Additionalalternatives,suchasantennaazimuth,downtiltingor changingantennapatterns,canbeusedinproblemcaseswheretransmitpoweradjust mentsareinsufficienttoresolveadeficiency. DuringadjustmentofBCRattenuation, caremustbetakentoassurethattheforwardandreverselinksareapproximatelyin balance(i.e.thetolerablepathlosslinkmarginisthesameforuplinkanddownlink). Theoptimizationofneighborlistswillbelessofaproblemduringclustertests,where onlyasmallnumberofcellsareactive,thanwithsystemwidetests,wheremanymore sectorsaresimultaneouslyactive.Duetothelimitedneighborlistsizeforeachsector, tradeoffsarerequiredtoselectentrieswhichminimizedroppedcallsbecauseofmissed handoffsorhandoffsequencingproblems. 3.2 Second Pass Optimization Parameters The following CDMAsystemparameters should only be changed to correct perfor manceproblemsatspecifictroublespotsduringthesecondpassatoptimization: 1. Softhandoffthresholds[4] 2. Activesetandneighborsetsearchwindowsizes[4] 3. Accesschannelnominalandinitialpowersettings 4. Digitalgainsettingsforpilot,page,andsyncchannels[1]
Thesecondpassoptimizationparameterscanhavesystemwideperformanceimpacts, andthereforeshouldbeadjustedwithcaution,incasesweretheadjustedparameters donotfullyresolveaproblem.Forexample,evensmallchangesinsofthandoffthresh oldscanimpactoverallsystemcapacityandchannelelementutilization.Ingeneral,at temptsshouldbemadetokeepaconsistentsetofhandoffthresholdsfortheentire CDMAnetwork.Itisnotadvisableorpracticaltoaltersofthandoffthresholdsonasec torbysectorbasis,particularlysincehandoffthresholdsaredeterminedbytheprimary cellinamultiwayhandoff;however,inlocalareashandoffparametersforagroupof sectorscoveringaregioncanbechangedtoreflectsmallscaledifferences. Searchwindowsizesfortheactiveandneighborsetsshouldbesetinitiallybasedonex pectedcellsizesandmultipathpropagationdelayspreads,asdiscussedin[4]. Ifthe CDMAdeploymentcontainsamixtureofsmallcellsandlargecells,thenwindowsizes mayhavetobeadjustedonacasebycasebasistoaccommodateallhandoffscenarios. Forexample,ifthereisalargevariationintheantennaheightsforCDMAcellsinthe network,situationsmayoccurwherethemobileenterssofthandoffwithadistantcell. Ifthemobileusesthedistantbasestationtoobtainatimingreference,thenthemobiles referenceclockwillberetardedbythelargepropagationdelaybetweenthemobileand thedistantcellsite. Whenscanningforneighborlistpilots,themobilewillcenterits searchwindowaroundtheexpectedtimedelayoftheneighborspilotPNoffset,ascal culatedbasedonthemobilesreferencetiming.Sincethemobilesreferencetimeisre tardedbythepropagationdelayfromthedistantcelltothemobile,thelocationofthe searchwindowwillbeskewedbythepropagationdelaytime.Insuchasituation,ifthe searchwindowsizeisnotlargeenough,themobilemayfailtodetectpilotsfromclose inneighborsduetotheretardedtimingreference. 3.3 Fixed Parameters ThefollowingCDMAsystemparametersshouldnotbeadjustedduringtheRFopti mizationprocedure: 1. Forwardpowercontrolthresholds[3] 2. Reversepowercontrolthresholds[3] 3. Remainingsetsearchwindowsize[4] 4. Forwardoverloadcontrolsetpoints[1] 5. Reverseoverloadcontrolsetpoints[2] 6. Minimum,maximum,andnominaltrafficchanneldigitalgains
10
Thefixedparametersinvolvequantitieswhichshouldnotbeadjustedduringfieldopti mization. These include power control thresholds, overload control setpoints, and somesearchwindowsizes.Sincepowercontrolplayssuchacriticalroleinbothreverse linkandforwardlinkperformancefortheCDMAsystem,relatedthresholdsandstep sizesshouldonlybeadjustedbasedonsimulationsorlabmeasurements.Fortheopti mizationtestsitisrecommendedthatreverseoverloadcontrolthresholdsbesettotheir maximumvaluesallowedinthetranslationstoavoidfalsealarmsduringtheloaded drivetesting. Duetotheforwardoverloadcontrolalgorithmsroleasthesoleoverdriveprotection mechanismforthelinear power amplifier, the forward overloadcontrol parameters shouldbeadjustedbasedonlabtestsandcomputersimulations.
4.
Initial Cluster Configuration
TheclusterundertestshouldbeloadedwiththedefaultvaluesforCDMAtranslation parameters,orcustomizedvaluesprovidedbytheRFsystemdesignteam. Cellsite transmitpowersshouldbesettovaluesdeterminedbythecustomerortheRFsystem designteam;thesetransmitpowerlevelsshouldbeverifiedandloggedateachcellsite usingaCDMAbasestationtestset. ThecellsiteandECPsoftwareloadsshouldbefunctionalandstableenoughtosupport originations,terminations,handoffs,andotherbasiccallprocessingcapabilities. The RFCallTracefeatureshouldbeenabledduringthedrivetestingtomonitorbothfor wardandreverselinkstatistics.
5.
Selection of Drive Routes
Thefollowingprocedureshouldbeusedtoselectdriveroutesforoptimization.These stepsmustbefollowedasoutlinedbelow,becauseselectionofdriveroutescanserious lyimpactoverallsystemperformanceasmeasuredduringtheclusterexittests.Steps forproperdriverouteselection: 1. ObtainpropagationpredictiontoolplotsforthetestclusterfromLucentCE4predic tiontoolandifpossiblefromthecustomersCDMApredictiontool. 2. Choosedriveroutesthatarecompletelycontainedwithinthepredictedcoverage areaofthetestcluster(i.e.withinthedesignedcoverageareaofthecluster). 3. Undernocircumstancesshouldthedriveroutesexitthedesignedcoverageareaof theclusterasdeterminedfromthepredictiontoolplots.
11
4. Jointlywiththecustomer,chooseacombinationofprimaryandsecondaryroads thatproviderepresentativecoverageoftheinteriorofthecluster. 5. Avoiddriveroutesthatborderbetweenthetestclusterandadjacentclusterswhich havenotyetbeenoptimized,asinaccurateperformanceresultswillbeobtainedin theseborderareasuntilbothclusterscanbesimultaneouslyoperated. 6. Selectdriveroutesprimarilyintheinteriorofthetestclusterwhereforwardlinkin terferencecanbeaccuratelymodeled. Ifsomeofthedriveroutescoverareasoutsideofthedesignedcoverageareaoftheclus ter,theseroutesegmentsoutsidethepredictcoverageareashouldberemovedfrom performancetestresultsforthecluster. Thedatafromtheseoutofcoverageroute segmentsshouldbemanuallyremovedfromthestatisticscollectedforFER,dropped calls,originations,andterminationsasapartofthedrivetestreports,clusterexittests, andperformancevalidationtests.Atthetimeofthedriverouteselection,appropriate notationshouldbemadetoindicatewhichroutesandsegmentsareoutsideofthepre dictedcoverageofthecluster. BoththeLucentandcustomerrepresentativeshould agreeonwhichportionsofthedriveroutesareoutofcoverage,andthejointdeci sionsshouldbewelldocumentedbeforedrivetestingbegins.Anycoverageplots(e.g. FER,pilotEc/Io,mobilereceivepower,mobiletransmitpower)createdfortheoutof coverageroutesegmentsshouldexplicitlyandclearlyindicatethattheseroutesarenot inthedesignedcoverageofthecluster.
6.
Simulation of Traffic Loading
BecauseallCDMAuserssharethesamecarrierfrequency,theperformanceofthenet workishighlydependentonlocalinterferencelevels,andhenceonthetrafficloadof thesystem.Thecoverageareasandhandoffregionswillbestronglyinfluencedbythe amountoftrafficonthenetworkonapersectorbasis.WithatypicalAMPSsystemde ployment,itisstandardpracticetodrivetestandoptimizethesystemunderlightload ingconditions;suchalightloadingapproachisnotsufficienttofullyexerciseaCDMA system.FortheCDMAsystemscoverage,capacity,andqualitytobeevaluatedunder realworldconditions,thenetworkmustbetestedunderloadedconditionsthatmatch thoseexpectedforactualoperation.Simulatedloadingmustbeappliedtoboththefor wardandreverselinkstofullymodeltheeffectsoftrafficuponsystemperformance. 6.1 Forward Link Loading OrthogonalChannelNoiseSimulators(OCNS)areavailableinalloftheCDMAsectors tosimulateforwardlinkinterference[6]. Noadditionalhardwareorsoftwareisre quiredtosupporttheoperationofOCNS thefeatureisastandardpartoftheCDMA equipment. Commandscanbeissuedtoactivateforwardlinkinterferenceatthede
siredleveltoemulateaspecifiednumberofusers[6];thenumberofequivalentusers andarootmeansquare(RMS)forwardlinkdigitalgainsettingscanbespecifiedona persectorbasis.OCNSwillbeusedforallforwardlinkloadingsimulationduringthe RFoptimizationtesting.LoadinglevelswillbedeterminedbasedonestimatedErlang traffictobeservedbythenetwork. 6.2 Reverse Link Loading Onesimplemethodofemulatingreverselinkloadingistoplaceanattenuatorinthe transmitpathattheCDMAsubscriberunit.Unfortunately,iftheattenuatorislocated external to the transceiver, then the transmitreceive duplexor cannot be bypassed, causingtheattenuatortoaffectboththeforwardandreverselinksignals.Forthere verselink,theinfluenceoftheattenuatorisequivalent,atleastinastaticsense,tothe interferenceobservedduringactualsystemloading. Themobileattenuatorisusedtosimulatethemedianinterferenceriseobservedbythe cellsiteduringspecifiedErlangloadingconditions.Theattenuationsimulatesastatic interferenceconditiononthereverselinknoattemptismadetomodelthestatistical variationscausedbyothermobilesinthesystem.Shadowfadingeffectsareincluded fortheonelivemobilethatisinvolvedinthetest,whiletheeffectsfromothermobiles arelumpedintothesingle,staticattenuationvalue. ForreverselinkloadingduringtheRFoptimizationprocedures,themainobjectiveisto assurethatacceptableuplinkcoverageismaintainedunderloadedconditions(i.e.to check for coverage holes); for this reason, the attenuator is a simple and effective methodofmeasuringcellshrinkageforaspecifiedtrafficload.Theuseofanattenuator tosimulateloadingisthereforeproposedasamethodofcheckingforcoverageholes thatmightdevelopattheCDMAsystemisloaded.Theattenuatorisnotmeanttostress thebasestationinfrastructureequipmentinamannercomparabletolivetrafficloading. Inaddition,theattenuatorisnotproposedtosimulateextremeconditionsasmightexist duetojamming,externalinterference,orotherabnormalconditions. Unfortunately,theimpactontheforwardlinkofplacinganattenuatoratthemobile unitdoesnotmimictheeffectsobservedunderactualloadingoftheCDMAsystem. Actualtrafficloadingontheforwardlinkincreasestheamountofinterferenceonthe forwardlink,whilenotaffectingtheabsolutereceivedpowerofthepilotsignals. In otherwords,astheloadingisincreasedthemeasuredpilottointerferenceratiosarere ducebythepresenceoftheadditionalforwardtrafficchannels.Anattenuatorinthere
ceivepathinthemobilereducesthelevelofboththepilotchannelandtheinterference, notjustthepilotchannel.Assuch,theattenuatordistortsthepilottointerferencelev elsobservedbythemobile;theresultisforwardlinkperformancethatisnotrepresen tativeofthebehaviorobservedundertrueloadedconditions. OnecancompensatefortheunintendedforwardlinkchangesbyusingOCNSandin creasingeachsectorstransmitpoweranamountequaltotheattenuationplacedatthe mobile.Thedisadvantageofusingextracellsitetransmitpowertocompensateforthe attenuationlossisthatadditionaltransmitpowermustbeavailableattheeachandev erycellsite(e.g.fortypicalloadingsituations2to3dBofextratransmitpowermustbe available). Anothermethodofreducingundesiredimpactsoftheattenuatoronforwardlinkper formanceisbasedonusingmicrowavehardwaretoseparatetheforwardandreverse linkpathsatthemobile.Abacktobackcirculatorarrangementwillallowattenuation tobeplacedonlyinthereverselinkpath,whiletheforwardlinkpathwillonlyincur thecirculatorlosses(typicallylessthan0.5dB).Suchanapproachallowsattenuatorsto be used at the CDMA mobiles, without the requirement for increased forward link transmitpowers.FortheloadedRFoptimizationtests,mobileattenuatorswithcircula torswillbeusedtosimulatedblanketbackgroundloadinglevelsonthereverselink. Fortheloadedtestsproposedinthisdocument,reverselinkloadingwillmakeuseofan attenuatorcombinedwithacirculator.
7.
Nominal Parameter Settings
Based onfieldexperience, labmeasurements, andsimulations,nominalvalues have beendevelopedforthemostimportantCDMAparameters.Thesenominalparameter valuesdifferinsomecasesfromthedefaultvaluesusedinthetranslationsdatabase. Dependinguponthelocalenvironment(terrain,clutter,celllayout,etc.),itmaybeap propriatetoadjustthenominalvalueslistedhere,withinthetypicaltuningrangesas noted. Parameter T_ADD T_DROP T_COMP NominalValue 13dB 15dB 2.5dB
TuningRange 12to14dB 14to16dB 2to3dB

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T_TDROP ActiveSearchWin NeighborSearchWin PilotDigitalGain PageDigitalGain SyncDigitalGain
2sec 40chips 80chips 108dgu 64dgu 34dgu
1to4sec 10to40chips 40to160chips 108dgu 64to96dgu 34dgu
8.
Optional Preliminary Tests
Thefollowingsectiondescribesseveraltestswhichmaybeperformedpriortotheactu alclustertesting. Thefirsttestisdesignedtoestimatetheinvehiclepenetrationloss andantennagaindifferencesbetweenaroofmountedreferenceantennaandahand heldantennainsidethetestvehicle.Thepenetrationlossmeasurementisusefulforset tingtheinitialattenuationvaluebetweentheCDMAhandheldandtheroofmounted referenceantennausedfortheclustertests.Iftheinvehiclepenetrationlossofthemea surementsetuphasbeenpreviouslycharacterized,thenthereisnoneedtoremeasure thelossforeachcluster.Inaddition,ifaspecificinvehiclelosshasbeenassumedinthe linkbudgetdesignforthemarketbeingoptimized,thenthelossfromthelinkbudget canbeusedtodirectlysettheattenuationvalue.IfLucentTechnologiesandthewire lessserviceproviderhavepreviouslyagreeduponanacceptableattenuationvaluefor invehicleloss,thenthereisnoneedtoperformtheexperimentalcharacterization. ThesecondtestdescribedinthissectionistocharacterizetheforwardlinkRMSdigital gainvalueforatypicalCDMAuserundernominalloadingconditionsinaparticular environment.TheRMSdigitalgainvaluebasicallyestimatestheaveragetransmitpow errequiredforeachCDMAuser;therefore,RMSdigitalgainvalueisusefulforsetting theOrthogonalChannelNoiseSimulation(OCNS)levelsforuseinforwardlinkload ing. Inmanycases,reasonableRMSdigitalgainvaluescanbeestimatedpriortothe clustertestingbasedonsimulationsorpreviousfieldexperience.Ifnecessary,thefor warddigitalgaintestprocedurecanbeusedtoverifytheestimatedvaluespriortosim ulatedloadtesting. 8.1 In-Vehicle Penetration Loss Measurement Thefollowingsectiondescribesaprocedureformeasuringthedifferenceinpropaga tionpathlossbetweenahandheldusinganexternalroofmountedantennaandaniden ticalhandheldusingabuiltinwhipantennainsideofthetestvehicle.Theprimarygoal
istoestimatethedifferenceinperformancebetweenthetwoantennaconfigurations,in cludingtheeffectsofbothantennagaindifferencesandinvehiclepenetrationlosses. ThebasicapproachistodrivetestasectionoftheCDMAsystemwhilesimultaneously loggingdatawithtwoMobileDiagnosticMonitors(MDMs):oneMDMisconnectedto acalibratedCDMAphoneusinganexternalroofmountedantenna;theotherMDMis connectedtoacalibratedCDMAphoneusingabuiltinwhipantennainsideofthetest van.Duringthedriverun,fullrateMarkovcallsareinitiatedwithMDMsthatarecon figuredtologtotalreceivedpower,pilotchannelEc/Io,andmobiletransmitpower. Afterthedriverun,theMDMdatafilesareusedtocomparethemeanmobiletransmit powerdifferenceforthetwoantennaconfigurations.Sincethetwocalibratedphones areidenticalexceptfortheantennaconfigurations,themeasureddifferenceintransmit tedpowercorrespondstothecombinedeffectsofinvehiclepenetrationandantenna gaindifferences.Itisalsopossibletousethemobilereceivedpowertoestimatethein vehiclepenetrationandantennagaindifferences;however,usingmobilereceivedpow erwillmakethemeasurementsusceptibletotheeffectsofreceiveroverloadandinter modulationinterferenceifthemobileissubjectedtohighsignallevels. 8.1.1 TestEquipment
Thefollowinglistofequipmentisrequiredtoconductthetest,wherequantitiesofeach itemareshownwithinsquarebrackets([]). 1. [1]Offtheshelf(unmodified)CDMAportablecellulartransceiver 2. [1]ModifiedCDMAportablecellulartransceiverwithantennaconnector(alterna tivelyacarkitcanbeusedtoderivetheantennainterfaceconnection) 3. [1]CoaxialinterfacecablewithSMAmaletoSMAmaleconnectors 4. [1]CoaxialadapterSMAfemaletoTNCfemale 5. [1]MagneticmountgroundplanereferenceantennawithmaleTNCconnector 6. [2] Serial interface cable to connect between CDMA portable and MDM logging computer 7. [2]MDMloggingcomputers 8. [2]GPSreceiversforMDMlogging 9. [1]QUALCOMMMDMsoftware 10. [1]LucentDataAnalysisTool(DAT)software 11. [1]MicrosoftExcelorsimilarspreadsheetprogramfordataanalysis BothoftheCDMAtestportablesshouldbecalibratedinthelabpriortouseinthefield testing.Specifically,theloggedreceivedandtransmittedpowervaluesshouldbeveri fied from bench measurements. Ifnecessary,acorrection factorcanbeappliedthe loggedmeasurementstoimprovetheaccuracyofthedrivetestresults.
8.1.2
TestConditions
RigidlymounttheCDMAportablewiththebuiltinwhipantennaataconvenientloca tioninthetestvehicle.OrienttheCDMAportableinaverticalpositionwiththewhip antennafullyextended.Whenselectingalocationtoplacethephone,findaposition freeandclearofblockagesorobstacles.Mountthephoneatapproximatelyheadheight tosimulateatypicalinvehicleusagescenario.Velcrotapeornylontiewrapscanbe usedtosecurethephonetoasuitablemountingstructure.Anotheroptionistofabri cateamountingfixturefromalargeblockofStyrofoampackingmaterial.Avoidplac inganylargemetalobjects withinapproximately 2feetofthewhipantennaonthe handheld. Connect the modified CDMA portable with the antenna connector to the magnetic mountantennaontheroofofthetestvehicle.Inthetestvehicle,setupthetwoMDMs tologdatawiththefollowinglogmaskFFD049F0.ThelogmaskwillenabletheMDM torecordmessaginginformation,totalreceivedpower,mobiletransmitpower,pilot channelEc/Io,andGPSdata. SettheCDMAtranslationsparameterssuchthatasingleCDMAsectoristransmitting; disableallothersectors.Asingleactivesectorisusedduringtheinvehiclepenetration teststoavoidcomplicationsarisingiftheroofmountedantennaphoneandinvehicle whipantennaphoneareindifferenthandoffstates.Thetestresultsaremorerepeatable ifthetestconditionsarereducedtohavingasingleactivesector. 8.1.3 TestProcedures
Selectadriveroutethatincludesavarietyoftypicalterrainconditionsanddistances fromtheCDMAcellsites.Postprocessingandanalysisofthecollecteddatawillbeeas ierifthedriverouteiskeptrelativelyshort(e.g.approximately30minutesofdriving); however,longerdriveroutescanbeaccommodatedifnecessary.Avoidextendedperi odsofdrivinginareaswheretheportableislikelytobetransmittingattheabsolute minimumormaximumpowers,suchaslocationsinimmediateproximitytocellsitesor inextremecoverageholes. Atthestartofthedrivetest,checktobecertaintheboth MDMsareoperationalandreadytologdata.StartafullrateMarkovmodecall.Begin loggingsimultaneouslyonbothMDMsanddrivethetestvehicleonthechosendrive route. Watchthe<F9>screenontheMDMtoobservewheneithermobiledropsthe CDMAcall.Whenacalldrops,reinitiateaMarkovmodecallasrapidlyaspossible.At theconclusionofthedrive,stoploggingandsavethelogfilesfrombothMDMs.
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8.1.4
DataAnalysis
Thedataprocessingstepsrequiredtoobtainanestimateofthepathlossdifferencesbe tweenthetwophonescanbesummarizedasfollows: 1. ProcesstheMDMbinarylogfilesthroughtheLucentDataAnalysisTool(DAT). 2. ExtracttheASCIItextoutputfilescontainingthemobiletransmitpowerdata. 3. LoadthetwoASCIIoutputfilesfromLucentDATintoanExcelspreadsheet. 4. Usethetimestampstoalignthetwofiles,suchthatbothsetsofthepositionsand timesmatch. 5. Prunethedatatoremovesegmentswherethemobiletransmitpowerissaturatedor clipped. 6. Furtherprunethedatatoremovesegmentswhereonephoneortheotherdoesnot reportvalidtransmitpowerdata(i.e.calldropped,transmitterturnedoff,etc.). 7. Createanewdatacolumninthespreadsheetconsistingofthedifferenceintransmit power. 8. Calculatethemeanandstandarddeviationforthedifferenceintransmitpower. 9. Themeandifferenceintransmitpowercorrespondstothepathlossdifference. Detailedinstructionsforeachstepareoutlinedbelow. ProcesseachMDMlogfileindividuallythroughtheLucentDataAnalysisTool(DAT). AftereachlogfileisprocessedthroughtheDATsoftware,the"out"directoryshould containafilenamed"mtx.amp".The"mtx.amp"filecontainsASCIItextincolumnfor matwhichcanbereadintoanyspreadsheetprogramforfurtheranalysis.Eachrowof textinthe"mtx.amp"filecontainstheGPSlatitude,GPSlongitude,GPStimestamp,and themobiletransmitpowerindBmunits.Renamethetwo"mtx.amp"filesgivingthem uniquefilenames,suchas"roofmnt.dat"and"builtin.dat". ReadthetwoASCIIdatafilesintoaspreadsheetprogram.Usethetimestampsfromthe twofilestoalignthecolumnssuchthattheGPStimesandpositionsalign.Deleteany rowsofdatawherethedatafilefromeithermobiledidnotcontainadatareportfrom themobile. Forexample,severalsituationsmayoccurwheretheMDMdatawillnot containamobiletransmitpowerreadingeverysecond.Iftheserialdatalinkbetween thephoneandMDMisoverloaded,thensomemessagescanbemissing.Ifthemobile turnsoffitstransmitterduetopoorforwardlinkFER,thentheMDMlogfilewillnot containvalidtransmitpowervaluesduringthosetimeperiods. Ifoneofthemobiles experiencedadroppedcall,thetherewillbenocorrespondingtransmitpoweruntilthe callisreinitiated. TheCDMAportablesareabletotransmitoveradynamicrangeextendingfromapprox imately53dBmto+23dBm.Whenthetransmitpowerofthemobileisneareitherthe
upperorlowerextreme,clippingcanoccur.Acomparisonofthetransmitpowerswill notbemeaningfulinintervalswhereeitherphonewasclosetotheseclippinglevels. Forthisreason,prunethedatasettoremoveanyrowsofdatawherethetransmitpower oftheeitherphoneisgreaterthan+17dBmorlessthan47dBm. Oncethedatasethasbeentimealignedandpruned,createanewcolumninthespread sheetrepresentingthedifferenceintransmitpower.Thetransmitpowerdifferencecol umnshouldbecreatedbysubtractingthetransmitpoweroftheroofmountedantenna mobile(roofmnt.dat)fromthebuiltinwhipantennamobile(builtin.dat).Theresulting datacolumnwillbethetransmitpowerdifferenceindecibels. Usethespreadsheettocomputethemeanandstandarddeviationofthetransmitpower differencecolumnofdata.Themeanoftransmitpowerdifferenceisanestimateofthe pathlossdifferencebetweentheroofmountedantennamobileandthebuiltinwhip antennamobile.Thestandarddeviationofthetransmitpowerdifferenceshouldbeless thanapproximately3dB.Ifthemeasuredstandarddeviationisgreaterthan3dBthen carefullyinspecttheequipmentsetupformalfunctions. Createseveraldataplotstovisuallyvalidatethedata.First,plotthetransmitpowersof thetwomobilesasafunctionoftime.Thetransitpowersshouldroughlytrackonean otherasthetestvehicletraversesthedriveroute.Thetransmitpowerofthehandheld withthebuiltinwhipantennashouldbeconsistentlyhigherthanfortheportablewith the external roof mounted antenna. Observe that neither mobile transmit power is clippedorabnormalinanyway. Second,plotthedifferenceinmobiletransmitpowerasafunctionoftimealongwitha straightlinemarkingthemeanvalue.Observethatthedifferenceintransmitpoweris distributedsymmetricallyaboutthemeanvalue. Ahistogramofthetransmitpower differencecanalsobeusedtovalidatethedistributionoftransmitpowerdifferences. Noteanyextremeoutlierpointsorunusualbiasesinthedata. Iftheplotsindicatethatthedataarewellbehavedandnoanomaliesarenoted,thenthe meandifferenceintransmitpowerbetweenthehandheldwiththebuiltinwhipanten naandthehandheldwiththeexternalgroundplaneantennaestimatesthepathlossdif ferenceforthetwoconfigurations.Thepathlossdifferenceisduetotheantennagain differenceandtheinvehiclepenetrationloss.
9.
CDMA Performance Tests

9.1 Spectral Monitoring Test
TheobjectiveoftheSpectralMonitoringTestistoobservethereceivedinterferenceand backgroundnoiselevelsinboththeCDMAuplinkanddownlinkbands.Measuredin
terferencelevelsshouldbecomparedagainstthresholdsdefinedintheCDMARFEngi neeringGuidelines. AspectrumanalyzercanbeusedtomakesweptmeasurementsoftheCDMAforward andreverselinkbands.Withacomputertocontroltherecordingoperation,theentire measurementsystemcanbeautomated. Themaindisadvantageofusingaspectrum analyzeristherelativelypoornoisefigureformostcommercialunits.Thehighthermal noiselevelspresentinthespectrumanalyzerplacealowerlimitonthesignallevel whichcanbemeasuredwiththeinstrument.Sincetheinterferencelevelswhichmust beobservedaretypicallyinthe95to105dBmrange,itisnecessarytoreducethenoise floorofthemeasurementinstrumenttothislevel.Thepoornoiseperformanceofthe spectrumanalyzercanbeovercometoacertaindegreebyplacingaLowNoiseAmplifi er(LNA)attheinputtothespectrumanalyzer.ThepreamplifierLNAwillreducethe noiseflooroftheanalyzerwhileatthesametimereducingthefrontendoverloadpoint (thirdorderintermodulationintercept). 9.1.1 EntranceCriteria
1. TheCDMAbandandguardbandmustbeclearedofothertrafficandpotentialin terferencesourcesduringthetimespectrummeasurementinterval. 9.1.2 TestConditions
9.1.2.1 ReverseLinkMeasurements Forthereverselinkspectralmonitoringtest,connectthespectrumanalyzertooneof thecellsitesreceiveantennasthroughthe4:1splitterlocatedpriortotheBCRinputin thereceiverchain.ConnectanIEEE488cablebetweenthespectrumanalyzerandthe controlcomputers IEEE488interfacecard. Runthespectrumanalyzercontrolpro gramonthecontrolcomputer.Setthespanandcenterfrequencyofthespectrumana lyzertocovertheentireCDMAuplinkbandandtheassociatedguardband(span=1.77 MHz,centerfrequency=CDMAcarrierfrequency).Settheresolutionbandwidthofthe spectrumanalyzerto30kHz. 9.1.2.2 ForwardLinkMeasurements Fortheforwardlinkspectralmonitoringthespectrumanalyzerandcontrolcomputer willbeinstalledinatestvan.Thespectrumanalyzerwillbeconnectedtoamagnetic mountantennaontheroofofthetestvan. Setthespanandcenterfrequencyofthe spectrumanalyzertocovertheentireCDMAdownlinkbandandtheassociatedguard
band(span>1.7MHz,centerfrequency=CDMAcarrierfrequency).Settheresolution bandwidthofthespectrumanalyzerto30kHz. 9.1.3 TestProcedures
9.1.3.1 ReverseLinkMeasurements Forthereverselinkmeasurements,thespectrumanalyzerwillbeinstalledformeasure mentsinthecellsite.Thefollowingstepsareusedtomaketheinterferencemeasure mentswiththespectrumanalyzer: 1. Couplethespectrumanalyzerintothesectorsreceiveantennausingapowersplit ter.Thespectrumanalyzershouldbeconnectedatapointwithatmost(TBD)dBof losstothereceiveantenna. 2. ConnectthespectrumanalyzertotheIEEE488interfacecardonthecontrolcomput er. 3. Run the control program and set the parameters for automated logging of the CDMAreverselinkfrequencyband.Theloggingshouldbeconductedatnightdur ingthesametimeperiodsthattheCDMAoptimizationtestingwillbeperformed. 4. Startloggingspectrumanalyzerdataandcontinueloggingforaperiodofatleast1 hour. 5. Stoploggingandsavethelogfiles. 6. Repeatthespectrumanalyzerloggingduringatleast2onehourperiods. Thespectrumanalyzerlogswillbeprocessedbyobservingprobabilitydensityfunction (PDF)oftheinterferencelevelsoverthemonitoringperiods. Theinterferencelevels willbecomparedagainstminimumacceptablelevelsasstatedintheCDMAEngineer ingGuidelines. 9.1.3.2 ForwardLinkMeasurements Fortheforwardlinkmeasurements,thespectrumanalyzerwillbeinstalledformea surementsintherovingtestvan.Thefollowingstepsareusedtomaketheinterference measurementswiththespectrumanalyzer: 1. Couplethespectrumanalyzerintoamagneticmountwhipantennamountedonthe roofofthetestvan.Thespectrumanalyzershouldbeconnectedatapointwithat most5dBoflosstothereceiveantenna. 2. ConnectthespectrumanalyzertotheIEEE488interfacecardonthecontrolcomput er.
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3. Run the control program and set the parameters for automated logging of the CDMAforwardlinkfrequencyband. Theloggingshouldbeconductedatnight during the same time periods that the CDMA optimization testing will be per formed. 4. Startloggingspectrumanalyzerdata.Drivethetestvantoareaswherethehighest levelsofforwardlinkinterferenceareexpectedtobeobserved.Forexample,ridges, hills,orotherterrainfeatureswhereamobileislikelytobelineofsighttoanumber ofcells.Propagationpredictionplotsandterrainelevationplotscanbeusedtose lectappropriatedriveroutes.RFengineersforthelocalsystemmayalsobeableto suggestappropriatedrivelocations. 5. Aftertheselecteddriverouteshavebeencompleted,stoploggingandsavethelog files. 6. Repeatthespectrumanalyzerloggingduringatleast3onehourperiods.
9.1.4
DataAnalysis
The spectrum analyzer logs will be processed by observing peak interference levels overthemonitoringperiods. Theinterferencelevelswillbecomparedagainstmini mumacceptablelevelsasstatedintheCDMAEngineeringGuidelines. 9.1.5 ExitCriteria
1. Spectralmeasurementsshouldrecordinbandinterferencelevelswhicharebelow therecommendedlevelsasspecifiedintheCDMARFEngineeringGuidelines.Ar easwhereinterferenceexceedstherecommendedthresholdswillbeaddressedjoint lybyLucentTechnologiesandthecustomeronacasebycasebasis. 9.2 Unloaded Coverage Test TheobjectiveoftheUnloadedCoverageTestistomeasuretheforwardchannelpilot coverageforunloadedconditions,withallsectorsintheclustertransmittingpilot,page, andsyncchannels,whileasingleMarkovcallisactive.Forthesetests,aCDMAMobile DiagnosticMonitor(MDM)willbeplacedinarovingtestvehicleanddrivenoverse lecteddriveroutes. Thedriveroutesshouldincludethemostheavilytraveledhigh waysandprimaryroadwaysinthedesignedcoverageareaofthecluster. Thedrive routesshouldalsocoverareaswithsubstantialhandoffactivity.
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9.2.1
EntranceCriteria
1. Coveragepredictionplotsfromplanningtools,suchasCE4,mustbepreparedfor thecoverageareaofthetestcluster. 2. CDMAequipmentforthetestclustermustbeinstalled,configured,andoperational. Rudimentary tests of call originations, terminations, and sectortosector softer handoffsshouldbeperformedoneachcellpriortothedrivetestingphase. 3. Translationsparametersforthesectorsintheclustershouldhavebeenenteredand verifiedusingtheRecentChangeVerification(RCV)procedures. 4. Transmitpowersofpilot,page,sync,andtrafficchannelsshouldbecalibratedat eachsectorintheclusterasdescribedintheForwardLinkTranslationApplications Note[1]. 5. RFCallTracecapabilitymustbefunctionalinordertomonitorforwardandreverse linkactivityfromthecellsperspective.AnalternativeoptionistohaveCellDiag nosticMonitors(CDMs)installedforthecellsinthecluster. 6. CDMAmobilesusedinthetestingshouldbemeasuredforcompliancewithIS95A andtheIS98MobileStationPerformanceSpecification. 9.2.2 TestConditions
Eachsectorshouldbetransmittingpilot,page,andsyncchannelsatthenominallevels. NootherCDMAtrafficshouldbeonthetestclusterotherthanthetestphones.With thecurrentversionofCDMAsubscriberunits,itispossibletologpilotsearcherdata whilesimultaneouslyloggingdatawithaMarkovcall;therefore,therecommendedap proachistoperformunloadedpilotsurveymeasurementwithasingleMarkovcallrun ning. 9.2.3 TestProcedures
Theproceduretobeusedforthepilotchannelcoveragesurveysisasfollows: 1. Installthediagnosticmonitorinthetestvehicle.ConnecttheCDMAtestphoneand theGPSreceivertotheloggingcomputer.Runthediagnosticmonitorsoftware;be particularly careful thattheinitialization fileforthe diagnosticmonitorsoftware (dm.ini)includessettingswhichexactlymatchtheCDMAtestphone.Setthelog maskonthediagnosticmonitortotheappropriatevalue,byusingthe<F5>func tion.ChecktobecertainthatthediagnosticmonitorisloggingGPSpositiondataby observingthespeeddisplayonthe<F2>screen;ifthespeedisshownasN/A,then GPSdataisnotbeingrecorded,otherwisethespeeddisplayshouldindicatetheap proximatespeedofthetestvehicle.
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2. Atthebeginningofeachdriverun,initiateafullrateMarkovmodecall. Assure thatthecallissuccessfulbycheckingthatanacceptableFERisdisplayedonthe CDMA mobiles LCD. Use the diagnostic monitorto disable sleep mode in the phone. 3. Atthebeginningofeachdriverun,initiatetheCallTracefeatureatthecellsiteto logperformancestatistics. 4. Atthebeginningofeachdriveroute,placethediagnosticmonitorintothe<F9> summarydisplaymode.Donotusethe<F2>temporalanalyzerdisplaymodeasit mayinterferewithproperfilelogging. Initiateloggingonthemobilediagnostic monitorbytyping<ALT><L>.Duringthedrivetesting,monitorthepercentageof RandomAccessMemory(RAM)fortheloggeddata;iftheloggeddataexceeds50% ofthecomputersmemory,thenstoploggingbyhitting<ALT><L>,savethelogfile bytyping<CTRL><F10>,andthenrestartthediagnosticmonitorsoftware. 5. Attheconclusionofeachdriveroute,savethelogfilesaspreviouslydescribedin Step2. 9.2.4 DataAnalysis
Thefirststepofdataanalysisinvolvestheuseofscripttoolstoprocessthemobilemes sagingfiles.TheseautomatedscriptsaredescribedindetailinChapter11ofthisdocu ment. Dataanalysisofthepilotchannelsurveydatawillprimarilyconsistofprocessingthe datathroughthepostprocessingsoftware.TheresultingASCIIfilescanbeusedtodis playpilotchannelEc/Ioindecibelsasafunctionoflocation. UsingMAPINFO,the fielddatacanbeoverlaiduponastreetmap.Theresultingpilotcoveragemapscanbe comparedagainstpredictedlevelsfromRFplanningtools. Handoffareascanbeob servedbymappingthehandoffstate(0,1,2,or3way)foreachgeographiclocation. OthersummarystatisticsareusefulforassessingtheoverallperformanceoftheCDMA system;forexample,CumulativeDistributionFunctions(CDFs)ofpilotEc/Iocanbe usedtodeterminethepercentageofthedriveroutewherepilotlevelsexceededapar ticularvalue.Similarstatisticsareusefulfordeterminingthepercentagesof1,2,and3 wayhandoff. ThepilotcoveragemapsshouldbeusedtovalidatetheRFdesignforthetestcluster. Becausethemeasurementsweremadeunderunloadedconditions,theyrepresentan
ideal,bestcasecondition. Underfullloadingconditions,observedpilotEc/Iolevels wouldbeasmuchas5dBlowerthantheunloadedmeasurementvalues.Anycoverage holeswhichexistfortheunloadedmeasurementswillbeenlargedoncethesystemma turesandbecomesloaded.Ifsubstantialareasofpoorpilotcoverageexistinthemea suredcoverageareaforthetestcluster,thenRFdesignalternativesshouldbeconsid eredtoremedytheproblemareas. Possiblesolutionsincludechangingpilotpowers, changingantennaspatterns,reorientingantennaboresights,andaddingadditionalcells orrepeaters. The maps of handoff activity can be useful for setting handoff thresholds, creating neighborlists,andidentifyingtroublespots.Foranunloadedsystem,onecanexpectto observesignificantlyhigherhandoffpercentagesthanforafullyloadedsystem. Be cause handoffactivity is based onpilotEc/Io levels,thehandoffareas will tend to shrinkastheCDMAsystembecomesloadedandEc/Iolevelsdecreaseduetoincreased interference.ForthecurrentgenerationofCDMAsubscriberunits,theCDMAmobile unitcansimultaneouslyreceivevoicechannelsignalsfromatmost3sectors,forthis reasonitisimportanttoreducethenumberofareaswhere4ormorestrongpilotsig nalsarepresent. 9.2.5 ExitCriteria
TheoverallperformanceoftheCDMAnetworkdependsupontheareacoverageproba bilityforwhichthesystemwasdesigned.Forexample,asystemdesignedfor90%area coveragewouldbeexpectedtoincurahigheroutageprobability thanasystem de signedfor97%areacoverage.Forthisreason,specificnumericalexitcriteriacannotbe providedinageneralguidelinesdocumentsuchasthisone.Theexactexitcriteriaused intheRFoptimizationtestswillbecustomerandmarketspecific.Rangesoftypicalval ueswillbeprovidedhere.ItisexpectedthatpriortotheactualRFoptimizationtesting, finalvalueswillbeassignedbasedonthedesigncriteriaforthetestmarket. Thefollowingexitcriteriaapplyfortheunloadedpilotsurveyresults: 1. BestserverpilotEc/Iomeasurementsshouldbegreaterthan11dBforthedesigned areacoverageprobabilityofthesystem(typically85to97%). Asistypicalwithlargescalenetworkdeployments,clusterexitcriteriawillhavetobe adjustedonanexceptionbasistoaccountforanomalies. Forexample,allcellsinthe clustermaynotbeoperationalatthetimeoftheclustertesting.Cellsmaynotbeopera
tionalduetobackhaultransportoutages.Coverageholesmayexistthatwillbefilled whenadjacentclustersarebroughtonline.Theengineeringteamsshouldjointlyad dressareaswheretheclusterperformancedoesnotmeetexitcriteriatargets. 9.3 Loaded Coverage Test
TheobjectiveoftheLoadedCoverageTestistomeasuretheperformanceoftheCDMA system withactual orsimulated loading conditions. During thetestingwith traffic loading,trafficwillbesimulatedusingoneofthemethodsdiscussedinSection6.For thesetests,aCDMAMobileDiagnosticMonitor(MDM)willbeplacedinarovingtest vehicleanddrivenoverthesamedriveroutes usedfortheUnloadedPilotChannel CoverageSurveyTest.Duringtheclustertesting,theobjectiveistoidentify,categorize, andcatalogthecoverageproblemsobservedduringthedrivetesting. Anycoverage problemswhichcannotbesolvedwithbasicparameterchanges,requiringlessthan30 minutesofwork,willbedeferreduntilthesystemwideoptimizationphase.Parameter adjustmentsduringtheclustertestingwillbelimitedtotheAdjustedParameterslisted inSection5.1. 9.3.1 EntranceCriteria
Theunloadedcoveragetestmusthavebeensuccessfullycompleted. 9.3.2 TestConditions
LoadtheforwardlinkwithOCNSlevelssettothedesignedErlangloadoftheCDMA network.Setthemobileattenuationvaluetomodelthenominalreverselinkload. 9.3.3 TestProcedures
Theproceduretobeusedfortheloadedcoveragetestsisasfollows: 1. Installthediagnosticmonitorinthetestvehicle.ConnecttheCDMAtestphoneand theGPSreceivertotheloggingcomputer.Runthediagnosticmonitorsoftware;be particularly careful thattheinitialization fileforthe diagnosticmonitorsoftware (dm.ini)includessettingswhichexactlymatchtheCDMAtestphone.Setthelog maskonthediagnosticmonitortotheappropriatevalue,byusingthe<F5>func tion.ChecktobecertainthatthediagnosticmonitorisloggingGPSpositiondataby observingthespeeddisplayonthe<F2>screen;ifthespeedisshownasN/A,then GPSdataisnotbeingrecorded,otherwisethespeeddisplayshouldindicatetheap proximatespeedofthetestvehicle.
2. Atthebeginningofeachdriverun,initiateafullrateMarkovmodecall. Assure thatthecallissuccessfulbycheckingthedisplayofacceptableFERontheCDMA mobilesLCD.Usethediagnosticmonitortodisablesleepmodeinthephone. 3. Atthebeginningofeachdriverun,initiatetheCallTracefeatureatthecellsiteto logperformancestatistics. 4. Atthebeginningofeachdriveroute,placethediagnosticmonitorintothe<F9> summarydisplaymode.Donotusethe<F2>temporalanalyzerdisplaymodeasit mayinterferewithproperfilelogging. Initiateloggingonthemobilediagnostic monitorbytyping<ALT><L>.Duringthedrivetesting,monitorthepercentageof RandomAccessMemory(RAM)fortheloggeddata;iftheloggeddataexceeds50% ofthecomputersmemory,thenstoploggingbyhitting<ALT><L>,savethelogfile bytyping<CTRL><F10>,andthenrestartthediagnosticmonitorsoftware. 5. Attheconclusionofeachdriveroute,savethelogfilesaspreviouslydescribedin Step2. 9.3.4 DataAnalysis
Thefirststepofdataanalysisinvolvestheuseofscripttoolstoprocessthemobilemes sagingfiles.TheseautomatedscriptsaredescribedindetailinChapter11ofthisdocu ment. Dataanalysisoftheloadedcoveragetestdatawillprimarilyconsistofprocessingthe datathroughthepostprocessingsoftware.TheresultingASCIIfilescanbeusedtodis playpilotchannelEc/Ioindecibelsasafunctionoflocation. UsingMAPINFO,the fielddatacanbeoverlaiduponastreetmap.Theresultingpilotcoveragemapscanbe comparedagainstpredictedlevelsfromRFplanningtools. Handoffareascanbeob servedbymappingthehandoffstate(0,1,2,or3way)foreachgeographiclocation. OthersummarystatisticsareusefulforassessingtheoverallperformanceoftheCDMA system;forexample,CumulativeDistributionFunctions(CDFs)ofpilotEc/Iocanbe usedtodeterminethepercentageofthedriveroutewherepilotlevelsexceededapar ticularvalue.Similarstatisticsareusefulfordeterminingthepercentagesof1,2,and3 wayhandoff. TheforwardandreverselinkcoveragemapsshouldbeusedtovalidatetheRFdesign forthetestcluster.Becausethemeasurementsweremadeunderunloadedconditions, theyrepresentanideal,bestcasecondition.Underfullloadingconditions,observedpi
lotEc/Iolevelswouldbeasmuchas5dBlowerthantheunloadedmeasurementval ues.Anycoverageholeswhichexistfortheunloadedmeasurementswillbeenlarged oncethesystemmaturesandbecomesloaded.Ifsubstantialareasofpoorpilotcover ageexistinthemeasuredcoverageareaforthetestcluster,thenRFdesignalternatives shouldbeconsideredtoremedytheproblemareas.Possiblesolutionsincludechanging pilotpowers,changingantennaspatterns,reorientingantennaboresights,andadding additionalcellsorrepeaters. The maps of handoff activity can be useful for setting handoff thresholds, creating neighborlists,andidentifyingtroublespots.Foranunloadedsystem,onecanexpectto observesignificantlyhigherhandoffpercentagesthanforafullyloadedsystem. Be cause handoffactivity is based onpilotEc/Io levels,thehandoffareas will tend to shrinkastheCDMAsystembecomesloadedandEc/Iolevelsdecreaseduetoincreased interference.TheCDMAmobileunitcansimultaneouslyreceivevoicechannelsignals fromatmost3sectors,forthisreasonitisimportanttoreducethenumberofareas where4ormorestrongpilotsignalsarepresent. 9.3.5 ExitCriteria
TheoverallperformanceoftheCDMAnetworkdependsupontheareacoverageproba bilityforwhichthesystemwasdesigned.Forexample,asystemdesignedfor90%area coveragewouldbeexpectedtoincurahigheroutageprobability thanasystem de signedfor97%areacoverage.Forthisreason,specificnumericalexitcriteriacannotbe providedinageneralguidelinesdocumentsuchasthisone.Theexactexitcriteriaused intheRFoptimizationtestswillbecustomerandmarketspecific.Rangesoftypicalval ueswillbeprovidedhere.ItisexpectedthatpriortotheactualRFoptimizationtesting, finalvalueswillbeassignedbasedonthedesigncriteriaforthetestmarket. Thefollowingexitcriteriaapplyfortheloadedpilotsurveyresults: 1. BestserverpilotEc/Iomeasurementsshouldbegreaterthan15dBforthedesigned areacoverageprobabilityofthesystem(typically85to97%). 2. ForwardFERmeasurementsshouldbelessthantheoutagethresholdof10%forthe designedareacoverageprobabilityofthesystem(typically85to97%). 3. ReverseFERmeasurementsshouldbelessthantheoutagethresholdof10%forthe designedareacoverageprobabilityofthesystem(typically85to97%). 4. Mobiletransmitpowermeasurementsshouldbelessthan20dBmforthedesigned areacoverageprobabilityofthesystem(typically85to97%).
Asistypicalwithlargescalenetworkdeployments,clusterexitcriteriawillhavetobe adjustedonanexceptionbasistoaccountforanomalies. Forexample,allcellsinthe clustermaynotbeoperationalatthetimeoftheclustertesting.Cellsmaynotbeopera tionalduetobackhaultransportoutages.Coverageholesmayexistthatwillbefilled whenadjacentclustersarebroughtonline.Theengineeringteamsshouldjointlyad dressareaswheretheclusterperformancedoesnotmeetexitcriteriatargets. 9.4 System-wide Optimization Test
TheSystemwideOptimizationTestswillbeperformedaftertheclustertestshavebeen completedforallclustersinthenetwork.Aftertheclustertesting,areasonablycom prehensivelistofcoverageproblemsshouldhavebeencataloged.Thesystemwideop timizationwillfocusonadjustingCDMAparameterstooptimizecoverageintheprob lemareas. 9.4.1 EntranceCriteria
1. AsufficientnumberofcellsintheCDMAmarketmustbeinstalled,integrated,and operationaltoallowRFtestingofamajorityofthegeographicalareaofthemarket. 2. Exitcriteriaforclustertestphasemustbesuccessfullycompletedforthemajorityof cellsintheCDMAmarket(exceptionswillbehandledonacasebycasebasis). 9.4.2 TestConditions
ThefirststepinthesystemwideoptimizationistoadjusttheBCRattenuationsofthe cellsbasedonloadedpilotchannelsurveysfromclustertesting.Initialtransmitpower settingsshouldbeselectedtocontrolovershootandreducethenumberofpilotspresent inmultiplecoverageareas,wheremorethan3strongpilotsexist.BCRattenuationscan alsobeadjustedtoprovidefillincoverageforweaksignalareasthatwereobserved duringthepilotsurveys. Ifgeographicalareasexistwheremorethan3pilotsignalsareconsistentlyobserved,at temptscanbemadetoprovidedominantcoveragebyoneormoresectors. Thefirst stepinadjustingtheBCRattenuationsshouldbetoreducethesignalstrengthsofthe weakestsectorsinthemultiplecoverageareainstepsofapproximately2dB.Redrive theproblemareaaftereachadjustmentandcheckforFERqualityandhandoffperfor mance.Ifdecreasingtheweakestpilotsignalsby4dBfromtheinitialsettingdoesnot
resolve the problem, attempts can be made to increase the levels of the dominant servers.Ifpossible,increasetheoneortwostrongestpilotsintheareabysettingBCR attenuationstoprovide2dBmoretransmitpower.Redrivetheproblemareatocheck forperformance. Thenextstepistorefinetheneighborlistsbasedontheunloadedpilotsurveyruns.By examiningthepilotPNoffsetsoftheservingsectorsonthedriveroutes,addordelete neighborlistentriesforeachsector.Inotherwords,inthegeneralcoverageareaofa givensector,checktobecertainthatallpilotPNoffsetsrecordedbythetestmobileare representedintheneighborlist.Incaseswheremorethan12potentialneighborlisten triesexist,tradeoffswillhavetobemadetoselectthemostfrequentlyusedneighbor listentries.Iftheneighborlistsizebecomesaprobleminageographicalarea,itmay alsobepossibletoreducethetransmitpowersononeormoreofthesurroundingcells tominimizetheirsignalstrengthsintheproblemarea. 9.4.3 TestProcedures
Aftertheinitialadjustmentoftuningparameters,drivetestingisperformedinthecov erageproblemareascatalogedduringtheclustertests.Iterativeadjustmentsareused torectifycoverageorhandoffproblems.Ateachcoverageproblemarea,theproblem resolutionwillbebrokendownintothreecategories: 1. SimpleProblem(involvingFirstPassParametersonly)resolvablein30minutes 2. ComplexProblem(involvingFirstandSecondPassParameters) resolvablein1 hour 3. UnsolvedProblem(refertoCDMARFsupportteamforresolution). Afterattackingeachoftheproblemcoverageareasidentifiedduringtheclustertesting, asystemwidedriverunshouldbecompleted.Thesystemdriverunshouldincludethe mainhighwaysandprimaryroadswhichcarrythemostairtimetrafficforthewireless market.Driveroutesshouldcoverhighwayinterchanges,exit/entrancerampstoarte rialroads,overwaterbridges,raisedhighways,andotherareaswherereliableCDMA coverageismandatory.Theobjectiveofthesystemwidedrivetestistocollectoverall performancestatisticswiththeentireCDMAnetworkactivated.Asecondarygoalisto identifyadditionaltroublespotsthatwerenotdiscoveredduringtheclustertesting. Forthesystemwidedriverun,allCDMAcellsinthenetworkshouldbeontheair,with translationsparametersupdatedbasedonthemostrecentclustertestresults.Thedrive testingshouldbeperformedusingthesameproceduresdescribedfortheclustertestsin
Sections7.2and7.3.Theentiresystemdrivecanbeconductedinsectionsorasasingle driverun.ThefullrateMarkovmodetestcallwillhavetoberestartedandmobiledi agnosticmonitorloggingreinitiatedaftereverycalldropthatisencounteredduringthe driving. 9.4.4 DataAnalysis
Attheconclusionofthesystemwidedrive,theaggregatestatisticsshouldbeprocessed toobtainanestimateoftheoverallCDMAperformance.Primaryresultswouldinclude CumulativeDistributionFunctions(CDFs)ofpilotchannelEc/Io,forwardandreverse FER,andmobiletransmitpower. 9.4.5 ExitCriteria
TheoverallperformanceoftheCDMAnetworkdependsupontheareacoverageproba bilityforwhichthesystemwasdesigned.Forexample,asystemdesignedfor90%area coveragewouldbeexpectedtoincurahigheroutageprobability thanasystem de signedfor97%areacoverage.Forthisreason,specificnumericalexitcriteriacannotbe providedinageneralguidelinesdocumentsuchasthisone.Theexactexitcriteriaused intheRFoptimizationtestswillbecustomerandmarketspecific.Rangesoftypicalval ueswillbeprovidedhere.ItisexpectedthatpriortotheactualRFoptimizationtesting, finalvalueswillbeassignedbasedonthedesigncriteriaforthetestmarket. Thefollowingexitcriteriaapplyforthesystemwideoptimizationphase: 1. BestserverpilotEc/Iomeasurementsshouldbegreaterthan15dBforthedesigned areacoverageprobabilityofthesystem(typically85to97%). 2. ForwardFERmeasurementsshouldbelessthantheoutagethresholdof10%forthe designedareacoverageprobabilityofthesystem(typically85to97%). 3. ReverseFERmeasurementsshouldbelessthantheoutagethresholdof10%forthe designedareacoverageprobabilityofthesystem(typically85to97%). 4. Mobiletransmitpowermeasurementsshouldbelessthan20dBmforthedesigned areacoverageprobabilityofthesystem(typically85to97%). Asistypicalwithlargescalenetworkdeployments,clusterexitcriteriawillhavetobe adjustedonanexceptionbasistoaccountforanomalies. Forexample,allcellsinthe clustermaynotbeoperationalatthetimeoftheclustertesting.Cellsmaynotbeopera tionalduetobackhaultransportoutages.Coverageholesmayexistthatwillbefilled whenadjacentclustersarebroughtonline.Theengineeringteamsshouldjointlyad dressareaswheretheclusterperformancedoesnotmeetexitcriteriatargets.
9.5
Dropped Call Test
Theobjectofthedroppedcalltestistouseunintendedcallinterruptions(dropped calls)tocharacterizedthestateofoptimizedclustersorsystems.Thenumberandtypes ofdroppedcallswillbeusedasmetricsforthequalityofthesystem. 9.5.1 EntranceCriteria
Theclusterorsystemtobetestedshouldbeoptimizedtothedegreepossibleasde scribedinSection7.4.Thesystemconfiguration,designparametersincludinglinkbud getandtrafficcapacity,andtheoptimizedneighborlistswillbeusedalongwithpre dictedcoverageplotsandplotsofdatatakenintheoptimizationtests.Knownareasof poorcoverageandinadequateneighborlistsshouldbenoted.Theaveragedigitalgain peruserunderloadshouldbedetermined. TheCDMAspectrumwillhavebeenclearedaccordingtothecriteriaoftheCDMARF DesignGuide.Remaininginterferenceontheforwardandreverselinkshouldbechar acterizedforinbandandwidebandsources. Areasthatsupportgenerationofinter modulationproductsinCDMAmobilesshouldbenotedaswellasareaswithlowpath lossbetweenotherinterferencesourcesandCDMAbasestations. ThemobilesusedintestsfordroppedcallsshouldbecompliantwiththeIS98stan dard.Eachmobileshouldbeequippedwithamobilediagnosticmonitoroftheappro priateversion.Ifattenuatorloadingistobeusedforthereverselink,themobileshould beequippedforattenuationinthereverselink. Themobilediagnosticmonitorwillbethekeytoolformeasurementsoftheforward link.TheQUALCOMMNPARtoolwillbeusedtoprovidemobilemessagedataforthe dataanalysistoolsdevelopedbyLucentTechnologies. Measurementsonthereverse linkwillbemadeusingRFCallTraceand,incertaininstances,bythecelldiagnostic monitor.ThedatacollectedbythesetoolswillbeanalyzedbytheLucentdataanalysis tools,aswell.CallprocessinginformationwillbeprovidedbyCPCallTraceandthe Cpfailmessages. 9.5.2 TestConditions
Droppedcallswillbecharacterizedonadriveroutethroughaportionofthecluster thatreflectsfulloperationoftheCDMAsystem.Areaswithoutthefullcomplementof designed handoff neighbors are to be excluded from the drive route. Areas with knownproblemsaretobeidentified.Thedriveroute,selectedtoreflecttheinterestsof
thecustomer,mustbewellcharacterizedovertheexpectedrangeofspeeds.Thecover age, interference, pilot, and handoff environments must be understood before the droppedcalltestbegins. Thetimeofdayofthedrivetestmustbeselectedtoreflect levelsofusage,interference,andothertimedependentfactorsthatareappropriatefor thedesignofthesystem. Thesystemwillbeloadedtothecontractuallyspecifiedtraffichandlingcapacity.Two callswillbeusedtodeterminedrops,onevoicecallandonefullrateMarkovcall.The remainderoftheforwardlinkloadingwillbeprovidedwithOCNS;eachsectorwillbe loaded to its specified traffic capacity (Erlang loading) with allowance for handoff overhead.ThedigitalgainperuserforOCNSwillbesettothevaluedetermineddur ingclusteroptimization.Thereverselinkloadingwillbeachievedbyinsertinganat tenuatorinthereverselinkofthemobile.Theattenuatorvaluewillcorrespondtothe remainderoftheaveragetrafficloadingofthesectors,includingneighbors,thatserve thedriveroute.ProceduresforloadingareprovidedinTranslationApplicationNote5. 9.5.3 TestProcedures
Measurementstakenonthedriveroutewillincludemobilediagnosticmonitorlogs, spectrumanalyzertracesoftheentirecellularband,GPSpositionandtimedata,and operator narrative thatdescribes specifically thelocationandpositionofeach drop. MeasurementstakenattheswitchwillincludeRFCallTracefortheMarkovcall,CP CallTrace,andCpfaillogs.Ifinterferenceconditionsareknownorsuspectedtoexistat aparticularbasestation,appropriatespectrumanalyzermeasureswillbeloggedonthe appropriatesectorsofthebasestation.Celldiagnosticmonitordatamayberecordedat selectedbasestationsfordiagnosticpurposes. 9.5.4 DataAnalysis
MobilediagnosticmonitordatawillbeanalyzedusingtheQUALCOMMNPARtool; theNPARoutputwillbeusedbytheLucentdatareductiontooltogenerateplotsand messageanalyses.RFCallTracedatawillbeusedtogenerateplotsaswell.Plotsand histogramsofforwardandreverseFER,handoffactivity,mobilereceivedandtrans mittedpower,mobileEc/Io,basestationEb/Noanddigitalgaincanbeused.Message sequencesprecedingeachcalldropwillbeanalyzedtodeterminepilotstate,handoff state,error,andsignalstrengthconditionsleadingtothedrop.Asneededtosupport theanalysis,CPCallTraceandCpfaillogsforthecorrespondingtimeintervalswillbe examined.
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SpectrumanalyzerdatawillbereducedusingtheLucentSA4tool;Integratedpower andfrequencyplotswillbeprovidedfortensecondspriortoeachdroporforother conditionsasindicated. Analysiswillleadtoclassificationofthecalldropsintocategories;wherepossible,the causeofeachclassifieddropwillbeprovided.Thedroppedcallswillbeattributedei thertosystemRFperformance,mobileoperationormalfunction,operationofthesys teminfrastructure,andunknowncauses. Themetricstobeusedinreportingthere sultsofthedroppedcalltestmayvaryfromcustomertocustomer.However,amini mumsetwillincludethenumberofdropsineachcategoryandthenumberthatcanbe correctedinsubsequentoptimizations. Whenacausecanbeidentifiedforadroppedcall,rootcauseanalysiswillbecarriedout andreportedasapartofthequalityrecord.Faultanalysistables,softwareaids,andex pertsmaybeused. 9.5.5 ExitCriteria
Thedroppedcalltestwillbedeemedtobecompletewhenthedrivetestiscompleted, thedroppedcallsencounteredhavebeenanalyzed,correctiveactiontaken,andresults reported. Correctiveactioncanincludealteringsystemconditionsandredrivingto demonstrateimprovement.Itcanincludealsoreferringresultsofdataandrootcause analysestoexpertsforfurtherdetermination. Correctiveactioninvolvingchangesin systemperformanceorconfigurationmaybedeferreduntilalaterstageofsystemopti mizationwiththeagreementofthecustomer. Twoimportantpartsofthereportofresultsarethemetricsfordroppedcallsandthere sultsoftherootcauseanalysis. Theseresultswillbeusedtocontinuallyupdatethe faultanalysistreesandtheperformancecriteria. Numericalexitcriteriaforthedroppedcalltestwillbebaseduponthespecificterms andconditionsofthecontractsforeachcustomer.Typicallydroppedcallratesinthe rangeof2to5%willbeappropriateasexitcriteria,dependinguponwhetherthetests aredesignedforclusteracceptance,marketingtrialentrance,orwarrantytesting.
10.
Specialized CDMA Optimization Techniques
Thefollowingsectionattemptstoprovideinsightintothemostfrequentlyoccurring performanceproblemsfortheCDMAsystem.Remedialactionsarepresentedforeach
typeofRFoptimizationproblem.Tradeoffsinparameterselectionaredescribed,asfix ingaprobleminonegeographicalareamayleadtothecreationofproblemsinotherar eas.Obviously,theentireoptimizationprocessisiterativeinnature. Theintentisforthissectiontogrow,evolve,andbecomemorevaluableasCDMAfield experiencebroadens.TheRFoptimizationproblemslistedbelowrepresenttypicalsitu ationsencounteredwithrecentsoftwarereleases. Attemptshavebeenmadetocover onlyproblemswhichareduetofundamentalCDMAproblemsorproblemswiththe LucentTechnologiesCDMAimplementation. Softwarebugsandquirksrelevanttoa particularsoftwarereleasehavebeenintentionallydisregarded. 10.1 No Service 10.1.1 InadequatePilotSignalStrengthfromServingSector IfCDMAcallscannotbeoriginatedbecauseofinadequatepilotsignalstrengthfroma servingsector,theproblemismostlikelyduetoacoverageholecreatedbyexcessive pathloss. Theexcessivepathlosscouldbeduetoblockagesfromterrain,buildings, trees,oranyotherradioobstacle. ForCDMAsystems,themaximumallowablepath losswillshrinkasafunctionofsystemload;therefore,coverageholeswhichwerenot evidentduringlightloadconditionsmaysuddenlyappearunderheavytrafficload. TheprimaryCDMAtuningparameterwhichcanbeusedtoaddresscoverageholesis theBCRattenuation.Byincreasingthetransmitpowerfromthebestservingsectorin stepsofapproximately2dB,itshouldbepossibletodetermineifthecoverageholecan beadequatelyfilled.Unfortunately,inmanycasesincreasingtransmitpowerwillnot beabletosolvetheproblem;forexample,duetothelimitedpoweroutputfromCDMA minicells,verylittletransmitpowermarginisavailableforuseinRFoptimization. Othermorecumbersometechniquescanbeusedtofixcoverageholes.Cellsiteanten nascanbechangedtohighergainvarieties(narrowerverticalorhorizontalbeamwidth) providemoresignalstrengthinthedesiredarea.Ofcourse,increasingtheantennagain mayfixonecoverageproblem,whileatthesametimecreatingmanyothers.Insome cases, reorienting the antenna pointing azimuth may be useful for filling coverage holesinparticularareas.Adjustingantennadowntiltsattheservingsectormayalsoal lowmoreenergytoberadiatedinthevicinityofthecoveragehole.
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Asalastresort,forPCSdeploymentsanentirelynewCDMAcellmayberequired.An otheroptionthatiscurrentlyunderinvestigationinvolvestheuseoflowcostCDMA repeaterstorebroadcastsignalsfromexistingcellsites,asisdonetodaytofillinAMPS coverageholes. 10.1.2 ReverseOverloadControlFalseAlarm Undersomeoperatingconditions,thecurrentreverseoverloadcontrolalgorithmcan generatefalsealarmswhichinhibitcalloriginationsorsofthandoffs.Thereverseover loadalgorithmusesestimatesofthereceivedsignalstrengthrelativetothebackground noise. In a realworld environment, the background noise will contain interference frommanysources,includingthefollowing:inbandsignalsfromotherservices;side bandsandspuriousemissionsfrommanysources(AMPS,TDMA,ESMR,paging,etc.); interference from industrial sources, machinery, microwave ovens, etc.; jamming sourcesandunauthorizedtransmitters. Becauseofthedifficultyofaccuratelymeasuringboththetotalreceivedpowerandthe backgroundnoiselevels,itispossibleforthereverseoverloadcontrolalgorithmtobe fooledintoconcludingthereverselinkisoverloaded,wheninfacttheremaybeonly lightloadingpresent.ForthepurposesofRFoptimizationtesting,itisrecommended thatthereverseoverloadcontrolalgorithmthresholdsbesettotheirhighestallowable translationvalues.Settinghighreverseoverloadthresholdswillessentiallydisablethe overloadcontrolalgorithmforthepurposesoffieldtesting. 10.1.3 PagingorAccessChannelMessageFailure Insomecases,thepagingandaccesschannelperformanceoftheCDMAsystemmay notexactlymatchthetrafficchannelcoverage.Forexample,thepagingchanneldoes notbenefitfromforwardpowercontrolorfromsofthandoffcombininggain.Ifpaging channeltransmitpowersarenotsetcorrectly,mobilesmaybeabletoreceiveacceptable pilotandsyncchannels,butmayfailbecauseofexcessivepagingmessagefailures.In thiscasethepagingchanneldigitalgainsettingcanbeadjustedupwardstoallowpages tobereceived. Asimilarsituationispresentfortheaccesschannelonthereverselink.WhenaCDMA mobiletransmitsontheaccesschannel,reverseclosedlooppowercontrolisnotactive; thereforethemobilemustguessattheappropriatetransmitpowertouseforaccess. Thetransmitpowerestimatemadebythemobileisbasedonthereceivedpowercom binedwithoffsetadjustmentstransmittedbythecellsite.Insomecases,iftheoffsetad
justmentsarenotadjustedproperly,mobilesmaynotbeabletoaccessonthereverse link.Inamorelikelysituation,themobilemayrequirealargenumberofaccessprobes beforebeingacknowledgedbythebasestation. AppropriatemethodsoftestingpagingandaccesschannelperformanceduringtheRF optimizationtestsarebeinginvestigated. Automatedcallgeneratorsmaybeusedto originatedcallsatperiodicintervalstoverifycoverageofaccessandpagingattempts. 10.2 Handoff Failure Duetothecomplexityofthehandoffmessagingprocesscombinedwiththelargenum berofhandoffsperCDMAcall,handofffailuresareprobablythemostcommonreason fordroppedcalls.InordertounderstandthemechanismsresponsibleforCDMAcall failures, it is necessary to be aware of Lucent Technologies implementation of the handoffcallprocessing.Certainsituationsencounteredinthefieldmaycausethecall processingresponsestobetooslowformobilestocompletetherequiredhandoffs.As thebasestationprocessorsbecomemoreheavilyburdened,eitherduetotrafficloador overheadfunctions,theresponsetosofthandoffrequestswillbeslowed. Anotherimportantaspectofthehandoffcallprocessingisthemethodusedtoswappi lotsignalsintoandoutofthemobilesactiveset.Ifamobilein3waysoft/softerhand offreceivesanotherstrongpilot,withsignalstrengthgreaterthanoneoftheactivepi lots,thenthemobilewillrequestaswapoperation.Intheidealcase,themobilewould simultaneouslybeallowedtodroptheweakestactivepilotandaddthenewstronger pilot. Thehandoffcallprocessingdoesnotperformaswapoperationinthemanner justdescribed.Infact,thehandoffcallprocessingdoesnotperformaswapatall. Thecurrentsofthandoffalgorithmrespondsasfollowswhenamobilerequestsapilot swapwhilein3wayhandoff.First,thebasestationhasthemobiledroptheweakest pilotfromtheactivesetbygoinginto2wayhandoff.Afterthepilotdropoperationis acknowledged,confirmed,andtheneighborlistupdated,themobileisrequestedto makeanewpilotstrengthmeasurement. Ifthepilotstrengthmeasurementstillre quiresthatthemobileaddthenewpilot,thebasestationwillprocesstheaddrequest andputthemobileintoa3wayconnection.Byperformingtheswapoperationasase quentialdropthenadd,theentireprocesscantaketimetocomplete.Duringthewait ingperiodbeforetheoperationiscompleted,itispossibleforRFconditionstodegrade tothepointwherethecallmaydropduetoexcessiveFER.
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10.2.1 ExcessiveNumberofStrongPilotSignals Inthecurrentimplementation,theCDMAmobileiscapableofdemodulatingsignals fromatmost3servingsectors.Ifstrongsignalsfrommorethan3servingsectorsare present,theadditionalsignalswillactasinterferencesources.Anotherconsequenceof alargenumberofstrongpilotsisanincreaseinthefractionoftimethemobilesspend in3waysoft/softerhandoff. Asmentionedintheintroductiontothissection,ifthe mobileisin3wayhandoffandrequestsapilotswap,thecurrentcallprocessingalgo rithmwillnotdirectlyperformtheswapoperation.Anygeographicalareawhere3or morestrongpilotsarepresent,maycreatesituationswherecallsdropduetodelayed handoffprocessing. Anotherproblemwithgeographicalareasweremanystrongpilotsexistinvolvesthe creationofextrainterference.ThequalityofthesignalsreceivedbytheCDMAmobile aremeasuredbasedonthepilottointerferenceratios,whereinthiscasetheinterfer ence includes everythingreceivedbythemobile(i.e.signalsplus noise). Themore strongpilotsthereareinagivenarea,thehighertheinterferencelevelwillbecome.In otherwords,ifmanystrongpilotsexistinanarea,thepilottointerferenceratiosforall ofthepilotswillbereduced.Therefore,itisalwaysbesttohaveoneortwodominant serversinagivenarea,ratherthanthreeormoreserversofequalstrengths. Thefirstmethodofreducingpilotsignalcongestionistoreducethetransmitpowersat the weaker serving sectors in the area. The idea is to create one ortwo dominant serverstocovertheproblemarea,oratleasttoshifttheproblemareaoutofmajortraf ficlocations. Tryreducingthetransmitpowersin2dBstepsattheweakestsectors, checkingtobecertainthatthecoverageareaofthosesectorshasnotdegradedtoanun acceptablelevel.Ifsufficienttransmitpowermarginisavailable,itmaybepossibleto increasethetransmitpoweratthedesireddominantservingsectors.Otheroptionsin cludechangingantennaazimuths,heights,downtiltsandbeamwidthstocontrolthepi lotcoverage. 10.2.2 UnrecognizedNeighborSector IfaCDMAmobiledropscallsinanareawhereastrongserverexists,thecausewillof tenbeattributabletoomissionsintheneighborlist.Insomecasestheproblemcouldbe duetosearchwindowsizesthataretoonarrow.Thecurrentcallprocessingalgorithm allows12neighborentriesintheneighborlistforeachsector.Becauseofthefactthat CDMAsystemsoperatewithunityfrequencyreuse,itisimportantthattheneighborlist includeallstrongpilotsthemobileislikelytoencounterinagivenarea.Withfrequen
cyreuseofone,thereisverylittlemarginfordelayedhandoffs,asmightbetypicalin anAMPSsystem.Unfortunately,withalimitof12entriesintheneighborlistforeach sector,itmaynotbepossibletolistalllikelyservers. Inthecurrentimplementation,forthemobiletoentersofthandoffwithaparticularsec tor,thecandidatesectormustbeintheneighborlist.TheCDMAmobilemayoccasion allyreportpilotsignalsnotintheneighborlist,butthesehandoffrequestswillbeig noredbythebasestation.Tuningofneighborlistswillbeaniterative,trialanderror approachbasedonmobilemessaginglogfilesasdescribedinChapter11.Thebasicap proachistoobservewhichstrongpilotsarebeingreportedbythemobilebasedonthe temporalanalyzerscreenonthemobilediagnosticmonitorandbasedonthelogfiles. ThetrafficloadingontheCDMAnetworkwillimpacttheobservanceofneighborlist relatedcalldrops. Asthenetworkloadbecomeslight,interferencelevelswillbere duced,resultinginmoresoft/softerhandoffactivity. Theresultisthatneighborlist problemsmaybemoreevidentunderlightloadingconditions. 10.3 Poor Voice Quality Forward Link 10.3.1 InadequateTrafficChannelSignalStrength Thereareseveralreasonsthatforwardlinktrafficchannelperformancecouldcausede graded voice quality. One importantaspect oftheforward link performance is the tremendousvariabilityinsignaltointerferenceratiosrequiredforaspecificforward linkFER(typically1%). Therequiredsignaltonoiseratioisastrongfunctionofthe mobilespeed,multipathchannelconditions,andsofthandoffstate.Therequiredtarget signaltonoiseratioscanchangebyover16dB(factorof40times),basedonthemo bilesconditions.Thedistributionofspeedsofthemobilescanhavealargeeffecton forwardlinkperformance;forexample,duringrushhourwhenmanymobilesaremov ingatlowspeeds(515km/hr),theforwardlinkcanbeputundergreatstress.Therel ative performance of the forward link is an even greater issue with the 13.3 kbps vocoderthanwiththe8kbpsvocoder. Theoperationofforwardoverloadcontrolcanberesponsibleforperformancedegrada tionsobservedontheforwardlink.Iftheforwardoverloadcontrolthresholdisexceed ed,thealgorithmwillcaptheforwardtransmitpowertothemobile(i.e.allowthemto powerdownbutnotpowerup).Insuchasituation,particularmobilesmaynotbeable togetenoughtransmitpowertoachievethedesiredFER.
10.3.2 IntermodulationInterference Intermodulationinterferenceisanothersourceofpotentialproblems.Themostsevere problemobservedtodateinvolvesforwardlinkinterferencefromAMPSonlycellsto CDMAmobiles,andsimilarproblemsmayexistforPCSdeploymentswhenseveralser viceprovidersbecomeoperational.Techniquesforalleviatingthistypeofinterference arecurrentlybeinginvestigated[7]. 10.4 Poor Voice Quality Reverse Link Thereareanumberofpossiblesourcesofreverselinkvoicequalitydegradations.The mostfrequentcauseisimproperbalancebetweentheforwardandreverselinks.Ifthe forwardlinkhasmorepathlossmarginthanthereverselink,itispossibletogetinto situationswherethemobilemaynotbeabletocompletethereverselink.Thesituation canbediagnosedbymonitoringthemobiletransmitpowerintheproblemarea;ifthe mobiletransmitsatornearthemaximumvalue(+23dBm=200mWforCDMAporta bles),thentheproblemcouldbeduetoimbalance. Otherreasonsforreverselinkqualityproblemscanbetiedtocorruptionofthereverse closedlooppowercontrol.Iftheforwardlinkisdegraded,ispossibleforthemobileto misinterpretthepowercontrolinformationsentbythebasestation.Intheworstcase, themobilewouldpowerdown,whenactuallybeingrequestedtopowerupbythebase station.Intheseconditions,thereverselinkmaydegradeordropaltogether. Anotherconnectionbetweenforwardandreverselinkperformanceisthroughthemo bilesforwardlinkfadedetectionmechanism.Ifthemobiledetects12consecutivebad framesontheforwardlink,themobilewillceasetransmissionuntil2consecutivegood framesarereceived.Inthissituation,badforwardlinkperformancecancausemuting ofthereverselink.
11.
Specialized CDMA Optimization Tools
Thissectiondescribesseveralcomputerprograms,ALERT,LABEL,BUILD,ORIG,and TERM that are designed to help speed up the process of CDMA RF optimization. ALERTgeneratesalertsandisusedtohelpidentifytroublespotsinthesystemand BUILDbuildsneighborlistsbasedonthepilotsthemobilereports.LABELisanALERT companiontoolanditisusedtoplotthelocationofthealertsgeneratedbyALERTon mapsgeneratedbytheDATool.ORIGandTERMwillanalyzeoriginationandtermina tionfailuresandwillplottheirlocations.
ALERTanalyzesnparfilesandissuesareport,characterizedbyalistofalertswhich identifyproblemsthatneedtoberesolved,suchasneighborlistviolationsandweakpi lots.Whenoptimizingasystem,theobjectiveistovaryparameterssuchthatthenum berofalertsisminimized.Themostimportanttranslationsparametersthatshouldbe variedareBCRattenuationvaluesandneighborlists.InPCSmarkets,ratherthanincel lularmarkets,antennaorientationsanddowntiltanglesarealsoimportantdegreesof freedom.BUILDmaybeusedtoconstructneighborlists,andatthelaststageofopti mization,toreducewindowsizes.Optimizationofwindowsizesisespeciallyimpor tantinCMIapplicationswherewindowsizestendtobeverylarge.
11.1
ALERT Program
ThefollowingalertsaregeneratedbytheALERTprogram: 1)weakpilotalert(WPA) 2)neighborlistalert(NLA) ThefollowingwarningsaregeneratedbytheALERTprogram: 3)unexpectedt_comp,t_add,t_drop,t_tdropreceivedbymobile 4)unexpectedactive,neighbor,andremainingsetwindowsizes 5)alistofsectorsthatwereneveractive 6)aneighbororactivesearchwindowsizeistoosmall 7)undefinedPNoffsetdetectedbymobile 8)droppedcall Whenoptimizingasystem,theapproachistotacklethemostsignificantalertsfirst(for example,veryweakpilotsorobviousneighborlistomissions).AfterBCRvaluesare changed and neighbor lists are updated, the process is repeated again and further changesaremade.Theprocessisiterative,andthegoalistoreducethetotalnumberof alertsateachstep.
41
Thefigureofmeritthatshouldbeminimizedisthetotalnumberofalerts.Tryingtoop timizeasystembyonlycountingthenumberofdroppedcallsisnotrecommendedbe causethenumberofdroppedcallsvariessomuch.Byoptimizingparameterssuchthat thenumberofalertsisminimized,thedropcallratewillreduceautomatically. TheDAToolisusedinconjunctionwiththeALERTprogramoutputtohelpidentify whatcourseofactionneedstobetaken.PlottingEc/Ioforonlythosepilotsassociated withalerts,ratherthanforallthepilotsinthecluster,allowsonetoquicklyidentifyand diagnosetheproblemareas.Overall,theapproachdiscussedinthissectionisconsistent withtheoptimizationprocedurediscussedintheothersectionsofthisdocument. 11.1.1 Datacollectionprocedures Beforedataiscollected,verifythatthenonvolatilememorylocationN1minthemobile issetto12,or9ifthecustomerprefers,usingthenv_readcommand.Somemobiles comefromthefactorywiththisparametersetto3.Increasingitfrom3to12willallow themobiletobeabletoretransmitamessagerequiringanacknowledgmentupto12 timesbeforeabortingthecall.WithN1m=3themobilewillretransmitamessageonly3 times,resultinginahigherdropcallrate. FortheALERToutputtobeasusefulaspossible,theRequestforPilotMeasurementIn tervalfieldontheRC/VECPformshouldbesetto5seconds.Apilotmeasurementre questorderisissuedandthemobilerespondswithapilotstrengthmeasurementmes sageevery5sec.Itisthesemeasurements,alongwiththosegeneratedautonomouslyby themobile,thattheprogramusestocheckforweakactivepilotsandneighborlistviola tions.Becausesettingthisfieldtoanonzerovalueaffectscallprocessing,itisrecom mendedthatthisfieldbesetto0toturnoffmeasurementrequestsforcontractcompli ancetestingandwhenthesystemishandedovertothecustomerafteroptimization. Duringoptimization,afullrateMarkovcallshouldbeusedforalldatacollectionand themobileDMlogmaskshouldbe0050C9F0tologaccesschannelmessages,reverse linktrafficchannelmessages,syncchannelmessages,pagingchannelmessages, for ward link traffic channel messages, TA finger data, Markov frame rate data, TA searcherdata,GPSdata,andsparseAGCandclosedlooppowercontroldata.Whenop eratingthemobileDM,AltLshouldneverbeusedtotoggleoffdataloggingbecause thiswillresultingapsinthelogfileasfarasthemessagingbetweenthebasestation andthemobileisconcerned.Notethatthereisnothingdetrimentalaboutcollecting dataoverthesamestretchofroadtwice,andAltLshouldnotbeusedtotoggledata
loggingoffsimplybecausedatahasalreadybeencollectedalongacertainstretchof roadway. Becauseoptimizationofasingleareacanleadtoproblemselsewhere,itisimportantto collectenoughdatasothatalargeenoughareacanbeoptimized.Forexample,iftwo highwaysintersect,oneshouldcollectdataalongbothhighwayswithinseveralmilesof theintersectionandoptimizethatarearatherthanoptimizeonehighwayatatime. Severalmobilescanbeusedtologdatasimultaneouslytospeedupthedatagathering process.ThenparfilesshouldbeconcatenatedtoformasingleinputfileforALERT. ThecurrentversionoftheDATooldoesnotallowmobileDMlogfilesfromdifferent mobilestobeprocessedsimultaneously,butthisrestriction canbecircumventedby copyingmobilefilestonewfileswitha.999extension,forexample. ItisstronglyrecommendedthatALERTandBUILDarerunonfilescollectedduring unloadedconditions.Underunloadedconditions,themobilewillreportmorepilots. Thiswillresultinmoreneighborlistalerts.Also,itwillbeeasiertodiagnosemultiple pilotproblemareasbecausethesectorsresponsiblefortheinterferenceintheseareas, especiallyunderloadedconditions,willbemoreapparent.Ifoptimizationisdoneun derfullyloadedconditions,theBUILDtoolwillgenerateneighborliststhatwillbetoo shortforsemiloadedconditions,becauselesspilotswillhaveEc/Ioabovet_add.Note alsothatoptimizinganunloadedsystemwillautomaticallyleadtoasystemwhichis optimizedforfullevenload. Forillustrationpurposes,asampleclusterisshowninFigure1.Examplesofalertsgen eratedbyALERTaregivenbelowandthelocationsofthesealertsareindicatedinthe figure.
1)Weakpilotalert ALERTissuesaweakpilotalertwheneverthestrongestservingsectorEc/Iofallsbe lowathreshold,forexample,10dB.Iftheunloadedsystemisoptimizedtothepoint wheretheEc/Ioofthestrongestservingsectorisabove10dBovermostofthearea, thenthesystemwillperformwellunderfullyloadedconditions.Notethatatthefirst stageofoptimization,thethresholdshouldbesettoavalueof12dBratherthana moreaggressivethresholdsuchas10dBbecausetoomanyalertswillbegeneratedifa

thresholdof10dBisused.Thisallowsonetoconcentrateontheworstareasfirst.As thesystemisoptimized,thethresholdcanbemovedtoavalueof10dB. Therearetwoconditionswhichmayleadtoaweakpilotalert:i)thereareone,two,or threeweakpilots,andnootherpilots,ii)therearefourormoreweakpilots(multiple pilotorselfinterferenceproblem).
i)One,two,orthreeweakpilots,andnootherpilots ThisconditionpointstoanRFcoverageholeifthemobilereceivepowerislowortoex ternalinterferenceifthereceivepowerishigh.(InPCSbands,interferenceistypically frommicrowavetransmissionsandincellularbands,interferenceisnormallyfromcel lulartransmissions.)Thepoweroftheservingsectorsshouldbeincreasedbyreducing BCRattenuation,ifpossible,whileatthesametimeconsideringtheeffectofincreased interferenceinanotherpartofthesystem.Itmaybenecessarytomakeadditionsto neighborlistsafterpowerisincreased.Notethattheprogramwillflagtheneedfora newneighborifitisneededduringthefollowingdriverun.Itispreferabletoincrease thepowerofapilotwhichwillnotappearasinterferencesomewhereelseinthesystem, ifthisoptionisavailable.Insomecases,PCSantennasarenotplacedatthetopofa towerandimprovedcoveragemayalsobeobtainedbyplacingtheantennashigherup onthetower.Antennaorientationisalsoanimportantdegreeoffreedom,especiallyin PCSmarkets,andtheorientationofantennascanbesetsoastofillincoverageholes notpredictedduringtheRFplanningstage. Example1(seeFigure1)
[-13.0] WPA A66g(438)[-13.0] A73a(120)[-17.5] 20:26:38.207
Thisweakpilotalert(WPA)wasgeneratedbecausethemobilesstrongestserverEc/Io, 13.0dB,waslessthanthethresholdof12dBattime20:26:38.207.Ec/Iovaluesareen closedin[]bracketsandPNoffsetsareenclosedin()brackets.ThefirstfieldinaWPA linecorrespondstothelargestEc/Ioofthepilotsintheactiveset,andinthiscaseitis 13.0dB.Themobilewasintwowayhandoffwiththegammasectorofcell66andthe alphasectorofcell73.TheAindicatesthatboththepilotsareactiveatthetimestamp given.CheckthelocationofthemobileusingtheDAToolbyopeningabrowserwin dowinMapInfotoviewthefilenamedecio,andclickonthesquarewhichcorre spondstothetimestampofthealert,andthecorrespondinglocationwillbehighlight

edonthemap.Figure1showsthelocationofthisalert.ViewtheindividualEc/Ioof thesetwopilotsandverifythatthepowerof66gcanbeincreasedbyreducingBCRat tenuationwithoutcreatinginterferencesomewhereelse. ii)Fourormoreweakpilots Thisconditionisreferredtoasamultiplepilotproblem.Itisbettertohavetwostrong pilotsratherthanthreeorfourweakpilotsduetoproblemswithslowswappingand selfinterference.Thesolutiontothisproblemistopowerdownlessdominantsectors whilepoweringupmoresignificantpilotsthroughtheuseofBCRattenuation.Adomi nantsectormayalsobecreatedbypointingthemainbeamofonesectorsuchthatit servesthemultiplepilotareamoreeffectively.Notethatreducingandincreasingthe digitalgainofseveralpilotscansolvethemultiplepilotproblemwhenthereisnoload butthattheproblemwillstillbepresentunderloadedconditionsbecausetheinterfer enceassociatedwithinterferingtrafficsignalswillnotbeattenuated.Althoughthere areseveraldegreesoffreedomhere,itisimportantthatthepowerofasectorwhichre sultedinaweakpilotalertsatisfyingconditioni)aboveisnotdecreasedbecausethis willleadtoacoveragehole.Notethatneighborlistswillhavetobechanged,butthat theprogramwillflagthisaftertheseBCRchangesaremadeontheRC/Vterminaland thedriveisrerun. Example2(seeFigure1)
[-11.5] WPA A55a(126)[-13.5] A55g(462)[-12.5] A65a(24)[-11.5] 10.5]/200b 53b(282)[-15.0] 53g(450)[-12.5] 00:12:27.807 54b(204)[-
Themobileisinthreewayhandoffwithsectors55a,55g,and65a./indicatesthat54b and200bbothhavethesamePNoffset.Asfarasthemobileisconcerned,itreportsthe Ec/IoforPNoffset204,andpilotswhichusethesameoffsetarenotdistinguished.In somesystems,aPNoffsetmaybeusedmorethanonceaslongasthesectorsthatuse thesameoffsetareseparatedfarapart.FromFigure1,themobileisclearlyreporting 54b.Ec/IoforeachofthesixsectorsshouldbeviewedusingtheDATool.Thepowerof thedominantserversshouldbeincreasedwhilethepowerofthelessdominantpilots shouldbedecreased.Ifapilotappearsintermittentlyalongahighway,thentheBCRfor thissectorshouldbereducedbecausethissectorwillnotactlikeanidealserverand willthusbeainterferencesource,especiallyifthemobileisin3wayhandoffwiththree otherpilots.Anidealserveralongastretchofhighwayisonethathasstrongandcon tiguousEc/Io,notonewithintermittentlystrongEc/Io.
2)Neighborlistalert Aneighborlistalertisissuedwheneverthemobiledetectsapilotthatisnotinthe neighborlistsenttoitbythebasestation.Therearethreeconditionswhichmayleadto aneighborlistalert:i)accidentalneighborlistomission,ii)anonneighborpilotappears ataweaklevel,iii)apilotappearsunexpectedly.
i)Accidentalneighborlistomission Thisconditioniseasilysolvedbyupdatingneighborlists.Theprogramreportsallof theactivepilotsatthetimethataremainingsetpilotisreported.Thispilotshouldbe addedtotheneighborlistsofeachoftheseactivepilots. Example3(seeFigure1)

68a(78) [-3.0] NLA A95g(432)[-13.5]/57g A95b(264)[-19.0]/57b 00:30:06.147
Theprogramgeneratedaneighborlistalert(NLA)becausethemobilereportedseeing 68a with Ec/Ioof3.0dBattimestamp00:30:06.147andthissectorwasnotin the neighborlistoftheactiveset.Becausecell57ismuchclosertocell68thancell95is,itis obviousthatthetwoservingsectorsare57gand57b,ratherthan95gand95b.Normal ly,themobilewouldhandofffrom57gto56gandthento68awithnoproblembutit turnsoutthattheantennafor56gwasdefective,sothatthemobileneverhandedoff from 57g to 56g, resulting in the neighbor list alert. Because 56g is essentially not present,thisalertisanexampleofaneighborlistomission.Thisproblemcanbesolved byadding68atotheneighborlistof57gbecausetheneighborlistthatgetssenttothe mobilewhenitisintwowayhandoffwith57gand57bistheconcatenationoftheindi vidualneighborlistsfor57gand57b.Becauseneighborlistsshouldsatisfyreciprocity, 57gshouldalsobeaddedtotheneighborlistof68asothataneighborlistalertwillnot begeneratedifthemobiledrivesintheoppositedirection.68ashouldnotbeaddedto theneighborlistof57bbecausetheEc/Iofor57bislow.NotethataWPAwillalsobe generatedforthistimestamp,assumingathresholdof12dB. ii)Weaknonneighborpilot
46
IfaNLAisissuedunderunloadedconditionsandtheEc/Ioofthenonneighborpilot isveryweak,thealertshouldbeignoredbecauseunderloadedconditions,thispilot wouldnotbeaddedtotheactivesetanyway. Example4(seeFigure1)

53g(450) [-14.5] NLA A54g(372)[-5.5] A41a(90)[-9.0] 23:42:45.552
ThisisanexampleofwhenaNLAisissuedbutnoneighborlistchangesshouldbe made.Althoughthemobilereportsseeing53gatEc/Io=14.5dBwhileitisintwoway handoffwith54gand41a,thesignallevelissoweakthat53gshouldnotbeaddedto theneighborlistofeither54gor41a.Underloadedconditions,thepilotEc/Iofor53g willlikelynotevenbereportedbythemobile.
iii)Apilotappearsunexpectedly Thisconditionmayoccuriftheoutputpowerofapilotistoohighanditisextending beyondthefirsttierofcells.Thesolutiontothisproblemistodecreasepowerbychang ingtheBCRattenuation.Adrawbackwithreducingpoweristhatyoumaybecreating RFcoverageholeswithinthiscell.Ifthishappens,antennadowntiltingisrequiredto improvecoveragewithinthecell. Example5(seeFigure1)

66a(102) [-12.0] NLA A67a(42)[-9.0] A55g(462)[-5.0] 23:36:13.252
TheplotofEc/Iofor66aindicatesthatthispilotshowsupunexpectedlytwotiersaway. Thealertwasgeneratedbecause66awasnotintheneighborlistfor67aor55g.The BCRattenuationfor66ashouldbeincreasedortheantennasshouldbedowntilted. Example6(seeFigure1)

57a(96) [-9.0] NLA A41g(426)[-11.5] 23:43:51.952
ThisisanexampleofwhenaNLAisissuedbutnoneighborlistchangesshouldbe made.ThisneighborlistalertwasgeneratedbecausetheBBAfor41bwasofflineduring thedrivetest.Normally,41bwouldbeintheactivesetwhenthemobileisintheloca tioncorrespondingtothistimestampandtheNLAwouldnotbegeneratedbecause57a isintheneighborlistof41b. Example7(seeFigure1)

68g(414) [-9.0] NLA A56b(180)[-8.0] 00:12:15.788
Thisneighborlistalertwasgeneratedbecausetheantennasfor68gwereaccidentally pointinginthewrongdirection.Asimilarexamplewouldbeonewheretheantennaca blesareaccidentallyswitched.AplotoftheEc/Iofor68a,68b,and68gwouldindicate theseerrors.AlthoughaplotofEc/Ioforalltheindividualpilotsshouldbethefirst stepduringoptimization,andthesetypesoferrorswouldbefoundoutatthattime,an tennasmaybereorientedorreplacedduringoptimizationbytheserviceproviderand neighborlistalertsmaybegeneratedafterthesechanges. 3)Neighbororactivesearchwindowsizeistoosmall Makingwindowsizestoolargeslowsdownthesearchspeedofthemobileasitlooks for pilots. However,making themtoosmall can havedetrimental effects onperfor mance.ALERTcancheckifwindowsizesmaybetoosmall.Thisfunctionisespecially importantinCMI,ordistributedantenna,applicationswherewindowsizeshavetobe madelarge. Ifthemobilereportsapilotinapilotstrengthmeasurementmessagewithatimeoffset thatplacesthepilotwithin10%oftheedgeofthemobileneighborlistsearchwindow, theprogramwillissueawarningthattheneighborsearchwindowsizemaybetoo small.Thedangerinhavinganeighborwindowsizethatistoosmallisthatthemobile willnotbeabletodetectpilotsforhandoff. Thedefaultvaluefortheneighborsearchwindowsizeis7,or40chips,andthisisnor mallylargeenough.However,inCMIordistributedantennaapplications,theneighbor searchwindowsizemustnormallybeincreasedtoaround9,or80chips.
Example8(seeFigure1)
Warning D=39.6 chips A113b(144)/113b/113b A53b(282) 113b(144)/113b/113b, 19:28:41.040 use srch_win_n>9
Inthisexample,sectors113band53bareactive.113bhasthreedistributedantennas,or CMIs,connectedtoit.Themobilemeasures113boffset39.6chipsfromwhereitexpects to measure it,andthis offsetisdue bothto propagationdelay through theair and throughcableTVfiberandcable.Theneighborsearchwindowsizebeingusedbythe mobileis9,and80chipsisonlyslightlylargerthan2*39.6chips,resultinginthewarn
ing.Tobesurethatthemobiledetectsthepilotsoonenough,theneighborsearchwin dowsizeshouldbeincreasedto10.
Iffingerdataisavailableinthenparfile(availablewithnparver.5.058andhigher),the ALERTprogramwillcomputethemultipathdelayspreadforeachpilotintheactive set.Ifmultipathenergyforanypilotintheactivesetfallswithin10%oftheedgeofthe mobileactivesearchwindow,theprogramwillissueawarningthattheactivesearch windowsizemaybetoosmall.Thedangerinhavinganactivewindowsizethatistoo smallisthatthemobilewillnotbeabletouseitsRAKEreceivertocollectalltheavail ablemultipathenergy. Thedefaultvaluefortheactivesearchwindowsizeis7,or40chips,andthisisnormal lylargeenough.However,inCMIordistributedantennaapplications,theactivesearch windowsizenormallyhastobeincreasedtoaround9or10. Example9
Warning D=45.75 chips (144), use srch_win_a>10 A113b(144)/113b/113b A53b(282) 19:28:17.435
Inthisexample,themultipathdelayspreadforPNoffset144,correspondingtosector 113b,is45.75chips.Theactivewindowsizeisonly10,or100chips,andthisdelay spreadislargerelativetothewindowsize.Therefore,theactivewindowsizeshouldbe increasedto11. Thefollowingtableofwindowsizesshowstherelationbetweenwindowsizeparame terssenttothemobileforactive(win_a),neighbor(win_n),andremainingsetpilots (win_r)andtheircorrespondingsizeinchips.
win_a/n/r
width(chips)
0 4
1 6
2 8
3 10
4 14
5 20
6 28
7 40
8 60
9 80
10 100
11 130
12 160
13 226
14 320
15 452
Table1:windowsizes
4)Unexpectedt_comp,t_add,t_drop,t_tdrop
Thesesectorspecificparametersaresometimeschangedtovaluesotherthantherecom mendedvaluesfortestingpurposes.Duringoptimization,thesevaluesshouldbesetto therecommendedvalues.Dataentryerrorsareflaggedbecausetheprogramissuesa warningwhenevernonrecommendedvaluesaresenttothemobile.Theseparameters areuserdefinableintheprogram.Thiserrordetectioncanbeturnedoffiftheparame tersarenotidenticalforallthesectorsinthedriveroute. Example10

Warning t_add 26, t_drop 30, t_comp 5, t_tdrop 2 not defaults 08:24:49.201
Thiswarningwasgeneratedbecausecheckingforthesehandoffparameters wasen abled(checktcomp=1intheprogramheader)andt_comp=2.5dB(=5/2)wassenttothemo bileratherthantheexpectedvalueof3dBattime08:24:49.201.Ascriptshouldberunto maketheseparameterssamesystemwide,ratherthanupdatingthemonebyoneusing theRC/Vterminal.Iftheseparametersaretobesectorspecific,thencheckingshould bedisabledbysettingchecktcomp=0intheprogramheader. 5)Unexpectedactive,neighbor,andremainingsetwindowsizes Duringtheinitialstagesofoptimization,theremainingwindowsizeshouldnotbeset totherecommendedvalueof0.Toincreasetheoddsthatthemobileidentifiesinterfer ingpilotswhicharenotintheneighborlist,theremainingsearchwindowshouldbeset to7.Afteralloftheneighborlistshavebeenupdatedandtheinterferingpowershave beenreducedattheendoftheoptimization,theremainingsetwindowsizeshouldbe settotherecommendedvalueof0.Dataentryerrorsareflaggedbecausetheprogram verifiesthatthevaluessenttothemobileareexpectedvalues,andtheseparametersare userdefinableintheprogram.Thiserrordetectioncanbeturnedoffiftheparameters arenotidenticalforallthesectorsinthedriveroute. Example11
Warning srch_win_a 7, srch_win_n 7, srch_win_r 0 not defaults 08:20:59.921
Thiswarningwasgeneratedbecausecheckingforwindowsizeswasenabled(checkwin=1 intheprogramheader)andthesearchwindowsizefortheremainingsetsenttothe mobilewas0ratherthan7,theexpectedvalue.Ascriptshouldberuntomakeallthe windowsizesthesamesystemwide,ratherthanupdatingthemonebyoneusingthe RC/Vterminal.Iftheseparametersaretobesectorspecific,thencheckingshouldbe disabledbysettingcheckwin=0intheprogramheader.

6)Listofsectorsthatwereneveractive Theprogramoutputsalistofsectorsthatwerethatneverservedthecall.Ifonedrove rightbyasectoronthislist,thenthispointstoahardwareproblematthiscell(forex ample,packetpipe,datalink,BBA,GPSfaults).Hardwaremayalsobeunexpectedly takenofflinebytheserviceprovider.Weakpilotalertsorneighborlistalertsmaybe duetoofflinesectors.BecausethemobilelogsonlyPNoffsets,ratherthanactualsec tors,thereisnoguaranteethatallinactivesectorswillbeonthislistifPNoffsetsare reusedbecausetheprogramsearchesthroughthenparfileforoffsetsthatareneverin theactiveset. Example12
The following sectors were never active. 66b 68b 71b 95a 38a 38b 38g 41a 41g 52a 52b 52g 57a 96a 96b 96g
7)UndefinedPNoffsetdetectedbymobile Foreveryalertthatisgenerated,ALERTtriestoidentifythePNoffsetsthatarereported bythemobileby lookingin cells.txt andmatchingPNoffsetswithcellnumberand face.IfALERTcannotfindaparticularPNoffsetin cells.txt,awarningwillbeissued. Theusualcauseforthiswarningisanincompletecells.txtfile.Thecells.txtfileshould containacompletelistofallthecellsandPNoffsetsthatthemobileisexpectedtomea sure.Also,makesurethateveryrowinthe cells.txtfilehasthecorrectnumberoffields. NotethatthemobileDMfiledm_cell.namshouldnotbeinthesamedirectoryasnpar.exe, becausethenparoutputfilewillcontainthesectornamesspecifiedinthisfilerather thanthePNoffsetsasALERTexpects. Example13
Can't find sector 126 in cells.txt. Verify cells.txt has this PN offset. Verify dm_cell.nam is not in same directory as npar.exe.
8)Droppedcall
Ifacallisdroppedwithoutareleaseorderhavingbeensentoneithertheforwardorre verselink,forexample,bypressingtheendkeyonthemobileorhangingupaland linephone,adropcallwarningwillbeissuedbyALERT.Insomecases,dropcallsmay occurrepeatedlyincertainareasandkeepingtrackofthemisneededtotroubleshoot theseproblemareas.NotethatifadropcalloccursbecauseofaweakRFforwardlink, WPAswillbegeneratedjustpriortothedropcallwarning.Formoredetaileddropcall analysis,thenparfileshouldbeexamined. Example14

DROP call 21:10:45.002
Figure1:LocationofAlerts
53 41
6 4
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2
113
113
8
113
52 57 55
5
65
95 71
56
3
67 68
7
66
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11.1.2 RunningALERT Theprogramheaderisshownbelow.Thealert.awkfilecanbeeditedtochangetheuser definableparameters.
########## user-definable parameters ############################## pilotinc=6; # each market has its own pilot PN increment, eg. 6,10 tcomp=6; tadd=24; tdrop=30; ttdrop=2; #defaults to check, can be disabled below with checktcomp=0 wina=7; winn=7; winr=7; #defaults to check, can be disabled below with checkwin=0 weakvalue=-12; # weak pilot Ec/Io alert threshold checktcomp=1; #either 0 or 1, 0 if don't want this checking for defaults done checkwin=1; #either 0 or 1, 0 if don't want this checking for defaults done checkwinna=1; #either 0 or 1, 0 if don't want this checking done winthresh=0.9; #range [0,1]; if checkwinna=1, then issue warning if neighbor or active window size margin is less than (1-winthresh)*100 percent ###################################################################
ALERTOutputSummary TheALERTprogramoutputsthetotalnumberofthealertsgenerated,thelistofparam eterschecked,andalistofthemobilefilesanalyzed. Example

ALERT SUMMARY ------------Weak pilot alerts[-10.0]: 47 Neighbor list alerts : 6 Total alerts : 43 HO parameters, checking enabled: t_comp=6, t_add=24, t_drop=30, t_tdrop=2 Window sizes, checking enabled: win_a=7, win_n=9, win_r=0 Active and neighbor window sizes, checking for sufficient widths enabled. Mobile files: m1706079.737, m1706349.737, m1706555.736
ToruntheALERTprogramonaPC,havethepathsettowhereawkl.exeexists.Thefiles cells.txt, thesamefilethatisusedbytheDATool,and alert.awkmustresideinthedirec toryfromwhichyourunthealert.awkprogram.FromtheDOSprompttype:

>awkl -f alert.awk mtotal.par > mtotal.alr
Theinputnparfileis mtotal.par andthe outputfile mtotal.alrcontainsthelistofalerts. Theinputfileiscreatedbyconcatenatingseveralnparfilesusingthe >>DOSoperator. AlthoughALERTdoesnotrequiretimestampstobeinchronologicalorder,itisconve nienttoconcatenatefilesinorder.TheDOS dir /on commandwilldisplaythemobile filesinorder.
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Notethatthenewestversionsofnparoutputfingerandsearcherdata.Becausenpar outputfilestendtobelargewhenfingerandsearcherdataispresent,itisrecommend edthatthenmtaandnmfingoptionsinthenparcommandlineareusedtoturn offfingerandsearcherdataoutput.Ifactivesearchwindowsizesarebeingoptimized, thatis,theyarebeingreduced,thenfingerdataoutputshouldnotbeturnedoffbecause ALERT uses this finger data to verify that the active search window size is large enough.Inthiscaseonlythenmtacommandlineoptionshouldbeused. Example
>npar nmta nmfing m1706079.737 >> mtotal.par >npar nmta nmfing m1706349.737 >> mtotal.par >npar nmta nmfing m1706555.736 >> mtotal.par
Notethatfilesfromseveraldifferentmobilesmaybeconcatenated.Intheaboveexam ple,twodifferentmobileswereusedtocollectthreefiles.Notethatoldversionsofnpar donotrequirethenmtaandnmfingcommandlineoptionsbecausetheydonot outputfingerandsearcherdata. 11.2 LABEL Program
Labelisanawkprogramthatisusedtoplotthelocationsofthealertsandwarnings generatedbyALERTontheDAToolEc/Ioplot.LABELassociateseachalertorwarn inggeneratedbyALERTwithageographicalpointinthe ecio.amp fileusingthetime stampissuedforeachalertorwarning.Thealertsandwarningsareallindividually numberedanditisthisidentifierthatgetsplottedbesidethecorrespondingdotinthe Ec/Ioplot.LABELisusedtogenerateanewecio.ampfilewhichisidenticaltothatgener atedbytheDAToolexceptthatacolumn,consistingofalertnumbers,isadded.This columnisthenaddedasaseparatelayertotheusualEc/Ioplot. TorunLABEL,gotothe \outdirectoryandrenametheecio.ampfiletoecioold.amp.Then copymtotal.alrandlabel.awkintothisdirectory.Fromthisdirectory,executethefollowing command,
\awkl -f label.awk ecioold.amp > ecio.amp
Theecio.ampfilethatgetscreatedisidenticaltoecioold.ampexceptthatithasanextracol umn.BringuptheEc/IoplotinMapInfobyopeningaworkspacewhichopensthe ecio.ampfileorbychoosingtheEc/IoplotfromwithintheDATool.Thealertnumberis addedasalayertotheEc/IoplotfromwithinMapInfobychoosingtheMapmenuop

tion,thentheLayerControlmenuoption,checkingthelabelcolumnfortheeciolayer, thenhittingtheLayerbutton,selectingALERTNUMasthelabel,andthenchoosingtop rightcorneranchoringandboldletterstyle.Thealertnumberlayercanbeturnedoffif Ec/Ioplotswithoutalertnumbersaretobegiventothecustomer. NotethatinorderforLABELtofunctionproperly,thesameorderingofmobilefiles shouldbeusedwhenspecifyingmobilefilesintheDAToolandwhencreatingmto tal.alr.Mobilefilesthatarecollectedearlierintimeshouldbeprocessedbynparfirst,so thatallofthedatainmtotal.parandmtotal.alrisinchronologicalorder.Thissameorder ingoffilesshouldbeusedwhenspecifyingfilesfortheDATool.Thatis,whencreating anewdataset,addmobilefilestobeprocessedbytheDAToolinchronologicalorder. NotethattheDAToolshowsthemobilefilesavailableforaddinginalphabeticalorder andnotinchronologicalorder.Thesetwoorderingswillbedifferentifthefilesbelong todifferentmonths. 11.3 BUILD Program
11.3.1 BuildingNeighborLists BUILDcanbeusedtogeneratetheneighborlistsforallthesectors.Theseneighborlists shouldbecomparedtothoseintheRC/VFCIformsandadditionsshouldbemadeif necessary. Duringoptimization,becauseBCRvaluesarechangedandantennasdowntiltedorre oriented,neighborlistsshouldbeupdatedtoreflectthenewconditionsusingALERT. After the systemhas been optimized,thesystem canbedriven extensively and the BUILDprogramcanbeusedtotrimneighborlists. TheBUILDprogramgoesthroughtheinputnparfileandforagivenpilotstrength measurementmessage(PSMM),eachpilotreportedisaddedtotheneighborlistofev eryotherpilotinthatmessage.TheprocessisrepeatedforallthePSMMsinthemobile fileandtheprogramoutputsneighborlistsforallthesectorsafterithasfinishedgoing throughtheinputnparfile.Notethatthisalgorithmgeneratesneighborlistswhichare reciprocal,forexample,ifAisaneighborofB,thenBisaneighborofA.
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Whenevermakingneighborlistchanges,usingBUILDorALERT,itisimportanttover ifythevalidityofthesechangesbyconsultingtheEc/Iobyoffsetplotsforthesectors involvedintheneighborlistchange.Forexample,BUILDwillreportthatAshouldbea neighborofBifbotharereportedinaPSMMbutifthePNbyoffsetplotsforsectorsA andBshowthattheyoverlapforveryshortinstancesonly,thentheseshouldnotbe neighbors,especiallyinmultiplepilotareas.Ifthemobileisinthreewayhandoff,and ifapilotthatisnotintheactivesetappearsT_compdBaboveapilotintheactiveset, themobilewillbedirectedintotwowayhandoffbeforeitisdirectedtoaddthenewpi lotintotheactivesetandtherewillbeperformancedegradationduetothelossofa thirdlegofdiversity.Thisperformancelossisnotjustifiedifthenewpilotisaddedto theactivesetforonlyabrieftime. TheBUILDprogramisexecutedfromtheDOSpromptasfollows:
>awkl -f build.awk mtotal.par > mtotal.bld
Themtotal.parfileiscreatedbyconcatenatingindividualnparfiles,asdiscussedabove. Example ThefollowingissampleoutputfromtheBUILDprogram.Foragivenrow,alloftheen triescorrespondingtothefirstcolumnaretheneighborsofthatpilot.Forexample,the neighborsof78gare66b,73b,78a,and73a.BecausethemobilelogsPNoffsetsrather thanuniquelyidentifyingapilot,ifPNoffsetsarereused,oneneedstolookatamapof thecellsitelocationstodecidehowtointerpretthesesuggestedlists.Forinstance,95g hasthesamePNoffsetas57g,butfromlookingatamap,onecantellthat71g,71a,65a, and65bareneighborsof95g,and52bisaneighborof57g.

78g(366) 66b(270) 73b(288) 78a(30) 73a(120) 66b(270) 78g(366) 73b(288) 78a(30) 73a(120) 71b(174) 66a(102) 73b(288) 78g(366) 66b(270) 78a(30) 73a(120) 71b(174) 78a(30) 78g(366) 66b(270) 73b(288) 73a(120) 71b(174) 66a(102) 73a(120) 73b(288) 78g(366) 66b(270) 78a(30) 71b(174) 66a(102) 71b(174) 66b(270) 73a(120) 73b(288) 78a(30) 66a(102) 71g(342) 66a(102) 66b(270) 71b(174) 78a(30) 73a(120) 71g(342) 65b(192) 71g(342) 71b(174) 73a(120) 66a(102) 66b(270) 78a(30) 65b(192) 65b(192) 71b(174) 71g(342) 66b(270) 66a(102) 71a(6) 65a(24) 71a(6) 71g(342) 65a(24) 65b(192) 66a(102) 67a(42) 53b(282) 65a(24) 71g(342) 71a(6) 65b(192) 66a(102) 53b(282) 67a(42) 53b(282) 65a(24) 65b(192) 67a(42) 71g(342) 71a(6) 66a(102) 67a(42) 65a(24) 65b(192) 71g(342) 65g(360) 67b(210) 65g(360) 65a(24) 65b(192) 67a(42) 67b(210) 71g(342) 67b(210) 67a(42) 65g(360) 65b(192) 71g(342) 66b(270) 66a(102) 66g(438) 66a(102) 73a(120) 66b(270) 95g(432)/57g 71g(342) 71a(6) 65a(24) 65b(192) 52b(282) 113b(144) 53b(282) 71g(342) 65b(192) 67b(210) 71g(342) 65b(192) 71g(342) 66g(438) 65b(192) 65a(24) 53b(282) 71a(6) 65a(24) 53b(282) 67a(42) 95g(432)/57g 55b(294) 65g(360) 113b(144) 73g(456) 65g(360) 95g(432)/57g 95g(432)/57g 95g(432)/57g
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11.3.2 Optimizingwindowsizes Thedefaultactiveandneighborsetsearchwindowsizeis7,or40chips.Thisisnormal lyadequate.However,inCMIapplications,theactivesearchwindowsizeusuallyhas tobemuchlargerforthemobilesRAKEreceivertobeabletocombineallavailable multipathenergyandtheneighborsearchwindowsizefortheCMIsectorsandthesec torssurroundingtheCMIsusuallyhavetobemuchlargersothatthemobilecanhand off between sectors properly. Thedrawback withhaving windowsizes thatare too largeisthatthemobilewastestimesearchingforpilotstohandofftoandformultipath energytocombine. BUILD can be used tooptimizewindowsizes.Wewouldliketo use window sizes whicharejustlargeenoughforthemobiletobeabletocollectallavailablemultipath energyandtobeabletodetectpilotsforhandoff.Beforedrivetesting,thewindowsizes aremadelargerthanoneexpectsthemobiletoneed.InCMIapplications,searchwin dow sizes are normally set between 9 and 11, depending on cell radii and on the roundtripdelaymeasurementsobtainedfromRFcalltrace.Theactivewindowsizefor asectorwithCMIsshouldbesettothemaximumdifferentialdelayoftheCMIs,ob tained from RF call trace roundtrip measurements, because an approximate upper boundonthenumber ofmultipathcomponentsthatthemobilewillcombineisthe numberofCMIs.Fromthenparfileobtained,BUILDwillfindthemaximumwindow sizesneededforeverysector.Thewindowsizesshouldthenbereducedsothattheyare justlargerthanthemaximumdelaysreportedbyBUILD. Example
ref PN=113b(144)/113b/113b, offset=45 chips 19:28:16.800, suggest win_n>90 chips, srch_win_n=11
Inthisexample,theneighborsearchwindowis11,themobilederivesitstimingrefer encefromPNoffset144,themaximumpilotoffsetobservedis45chips,anditoccursat time19:28:16.800.Theneighborsearchwindowsizeshouldbeatleast2*45=90chips. Therefore,srch_win_nshouldbereducedfrom11to10,usingTable1. Example

113b(144)/113b/113b D=60 chips 19:26:49.583, suggest win_a > 120 chips, srch_win_a=12
Inthisexample,theactivesearchwindowsizeis12,themaximumdelayspreadforPN offset144occursat19:26:49.583,anditis60chips.Theactivewindowsizeshouldbeat
least2*60=120chips.Therefore,srch_win_ashouldbereducedfrom12to11,usingTa ble1.
11.4 ORIG/TERM Programs for Troubleshooting Origination/Termination Failures
Twotoolshavebeendevelopedtohelptroubleshootoriginationandterminationfail ures.ORIG204.AWKflagsoriginationfailures,andplotsthelocationofthefailures,and TERM204.AWKflagsterminationfailures,andplotstheirlocation.Thelocationoforigi nationandterminationsuccessescanalsobeplottedbyselectingtheappropriateoption intheprogramheaders. Thetwotoolsaresimilar.TheyareAWKprogramsandthesyntaxforexecutionisiden ticaltothatforALERT,BUILD,andLABEL.ToexecuteORIG,forexample,issuethe followingDOScommand:

>awkl -f orig204.awk mfile.par > mfile.org
Belowissample,abbreviated,outputforORIG.
11.4.1 SampleOrigOutput
Successful orig 00:05:17.545, probes=1, 95g(432)/57g Unsuccessful orig 00:05:48.665, probes=3, msom=1, cass=1, forw=0, scm=0, sccm=0, 71a(6) Unsuccessful orig 00:05:58.025, probes=4, msom=1, cass=0, forw=0, scm=0, sccm=0, 22a(12) Successful orig 00:06:21.945, probes=5, 71a(6) Total orig attempts=4, total successes=2, total failures=2, total reorder=0 Origination failure rate=50.0 percent. lon, -82.18816 , -82.22634 , -82.22933 , lat, origresult, time, 28.02763 , 1, 00:05:17.545, 28.02662 , 0, 00:05:48.665, 28.02614 , 0, 00:05:58.025,
timeoffail 00:05:48 00:05:58

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-82.23793 ,
28.01632 ,
1,
00:06:21.945,
Ifecio.ampgeneratedbyDAT(oldversiononlyfornow)existsinthecurrentdirectory astheconcatenatednpardfilemfile.par,ORIGwillfindthelongitudeandlatitudefor eachoriginationfailure.Itwillalsofindthelongitudeandlatitudeforeachorigination successifthe plotorigsuccessparameterintheprogramheaderissetto1.ThetimeoffailcolumnshouldbeusedasalayerwithinMapInfotolabeltheoriginationfailures. The longitude andlatitude information shouldbe cut andpasted within Word and savedasatextfiletobeimportedintoMapInfo. Whenanoriginationattemptismade,ORIGwillidentifywhichsectorthemobileat temptedtooriginateonaswellasthetotalnumberofprobesneededbythemobile.If theattemptfails,ORIGwillidentifythepointintheoriginationprocessatwhichthe failureoccurred.Forthefirstoriginationfailureintheexampleabove,themobilere ceivedaMobileStationOrderMessage(msom=1)andaChannelAssignmentMessage (cass=1),butitdidnotdemodulateaforwardlinkmessage(forw=0),nordiditreceivea ServiceConnectMessage(scm=0)ontheforwardlink,nordiditsendoutaService ConnectCompleteMessage(sccm=0). IfSENDispressedtooquicklyafterpressingEND,themobilewillgetafastbusy,ora reorderorder.ORIGfilterstheseoutanddoesnotflagtheseoriginationattemptsasfail ures. Notethatnotalloriginationorterminationfailuresgetloggedbythemobile.Inparticu lar,ifSENDispressedwhilethemobileisreceivingbadpagingmessages,theorigina tionattemptwillnotgetlogged.Also,ifthemobileisinacoverageholeanditdoesnot receiveapage,thisterminationfailurewillnotbeloggedbythemobile. 11.4.2 CausesforOriginationandTerminationFailures Averycommonreasonfororiginationorterminationfailuresisthatthemobileloses lockonthepilotbelongingtothesectoritattemptedtooriginateorterminateonhalf waythroughtheoriginationorterminationsetupprocess.Themobilewilloftenabort theprobesequencebeforereachingthemaximumallowablenumberofprobesforthis
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reason.ThisusuallyhappensinRFcoveragelimitedareasorareaswithseveremulti plepilotproblems. Itisveryimportantthatneighborlistsarecompletetoimprovethechancesthatthemo bileisattemptingtooriginateorterminateonthebestpossiblesector.Ifneighborlists areincomplete,themobilemaynotbelockedtothebestpilotavailable.Neighborlists maybeincompleteeventhoughnoNLAsarereportedbyALERTbecauseamobileis usuallyintwoorthreewayhandoffwhenacallisupandtheresultingextendedneigh borlistmaybecomplete,yetwhenthemobileisinidlemodeitusestheneighborlist thatcorrespondstoasinglepilotanditisthisshorterneighborlistwhichmaybein complete.Whenanoriginationorterminationfailureoccurs,checkthattheneighbor listsofthesectorsthatthemobileattemptedtooriginateorterminateonatthetimeof failurearecomplete.Intheaboveexample,youwouldcheckthat95g(432)/57g,71a, and22aareoneachothersneighborlists. Ifthemaximumnumberofprobesequencesissetto2andthenumberofprobesperse quenceissetto5inthetranslations,themaximumnumberofprobesthatwillbesent by the mobile is 10. Therefore, if origination failures occur and the mobile sent 10 probes,thenumberofprobespersequenceshouldbeincreasedfrom5to10inthe translations.
12.
Antenna Downtilt Procedures
AntennadowntiltingisoneoftheperformancetuningtoolsforuseinCDMAoptimiza tion.Forseveralreasons,antennadowntiltingmustbeconsideredseparatelyfromthe otherparameteradjustmentsmadeduringtheinterativeoptimizationprocess. First, antennadowntiltingisdependentupontheantennatypeandcelllayoutsspecificto eachcluster. Second,downtiltinginvolvesphysicalchangestotheantennaasper formedbyatowercrew;theadditionalcostsanddelaysassociatedwithdowntilting warrantspecialattention.Third,downtiltinginvolvescomplextradeoffstobalancein terferenceandcoverage;fordowntiltingtobeeffective,itmustbeappliedappropriate ly.Thissectiondefinestheprocedurestobeusedforantennadowntilting,alongwith providingexamplesfromanactualcluster.
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Whenappliedjudiciously,antennadowntiltisavaluableoptimizationtool.Theobjec tiveofdowntiltingistoreduceinterferencefarfromthesector,withoutcompromising closeinperformance.Downtiltingcontrolsovershootbydirectingmainbeamofanten naslightlydownward,ratherthanatthehorizon;italsoconcentratesenergyfromthe downtiltedsectorintothedesiredcoverageareacloseintothecell. 12.1 Entrance Criteria PerformabaselinedriveofthecoverageareaintheclusterwithBCRattenuationsetat 8withoutOCNSloading.Plotthefollowing: 1.Ec/Ioofstrongestserverforalldrivetestroutes. 2.Numberofpilotsabove15dBforalldrivetestroutes. 3.Ec/IobyPNoffsetforeachsectorintheclusterforalldrivetestroutes. 4.Mobilereceivedpowerforalldrivetestroutes. 5.Mobiletransmitpowerforalldrivetestroutes. Identifythefollowing: 1. AllareaswhereEc/Ioofstrongestserverislessthan11dB.IfinanareaEc/Ioof thestrongestserverwhenunloadedislessthan11dB,itslikelytobeadropcall areawhenthesystemisloaded. 2. Allareaswherenumberofpilotsabove15dBismorethan3.Themobileusesupto threedifferentpilotstoservethecallatatime.Ifmorethanthreestrongpilotsare presentatthesametime,theonesthatarenotusedtoservethecallbecomeinterfer enceandwilldegradetheperformance. 3. Allthepilots(sectors)thatappearinareasidentifiedinsteps1&2andrecordtheir Ec/Iolevel.Ifapilotappearsintheareaforashortperiodoftimeandthereareoth erpilotsthatcoverthearea,removingthepilotfromtheareawillreduceinterfer enceandimproveperformance. 4. Allareaswheremobilereceivedpowerislessthan:
If#ofPilotsis Then:Mobilereceivedpower(dBm)
1 100 2 97 3 95 4 94 5 93 5.Allareaswheremobiletransmitpowerarehigherthan20dBm.
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Thepurposeistoidentifytheweakcoverageareasontheforwardandreverselinks, andthemultiplepilotsareasthatexistinthecluster. Multiplepilotareasareareas where4ormoresignalsarepresentwithnearlyequalstrength,andaggregateinterfer encelevelscausesignaltointerferenceratiosofallserverstobereduced.Insomecas es,nodominantserverexists.Rapidshadowfadingcancausethebestsetofpilotsto changequickly,thereforecausingcalldrops. Usecombinationofneighborlistadjustment,BCRattenuation,antennaazimuthorien tation,andhandoffparameterstuningtooptimizethesystem.Fordetailedoptimiza tionprocedures,pleaserefertotheothersectionsofthisdocument. Foreachmultiplepilotsareaidentifiedabove,adjusttheBCRofthesectorsinvolvedto createadominantserver.LoadthesystemwithOCNSandattenuatorsandredrivethe areasinvolvedaftereachadjustmenttoverifyifthegoalsareachievedandnonewcov erageproblemsarecreated. Ifaparticularpilotappearsforonlyashortperiodoftime,itcannotbeusedfor handoffbutcausesinterference.IncreasetheBCRattenuationoftheassociatedsec torin2dBstepsmayremovetheinterferencecausedbythepilot. ChooseBCRadjustmentcandidatebasedondistancebetweenthecoverageareaand thecellandhandoffconsiderations. ReiteratetheBCRadjustmentsuntilallvaluesarestabilized.Atthisstage,theproblems areeitherfixedorcannotbesolvedbyBCRadjustmentsalone. 12.2 Identification of Candidate Sectors Thefollowingfactorsareconsideredindeterminingifthesectorneedstobedowntilted: 1. BCRattenuation.Examinethepilotcoveragemapofthesector.IftheBCRattenua tionofaparticularsectormustbeincreasedby4dBormoretoreduceoreliminate theinterferencecausedbythesector,thesectorisidentifiedasapossiblecandidate forantennadowntilt. 2. Cellantennaheightandterrainheight. Ifthecellantennaishighandcancause overshootintotiertwoneighborcells,thesectorisidentifiedasapossiblecandidate forantennadowntilt. 3. Terraindata.Ifasectoriscoveringalowelevationregionnearthecell,downtiltits antennamaybotheliminatetheinterferenceinareasfarfromthecellandincrease thecoverageinareasnearthecell.
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4. Separationbetweencells.Ifasectorisclosetothenextcell,downtiltingitsantenna maybotheliminatetheinterferenceinareasfarfromthecellandincreasethecover ageinareasnearthecell. Thepurposeofdowntiltistocontrolinternalinterference.Asarule,trytoavoiddown tiltingthesectorsthatpointtofringesofthecluster. Achecklistthatwasusedtocompileallinformationfordowntiltsectorselectionisin cludedasanexample:
ClusterAntennaDowntiltChecklist
(08/07/96)
First Curve (degree) 3.2 CellSector 139-B 139-G 240-B 241-B 152-B 353-G 355-B 256-A 256-B 357-A 357-B 165-G 266-A 167-A BCR(1) Att.(dB) 12 12 12 14 12 16 16 12 12 16 16 16 12 12 Ant./Ter. Height (feet) 150/45 150/45 140/45 120/45 100/45 140/45 117/30 130/30 130/30 120/60 120/60 150/75 140/75 150/45 Terrain Feature
(2)
2R (miles) 3.3 3.5 3.5 3.2 2.1 1.8 2.5 2.1 3.0 3.2 2.5 2.5 3.4 2.7
---^^ ---^ -^--^ --^ -- - -- --
Second Curve (degree) 2.0
Proposed Down-tilt (degree) 2 0 0 2 TBD 3 TBD
Remarks High cell, overshoots tier 1 neighbor, poor coverage near cell. Facing outside of cluster. No overshooting problem. Overshoots Farley and 102. Possible cell transmit path problem. Needs checking. Neighbor cell extremely close, cell location off grid, high cell antenna, BCR attenuation at 16. Overshoots I40, BCR attenuation 16. Sector coverage map suggests possible transmit path problem. No overshooting problem. Needs it to cover 102, but overshoots on I40. Will benefit from downtilt + transmit power increase. BCR at 16. Covering depressed terrain Overshoots on 102 with BCR set 16. Overshoots on I40 & I80. Very high cell, BCR at 16. Very high cell, overshoots way into the second tier neighbor. High cell, overshoots onto 102 & I80, I40 & McBryde. Covering depressed terrain nearby. High cell, overshoots onto I40 & McBryde. BCR at 14 BCR at 14. Overshoots on I40. Neighbor cell close. BCR at 14. Overshoot on I40. Overshoots onto elevated portion of I40 with BCR 16. Facing outside of cluster. BCR at 14. Overshoots on Malcolm, close to cell 368.
1.6 4.1
3.2 3.9
2.3 2.0 2.6 3.4 3.1 2.9
3.3 3.3 3.4 3.6 3.5 3.5
0 3 3 3 4 4 4
--^ 167-B 14 150/45 2.4 3.3 3.6 3 -^ 368-A 14 120/30 2.1 3.1 3.5 3 - 368-B 14 120/30 3.4 1.9 3.2 2 --^ 370-A 16 140/15 3.4 1.8 3.2 3 --370-G 12 140/15 0 -- 173-A 14 140/90 2.3 2.6 3.4 2 (1) BCR = 8 dB is full power (8W), and BCR = 12 dB is 4 dB below full power. (2) Terrain elevation of the area facing the sector relative to the elevation of the cell location in the near-mid-far regions. (- = level ; ^= elevated; = depressed)
12.3
Calculation of Downtilt Angle
Afterthedowntiltingcandidatesectorsareidentified,degreeofdowntiltoneachsector shouldbedeterminedjointlytheengineeringteams. Thefollowingfactorsshouldbe consideredwhendeterminingthedegreeofdowntilt:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
SectorBCRattenuation; Sectorpilotcoverageplot; Cellantennaheightandcellsiteterrainelevation; Terraintopologyinthesectorcoveragearea; Distancetotheneighborcellinthesectorface; Antennapattern.
Thelastfourfactorscanbecombinedintoapairofsimpleformulastoguidedowntilt selection.Usingdifferentengineeringconsiderations,twodifferentdowntiltscanbede rived.Thefirstonereducestheinterferenceatthebaseoftheneighborcell(r=2R)by3 dB.Theantennadowntiltis: 2R = 90 arctan + VBW / 2, (FIRSTFORMULA) h where isthedowntiltangleindegree, R istheradiusofthecell, h istheantenna height,andVBWistheverticalbeamwidthoftheantenna. Topreservethecoverageinthefringeofthecell(r=R),theseconddowntiltanglefor mulais: R = 180 2 arctan . (SECONDFORMULA) h AsimpleExcelspreadsheetiswrittentocalculatethedowntiltsobtainedfromthetwo formulas.Anexampleisincludedinthefollowingfigure.
R (Cell Radius) (mile) 1.5 h (Antenna+Terrain Height) (ft) 160 VBM (vertical beam width)(deg) 5.5 mtk (mile to kilometer) 1609 ftm (foot to meter) 0.3048 Downtilt Using First Formula Downtilt Using Second Formula 3.3 2.3
Average 2.8
ThefollowingchartplotsthedowntiltangleasafunctionoftheR/hratiousingeither formula.
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Antenna Downtilt Angle ()

6
Downtilt Angle ()
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 R/h (Cell radius / Antenna Height)
Intheplot,thesolidlineisthefirstdowntiltformulaandthedashedlineisthesecond formula. Thetrianglesrepresenttheexampledowntiltsshownintheprevioustable. Astheplotsshow,forsmallR/h(smallcellradiusand/orhighantenna),thesecondfor mulapredictslargerdowntiltangle;whileforlarge R/h (largecellradiusand/orlow antenna), thesecondformulapredicts smallerdowntiltangle. Thefirstformula for downtiltanglepredictionshowslessdependenceontheR/hratio.Thetwocurvesin tersectatapproximatelyR/h=30. Foranexamplecluster,averagecellradiiare1.5kminurbanareaand3kminsubur banarea,averagecellantennaheightis140ft.TypicalR/hratiois35inurbanareaand 70insuburbanarea.Asshownbythechart,thefirstformulapredictsdowntiltangle slightlyhigherthan3degrees,whilethesecondformulapredictsaround3degreestilt forurbancellsandaround2degreestiltforsuburbancells. Downtiltanglesaretypicallyspecifiedinwholedegreesincrements;thecurrentquality controlprocedureforantennadowntiltspecifiesthatthetiltangletobemeasuredto within0.1degree.Ifrequired,itwillbepossibletospecifythetiltangleinincrements
of0.5degreetoprovideafineradjustment.Withthenarrowverticalbeamwidthanten nastypicallyassociatedwithPCSdeployments,itisappropriatetoaffortgreateraccu racyinthedowntiltadjustmentthanwouldusuallybethecaseforcellularsystemswith lowergainantennas. Noticethatifthesectoriscoveringdepressedterrain,theeffectiveantennaheightneeds totaketheterrainelevationdifferenceintoaccount,andshouldbetheantennaheight plusthedifferenceintheterrainelevationofthecelllocationandthecoveragearea. ThistendstoreducetheR/hratioandbringdowntiltanglespredictedbythetwofor mulaeclosertoeachother. Ifspecifiedbythefieldengineers,theproposeddowntiltanglescanbecheckedbya propagationsimulationtooltoinsurethattheinterferenceisreducedandnocoverage islost. 12.4 Exit Criteria Aftertherequireddowntiltsareperformed,redrivethesystem. 1. PerformabaselinedrivewithBCRat8andnoOCNS,tocomparewiththebaseline measurementwithoutdowntilt. 2. SettheBCRstotheimmediatepredowntiltvaluesandredrivethesystem.Com parewiththepredowntiltdrivedatatoobservetheeffectofdowntilt. 3. IncreasethecelltransmitpowerbydecreasingtheBCRattenuationofthesectors thatweredowntilted,andverifythattheinterferencefromthemarestillundercon trol. Decrease theBCRattenuation by 24dBdepending on thedowntiltangle used. Thefollowingtableliststhereductionofantennagainonthehorizonasa functionofdowntilt.ItcanbeusedasaguideforBCRattenuationadjustments. DowntiltAngle(de GainReduction(dB) gree) 0 0 1 0.3 2 1.4 3 3.2 4 5.0 AdjustmentsinBCRshouldmaximizethetransmitpowerthatcanbeallowed,forspe cificinterferenceconsiderations.Transmitpowershouldbemadeaslargeaspossible tomaximizenearcellcoverage.
66
13. 14.
Risks and Contingencies Schedule
Tobedefinedonapercustomerbasis.
ESTIMATEDTIMEDURATIONSFORCLUSTERTESTINGPERCLUSTER: CellSiteConfigurationsandTranslations SpectralMonitoringTest Measurement DataAnalysis UnloadedCoverageTest Measurement DataAnalysis TOTALDURATIONPERCLUSTER days days days days days days
ESTIMATEDTIMEDURATIONFORSYSTEMWIDEOPTIMIZATIONTESTS: CellSiteConfigurationsandTranslations PilotChannelCoverageTest Measurement DataAnalysis TOTALDURATIONPERCLUSTER days days days days
15.
Acknowledgments
Theoptimizationprocedurewasdeveloped andrevisedbasedonnumerous discus sionswithPatPatankar,SteveSchuette,WeiChungPeng,NeilBernstein,VictorDaSil va,TomLinnemeyer,YingjieLi,andJoeKurtz.NeilBernstein,FrankSlojkowski,and TerryStevensprovideddetailedreviewsofearlydraftsandsuggestedanumberofim portant additions to the optimization procedures. Tien Hou, John Marione, Martin Meyers,andWeiChungPengprovidedvaluablecommentsonthepreclustertestplan. TheFOA/CTSOfieldteamshavesignificantlyimprovedtheoptimizationplanbycon tributingtheirrealworldimplementationexpertise;thecontributionsofChuckRehor, MelvinHarrison,GinaShih,JimSayles,JoeClemente,ScottSemon,RonKapchak,and
LoiVuareparticularlyappreciated.ManypeopleinWhippany,includingBillClegg, JoelWilliams,StevenShio,andGeorgeElmoreprovidedoutstandingsupportforthe fieldtesteffortsusedtorefinetheprocedures.MichaelCraigandSurenTallaprovided roundtheclocksoftwaredevelopmentexpertisefortheLucentDataAnalysisTooldur ingthefieldtests.SusanBernsteinandHsienhoLeecreatedCE4predictionplotsfor thetestclusters.Inaddition,SusanBernsteinperformedanextremelyusefulanalysisof the attenuator loading method. Victor DaSilva developed, tested, and refined the ALERTandBUILDscriptswhichautomatetheoptimizationprocess,greatlyspeeding upiterativedrivetesting.
16.
References
[1] ATranslationApplicationNoteforCDMAForwardLinkTransmitPath,Y.Li, LucentTechnologiesEngineeringMemo,February22,1996. [2] ATranslationApplicationNoteforCDMAReverseLinkOverloadControl,Y.Li, LucentTechnologiesEngineeringMemo,February22,1996. [3] ATranslationApplicationNoteforCDMAPowerControl,Y.LiandR.K.Lam, LucentTechnologiesEngineeringMemo,February8,1996. [4] ATranslationApplicationNoteforCDMAHandoff,Y.Li,LucentTechnologies EngineeringMemo,February8,1996. [6] OperationNotesforCDMAForwardLinkOrthogonalChannelNoiseSimulator (OCNS),M.J.Feuerstein,LucentTechnologiesEngineeringMemo,December10, 1995. [7] OnCDMAMobileIntermodulation:PreliminaryFieldTestResults,M.J.Feuer stein,J.Kurtz,Y.Li,X.Wang,J.Williams,LucentTechnologiesEngineeringMemo, October6,1995. [8] Lucent Technologies CDMA RF Engineering Guidelines, Revision 2, August 1995. [9] CDMA Cluster Optimization Procedures for Antenna Downtilt Report, M. J. FeuersteinandT.A.Stevens,LucentTechnologies,June18,1996.
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CDMA 1.9 GHZ Optimization Procedures

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CDMA RF Optimization Procedures for 1.

9 GHz PCS Systems

CLUSTERTEST TASK CellSiteConfiguration SpectralMonitoring Measurement DataAnalysis PilotChannelCoverage Measurement DataAnalysis

DURATION PERCLUSTER days days days days days

CDMA System Parameters

Initial Cluster Configuration

Selection of Drive Routes

Simulation of Traffic Loading

Nominal Parameter Settings

TuningRange 12to14dB 14to16dB 2to3dB

T_TDROP ActiveSearchWin NeighborSearchWin PilotDigitalGain PageDigitalGain SyncDigitalGain

2sec 40chips 80chips 108dgu 64dgu 34dgu

1to4sec 10to40chips 40to160chips 108dgu 64to96dgu 34dgu

Optional Preliminary Tests

CDMA Performance Tests

1. TheCDMAbandandguardbandmustbeclearedofothertrafficandpotentialin terferencesourcesduringthetimespectrummeasurementinterval. 9.1.2 TestConditions

band(span>1.7MHz,centerfrequency=CDMAcarrierfrequency).Settheresolution bandwidthofthespectrumanalyzerto30kHz. 9.1.3 TestProcedures

tionalduetobackhaultransportoutages.Coverageholesmayexistthatwillbefilled whenadjacentclustersarebroughtonline.Theengineeringteamsshouldjointlyad dressareaswheretheclusterperformancedoesnotmeetexitcriteriatargets. 9.3 Loaded Coverage Test

Theunloadedcoveragetestmusthavebeensuccessfullycompleted. 9.3.2 TestConditions

LoadtheforwardlinkwithOCNSlevelssettothedesignedErlangloadoftheCDMA network.Setthemobileattenuationvaluetomodelthenominalreverselinkload. 9.3.3 TestProcedures

Sections7.2and7.3.Theentiresystemdrivecanbeconductedinsectionsorasasingle driverun.ThefullrateMarkovmodetestcallwillhavetoberestartedandmobiledi agnosticmonitorloggingreinitiatedaftereverycalldropthatisencounteredduringthe driving. 9.4.4 DataAnalysis

Attheconclusionofthesystemwidedrive,theaggregatestatisticsshouldbeprocessed toobtainanestimateoftheoverallCDMAperformance.Primaryresultswouldinclude CumulativeDistributionFunctions(CDFs)ofpilotchannelEc/Io,forwardandreverse FER,andmobiletransmitpower. 9.4.5 ExitCriteria

Dropped Call Test

Theobjectofthedroppedcalltestistouseunintendedcallinterruptions(dropped calls)tocharacterizedthestateofoptimizedclustersorsystems.Thenumberandtypes ofdroppedcallswillbeusedasmetricsforthequalityofthesystem. 9.5.1 EntranceCriteria

Specialized CDMA Optimization Techniques

Specialized CDMA Optimization Tools

2)Neighborlistalert Aneighborlistalertisissuedwheneverthemobiledetectsapilotthatisnotinthe neighborlistsenttoitbythebasestation.Therearethreeconditionswhichmayleadto aneighborlistalert:i)accidentalneighborlistomission,ii)anonneighborpilotappears ataweaklevel,iii)apilotappearsunexpectedly.

i)Accidentalneighborlistomission Thisconditioniseasilysolvedbyupdatingneighborlists.Theprogramreportsallof theactivepilotsatthetimethataremainingsetpilotisreported.Thispilotshouldbe addedtotheneighborlistsofeachoftheseactivepilots. Example3(seeFigure1)

IfaNLAisissuedunderunloadedconditionsandtheEc/Ioofthenonneighborpilot isveryweak,thealertshouldbeignoredbecauseunderloadedconditions,thispilot wouldnotbeaddedtotheactivesetanyway. Example4(seeFigure1)

TheplotofEc/Iofor66aindicatesthatthispilotshowsupunexpectedlytwotiersaway. Thealertwasgeneratedbecause66awasnotintheneighborlistfor67aor55g.The BCRattenuationfor66ashouldbeincreasedortheantennasshouldbedowntilted. Example6(seeFigure1)

68g(414) [-9.0] NLA A56b(180)[-8.0] 00:12:15.788

11.1.2 RunningALERT Theprogramheaderisshownbelow.Thealert.awkfilecanbeeditedtochangetheuser definableparameters.

ALERTOutputSummary TheALERTprogramoutputsthetotalnumberofthealertsgenerated,thelistofparam eterschecked,andalistofthemobilefilesanalyzed. Example

ToruntheALERTprogramonaPC,havethepathsettowhereawkl.exeexists.Thefiles cells.txt, thesamefilethatisusedbytheDATool,and alert.awkmustresideinthedirec toryfromwhichyourunthealert.awkprogram.FromtheDOSprompttype:

Notethatfilesfromseveraldifferentmobilesmaybeconcatenated.Intheaboveexam ple,twodifferentmobileswereusedtocollectthreefiles.Notethatoldversionsofnpar donotrequirethenmtaandnmfingcommandlineoptionsbecausetheydonot outputfingerandsearcherdata. 11.2 LABEL Program

Theecio.ampfilethatgetscreatedisidenticaltoecioold.ampexceptthatithasanextracol umn.BringuptheEc/IoplotinMapInfobyopeningaworkspacewhichopensthe ecio.ampfileorbychoosingtheEc/IoplotfromwithintheDATool.Thealertnumberis addedasalayertotheEc/IoplotfromwithinMapInfobychoosingtheMapmenuop

Inthisexample,theneighborsearchwindowis11,themobilederivesitstimingrefer encefromPNoffset144,themaximumpilotoffsetobservedis45chips,anditoccursat time19:28:16.800.Theneighborsearchwindowsizeshouldbeatleast2*45=90chips. Therefore,srch_win_nshouldbereducedfrom11to10,usingTable1. Example

11.4 ORIG/TERM Programs for Troubleshooting Origination/Termination Failures

timeoffail 00:05:48 00:05:58

Antenna Downtilt Procedures

---^^ ---^ -^--^ --^ -- - -- --

Second Curve (degree) 2.0

Proposed Down-tilt (degree) 2 0 0 2 TBD 3 TBD

2.3 2.0 2.6 3.4 3.1 2.9

3.3 3.3 3.4 3.6 3.5 3.5

Calculation of Downtilt Angle

Afterthedowntiltingcandidatesectorsareidentified,degreeofdowntiltoneachsector shouldbedeterminedjointlytheengineeringteams. Thefollowingfactorsshouldbe consideredwhendeterminingthedegreeofdowntilt:

SectorBCRattenuation; Sectorpilotcoverageplot; Cellantennaheightandcellsiteterrainelevation; Terraintopologyinthesectorcoveragearea; Distancetotheneighborcellinthesectorface; Antennapattern.

Antenna Downtilt Angle ()

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 R/h (Cell radius / Antenna Height)

Risks and Contingencies Schedule

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