Experiment Group Subject Name I/C Lecturer

: Newton 1st Law ( Inertia ) :2 : SLP 312 : Athirah bt Bidin : 940120-10-5174 : Mr Asif

Athirah bt Bidin

Title : Acid-base titration Objectives : 1. To prepare a standard solution of oxalic acid 2. To standardize a sodium hydroxide solution ( NaOH ) 3. To determine the concentration of HCI solution 4. To acquire the correct technique of titration

Introduction

In this experiment, I works with standardized solutions. A standardized solution is a solution of known molarity. It can be used directly to make a solution with a very accurate molarity. Primary standards are used to find the molarity of other solutions, which are then called secondary standards. The process of determining the concentration of a solution by titration with a solution of known molarity is called standardization. The concentration unit we use in this lab is molarity. The technique I will use is titration. In titration I use a solution of known molarity to find the molarity of some other solution. You can do this because the volume times the molarity of the known solution gives you moles of that reactant. Molarity is moles solute per liter of solution, so you can calculate molarity if you have measured the volume of the reactant. These are acid-base reactions, so you should be able to write the equation for the reaction that occurs with each titration. (acid + base salt + water). The indicator for use in this experiment has been chosen for its sharp endpoint when only a fraction of a drop of excess NaOH has been added to a solution of an acid. The indicator is phenolphthalein. It turns from colorless to a faint-pink at the endpoint and goes on to a dark pink or purple color when the endpoint is overshot. The approach to the endpoint is suggested by the temporary appearance of a pink color that fades when the solution is swirled for up to 10 seconds. A pink color that persists for more than 30 seconds signals the actual endpoint.

Athirah bt Bidin

Apparatus / Materials :

Burette , glass rod , white tiles , retort stand , filter funnel , beaker ( 50ml ) , pipette ( 25ml ) , weighing bottle , analytical balance , conical flask ( 250ml ) , volumetric flask ( 250ml ) , measuring cylinder ( 50 ml ) , X M HCI , Y M NaOH , distilled water , phenolphthalein and hydrated oxalic acid .

Procedure : A. Preparation of standard solution

1. 3.25g of hydrated oxalic acid , H2C2O4.2H2O is weighted accurately . 2. Hydrated oxalic acid is placed in a clean 50ml beaker . 30ml of distilled water is added to dissolve the solid . 3. The solution is transferred into a 250ml volumetric flask . Distilled water is added up to the graduated mark of the volumetric flask . 4. The stopper is replaced and shake the flask until obtain a homogeneous solution . 5. The concentration of the standard oxalic acid solution is calculated .

B. Standardization of NaOH solution

1. A clean burette is rinsed with NaOH solution . 2. The burette is filled with NaOH solution and make sure there are no air bubbles trap at the tip . 3. The initial reading of burette is recorded in a tabulation of data . 4. 25 ml of oxalic acid solution is transferred using pipette to 250 ml conical flask . 2 drops of phenolphthalein is added to the oxalic acid solution . 5. A white tile is placed below the conical flask for clearer observation of the colour change .

Athirah bt Bidin

6. NaOH solution is added slowly from the burette into the conical flask while swirling the flask gently . 7. The titration process is continued until a pale pink colour persists for more than 30 second . This calles end point of a titration . 8. The final burette reading is recorded to two decimal places . 9. The titration process is repeated 3 times to get accurate reading 10. The molarity of the NaOH is calculates based on the result .

C. Determination of the molar concentration of HCl solution

1. 25 ml of HCl solution is pipetted into a 250 ml conical flask . 2. Two drops of phenolphthalein is added into the conical flask . 3. Steps 5-9 in part ( B ) is repeated . 4. The concentration of HCl is calculated in a tabulation of data

Athirah bt Bidin

Observation :

Volume of Oxalic acid Trial 1 2 3 solution (ml) 25 25 25

Burette Initial ( ml ) 0 0 0

Reading Final ( ml ) 40.0 19.5 18.25

Volume of NaOH ( ml ) 40.0 19.5 18.25

Volume of HCI Trial 1 2 3 solution (ml) 25 25 25

Burette Initial ( ml ) 0 0 0

Reading Final ( ml ) 0.4 0.5 10.0

Volume of NaOH ( ml ) 0.4 0.5 10.0

Discussion

Athirah bt Bidin

In this experiment , I can identify the titration , standard solution , titrant and equivalence point . Here , are the definition of titration , standard solution , titrant and equivalence point base on theory . Titration is the process in which one solution is added to another solution such that it reacts under conditions in which the added volume may be accurately measured. Titrations are most commonly associated with acid-base reaction, but they may involve other types of reactions as well. Any solution which has a precisely known concentration. Similarly, a solution of known concentration has been standardized known as standard solution . Titrant is mean that a solution of known concentration which is added (titrated) to another solution to determine the concentration of a second chemical species. Next definition is equivalence point . The equivalence point is the point in a titration where the amount of titrant added is enough to completely neutralize the solution. There are many type of indicator can be used in acid base titration experiment . In this experiment , I used phenolphthalein as indicator in acid base titration. Phenolphthalein turns from colorless to a faint-pink at the endpoint and goes on to a dark pink or purple color when the endpoint is overshot. The approach to the endpoint is suggested by the temporary appearance of a pink color that fades when the solution is swirled for up to 10 seconds. A pink color that persists for more than 30 seconds signals the actual endpoint. Oxalic acid and Sodium hydroxide solution

H2C2O4 + 2NaOH ---------- Na2C2O4 + 2H2O

Hydrochloric acid and Sodium hydroxide solution

HCl + NaOH ------------ NaCl + H2O

Question
Athirah bt Bidin

1. Calculate the concentration of the standard oxalic acid solution n = Mass(g) / Mass Molar (g/mol) n = MV/1000

( )

) ( )

n = 0.036 mol

m = 1.44 mol dm3

2. Calculate the molarity of NaOH solution

Average NaOH = = 25.92 ml

H2C2O4 + 2NaOH ---------- Na2C2O4 + 2H2O

( ( )( ) )

Mb = 2.778 dm3

3. Calculate the molarity of HCl

Average HCl

= = 0.633 ml

HCl + NaOH ------------ NaCl + H2O

( ( )( )( ) )

Ma = 0.0703 dm3

Athirah bt Bidin

4. Why does the pink colour , which forms at the point where the NaOH comes into contact with the solution in the flask , disappear more slowly near the endpoint ? The pink colour of phenolphthalein disappear more slowly when it near the endpoint because the solution is going to be neutralize. This is based on the acid solution that produce H+ ions while base solution that produce OH- ions .

5. Why is it a good idea to carry out titrations in triplicate ? Titration process is good to do triplicate because when the titration process is carry once, the reading of solution in the burette does not give an accurate readings of reaction. So , the accuracy reading of burette can be increased when it carry triplicate . Then , the average reading of burette are calculated to get an accurate reading of reaction in titration process .

Conclusion i. ii. iii. The molarity of given HCl is 0.00703 dm3 The molarity of given NaOH is 0.2778 dm3 The end point of an acid base titration in this experiment when the colour of phenolphthalein turns from colourless to pale pink colour solution in acid solution .

Athirah bt Bidin