Den Islam Intern Report

Practicum Report on A Study of HVAC System at BPL
International University of Business Agriculture and Technology
Practicum Report on
A study on HVAC system in Beximco Pharmaceuticals Ltd.
Prepared By
Den Islam
ID # 09107034 Program: BSME
Submission Date: August, 10, 2012
The Coordinator
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Department of Mechanical Engineering IUBAT- International University of Business Agriculture and Technology 4, Embankment Drive Road, Uttara Model Town, Sector 10, Bangladesh.
Subject: Request for the Report

Subject: Request for the Report. Dear Sir, With due respect, I would like to submit this report as partial fulfillment of the BSME degree, the topic of A study on HVAC system in Beximco Pharmaceuticals Ltd. It was superlative opportunity for me to work on this topic to actualize my theoretical knowledge in the practical area and to have an enormous experience on the Refrigeration System. Now I am looking forward for your kind assessment regarding this report. I would be very kind of you, if you please take the trouble of going through the report and evaluate my performance regarding this report. Sincerely Yours, ..
Den Islam ID # 09107034

Program# BSME

The Coordinator Department of Mechanical Engineering IUBAT- International University of Business Agriculture and Technology 4, Embankment Drive Road, Uttara Model Town, Sector 10, Bangladesh.
Subject: Letter of Transmittal Dear Sir, This is a great opportunity & immense for me to submit this report l on the topic of A study on HVAC system in Beximco Pharmaceuticals Ltd. I have prepared this report as partial fulfillment of the BSME degree . I have tried my level best to prepare this report to the required standard. It was certainly a great opportunity for me to work on this paper to actualize my academic knowledge in the practical arena. I express my heart full gratitude to you to go through this report and make your valuable comments. It would be very kind of you, if you please evaluate my performance regarding this report.
Thank you Sincerely Yours, ..

Program# BSME
Acknowledgement
This report which is entitled as A study on HVAC system in Beximco Pharmaceuticals Ltd. is talking about the basic process Air-conditioning and Refrigeration System and application of this system for a Pharmaceuticals Industry. In the process of conducting this re[port , I would like to express my gratitude and respect to some respectable person for their enormous help and giant support. First of all I would like to thank to Mr. Yusuf Hossain, DGM, Engineering in Beximco Pharmaceuticals who helped us a lot by his brilliant guidelines to make this report, without which it was not possible to conduct it. I also thankful to Engr. Abdul Wadud, Course Coordinator, Department of Mechanical Engineering and all the teachers of the Department of Mechanical engineering for providing their brilliant guidelines regarding this subject matter. Finally I wish to acknowledge those who directly or indirectly helped me in connection with this work.
12th April,2011 Uttara, Dhaka Author ---------------------
Student Declaration
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I hereby declare that the presented report titled A study on HVAC system in Beximco Pharmaceuticals Ltd. is uniquely prepared by me as a work report part on my Practicum. I did it with the help and assistance of Engineering Department in Beximco Pharmaceuticals LTD. I also confirm that, the report is only prepared for my academic requirement as a partial fulfillment of BSME degree and not for any other purpose. It might not be used with the interest of opposite party of the organization.
Author .. Den Islam Program : BSME
Executive Summary
The term HVAC system is broadly used as Heating Ventilating & Air conditioning System. Basically it is nothing but simply a conditioning system of air referring to any process or system that controls the 5

temperature, humidity, cleanliness, and movement of indoor air. When the weather is hot, it cools the air. When the weather is cold, it warms the air. It also adds or removes moisture to and from the air as needed. By controlling air movement, air conditioning is able to remove dust and dirt by bringing fresh air into a space and pushing stale air out. An air conditioning system is any mechanism designed to stabilize and control the condition of the air in a given space, most commonly in buildings, cars, and other forms of public and private transportation. The basic things for HVAC system are to follow some criteria mentioning as bellow: a) Temperature. b) Moisture in the air (Humidity). c) Ventilation system. d) Filtration of Air born particles. e) Air Movement in the occupied space. A substance called refrigerant carries heat from one area to another. Simply compressor, condenser, expansion valve and evaporator combined this system with a cyclic work. In BPL a Chiller is used for chilled water which passes through the AHU (Air Handling Units), cooled air is supplied inside the factory building through duct.
Organization
Company Profile
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Name of the company : Beximco Pharmaceuticals Limited Year of Establishment : 1976 Country of Incorporation : Bangladesh Commercial Production : 1980 Status : Public Limited Company Main Country of operation : Bangladesh Corporate Headquarter & Registered Address : 17 Dhanmondi R/A, Road No. 2, Dhaka- 1205, Bangladesh Phone : +880-2-8611891 (5 lines), Fax: +880-2-8613470, Email : info@bpl.net Website : www.beximcopharma.com Operational Headquarter : 19 Dhanmondi R/A, Road No. 7, Dhaka- 1205, Bangladesh Phone : +880-2-8619151 (5 lines), +880-2-8619091 (5 lines) Fax : +880-2-8613888; Email: info@bpl.net Website : www.beximcopharma.com Overseas Offices & Associates : UK, USA, Pakistan, Myanmar, Singapore, Kenya, Yemen, Nepal, Vietnam, Cambodia and Sri Lanka Authorized Capital (Taka) : 2,000 million Paid-up Capital (Taka) : 1,040.97 million Number of Shareholders : Around 49,000 Stock Exchange Listings : Dhaka and Chittagong Stock Exchanges of Bangladesh and AIM of London Stock Exchange Number of Employees : 2236 VISION We view business as a means to the material and social wellbeing of the investors, employees and the society at large, leading to accretion of wealth through financial and moral gains as a part of the process of the human civilization. MISSION Each of Our activities must benefit and add value to the common wealth of our society.We firmly believe that, in the final analysis we are accountable to each of the constituents with whom we interact, namely: Our employees, Our customers, Our business associates, our fellow citizens and Our shareholders. 7

OBJECTIVE Our objectives are to conduct transparent business operation based on market mechanism within the legal & social frame work with aims to attain the mission reflected by our vision. Functions Manufacturing and marketing of pharmaceutical Finished Formulation Products, Large Volume Parenterals and Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) Beximco Pharmacy, are in the business which deals with human health and this makes us more responsible to keep the highest standards of Our products. Good products, however are only one side of its expression of commitment. They believe their responsibility lies even more in ensuring that Our society gets benefited while we continue to grow. Beximco Pharmacy is acclaimed for outstanding product quality, world-class manufacturing facilities, product development capabilities and outstanding service.
Generator The Board of Directors: A S F Rahman ,Chairman Salman F Rahman ,Vice Chairman Iqbal Ahmed ,Director Mohammad Abul Qasem ,Director Osman Kaiser Chowdhury ,Director Dr. Abdul Alim Khan ,Director Abu Bakar Siddiqur Rahman ,Director The Executive Committee Osman Kaiser Chowdhury, Member of the Board of Directors Chowdhury Hafizur Rahman ,Member of the Board of Directors Nazmul Hassan ,Chief Executive Officer Ali Nawaz ,Chief Financial Officer 9

Afsar Uddin Ahmed, Director, Commercial The Management Committee Nazmul Hassan Chief Executive Officer Osman Kaiser Chowdhury Member of the Board of Directors Ali Nawaz Chief Financial Officer Afsar Uddin Ahmed Director, Commercial Rabbur Reza Director, Marketing Lutfur Rahman Director, Works Zakaria Seraj Chowdhury Director, Sales Mohd. Tahir Siddique Executive Director, Quality Assurance A R M Zahidur Rahman General Manager, Production Jamal Ahmed Choudhury Senior Manager, Accounts & Finance Present programs Beximco Pharmaceuticals Ltd. is the leading pharmaceutical company of Bangladesh. Founded in 1976, Beximco Pharmaceuticals Ltd. has been producing world class pharmaceutical products following current Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) as required by the World Health Organization (WHO) in order to improve health, happiness and quality of life. Beximco Pharmaceuticals Ltd. has products of different therapeutic classes, each of which, occupies a prominent position in the market and the heart of their customers and shareholders. Beximco Pharmaceuticals Ltd. is always committed to improve the lives of people through the development and commercialization of high quality and cost-effective medicines. They strongly believe that quality makes the difference between life and death. After successful venturing in the local market, they have now taken the challenge to replicate the journey into the international arena. Now they are exporting to UK, USA, Pakistan, Myanmar, Singapore, Kenya, Yemen, Nepal, Vietnam, Cambodia and Sri Lanka
Future expansion programs Increasing trends in product offerings .reflects their relentless effort to provide better health care services to their valued customers
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R & D Inventing tomorrow B P L is a company that is continuously searching for the next treatment advancements. BPLs portfolio features a range of high-quality, effective products. This product portfolio, combined with the steady stream of promising new products in development, is one of the many reasons BPL is among the nation's leading pharmaceutical companies.
Future Focus Strengthen its position in the present markets Work is in progress to enter into regulated markets in six continents. Research Methodology Objective of the study Primary objective: To fulfill the requirement of the Course ART-203 Secondary Objectives: To gain practical knowledge in HVAC system procedure and practices in industrial sector of Our country. To identify various problems in Air Coditioning System To recommend Our suggestions to overcome this problem. Rationale of the study 11

For BSME graduates both theory and knowledge of their application in professional area are important. This study gives us experiencing a good opportunity to bridge between theory and practices in industrial application at Bangladesh. We have learnt about HVAC system which we can learn in the real life path. This report helps us to gain knowledge the application of HVAC system particularly in industrial application.
Data collection Primary Data Sources: Personal discussion with the Engineers , Executives of Engineering department of Beximco Pharmacy. In collecting primary data we use questionnaire and verbal discussion. We concentrates only those people who can give us information related to Our report. Secondary Sources: Annual Report. Brochures. Publications. Company Website. Data Analysis The study has been conducted to get a picture about HVAC system , AC system and practical application of them Beximco Pharma. To get information we have prepared a questionnaire in such a way so that interviewees can express their opinions, observation and knowledge on AC system, HVAC system in Beximco Pharma. Every question has some points. We put weight depending on responses. we focus both theoretical and application of these.
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1. Job Analysis Job analysis is used to: 1. Choose employees either from the ranks of your existing staff or from the recruitment of new staff. 2. Set out the training requirements of a particular job. 3. Provide information which will help in decision making about the type of equipment and materials to be employed with the job. 4. Identify and profile the experiences of employees in their work tasks (information which can be used as evidence for staff development and promotion). 5. Identify areas of risk and danger at work. 6. Help in setting rates of pay for job tasks. Job analysis can be carried out by direct observation of employees at work, by finding out information from interviewing job holders, or by referring to documents such as training manuals. Information can be gleaned directly from the person carrying out a task and/or from their supervisory staff. Some large organizations specifically employ 'job analysts'. In most companies, however, job analysis is expected to be part of the general skills of a training or personnel officer. 2. Job Description A job description will set out how a particular employee will fit into the organization. It will therefore need to set out: 1. The title of the job 2. To whom the employee is responsible 3. A simple description of the role and duties of the employee within the organization. A job description could be used as a job indicator for applicants for a job. Alternatively, it could be used as a guideline for an employee and/or his or her line manager as to his or her role and responsibility within the organization. 3. Job specification A job specification goes beyond a mere description - in addition, it highlights the mental and physical attributes required of the job holder. For example, a job specification for a trainee manager's post in a retail store included the following:
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'Managers at all levels would be expected to show responsibility. The company is looking for people who are tough and talented. They should have a flair for business; know how to sell, and to work in a team. To do an effective HVAC system it will therefore take into consideration the following: 1. Keeping the costs of selection down. 2. Making sure that the skills and qualities being required has been identified. 3. Developing a process for identifying the economical solution. 4. Making sure that the system selected, will fulfill the requirement of the industry.
Limitation of the study Unlike other research, this assignment is limited to the time constraints. Most of the organizations do not agree to share their company strategy with such small days acquaintance. Information regarding to pharmaceuticals is very confidential and because of that reason we focused on secondary data for report preparation, though we have also used primary data which may not pasteurized the actual one. Although very high level officials tried to help us to prepare this report but their nature of job is such that gives them little time to discuss.
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Questionnaire regarding Effective HVAC system: The following information was collected through different Engineers and Staffs regarding this Job: 1. What is an HVAC system? Ans: Heating, ventilation and air conditioning--more commonly referred to as HVAC--is a common acronym used to refer to all matters relating to heating and air conditioning. The air conditioning side of an HVAC system uses the evaporation of refrigerant to provide cooling. Conversely, the heating side of an HVAC system either typically relies on a furnace or heat pump to provide heating through the same ventilation system. This is done by warming heat exchanges that subsequently warm the air that passes through the HVAC system in a home or business. Heat pumps have been more popular in recent construction, but one will still see both variants and others used in new construction. 2. What are the major difference between a Heat Pump & Refrigerator? Ans: Heat Pump is the device where heat supplied to the engine is converted into useful work, where as Refrigerator is the device reversed as Heat pump which either cool or maintain the temperature of a body lower than the atmospheric temperature. 3. What are the procedures of Air Refrigerator cycle ? Ans: Air Refrigerator work on Reversed Carnot cycle. 4. Which one is recommended as Compression Cycle? Ans: Vapor Compression Refrigeration system is recommended for compression cycle. As it has less running cost over Air Refrigerant system, smaller in size, C.O.P is very high. 5. What are the good refrigerant? Ans: Refrigerant having following properties are the good refrigerant: I) Low boiling point. II) III) IV) V) VI) VII) High critical Temperature High Latent heat of vaporization. Non corrosive to metal. Low cost. Non-toxic. Non flammable and non explosive.
6. Is What are the most common refrigerant? Ans: Ammonia, Carbon-di-oxide, Freon-12. 15
Among them Freon-12 is mostly useable refrigerant because of boiling point -30 and operating pressure of it C is 8 bar. 7. What is Year Round Air conditioning System? Ans: If it consist both the winter and summer equipment in a system it is termed as year round AC system. 8. What is the Basic difference between HVAC and AC system ? Ans: HVAC recommends for air conditioning as well as human comfort , environment control and other things, where as AC system only refers the comfort air conditioning. 9. What is central AC system?: Ans: When the cooling load capacity is more than 25TR. 10.When is De-Humidification required? Ans: To control the Humidity up to a certain range De-humidifier is used.
Analysis and Findings To make the HVAC system effective Electro osmosis has been proposed for dehumidification in air conditioning systems. This would allow the sensible and latent loads to be handled separately and may lead to improvements in energy efficiency and comfort control. In electro osmosis, water is pumped through channels or pores in solid material by the application of a voltage. A membrane composed of a desiccant material could remove moisture from air to be conditioned. Then, Electro osmotic pumping could move the moisture across the membrane and reject it on the other side.
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Text of Report: HVAC System : Introduction The chief requirements of an air conditioning system are: 1. It should convey specified rates of air flow to prescribed locations 2. It should be economical in combined initial cost, fan operating cost and cost of building space 3. It should not transmit or generate objectionable noise Generally at the time of designing an air conditioning system, the required airflow rates are known from load calculations. The location of fans and air outlets are fixed initially. The duct layout is then made taking into account the space available and ease of construction. However, for a given system, only one set results in the optimum design. Definition: Air conditioning is a term referring to any process or system that controls the temperature, humidity, cleanliness, and movement of indoor air. When the weather is hot, it cools the air. When the weather is cold, it warms the air. It also adds or removes moisture to and from the air as needed. By controlling air movement, air conditioning is able to remove dust and dirt by bringing fresh air into a space and pushing stale air out. An air conditioning system is any mechanism designed to stabilize and control the condition of the air in a given space, most commonly in buildings, cars, and other forms of public and private transportation. HVAC System: Heating, ventilation and air conditioning--more commonly referred to as HVAC--is a common acronym used to refer to all matters relating to heating and air conditioning. The air conditioning side of an HVAC system uses the evaporation of refrigerant to provide cooling. Conversely, the heating side of an HVAC system either typically relies on a furnace or heat pump to provide heating through the same ventilation system. This is done by warming heat exchanges that subsequently warm the air that passes through the HVAC system in a home or business. Heat pumps have been more popular in recent construction, but one will still see both variants and others used in new construction. Unless you live in an amazingly temperate climate, the HVAC system in your home uses more energy and drains more energy dollars than any other system in your home. Typically, 44 percent of your utility bill goes for heating and cooling. Like many other appliances, HVAC systems have improved in energy efficiency in the last decade. As a result, you can save money and increase your comfort by properly maintaining and upgrading your HVAC equipment. Another development of the 1990s is the whole house approach to heating and cooling. Coupled with an energy efficient furnace, heat pump or air-conditioner, the whole house approach can have a great impact on your energy bills. By combining proper equipment maintenance and upgrades with appropriate insulation, weatherization and thermostat settings - properly regulated with a programmable thermostat, of course - you may be able to cut your energy bills in half. 17

All major appliances including gas furnaces, boilers, air conditioners and heat pumps sold in California meet the Title-24 energy efficiency standards. If you are thinking about purchasing a new central furnace, check the ENERGY STAR database, which uses information supplied by the California Energy Commission. It displays information on most energy efficient appliances in a consumer-friendly, easy-to-use fashion. Thermal Comfort: Thermal Comfort means that a person wearing a normal amount of clothing fills neither too cold nor too warm. It is important for both well being and productivity. It can be achieved only when the air temperature, humidity and air movement are within the specified range. Central Air Conditioning System: Central air conditioning units are usually matched with a gas or oil furnace to provide heat through the same set of ducts. There are also central HVAC units called heat pumps that combine both the heating and cooling functions. If you heat your home with electricity, a heat pump system is the most efficient unit to use in moderate climates. It can provide up to three times more heating than the equivalent amount of electrical energy it consumes. A heat pump can trim the amount of electricity you use for heating as much as 30 percent to 40 percent. Even though air conditioners and heat pumps require the use of some different components, they both operate on the same basic principles.
Objectives Discuss the use of ventilated air for Air cooling of buildings and Air cooling of occupants Make a comparison between natural ventilation and mechanical ventilation List the general guidelines for natural ventilation Discuss briefly forced ventilation using electric fans Discuss interior air movement using interior fans, unit ventilators, whole house fans and solar chimneys Discuss the benefits of mechanical ventilation using fans Background Residential and commercial space-cooling demands are increasing steadily throughout the world as what once was considered a luxury is now seemingly a necessity. Air-conditioning manufacturers have played a big part in making units more affordable by increasing their efficiency and improving components and technology. The competitiveness of the industry has increased with demand, and there are many companies providing air conditioning units and systems. Air conditioning systems vary considerably in size and derive their energy from many different sources. Popularity of residential air conditioners has increased dramatically with the advent of central air, a strategy that utilizes the ducting in a home for both heating and cooling. Commercial air conditioners, almost mandatory in new construction, have changed a lot in the past few years as energy costs rise and power sources 18

change and improve. The use of natural gas-powered industrial chillers has grown considerably, and they are used for commercial air conditioning in many application
Working Procedure: Heat pumps and most central air conditioners are called "split systems" because there is an outdoor unit (called a condenser) and an indoor unit (an evaporator coil). The job of the heat pump or air conditioner is to transport heat from one of these units to the other. In the summer, for example, the system extracts heat from indoor air and transfers it outside, leaving cooled indoor air to be recalculated through your ducts by a fan. A substance called a refrigerant carries the heat from one area to another. Basically, here's how it works: The compressor in your outdoor unit will change the gaseous refrigerant into a high temperature, high-pressure gas. As that gas flows through the outdoor coil, it loses heat. That makes the refrigerant condense into a high temperature, high pressure liquid that flows through copper tubing into the evaporator coil located in your fan coil unit or attached to your furnace.
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At that point, the liquid refrigerant is allowed to expand, turning the liquid refrigerant into a low temperature, low pressure gas. The gas then absorbs heat from the air circulating in your home's ductwork, leaving it full of cooler air to be distributed throughout the house. Meanwhile, the low temperature, low pressure refrigerant gas returns to the compressor to begin the cycle all over again. While your air conditioner or heat pump cools the air, it also dehumidifies it. That's because warm air passing over the indoor evaporator coil cannot hold as much moisture as it carried at a higher temperature, before it was cooled. The extra moisture condenses on the outside of the coils and is carried away through a drain. The process is similar to what happens on a hot, humid day, when condensed moisture beads up on the outside of a glass of cold lemonade. The same process works in reverse in a heat pump during the winter. The heat pump takes heat out of the outside air - or out of the ground, if you have a geothermal heat pump - and it moves that heat inside, where it is transferred from the evaporator coil to the air circulating through your home. That's not a typographical error, by the way- the heat pump moves heat from outside to warm your home, even on a cold day. That's because "cold" is a relative term. Air as cold as 30 degrees still contains a great deal of heat - the temperature at which air no longer carries any heat is well below -200 degrees Fahrenheit. A heat pump's heat exchanger can squeeze heat out of cold air, then transfer that heat into your home with the help of a fan which circulates the warm air through your ducts. Heat pumps are often installed with back-up electric resistance heat or a furnace to handle heating requirements when more heat is needed than the heat pump can efficiently extract from the air.
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Basic Working Procedure of Cooling cycle: 1. The compressor takes the low pressure refrigerant and compresses it, increasing both the temperature and the pressure. The actual temperature and pressure depend on the refrigerant being used. 2. The condenser blows outside air over the refrigerant vapor, turning it into a liquid, typically about 25 F above the outside air temperature. Hence the hot air blowing out of the condenser. 3. The expansion valve changes the refrigerant from a high pressure liquid to a low pressure liquid, dramatically lowering the temperature as well.
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4. The evaporator allows the warm room air to blow over the coils with cold refrigerant liquid, transferring heat to change the cold liquid to a warmer gas. Refrigerants are selected by their ability to absorb significant amounts of heat as they change state from a liquid to a gas.
e. Classification of Airconditioning System 1. According to the season of the year a) Winter air conditioning system b)
Summer air conditioning system, and c) Year-round air conditioning system, and 2. According to the arrangement of equipment a) Unitary air conditioning system, and b) Central air conditioning system f. Limitation 1. The central plant is located in unoccupied areas, hence facilitating operating and maintenance, noise control and choice of suitable equipment. 2. No piping, electrical wiring and filters are located inside the conditioned space. 3. Seasonal changeover is simple and readily adaptable to climatic control. 4. Gives a wide choice of suability, flexibility, and humidity control under all operating conditions. 5. Heat recovery system may be readily incorporated.
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Scope of work: The scope of work under the assignment shall include the following: 1. Collect information on assessment methodology and implementation 2. Collect participants profile 3. Collect modules and handouts 4. Observe sample 5. Carry out any other necessary activities relating to the task Methodology: For the purpose of assessing quality and effective of the assignment the approach adopted will include the followings: Review and relevance of field work Ensure appropriate survey materials The methodology will be fully developed with availability of more information as well as theoretical exploration.
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Fig: Indoor and outdoor unit. Work Plan: Course work: Gathering knowledge from course work on different heat & mass related fields. Field work: Applying the acquired knowledge through multiple surveys Refrigeration system. Chillers: The above systems are all considered Direct Expansion (DX) systems because the units provide for direct expansion of the refrigerant in the air cooling coils. Chillers, on the other hand, make cold water that gets distributed by pipes to air cooling coils. Chiller systems also require boilers to make hot water for the heating cycle. A two pipe system either cools or heats and a system changeover must occur to go from cooling to heating. In the cooling cycle, the one pipe supplies the cold water while the other pipe returns the warmed water (warmed by passing through the cooling coils with air blowing over the coils). A four pipe system 24

doesn't need a system changeover, as each cooling coil unit has both a hot water supply and return and a cold water supply and return piped to it. The energy efficiency of these systems and the excellent control options are the biggest benefits, while initial cost and maintenance complexity are the drawbacks. Humidity : Humidity is an important thing for HVAC system. Relative humidity should be as 50% -60% is preferable. Ventilation: Ventilation is the movement of air and its contained pollutants to outdoors and flow of fresh air. The flow of fresh air dilutes the concentration of pollutant. It is ideal way of keeping indoor air cleaning. Dehumidification: It is the process of moister removal process from air. Two type of its are :i) Absorption Type, ii) Refrigerant Type
Bibliography: Internet. Training of Beximco Pharmaceuticals Limited. Own real working experiences. www.beximcopharma.com www.msencarta.com Beximco Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Annual Report 2006 Brochure of Beximco Pharmaceuticals Ltd. De Cenzo & Robbins, Human Resource Management, 8th Edition, John Wiley & Sons inc., Singapore,
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Appendix VAM VARS SVAS PRV PVAS C.O.P IVARS DER LBARS VARM MAC .C Km > < % MW KWh GWh Mt Vapor absorption chiller Vapor absorption refrigeration system Simple vapor absorption system Pressure reducing valve Practical vapor absorption system Coefficient of performance Ideal vapor absorption refrigeration system Domestic Electrolux refrigerator Lithium bromide absorption refrigeration system Vapor absorption refrigeration machine Modern absorption chiller Degrees Celsius Kilometer Greater then Less then Percent Mega Watt Kilo Watt Hour Giga Watt Hour metric tons
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Chapter One
Introduction
1.1 Origin of the report: This report has been prepared as an integral part of the internship program for the Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering Program at the Department of Mechanical Engineering (BSME), International University of Business Agriculture and Technology. During internship at Beximco Pharmaceuticals LTD. I was there as an In Plant Trainee and I decided to do my report on HVAC system. Our honorable Course Coordinator of Mechanical Engineering Department provided his kind consent to academically supervise the internship program.
1.2 Objectives Introduction of HVAC system and its application. Introduction of AHU( Air Handling Units). Discuss the use of ventilated air for Air cooling of buildings and Air cooling of occupants Make a comparison between natural ventilation and mechanical ventilation Design HVAC for a small unit. Engineering and maintaining it properly. Specific Objectives: In order to the broad objectives we have to find out the following objectives. They are as follows: Operation of HVAC system. Operation of Chiller, Air Handling Unit. Study about Air-conditioning System. Maintenance Chiller, Air Handling Unit etc. Study on Ducting system. 27
Broad Objectives: The broad objective of this study mainly understands HVAC system in Mechanical
1.3 Scope This report will cover the practical knowledge about Air-conditioning System, Chiller, Air Handling Unit, Ducting System, O & M Activities, Quality Management system and a broad knowledge of different kinds of Mechanical maintenance. Managing the O & M activities of Utility to maintain its require standard and user perception toward it is the main scope of discussion in this report. All the improved Process that can be used in HVAC system for proper tracking improvement and decreasing extra cost require for operation of technical activities are also discuss here. 1.4 Background The heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system of any building is like the respiratory system of a human being. It controls the movement, quality and temperature of air to ventilate, warm and cool the organism. Energy is consumed by the parts of the system that heat and cool the air and movement of air with fans requires energy. Air or water is heated or cooled using direct contact with heat or refrigerants and pushed through pathways (ducts or tubes), escaping through outlets or vents until it travels throughout the structure. The air or water then returns to its origin to be heated or cooled again. Well-engineered ventilation patterns aid circulation, introduce fresh air and controls the buildup of carbon dioxide (a byproduct of human respiration), carbon monoxide (from combustion sources) and miscellaneous toxic gases from building materials and household activities. Well-designed HVAC systems, passive filters, insulation and gravity make the system more effective and efficient. New conservation practices and systems using alternative energies are being designed to improve efficiency. Surprisingly, air conditioning and refrigeration are also based on the basic concepts of heat. Even though it all means cooling and comfort to you, its still about heat. One of the most basic facts of heat is that it moves from hot to cold. Just like if you were to dip a dry cloth into a cup of water, the water would move rapidly from the cup into the cloth, heat moves from hot to cold. 28
Air conditioning systems vary considerably in size and derive their energy from many different sources. Popularity of residential air conditioners has increased dramatically with the advent of central air, a strategy that utilizes the ducting in a home for both heating and cooling. Commercial air conditioners, almost mandatory in new construction, have changed a lot in the past few years as energy costs rise and power sources change and improve. The use of natural gas-powered industrial chillers has grown considerably, and they are used for commercial air conditioning in many applications BPL has started its Journey since 1976 and from than it is one of the most renowned Pharmaceuticals in our country. Earlier it was very small in size but for time being it is now large in its size as well as introduces lot of modern machineries for their production. BPL uses following machineries for their HVAC system: Chiller Air Handling Unit 1.5 Methodology : : 100 Ton & 60 Ton 20000 m3/hr
A qualitative research method has been used to carry out this study of practicum in Beximco Pharmacutical Ltd. They introduced a very modern technology in their plant. They are using 2 Nos Chiller of whose capacity are 100 Ton & 60 Ton (Dunham Bush, Malaysia). This type of chiller has some system protection controls will automatically act to insure system reliability like as : Low suction pressure, High discharge pressure ,Freeze protection, Low differential pressure, Low oil level, Compressor run error . Dunham-Bush water-cooled
screw chillers have best part-load performance characteristics in the industry when measured in accordance with ARI Standard
550/590-2003. In most cases, actual building system loads are significantly less than full load design conditions, therefore
chillers operate at part load most of the time. Dunham-Bush water-cooled screw chillers combine the efficient operation of multiple compressors with controller control to yield the best total energy efficiency and significant operating saving under any load.
When specifying air conditioning equipment, it is important to consider the system load characteristics for the building application. In a typical city, the air conditioning load will vary according to changes in the ambient 29

temperature. Weather data compiled over many years will predict the number of hours that equipment will operate at various loads. The information of this report has been collected from the following sources: 1. Operators Log Sheet. 2. Machine catalog 3. Plant Operation Manual 4. Plant Maintenance Manual 5. Check sheet of Machines. 6. Plant Management Manual
1.6
Limitations
This report has been prepared as a partial fulfillment of BSME degree during Internship at BPL about HVAC system. An HVAC system provides adequate indoor air quality by: conditioning the air in the occupied space of a building in order to provide for the comfort of its occupants; diluting and removing contaminants from indoor air through ventilation; and providing proper building pressurization I was monitored by some o expert Engineer of BPL who is doing there from long time. Actually I got a guide line from them and did my study by myself. They have helped me but couldnt get me any scope for thinking anything by myself. I have studied about Air-conditioning and Refrigeration but HVAC system was new one for me. BPL is a big company and I didnt get enough scope for taking any decision regarding this matter.
Chapter Two
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Organization of Beximco Pharmaceuticals Ltd.

Company Profile
Beximco Pharmaceuticals Ltd (BPL) is a leading manufacturer of pharmaceutical formulations and Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) in Bangladesh. The company is the largest exporter of pharmaceuticals in the country and its state-of-the-art manufacturing facilities are certified by global regulatory bodies of Australia, Gulf nations, Brazil, among others. The company is consistently building upon its portfolio and currently producing more than 400 products in different dosage forms covering broader therapeutic categories which include antibiotics, antihypertensives, antidiabetics, antireretrovirals, anti asthma inhalers etc,among many others. With decades of contract manufacturing experience with global MNCs, skilled manpower and proven formulation capabilities, the company has been building a visible and growing presence across the continents offering high quality generics at the most affordable cost. Ensuring access to quality medicines is the powerful aspiration that motivates more than 3000 employees of the organization, and each of them is guided by the same moral and social responsibilities the company values most.
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Key Company Information

Year of Establishment Country of Incorporation Commercial Production Status Business Lines Main Country of operation Corporate Headquarter & Registered Address
:: 1976 :: Bangladesh :: 1980 :: Public Limited Company :: Manufacturing and marketing of pharmaceutical Finished Formulation Products, Large Volume Parenterals and Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) :: Bangladesh :: 17 Dhanmondi R/A, Road No. 2, Dhaka- 1205, Bangladesh Phone : +880-2-8611891 (5 lines) Fax : +880-2-8613470 Email : info@bpl.net :: 19 Dhanmondi R/A, Road No. 7, Dhaka- 1205, Bangladesh Phone : +880-2-8619151 (5 lines), +880-2-8619091 (5 lines) Fax : +880-2-8613888 Email : info@bpl.net Website : www.beximcopharma.com
Operational Headquarter
:: Australia, Bhutan, Cambodia, Chile, Ghana, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines,Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Vietnam and Yemen Authorized Capital (Taka) :: 9,100 million Paid-up Capital (Taka) :: 1,824 million Number of Shareholders :: Around 68,000 :: Dhaka and Chittagong Stock Exchanges of Bangladesh and AIM Stock Exchange Listings of London Stock Exchange Number of Employees :: 2,511 TIDM: (Tradable Instrument :: BXP Display Mnemonic) :: Dhaka Stock Exchange : 3 July, 1985 Chittagong Stock Date shares were admitted : 11June, 1995 Exchange to trading AIM ( Alternative 21 : Investment Market) October,2005 ISIN :: US0885792061 32
Overseas Offices & Associates

Number of Employees : 2236
Board Details
Ahmed Sohail Fasiur Rahman Chairman Ahmed Salman Fazlur Rahman Vice Chairman
Ahsanul Karim
Director
Faheemul Huq
Director
Abu Bakar Siddiqur Rahman

Director
Dr. Abdul Alim Khan

Director
Dr. Farida Huq

Director
Osman Kaiser Chowdhury

Director
Mohammad Abul Qasem

Director
Iqbal Ahmed
Director
Nazmul Hassan
Managing Director
Corporate Governance & Committees

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The Company has a three-tier management structure, comprising the Board of Directors, the Executive Committee and the Management Committee. There is also an Audit Committee, constituted in 2006. The Board is the highest level of authority within the Company comprising mainly non-executive directors, none of whom receive directors' remuneration from it. The Board meets with the Executive Committee, comprising six executive directors, twice a year to conduct a full review of the Company's operations.
Executive Committee
The Executive Committee meets on a quarterly basis and its scope of work includes: business review; budget approval; and senior management appraisal. Executive committee comprises of five members : Mr. O.K. Chowdhury, Nazmul Hassan, Alli Nawaz and Afsar Uddin Ahmed. Mr. O.K. Chowdhury, who are members of the board, are also members of the Executive Committee. Nazmul Hassan Managing Director Rabbur Reza Chief Operating Officer Ali Nawaz Chief Financial Officer
Management Committee
The Management Committee comprises operational heads and representatives of the Board and Executive Committee and is chaired by the Chief Executive Officer. The Management Committee meets on a monthly basis, is responsible for implementing the decisions of the Executive Committee and supervising the day to day affairs of the Company and reports to the Executive Committee at least on a quarterly basis Mr. O.K. Chowdhury, Mr. N. Hassan, Mr. A.U. Ahmed and Mr. A. Nawaz, whose profiles have been outlined previously, are also members of the Management Committee. Other members of the management committee are:
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Rabbur Reza Chief Operating Officer Lutfur Rahman Director, Manufacturing Md. Zakaria Seraj Chowdhury Director, International Marketing Abdur Rouf Mohammad Zahidur Rahman Executive Director, Manufacturing Mohammad Tahir Siddique Executive Director, Quality Assurance Shamim Momtaz Executive Director, Manufacturing Jamal Ahmed Choudhury Executive Director, Accounts & Finance
Audit Committee
The Audit Committee consists of three non-executive directors. Mr. Mohammad Abul Qasem is currently the chairman of the audit committee while Dr. Abdul Alim Khan and advocate Ahsanul Karim are the members. The Committee assists the Board of Directors of the Company in ensuring that its financial statements reflect true and fair view of its state of affairs and in ensuring a good monitoring and internal control systems within the business. The Audit Committee shall be responsible to the Board of Directors
VISION We view business as a means to the material and social wellbeing of the investors, employees and the society at large, leading to accretion of wealth through financial and moral gains as a part of the process of the human civilization.
MISSION
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Each of Our activities must benefit and add value to the common wealth of our society. We firmly believe that, in the final analysis we are accountable to each of the constituents with whom we interact, namely: Our employees, Our customers, Our business associates, our fellow citizens and Our shareholders. OBJECTIVE Our objectives are to conduct transparent business operation based on market mechanism within the legal & social frame work with aims to attain the mission reflected by our vision.
Functions
Manufacturing and marketing of pharmaceutical Finished Formulation Products, Large Volume Parenterals and Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) Beximco Pharmacy, are in the business which deals with human health and this makes us more responsible to keep the highest standards of Our products. Good products, however are only one side of its expression of commitment. They believe their responsibility lies even more in ensuring that Our society gets benefited while we continue to grow. Beximco Pharmacy is acclaimed for outstanding product quality, world-class manufacturing facilities, product development capabilities and outstanding service.
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Present programs
Beximco Pharmaceuticals Ltd. is the leading pharmaceutical company of Bangladesh. Founded in 1976, Beximco Pharmaceuticals Ltd. has been producing world class pharmaceutical products following current Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) as required by the World Health Organization (WHO) in order to improve health, happiness and quality of life. Beximco Pharmaceuticals Ltd. has products of different therapeutic classes, each of which, occupies a prominent position in the market and the heart of their customers and shareholders. Beximco Pharmaceuticals Ltd. is always committed to improve the lives of people through the development and commercialization of high quality and cost-effective medicines. They strongly believe that quality makes the difference between life and death. After successful venturing in the local market, they 37

have now taken the challenge to replicate the journey into the international arena. Now they are exporting to UK, USA, Pakistan, Myanmar, Singapore, Kenya, Yemen, Nepal, Vietnam, Cambodia and Sri Lanka
Strength:
Diversification The strength of Beximco Pharmaceuticals Ltd. lies in its diversified products and dosage forms.BPL has been producing solid products like tablets and capsules and liquid products like syrup, suspension and solution, as well as semisolid products like cream and ointment. It is the pioneer company to manufacture and market nasal sprays, inhalation aerosols and suppositories in Bangladesh. In 2001, Beximco Pharmaceuticals Ltd. stepped into a new path--bringing Small Volume Parenteral (SVP) or injectable dosage form. Arixon is its first small volume injectable product It is a preparation of Ceftriaxone, which is considered as a breakthrough antibiotic in the history of medicine, . In 2002, Arixon is predicted to be one of our leading brands interms of sales revenue. The company has lot of diversified products like, Napa: Neoceptin R: Neofloxin: Tycil : Aristovit M etc. Achievement of National Export Trophy First export market operation with finished pharmaceutical products1994-95 : Achievement of National Export Trophy (Gold) as the first pharmaceutical company of the country. R&D B P L is a company that is continuously searching for the next treatment advancements. BPLs portfolio features a range of high-quality, effective products. This product portfolio, combined with the steady stream of promising new products in development, is one of the many reasons BPL is among the nation's leading pharmaceutical companies.We have introduced 26 new products in 2001. Around 70 new products are in our development pipeline. They will obviously enrich our portfolio toeloypment of the employees so that they can cope with the rapidly changing business environment. Innovation is a major priority that we want to promote. Accordingly, training programs are regularly undertaken for the staff to seek opportunities for skills improvement.
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Practicum Report on A Study of HVAC System at BPL Opportunities:

BPL always tried to add new products of different therapeutic classes in its portfolio and these products are highly appreciated by the health professionals. Most important of them are Triocim, Arixon, Prosan, Recox, Atova etc. Introduction of these new products enriched its product portfolio and is contributing to enhance its sales.Apart from all these, we have intensified and consolidated our marketing efforts in other overseas markets, like Myanmar, Kenya, Yemen and Vietnam. To capitalize immense opportunities in these overseas markets, we are bringing in more new and exciting brands in these markets. Last year, BPLdonated one Medical Information K i o s k to the Myanmar Medical Association of Mandalay which gainedenormous attention and acceptance in theminds of the medical community ofM y a n m a r. In Kenya, number of salespeople has been increased to best exploititshuge market potentials. All these effortsare already bringing in desired results.Entering into new horizons andestablishing new overseas markets willremain our top most priority in 2002 also.Russia, Ukraine, Sri Lanka, Cambodia,Nepal will be on the list. We are confidentthat ourprocess of globalization willcontinue with a more and moreaccelerated speed in the coming days.
Technology
Keeping pace with the advanced world Technology carries the promise of tomorrow. The benefits of technology belong to all of us benefits that create new opportunities and open doors to a better life. For example, the new inhaler plant of BPL has been designed in a way to ensure highest-possible quality at every stage of manufacturing and quality control. World-class facilities are being employed in each and every step including mixing, filling, testing, labeling, batch printing and other procedures to ensure manufacturing of world class products.
Threats:
BPL has a commitment to the society to supply world class Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs). Therefore, BPL is not only engaged in formulations but also in fine chemicals business with a view to supplying cost effective quality materials to other local companies as well as for captive consumption. Beximco Pharmaceuticals Ltd. has been preparing itself for the post-WTO open market competition. It has all 39

the courage to compete with world leaders in pharmaceuticals business when the tariff and non-tariff barriers will be withdrawn the new USFDA standard plant is planned to be operational in early 2003. Once completed, this will be one of the finest facilities to be available anywhere in the globe.
Debt Management:
Debt to total asset: It shows the extent to which the firm is using borrowed money. Here the ratio is increasing year by year. Time interest earned ratio: A coverage ratio computed by dividing earnings before interest and tax (EBIT) by interest charges; measures the ability of the firm to meet its annual interest payment. From year 2003 to 2004 the ratio increases.
Profitability ratios:
Profit margin on sales: Measures profitability with respect to sales generated; net income per taka of sales. Net profit margin on sales shows a decreasing trend.
Liquidity Ratios:
Year Current Ratio Quick Ratio 2000 1.1440 0.4135 2001 1.1971 0.4293 2002 1.3136 0.5756 2003 1.5721 0.7110 2004 1.4895 0.6489
Current Ratio: Current ratio measures the ability to meet current debt with current asset. Current ratio has increased from 2002 to 2003 but in 2004 it decrease. Quick Ratio: Quick ratio measures the ability to meet current debt with most liquid current asset Quick ratio has increased from 2002 to 2003.
Asset management ratio:

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Year Inventory Turnover Days sales Outstanding Fixed Asset turnover Total Asset turnover 2000 0.3393 279.1104 0.1114 0.0736 2001 0.3511 299.1648 0.0878 0.0631 2002 2.2529 64.1867 0.5248 0.3709 2003 1.9094 82.3708 0.3676 0.2720 2004 1.7226 89.9030 0.3946 0.2806
Inventory Turnover: Inventory turnover measure how many times the inventory has been turned over (sold) during the year; provides insight into liquid of inventory and tendency to overstock. It increased from 2000 to 2001. But from 2002 it has declining trend. Days sales outstanding: It slightly increase from 2000 to 2001, after that it decrease which indicates satisfactory condition.
Future expansion programs

Increasing trends in product offerings .reflects their relentless effort to provide better health care services to their valued customers
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Future Focus
Strengthen its position in the present markets Work is in progress to enter into regulated markets in six continents.
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Practicum Report on A Study of HVAC System at BPL Research & Development: key to global competence
Switzerlands Ciba Specialty Chemicals has a proprietary research collaboration agreement with Beximco. In formulation, the company focuses on developing new formulations predominantly through reverse engineering techniques- on simplifying manufacturing processes and improving cost efficiency. Its ability to comply with strict WHO guidelines on the manufacture of anti-retroviral drugs distinguishes it from its competitors. In 2008 alone, it registered 45 new products and entered 7 new markets. The R&D team has successfully formulated different high-tech formulations like multi-layer tablets, long acting formulations and dispersible tablets and introduced anti-retroviral drugs and anti-cancer drugs in Bangladesh. Its long experience in MDI formulations helped it successfully develop a range of CFC-free HFA MDIs. Qualified scientists with background in pharmaceutical sciences and related fields and a strong network with global companies and the scientific community within the same fields of specilization are the hallmarks of its R&D team.
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Chapter Three
Fundamentals of HVAC System
Fig: Sample HVAC system 44
Practicum Report on A Study of HVAC System at BPL 3.1 Definition

An HVAC system provides adequate indoor air quality by: conditioning the air in the occupied space of a building in order to provide for the comfort of its occupants; diluting and removing contaminants from indoor air through ventilation; and providing proper building pressurization . The heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system of any building is like the respiratory system of a human being. It controls the movement, quality and temperature of air to ventilate, warm and cool the organism. Energy is consumed by the parts of the system that heat and cool the air and movement of air with fans requires energy. Air or water is heated or cooled using direct contact with heat or refrigerants and pushed through pathways (ducts or tubes), escaping through outlets or vents until it travels throughout the structure. The air or water then returns to its origin to be heated or cooled again. Well-engineered ventilation patterns aid circulation, introduce fresh air and controls the buildup of carbon dioxide (a byproduct of human respiration), carbon monoxide (from combustion sources) and miscellaneous toxic gases from building materials and household activities. Well-designed HVAC systems, passive filters, insulation and gravity make the system more effective and efficient. New conservation practices and systems using alternative energies are being designed to improve efficiency.
3.2 Heating:
There are different types of standard heating systems. Central heating is often used in cold climates to heat private houses and public buildings. Such a system contains a boiler, furnace, or heat pump to heat water, steam, or air, all in a central location such as a furnace room in a home or a mechanical room in a large building. The system also contains either ductwork, for forced air systems, or piping to distribute a heated fluid and radiators to transfer this heat to the air. The term radiator in this context is misleading since most heat transfer from the heat exchanger is by convection, not radiation. The radiators may be mounted on walls or buried in the floor to give under-floor heat. In boiler fed or radiant heating systems, all but the simplest systems have a pump to circulate the water and ensure an equal supply of heat to all the radiators. The heated water can also be fed through another (secondary) heat exchanger inside a storage cylinder to provide hot running water. Forced air systems send heated air through ductwork. During warm weather the same ductwork can be used for air conditioning. The forced air can also be filtered or put through air cleaners.
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Heating can also be provided from electric, or resistance heating using a filament that becomes hot when electricity is caused to pass through it. This type of heat can be found in electric baseboard heaters, portable electric heaters, and as backup or supplemental heating for heat pump (or reverse heating) system. The heating elements (radiators or vents) should be located in the coldest part of the room, typically next to the windows to minimize condensation and offset the convective air current formed in the room due to the air next to the window becoming negatively buoyant due to the cold glass. Devices that direct vents away from windows to prevent "wasted" heat defeat this design intent. Cold air drafts can contribute significantly to subjectively feeling colder than the average room temperature. Therefore, it is important to control the air leaks from outside in addition to proper design of the heating system. The invention of central heating is often credited to the ancient Romans, who installed a system of air ducts called "hypocaust" in the walls and floors of public baths and private villas.
3.3 Design consideration Of a HVAC system:

For a normal centralized HVAC system, it includes five heat exchange loops:

Indoor air loop (supply/return air fans, ducts, AHUs, VAV boxes) Chilled water loop (AHUs, pipes, pumps, valves) Refrigerant loop (chillers) Condenser water loop (pumps, pipes, cooling towers) Outdoor air loop (fans, cooling towers
3.4 Steps consideration Of a HVAC system:
Figure out the room loads and airflow for the property. It will need this information in order to figure out the overall size of the system need. Consider factors such as insulation, the number of windows and climate, and adjust your system size estimate accordingly. Take a look at how the property is laid out to get an idea of where registers are located, how long the ducts already in place are, whether there are any obstructions like firewalls or if there are any rooms that may need special considerations (e.g., a basement or attic).
Create a floor plan for the system that allows for easy access to filters, short duct distances, an airtight air handler box and the use of minimal materials. Size the duct system. 46

Size the HVAC equipment. Itemize the materials needed for everything in the HVAC. Consider cost of the materials in addition to their efficiency and safety. Create a schematic of your design either by hand or by using design software.
Fig: Schematic Diagram of HVAC system
3.4 Classification of Air-conditioning System

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1. According to the purpose a) Comfort air conditioning system, and b) Industrial Air Conditioning System 2. According to the season of the year a) Winter air conditioning system b) Summer air conditioning system, and c) Year-round air conditioning system, and
3. According to the arrangement of equipment a) Unitary air conditioning system, and b) Central air conditioning system
3.5 Working Principle of Air-conditioning System

The compressor is the heart of the system; it keeps the refrigerant flowing through the system at specific rates of flow, and at specific pressures It takes refrigerant vapor in from the low pressure side of the circuit, and discharges it at a much higher pressure into the high side of the circuit. The rate of flow through the system will depend on the size of the unit, and the operating pressures will depend on the refrigerant being used and the desired evaporator temperature the red dots inside the piping represent discharge vapor.The solid red color represents high pressure liquid refrigerant Most air cooled air conditioning and refrigeration systems are designed so that the refrigerant will condense at a temperature about 25 to 3 degrees above outside ambient air temperature.
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Fig 2: Air Conditioning Circuit and Cycle Diagram.
5. The compressor takes the low pressure refrigerant and compresses it, increasing both the temperature and the pressure. The actual temperature and pressure depend on the refrigerant being used. 6. The condenser blows outside air over the refrigerant vapor, turning it into a liquid, typically about 25 F above the outside air temperature. Hence the hot air blowing out of the condenser. 7. The expansion valve changes the refrigerant from a high pressure liquid to a low pressure liquid, dramatically lowering the temperature as well. 8. The evaporator allows the warm room air to blow over the coils with cold refrigerant liquid, transferring heat to change the cold liquid to a warmer gas. Refrigerants are selected by their ability to absorb significant amounts of heat as they change state from a liquid to a gas.
3.6 Refrigeration Compressor

The compressors are one of the most important parts of the refrigeration cycle. The compressor compresses the refrigerant, which flows to the condenser, where it gets cooled. It then moves to the expansion valve, and the evaporator and it is finally sucked by the compressor again. For the proper functioning of the refrigeration cycle, the refrigerant must be compressed to the pressure corresponding to the saturation temperature higher than the temperature of the naturally available air or water. It is the crucial function that is performed by the compressor. Compression of the refrigerant to the suitable pressure ensures its proper condensation and circulation throughout the cycle. The capacity of the refrigeration or air conditioning depends entirely on the capacity of the compressor.
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Practicum Report on A Study of HVAC System at BPL 3.7 Types of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Compressors:
There are various types of compressors used in the refrigeration and air conditioning machines, these are: reciprocating, rotary, screw, centrifugal and scroll. All these have been described below briefly: 1) Reciprocating Compressors: The reciprocating compressors are one of the most widely used types of the refrigerating compressors. They have piston and cylinder arrangement like the automotive engine. The reciprocating motion of the piston due to external power compresses the refrigerant inside the cylinder. There are three types of reciprocating compressors: hermetically sealed semi-hermetically sealed and open type. The open of reciprocating compressors can be of single cylinder type or multi-cylinder type
Fig: Reciprocating Compressors 2) Screw Compressors: The screw compressors comprise of the pair of meshing screws between which the refrigerant gets compressed. They can produce high pressure for small quantity of gas. They consume less power than the reciprocating compressors and are being used widely. It can be used with refrigerants like R12, R22, and others.
Fig: Screw Compressors
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3) Rotary Compressors: The rotary compressors have two rotating elements, like gears, between which the refrigerant is compressed. These compressors can pump the refrigerant to lower or moderate condensing pressures. Since they can handle small volume of the gas and produce lesser pressure, they are used in fewer applications.
Fig: Rotary Compressors
4) Centrifugal Compressor: The centrifugal compressors comprise of the impeller or the blower that can handle large quantities of gas but at relatively lower condensing pressure. It is suitable for working with refrigerants like R-11, R-113 etc.
5) Scroll Compressors: The scroll compressor comprises of two interleaved scrolls of which one is fixed and the other orbits eccentrically without rotating. During its motion small gaps are created between the scrolls where the 51

refrigerant gets compressed. The scrolls can have different shapes like involutes, Archimedean spiral or hybrid curve. In another arrangement both the scrolls may be rotating eccentrically to produce the compression.
Fig: Scroll Compressors
3.8 Differences between Refrigerating Compressors and other Compressors:

Though the refrigerant used in the refrigeration and the air conditioning systems is also a gas, the refrigeration compressors are different from the compressors used for compressing other gases and air. Let us see these differences: 1) Other gas and air compressors are independent entities: The compressors used for compressing the other gases and air are independent entities. This means they merely compress the gas or air and supply it for the suitable applications. They have no direct connection with any other type of machine, though lots of machines and equipments depend on the compressed air or gas. The refrigeration and the air conditioning compressors are a part of the complete vapor compression cycle that comprises of additional components like the condenser, expansion valve and the evaporator. If the compressor is removed from this cycle, the refrigeration process will cease to exist. 2) Main function of the compressor: The main function of the other compressors is to merely compress the gas or air. The refrigerant compressor compresses the refrigerant to the pressure corresponding to the saturation pressure higher than the temperature of the naturally available air or water. This enables the cooling of the refrigerant in the condenser by the available atmospheric air or water. 52

Further, the refrigerant compressor also circulates the refrigerant through the whole cycle. The refrigerant after leaving the compressor is forced to the condenser, the expansion valve, and the evaporator and then it is sucked by the compressor for compression and recirculation though the whole cycle. 3) Capacity Determination: The capacity of the refrigerating compressor determines the capacity of the whole refrigerating or air conditioning plant. The capacity of the air or gas compressor doesn't determine the capacity of the other plants. For instance, though the pneumatic tool depends on the compressed air for its operation, it has its own capacity. 4) Relation to the other equipments: The refrigerating compressor is integral part of the cycle that includes other components of the cycle like condenser, expansion valve, and the evaporator. The working and proper functioning of each of these components depend on the working of other components. If the refrigeration compressor breaks down the whole system will collapse. There is no such dependency in case of the other compressors. If the air or gas compressor breaks down, the standby compressor can be started easily.
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Chapter Four
Ventilation System
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Practicum Report on A Study of HVAC System at BPL 4.1 Definition of Ventilation:

Ventilation is the process of bringing clean, fresh (outdoor) air into the house and removing stale indoor air from the house. This is done by clean infiltration, natural ventilation, and mechanical ventilation. Insufficient ventilation is one of the main causes of poor indoor air quality, because the lack of clean, outdoor air can result in the build up of pollutants, irritants, and odors that may adversely affect the indoor environment. Without ventilation, the pollutants and odors cannot be flushed out of the home. 4.2 Infiltration: This is when outdoor air gets into the house through openings, cracks in the walls and floors, and around windows and doors. This type of airflow may not provide enough ventilation, can make a house feel too hot or too cold, and can increase energy bills. If air is being exhausted out of the home or being burned up by combustion appliances (such as gas burning stoves and fireplaces) and the windows are closed, then infiltration is the only way that makeup air can get into the house. Often it gets into the house by being sucked in because the house is under negative pressure. There are two major problems with a home under negative pressure: 4.3 Makeup air is from soil gas: In this case, the makeup air is sucked into the house from the ground. If the ground contains radon or is contaminated because of chemicals from an unknown hazardous waste site (like Love Canal) or is near a leaking underground storage tank, these toxic contaminants can be drawn into the air inside. Additional moisture can also be brought into the house this way, which can lead to the growth of mold and dust mites. 4.4 Back drafting: Since air will enter through the path of least resistance, it is possible for air to enter a home by coming in through the chimney. This can cause combustion products such as deadly carbon monoxide to build up inside the home. 4.5 Natural ventilation: This is when air moves into the house through open doors or windows. Though natural ventilation can improve indoor air quality, it has several limitations. These are:
o o
It is an inefficient means to dilute contaminants in a home because the air is not uniformly distributed. The flow cannot be controlled. 55

o
Increased ventilation from outside can increase pollen and mold spore levels, if outdoor counts are elevated, and moisture. If there is not much wind outside and not much temperature difference between indoors and outdoors, there will not be enough ventilation in the home when windows are opened. If there are high winds outside or big temperature differences between indoors and outdoors, there will be too much ventilation that can make humidity levels too low inside. This kind of ventilation in the winter also wastes energy by heating outdoor air. If the outside air is humid, it can make the indoor air humid, which can create a favorable environment for dust mites and mold.
4.6 Mechanical ventilation: Heating and air-conditioning systems with fans are used to bring fresh outdoor air inside, circulate the air through the house, and exhaust stale indoor air outside. Individual fans can also help to add or remove air. For example, properly installed and operated exhaust fans can remove stale, moist air from bathrooms and kitchens. However, there needs to be a way that fresh air can be brought in to make up for the air being vented out. Many homes actively exhaust air but rely on natural ventilation to bring air into the home. A man who had severe asthma installed a powerful exhaust fan in his home to try to get rid of any moisture. However, he did not include any makeup air for the air being exhausted and found that the moisture problem did not improve and his asthma symptoms got worse. To find out why the exhaust fan was not getting rid of the moisture, he brought in somebody to figure out what was wrong. They found that since there was no makeup 56

air being provided, humid air from outside was being drawn in through the walls of the home. The fan had been so powerful that this air went through the vinyl siding on the outside of his house, through polystyrene insulation under the siding, through gaps in the plywood under the insulation that was contaminated with mold from the moisture, through gaps in the sprayed-in cellulose wall insulation, and finally into the living space through the electrical outlets!2 When there is little infiltration, natural ventilation, or mechanical ventilation, the air exchange rate (fresh air coming in and stale air going out) is low and pollutant levels can increase. The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) recommends a minimum ventilation rate of 0.35 ACH (air changes per hour) for new homes. This air exchange rate measures how many times all of the air inside the house is replaced with fresh outside air. If there are not enough air exchanges in the home, then pollutants can build up inside. This can make the indoor air uncomfortable and possibly even unhealthy. Some people may choose not to "tighten" up homes that are "leaky" or that rely upon infiltration to bring in the needed outside air. There are several problems with doing that:
Ventilation through infiltration cannot be controlled so there may not be enough ventilation in areas of the home that need it most. As a result, pollutants can build up in even "leaky" homes. Infiltration and natural ventilation rely heavily on outdoor weather so these conditions can drastically reduce the amount of outdoor air that enters a home. "Leaky" homes can cost more in the long run since they are not energy efficient and cost a lot to heat and cool. "Tight" homes are ones that have been weatherized by sealing cracks, having good insulation, and quality windows. If indoor air pollutants are controlled, the use of mechanical ventilation in these homes can be more comfortable since the temperature and humidity levels can be controlled. If homes are tight, pollutants are not controlled, there is an inadequate number of air exchanges, and levels of pollutants can build up inside the home.
4.6.1 How to Reduce Indoor Air Problems in the Home Local exhaust ventilation 57

General ventilation The best way to control indoor air quality is to control indoor pollutants at their source. This means doing things like:
Using non-toxic, low-emitting, non-fragrant substitutes for indoor chemicals (cleaning, maintenance, hobby, and personal supplies) Not allowing smoking in the home Sealing cracks where moisture or radon could enter. Keeping humidity levels between 40 percent and 60 percent Not idling cars in attached garages Cleaning home regularly and not leaving out any garbage For BPL recommended Humidity is 60% for maximum product.
However, not all indoor pollutants can be controlled at their source. In these cases, ventilation should be used. 4.6.2 Types of Mechanical Ventilation: Local exhaust ventilation: This tries to capture pollutants at their source and exhaust them to the outside. One benefit to using local exhaust ventilation (exhaust fans) in kitchens and bathrooms is that they can reduce levels of organic pollutants that vaporize from hot water used in showers and dishwashers. Examples of this type of ventilation equipment include:
o o o
Range hood over the stove Bathroom fans - There are models on the market that produce little noise. Outdoor vents for clothes dryers
General ventilation: This is the ventilation supplied by the heating and air-conditioning system. Air is distributed through the ductwork of the house. The more general ventilation there is, the less concentrated the pollutants are in the home. It is important to have ventilation when pollutant processes occur such as the introduction of new furnishings, indoor remodeling, cooking, pesticide application, cleaning, and use of personal care products. 58

4.7: Air Exchanger: Most modern commercial office buildings have a ventilation system that both brings in fresh air from outside and exhausts the stale air. In homes, this type of system is called an energy recovery unit or ventilator (sometimes called an air exchanger) and is one of the latest tools used in general ventilation. This system brings in fresh air and exhausts stale air without giving up the desired heat or cold in the air that is being exhausted. These quiet devices can be very effective and usually sit next to the heating/ventilation/airconditioning (HVAC) system. Energy-recovery ventilators can reduce the buildup of moisture and pollutants. The downside to them is that they increase energy consumption.
Fig : Typical Air-exchanger used in BPL
4.8 Problems That Can be Reduced By Using Mechanical Ventilation Two indoor air pollutants that need good ventilation are combustion pollutants and radon. 59

Combustion pollutants These pollutants come from combustion appliances such as gas stoves, gas dryers and fireplaces. When these burn, they use oxygen. If fresh air is not brought in through mechanical ventilation or through open doors or windows, the house can come under negative ventilation that pulls in air from cracks and from the ground. To prevent a house from coming under negative pressure, combustion appliances should be provided with a source of air from outside the house; new appliances are designed this way. Exhaust fans should also have a source of air from outside the house. This can be done by using a fan with an outdoor air supply duct, or by installing specially designed vent openings in exterior walls. Radon Radon often enters a house by coming up through cracks in the foundation or basement floor. Once inside, radon can get into furnace ducts and be distributed throughout the house. Radon can also be drawn into the living space through openings around pipes in floors. One way that radon is controlled is by means of a plastic pipe that is installed through the concrete floor to the gravel under the slab. The pipe goes all the way to the attic of the house and through the roof. A special fan draws radon gas out of the soil from beneath the house, pulls it upward through the pipe, and exhausts it to the outside. By using this type of ventilation, radon is removed from the soil and sent outside before it has a chance to enter the house.
4.9 Problems Associated with Ventilation Systems Occasionally there can be contaminants that are caused by the ventilation system. One of the most common of these is mold. The two most common sources of mold in home ventilation systems are: 60
Central humidifier that is not properly cleaned or installed. There was once a case where a woman hired a contractor to install a new humidifier to moisten the air from her gas furnace. However, the contractor mistakenly connected a water supply line from her water softener. This was a problem because her water softener, like most kinds, uses salt. The salt got into the humidifier and then into the air that was distributed through the air ducts. The heating ducts were made of steel coated with galvanized zinc. The salt condensed in the ducts, which allowed an unusual type of mold to grow that produced spores covered with zinc. The woman, her daughter, and even their pet dog got very sick. Doctors were not able to find out what was causing their illnesses for a long time. Finally, a special blood test found the elevated levels of zinc, but by then the woman had suffered many health problems including internal bleeding, severe anemia, and diabetes. She was declared disabled in 1990.3
Internal fiber glass liners on which mold can grow. Many homes built in the late 1970s and early 1980s have fiber glass-lined ductwork that is now deteriorating and providing a haven for fungal growth and other problems. Fungus can grow in this fiber glass lining since it can hold in moisture. In experiments, fiber glass has been known to hold moisture for up to 16 days.4 The reason fiber glass was used was to decrease the noise from the fan and to provide insulation. Not all ventilation systems have these liners. If you do have a fiber glass liner and it gets wet or moldy, you should have it removed.
4.10 Air Furnace Filters According to a survey conducted by the American Lung Association, 41 percent of Americans fail to replace their furnace filters every two to three months as recommended and nine percent have never replaced the filter in their furnace.5 This is one of the easiest ways to keep your furnace in good working order. Common furnace filters are not designed to protect occupants in the residence. These filters are designed to remove large particles from the air to protect blower fans. These filters:

Are installed in return air ducts of the furnace or air-conditioner Do not remove gases Are either disposable or washable (metal screen) Should be replaced every month or two, depending on conditions. The airflow will be blocked if the filters are not replaced or cleaned regularly. 61
Are relatively cheap to replace
There are other furnace filters that are called extended surface filters. They are denser, thicker, and more effective at removing particles. These filters:

Are disposable so they must be replaced regularly Will block air flow if they are not replaced regularly Are more expensive than the common furnace filters Do not remove gases
The most protective of furnace filters are high efficiency ones (HEPA). They not only protect the furnace, but also contain electro statically charged fibers that capture particulates that could be harmful, such as pollen, pet dander and smoke. Only 13% of people use HEPA filters on their furnaces/central air-conditioners though almost 60% of people interviewed by the American Lung Association said they would be willing to spend a little more on an air filter every three months to improve air quality in the home.5 However, before installing a HEPA filter, make sure that your furnace/central air-conditioner is strong enough to blow air through this type of filter. Do not select a filtration system that gives off ozone. Ozone is a strong lung irritant and should not be added to the air.
4.11 Cleaning Ducts With increased awareness about indoor air quality, many people are rushing to have their ducts cleaned as a way to solve their indoor air problems. However, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has said that there is no proof that duct cleaning actually prevents health problems. That is because there are bigger sources of pollutants in the home than just dirty air ducts. So, before you think about having your ducts cleaned, make sure that dirty ducts are the cause of your indoor air problems. There are times that you should have your ducts cleaned. These are when: 62

It is seen a lot of mold growing in the ducts or other parts of the ventilation system. There is vermin, such as rodents or insects, infesting air ducts. The ducts are clogged with so much dirt and debris that it is being released into the home from supply registers
4.12 When to do Cleaning

When ducts really need cleaning. When any problems that would be causing the ducts to get dirty in the first place. For example, take care of any leaks in the ductwork that would allow dirt to get in. Whether the ducts that carry air to your living spaces with biocides, paints, or chemicals.
Fig : Some Typical Supply in BPL 4.13 Air Handling Unit (AHU):
An air handler, or air handling unit (often abbreviated to AHU), is a device used to condition and circulate air as part of a heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) system. Usually, an air handler is a large metal box containing a blower, heating and/or cooling elements filter racks or chambers, sound attenuators, and dampers. Air handlers usually connect to ductwork that distributes the conditioned air through the building, and returns it to the AHU. Sometimes AHUs discharge (supply) and admit (return) air directly to and from the space served, without ductwork. 63
Fig - 2: Air Handling Unit (AHU) An air handling unit; air flow is from the right to left in this case.
Some AHU components shown are:

1 - Supply duct 2 - Fan compartment 3 - Vibration isolator ('flex joint') 4 - Heating and/or cooling coil 5 - Filter compartment 6 - Mixed (recalculated + outside) air duct
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Fig : AHU units at BPL
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Chapter Five
Chiller
Fig : Air cooled chiller
5.1 Chillers:
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A chiller is a machine that removes heat from a liquid via a vapor-compression or absorption refrigeration cycle. This liquid can then be circulated through a heat exchanger to cool air or equipment as required. Chiller used in BPL is Air cooled water chillers.
5.2 Definition of Air cooled chiller:

Air cooled chillers absorb heat from process water, and the heat is then transferred to the air around the chiller unit. This type of chiller system is generally used in applications where the additional heat it discharges is not a factor. In fact, it's often practical to use the excess heat to warm a plant during the winter, thus providing additional cost savings. Air cooled chillers require less maintenance than water-cooled units, and they eliminate the need for a cooling tower and condenser water pump. However, since a wet surface will transfer heat better than a dry surface, an air-cooled chiller will tend to consume approximately 10% more power than a water-cooled unit. Cold Shot Chillers has a variety of configurations to best fit your application. Whether you need a stationary chiller, portable chiller or central chiller, Cold Shot would be able to help. Request a quote or call 1-800-4799178 for more information
5.3 Vapor-compression chiller technology

There are basically four different types of compressors used in vapor compression chillers: Reciprocating compression, scroll compression, screw-driven compression, and centrifugal compression are all mechanical machines that can be powered by electric motors, steam, or gas turbines. They produce their cooling effect via the "Reverse-Rankine" cycle, also known as 'vapor-compression'. With evaporative cooling heat rejection, their coefficients-of-performance (COPs) are very high; typically 4.0 or more. In recent years, application of Variable Speed Drive (VSD) technology has increased efficiencies of vapor compression chillers. The first VSD was applied to centrifugal compressor chillers in the late 1970s and has become the norm as the cost of energy has increased. Now, VSDs are being applied to rotary screw and scroll technology compressors.
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Fig : Working of Chiller
5.4 Chiller Use in air conditioning

In air conditioning systems, chilled water is typically distributed to heat exchangers, or coils, in air handling units, or other type of terminal devices which cool the air in its respective space(s), and then the chilled water is re-circulated back to the chiller to be cooled again. These cooling coils transfer sensible heat and latent heat from the air to the chilled water, thus cooling and usually dehumidifying the air stream. A typical chiller for air conditioning applications is rated between 15 to 1500 tons (180,000 to 18,000,000 BTU/h or 53 to 5,300 kW) in cooling capacity. Chilled water temperatures can range from 35 to 45 degrees Fahrenheit (1.5 to 7 degrees Celsius), depending upon application requirements.[1][2]
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Practicum Report on A Study of HVAC System at BPL 5.5 Working process of Air cooled water chillers
Air cooled water chillers are vapour compression refrigeration systems. The main components of a vapor compression refrigeration system are the compressor, condenser, expansion valve & evaporator. Vapour compression refrigeration systems have a refrigeration cycle. The cycle starts with a cool low pressure mixture of liquid & vapour refrigerant entering the chiller evaporator. Once inside the chiller evaporator it absorbs the heat from the relatively warm water or fluid that the fluid chiller is cooling. This transfer of heat boils the liquid refrigerant in the chillers evaporator and the super-heated vapour is pulled into the chillers compressor.
Fig : Electrical Connections of various part in Chiller The chillers compressor compresses the refrigerant to a high temperature & pressure, high enough to allow the chillers condenser to give up its heat to the cooler ambient air. Within the chillers condenser, heat is transferred from the hot refrigerant to the relatively cool ambient air this reduction in the chillers refrigerant causes it to de-superheat and condense into a liquid, then further sub-cool before leaving the chiller condenser. The high pressure liquid refrigerant then enters the chiller expansion valve causing a large pressure drop across the chillers refrigerant circuit. The pressure reduction causes a small portion of the refrigerant to boil off, or flash, this would be seen in the chillers site glass. The site glass indicates if the chiller is short of gas, if the 69

chiller is short of refrigerant gas the flashing inside the chillers site glass will increase. The boiled off refrigerant helps cool the remaining refrigerant to the desired temperature before the mixture enters the chiller evaporator to start the cycle again. 5.6 Working of Air Cooled Chiller Condensers
The condenser is a major component of a water chiller. The condenser is a heat exchanger that rejects heat from the chillers refrigerant to air. Some chillers are water cooled. A Water cooled chiller gives up its heat into relatively cool water from a cooling tower, air-blast cooler or adiabatic cooler. A typical air cooled condenser fitted to an air cooled water chiller will use axial fans (propeller type) to draw outdoor air over a finned tubed heat transfer surface (heat exchanger). The temperature difference or delta T between the hot refrigerant gas that is flowing through the condenser and the cooler outdoor air induces heat transfer. The heat reduction of the chillers refrigerant vapour causes it to condense into liquid. The last part of the chiller condenser is called a sub-cooler. The chiller sub-cooler reduces the liquid gas temperature still further, under its condensing temperature. The air cooled chiller is best suited to chiller hire applications. Chiller hire projects require systems to be delivered and installed quickly with the minimum of fuss.
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Fig : p-h diagram of vapour compression cycle
5.7 Working of Chiller evaporators The chillers evaporator is a heat exchanger that transfers heat from a process or air conditioning water circuit to the chillers cooler liquid refrigerant. Most air cooled chillers in the UK chiller hire market will be fitted with a shell and tube evaporator, a plate heat exchanger evaporator or a coil in tank evaporator. A shell and tube evaporator is used primarily on chilled water applications. When a chiller is fitted with this type of evaporator the chillers cool liquid refrigerant flows through tubes encased in a shell. The process or air-conditioning circuit water fills the shell flowing around the tubes. As heat is transferred from the water to the chillers refrigerant the gas boils inside the tubes and the resulting vapour is drawn into the chillers compressor. Hot water will enter the shell at one end, chilled water leaving at the opposite end.
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A Plate heat exchanger evaporator can be used for chilled water or fluid cooling applications. Stainless steel evaporators are especially suited in food and beverage applications such as batch cooling or potable water systems. A coil in tank evaporator comprises a coil block, usually copper, with aluminium fins to provide an efficient heat transfer surface. The coil block is then submerged in a chilled water tank which acts as a thermal buffer for the refrigeration system. This type of coil is suited to hire chillers used on process cooling applications, typically reactor cooling systems in chemical cooling, petrochemical cooling & pharmaceutical cooling systems.
5.8 Industrial chiller technology

Industrial chillers typically come as complete, packaged, closed-loop systems, including the chiller unit, condenser, and pump station with recirculation pump, expansion valve, no-flow shutdown, internal cold water tank, and temperature control. The internal tank helps maintain cold water temperature and prevents temperature spikes from occurring. Closed-loop industrial chillers recalculate a clean coolant or clean water with condition addititives at a constant temperature and pressure to increase the stability and reproducibility of water-cooled machines and instruments. The water flows from the chiller to the application's point of use and back. 72

If the water temperature differentials between inlet and outlet are high, then a large external water tank would be used to store the cold water. In this case the chilled water is not going directly from the chiller to the application, but goes to the external water tank which acts as a sort of "temperature buffer." The cold water tank is much larger than the internal water tank. The cold water goes from the external tank to the application and the return hot water from the application goes back to the external tank, not to the chiller. The less common open loop industrial chillers control the temperature of a liquid in an open tank or sump by constantly recirculation it. The liquid is drawn from the tank, pumped through the chiller and back to the tank. An adjustable thermostat senses the makeup liquid temperature, cycling the chiller to maintain a constant temperature in the tank. One of the newer developments in industrial water chillers is the use of water cooling instead of air cooling. In this case the condenser does not cool the hot refrigerant with ambient air, but uses water cooled by a cooling tower. This development allows a reduction in energy requirements by more than 15% and also allows a significant reduction in the size of the chiller due to the small surface area of the water based condenser and the absence of fans. Additionally, the absence of fans allows for significantly reduced noise levels. Most industrial chillers use refrigeration as the media for cooling, but some rely on simpler techniques such as air or water flowing over coils containing the coolant to regulate temperature. Water is the most commonly used coolant within process chillers, although coolant mixtures (mostly water with a coolant additive to enhance heat dissipation) are frequently employed.
5.9 Industrial chiller selection

Important specifications to consider when searching for industrial chillers include the total life cycle cost, the power source, chiller IP rating, chiller cooling capacity, evaporator capacity, evaporator material, evaporator type, condenser material, condenser capacity, ambient temperature, motor fan type, noise level, internal piping materials, number of compressors, type of compressor, number of fridge circuits, coolant requirements, fluid discharge temperature, and COP (the ratio between the cooling capacity in RT to the energy consumed by the whole chiller in KW). For medium to large chillers this should range from 3.5-7.0 with higher values meaning higher efficiency. Chiller efficiency is often specified in kilowatts per refrigeration ton (kW/RT). 73

Process pump specifications that are important to consider include the process flow, process pressure, pump material, elastomer and mechanical shaft seal material, motor voltage, motor electrical class, motor IP rating and pump rating. If the cold water temperature is lower than 5C, then a special pump needs to be used to be able to pump the high concentrations of ethylene glycol. Other important specifications include the internal water tank size and materials and full load current. Control panel features that should be considered when selecting between industrial chillers include the local control panel, remote control panel, fault indicators, temperature indicators, and pressure indicators. Additional features include emergency alarms, hot gas bypass, city water switchover, and casters.
Fig : Chiller in BPL
5.10 Refrigerants
A vapor-compression chiller uses a refrigerant internally as its working fluid. Many refrigerants options are available; when selecting a chiller, the application cooling temperature requirements and refrigerant's cooling characteristics need to be matched. Important parameters to consider are the operating temperatures and pressures.
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There are several environmental factors that concern refrigerants, and also affect the future availability for chiller applications. This is a key consideration in intermittent applications where a large chiller may last for 25 years or more. Ozone depletion potential (ODP) and global warming potential (GWP) of the refrigerant need to be considered. ODP and GWP data for some of the more common vapor-compression refrigerants: Refrigerant R134a R123 R22 R290 (propane) R401a R404a R407a R407c R408a R409a R410a R500 R502 R717 (ammonia) ODP 0 0.012 0.05 0 0.027 0 0 0 0.016 0.039 0 0.7 0.18 GWP 1300 76 1700 3 970 3260 ??? 1525 3020 1290 1725 ??? 5600
5.11 Application of Chiller in industry

In industrial application, chilled water or other liquid from the chiller is pumped through process or laboratory equipment. Industrial chillers are used for controlled cooling of products, mechanisms and factory machinery in a wide range of industries. They are often used in the plastic industry in injection and blow molding, metal working cutting oils, welding equipment, die-casting and machine tooling, chemical processing, pharmaceutical formulation, food and beverage processing, paper and cement processing, vacuum systems, Xray diffraction, power supplies and power generation stations, analytical equipment, semiconductors, compressed air and gas cooling. They are also used to cool high-heat specialized items such as MRI machines and lasers, and in hospitals, hotels and campuses.
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Fig; Uses in Pharmaceuticals.
Fig : Uses in Process range for cooling
Chillers for industrial applications can be centralized, where each chiller serves multiple cooling needs, or decentralized where each application or machine has its own chiller. Each approach has its advantages. It is also possible to have a combination of both centralized and decentralized chillers, especially if the cooling requirements are the same for some applications or points of use, but not all. Decentralized chillers are usually small in size (cooling capacity), usually from 0.2 tons to 10 tons. Centralized chillers generally have capacities ranging from ten tons to hundreds or thousands of tons. Chilled water is used to cool and dehumidify air in mid- to large-size commercial, industrial, and institutional (CII) facilities. Water chillers can be water-cooled, air-cooled, or evaporatively cooled. Water-cooled chillers incorporate the use of cooling towers which improve the chillers' thermodynamic effectiveness as compared to air-cooled chillers. This is due to heat rejection at or near the air's wet-bulb temperature rather than the higher, sometimes much higher, dry-bulb temperature. Evaporatively cooled chillers offer higher efficiencies than aircooled chillers but lower than water-cooled chillers.
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Fig: Uses in Modular Air conditioning. Fig: Laboratory uses.
Water-cooled chillers are typically intended for indoor installation and operation, and are cooled by a separate condenser water loop and connected to outdoor cooling towers to expel heat to the atmosphere. Air-cooled and evaporative cooled chillers are intended for outdoor installation and operation. Air-cooled machines are directly cooled by ambient air being mechanically circulated directly through the machine's condenser coil to expel heat to the atmosphere. Evaporatively cooled machines are similar, except they implement a mist of water over the condenser coil to aid in condenser cooling, making the machine more efficient than a traditional air-cooled machine. No remote cooling tower is typically required with either of these types of packaged air-cooled or evaporatively cooled chillers. Where available, cold water readily available in nearby water bodies might be used directly for cooling, place or supplement cooling towers. The Deep Lake Water Cooling System in Toronto, Canada, is an example. It dispensed with the need for cooling towers, with a significant cut in carbon emissions and energy consumption. It uses cold lake water to cool the chillers, which in turn are used to cool city buildings via a district cooling system. The return water is used to warm the city's drinking water supply which is desirable in this cold climate. Whenever a chiller's heat rejection can be used for a productive purpose, in addition to the cooling function, very high thermal effectiveness is possible.
5.12 Maintenance of Chiller

Chillers are a key component of air conditioning systems for large buildings. They produce cold water to remove heat from the air in the building. They also provide cooling for process loads such as file-server rooms and large medical imaging equipment. As with other types of air conditioning systems, most chillers extract heat from water by mechanically compressing a refrigerant. 77

Chillers are complex machines that are expensive to purchase and operate. A preventive and predictive maintenance program is the best protection for this valuable asset. Controls Newer chillers are controlled by sophisticated, on-board microprocessors. Chiller control systems include safety and operating controls. If the equipment malfunctions, the safety control shuts the chiller down to prevent serious damage to the machine. Operating controls allow adjustments to some chiller operating parameters. To better monitor chiller performance, the chiller control system should communicate with the facility's direct digital control (DDC). Safety Issues Chillers are typically located in a mechanical equipment rooms. Each type of refrigerant used in a chiller compressor has specific safety requirements for leak detection and emergency ventilation. Consult your local mechanical code or the International Mechanical Code for details. The EPA has enacted regulations regarding the use and handling of refrigerants to comply with the Clean Air Act of 1990. All personnel working with refrigerants covered by this act must be appropriately licensed. Best Practices for Efficient Operation The following best practices can improve chiller performance and reduce operating costs: Operate multiple chillers for peak efficiency: Plants with two or more chillers can save energy by matching the building loads to the most efficient combination of one or more chillers. In general, the most efficient chiller should be first one used. Raise chilled-water temperature: An increase in the temperature of the chilled water supplied to the building's air handlers will improve its efficiency. Establish a chilled-water reset schedule. A reset schedule can typically adjust the chilled-water temperature as the outside-air temperature changes. On a centrifugal chiller, increasing the temperature of chilled water supply by 2-3F will reduce chiller energy use 3-5%.
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Reduce condenser water temperature: Reducing the temperature of the water returning from the cooling tower to the chiller condenser by 2-3F will reduce chiller energy use 2-3%. The temperature setpoint for the water leaving the cooling tower should be as low as the chiller manufacturer will allow for water entering the condenser. The actual leaving tower water temperature may be limited by the ambient wet bulb temperature. Purge air from refrigerant: Air trapped in the refrigerant loop increases pressure at the compressor discharge. This increases the work required from the compressor. Newer chillers have automatic air purgers that have runtime meters. Daily or weekly tracking of run time will show if a leak has developed that permits air to enter the system. Optimize free cooling: If your system has a chiller bypass and heat exchanger, known as a water-side economizer, it should be used to serve process loads during the winter season. The water-side economizer produces chilled water without running the chiller. Condenser water circulates through the cooling tower to reject heat, and then goes to a heat exchanger (bypassing the chiller) where the water is cooled sufficiently to meet the cooling loads. Verify Performance of hot-gas bypass and unloader: These are most commonly found on reciprocating compressors to control capacity. Make sure they operate properly. Maintain refrigerant level: To maintain a chiller's efficiency, check the refrigerant sight-glass and the superheat and sub cooling temperature readings, and compare them to the manufacturer's requirements. Both low-level and high-level refrigerant conditions can be detected this way. Either condition reduces a chiller's capacity and efficiency. Maintain a daily log: Chiller O&M best practices begin with maintaining a daily log of temperatures, fluid levels, pressures, flow rates, and motor amperage. Taken together, these readings serve as a valuable baseline reference for operating the system and troubleshooting problems. Many newer chillers automatically save logs of these measurements in their on-board control system, which may be able to communicate directly with the DDC system. Below is an example of a daily log that can be adapted for use with \ chiller.
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Best Practices for Maintenance Compared to a major chiller failure, a sound preventive and predictive maintenance program is a minor cost. Implementing a best-practice maintenance plan will save money over the life of the chiller and ensure longer chiller life. For more information on this topic go to Best Practice O&M Program.
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Substandard operating practices frequently go unnoticed and become the accepted norm. Training personnel in both maintenance and operating practices is the best prevention. Many chiller manufacturers offer training for building operating engineers in operating and maintaining their chillers. To effectively maintain chillers, you must 1) bring the chiller to peak efficiency, and 2) maintain that peak efficiency. There are some basic steps that facilities professionals can take to make sure their chillers are being maintained properly. Below are some of the key practices. Reduce Scale or Fouling Failure of the heat exchanger tubes is costly and disruptive. The evaporator and condenser tube bundles collect mineral and sludge deposits from the water. Scale buildup promotes corrosion that can lead to the failure of the tube wall. Scale buildup also insulates the tubes in the heat exchanger reducing the efficiency of the chiller. There are two main preventive actions: Checking water treatment: Checking the water treatment of the condenser-water open loop weekly will reduce the frequency of condenser tube cleaning and the possibility of a tube failure. Learn more about Operation and Maintenance of Cooling Towers. Checking the water treatment of the chilled-water closed loop monthly will reduce the frequency of evaporator tube cleaning and the possibility of a tube failure. Learn more about Operation and Maintenance of HVAC Water Distribution Systems. Inspecting and cleaning tubes: The tubes in the evaporator and condenser bundles should be inspected once a year, typically when the chiller is taken offline for winterizing. Alternately, for systems that operate all year to meet process loads, tube scaling and fouling can be monitored by logging pressure drop across the condenser and evaporator bundles. An increase in pressure from the inlet to the outlet of 3-4 PSI indicates a probable increase in scale or fouling requiring tube cleaning.
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Inspect for Refrigerant Leaks If possible, monitor the air-purge run timer. Excessive or increased air-purge time may indicate a refrigerant leak. If an air-purge device is not installed, bubbles in the refrigerant sight-glass may also indicate refrigerant leak. Gas analyzers can also be used to identify refrigerant leaks.
5.13 Maintenance Schedule for Chiller:
Description
Comments
Maintenance Frequency
Check all setpoints for proper setting and function. Make Fill out daily log sure there are no unusual sounds and the space temperature is acceptable. Chiller use/sequencing Turn off or sequence unnecessary chillers Daily Daily (4x)
Check chilled water reset settings Check settings for approved sequence of operation at the and function beginning of each cooling season Check settings for approved sequence of operation at the beginning of each cooling season Indicated when pressure drop across the barrel (tube bundle) exceeds manufacturer's recommendations, but at least annually. Motor amperage should not exceed manufacturer's specification
Annually
Check chiller lockout set point
Annually
Clean evaporator and condenser tubes
Annually
Verify motor amperage load limit
Annually 82

Compressor motor and assembly Conduct vibration analysis: Check all alignments to specifications. Check all seals. Lubricate where necessary. Perform analysis on oil and filter. Change if necessary. Compressor oil system Check oil pump and seals Check oil heater and thermostat Annually Check all strainers, valves, etc. Check all electrical connections and terminals for full contact and tightness Add refrigerant if low. Record amounts and address leakage problems. Indications include: poor water quality, excessive fouling, and age of chiller. Eddy current testing may be done to assess tube condition. As needed Annually
Electrical connections
Annually
Check refrigerant condition
Annually
Check for condenser and evaporator tube corrosion and clean as needed.
5.14 Maintenance Schedule for Water-Distribution Systems
Description
Comments
Check pump use/sequencing Visually inspect pumps,
Turn off/sequence unnecessary pumps.
Daily
Visually inspect components to ensure that all equipment is
Weekly 83

valves, and all mechanical operating, safety systems are in place, and no unusual leaks joints exist. Test for proper concentrations of dissolved solids and chemistry. Adjust chemicals as necessary. Ensure that all bearings are lubricated according to manufacturer's recommendations. Check packing for wear and repack as necessary. Consider replacing packing with mechanical seals. Check for leakage that exceeds the manufacturer's specifications. Replace if necessary. Align the pump/motor coupling to ensure efficient torque transfer to the pump. Check and secure all pump mountings. Inspect bearings and drive belts for wear. Adjust, repair, or replace as necessary. Clean strainers. Inspect these tanks to make sure that the acceptance capacity is adequate and that they function properly.
Test water
Monthly
Check lubrication
Monthly
Check packing
Monthly
Check mechanical seals
Monthly
Motor/pump alignment
Annually
Check mountings
Annually
Check bearings
Annually
Check strainers
Annually
Check expansion tanks
Annually
Inspect heating and cooling Temperature differences may indicate air binding, clogged heat exchangers. strainers, or excessive scale. Determine the cause and correct.
Annually 84

Observe the valves moving through their full range from closed Cycle valves to 100% open. Back off one-half turn from 100% open to prevent the valve from "freezing" in the full open position. Check the condition of the motor through temperature or vibration analysis. Annually
Motor condition
Annually
5.15 Maintenance Schedule for Air Distribution Systems
Description
Comments
Fill out daily log
Check all setpoints such as pressure and temperature for proper setting and function. Inspect the unit to ensure it is operating in a "normal" condition for
Daily
Overall inspection
vibration, noise, and odors. Verify gauges and thermometers are reading within range. Inspect for leakage due to access doors not being properly closed. Verify that any internal lighting is off. Verify all safety guards are in place. Daily
Inspect pulleys Inspect belt tension and alignment. Look for rubber shavings under the and belts pulleys.
Weekly
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Inspect visible grease for metal shavings, indicating a possible failing Grease fan and bearing. Wipe away all excess grease after greasing. Inspect grease tubing if motor bearings installed for integrity to make sure grease is getting to the bearings. Check bearings for excessive heat, noise, or vibration. Check for cleanliness and proper tightness at all anchorage points. Inspect Fan casing isolators if installed for free movement. Inspect flexible gasketing between the fan and casing or duct for integrity issues such as misalignment or leakage. Condensate drains Semi-annually Semi-annually
Clean drain pan, flush with biocide and eliminate pockets of standing water. Semi-annually
Inspect damper actuator and linkage for proper operation by cycling fully Dampers opened to fully closed. Inspect blade gasketing if present for integrity and flexibility. Replace if damaged. Inspect filter rack for integrity. Inspect local pressure differential gauge, tubing, and pitot tubes for condition. Inspect coil fins for physical damage, and comb out any bent fins. Clean coils if significant dirt is present and hampering coil performance. Annually
Filters
Annually
Coils
As-required by performance
Electrical connections
Tighten any loose terminal connections.
Annually
Outdoor grilles Inspect and clean grilles at all exterior building penetrations Sensors Clean and calibrate sensors
Annually Annually
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5.16 Summary of components found on a water chiller

Air cooled condenser a type of condenser where refrigerant flows through the tubes and rejects heat into a flow of ambient air, most chiller hire units are fitted with air cooled condensers Capillary Tube A type of expansion devise typically fitted on small capacity hire chillers, it comprises a long tube which reduces the pressure of the refrigerant. Centrifugal Fan A type of fan fitted to an air cooled chiller allowing the fitting of ductwork onto the hot side of an air cooled condenser. The fan is designed to work against a static pressure. Compressor The main component in a chiller system, the compressor is used to increase the pressure & temperature of the refrigerant vapour. Condenser The part of a chiller system where the refrigerant vapour is converted to liquid as it rejects heat. Cooling Tower Used for process cooling applications & water cooled chiller condenser cooling Distributor A devise used to supply uniform gas supply through a submerged coil in tank chiller evaporator Enthalpy The property of a refrigerant indicating its heat content per Kg of refrigerant
Evaporator The part of the chiller system where cool liquid refrigerant absorbs heat from the chilled water circuit
Expansion valve A devise used to maintain the pressure difference between the high pressure & low pressure sides of the chiller system Fill The heat transfer surface inside a cooling tower Flash The process of liquid refrigerant being vaporized by a sudden reduction is pressure when entering the low pressure side of the chiller system
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Hot Gas Muffler A device installed at the discharge side of the chiller compressor to reduce noise and vibration in reciprocating compressors Liquid Line Filter Drier A devise installed in the liquid line to remove moisture and foreign matter, designed to protect the chillers compressor. Pump Down Cycle A control sequence used in a chiller system to pump the refrigerant from the low pressure side of the system to the high pressure side. Shell & Tube Evaporator A type of evaporator where refrigerant flows through the tubes & chilled water fills the surrounding shell Shut Off Valve Used to isolate on part of the chiller system from the rest Sub-Cooler The lower portion of the chillers condenser that further cools the saturated liquid refrigerant Suction Header A section of pipe within the chiller system used to collect the refrigerant vapour when it leaves the tubes of a submerged coil evaporator Suction Line Filter A devise installed into the chillers suction line to remove foreign matter from the refrigeration system Superheat The amount of heat added to the chillers refrigerant vapour after it has vaporised within the evaporator. Water Cooled Condenser A type of chiller condenser coil which water is used to remove heat from the refrigerant, this is normally a shell & tube type design.
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Chapter Six
Supplementary Part
89
90
6.1 SUMMARY HVAC system uses in industry are not only applicable for the production purpose, but also for Thermal comfort. Thermal comfort is very important to many work-related factors. It can affect the distraction levels of the workers, and in turn affect their performance and productivity of their work. Also, thermal discomfort has been known to lead to Sick Building Syndrome symptoms. The combination of high temperature and high relative humidity serves to reduce thermal comfort and indoor air quality. The occurrence of symptoms increased much more with raised indoor temperatures in the winter than in the summer due to the larger difference created between indoor and outdoor temperatures
Central heating is often used in cold climates to heat private houses and public buildings. Such a system contains a boiler, furnace, or heat pump to heat water, steam, or air, all in a central location such as a furnace room in a home or a mechanical room in a large building. The system also contains either ductwork, for forced air systems, or piping to distribute a heated fluid and radiators to transfer this heat to the air. Ventilating is the process of "changing" or replacing air in any space to control temperature or remove moisture, odors, smoke, heat, dust and airborne bacteria. Ventilation includes both the exchange of air to the outside as well as circulation of air within the building. It is one of the most important factors for maintaining acceptable indoor air quality in buildings. The performance of vapor compression refrigeration cycles is limited by thermodynamics. These AC and heat pump devices move heat rather than convert it from one form to another, so thermal efficiencies do not appropriately describe the performance of these devices.
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6.2 CONCLUSIONS
Now a days, HVAC system is widely used in industrial sector e.g. Textile, Food, Pharmaceutical, Large corporate office etc. to cater the quality of product and maintaining a good working environment. Air conditioning systems can be categorized according to the means by which the controllable cooling is accomplished in the conditioned space. They are further segregated to accomplish specific purposes by special equipment arrangement.
6.3 Recommendation
During my In Plant Training at BPL I have experienced HVAC System as well as lot of New Production Machineries. As a trainee, I did not have enough chance to recommend. On the other hand, it would not be acceptable. But during the work in BEXIMCO PHARMACITICAL I gave some recommendation. As a learner I got very short space to recommend and those recommendations are given billow:1. Due to mixing of fresh air in the AHU used blower. 2. When the load is higher I suggested spraying water at Condenser of chiller. 3. There are two pipes coming from the exterior mounted AC condensing unit. One should feel cool and one should feel hot to the touch when the unit is running. The cold one is suggested to be surrounded with foam. This acts as an insulating factor and helps keep the cool in AC and not released to the outside. 4. Since the condensing unit is attempting to dissipate hot air, it needs to bring in additional air to accomplish this. So the surrounding bushes and plants are not blocking the air intake vents located all around the unit. 5. At least twice a year it needs to hose off the intake vents. I suggested to do so once in the Spring and again in the fall. This will remove any debris that makes the unit work harder or inefficiently.
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Practicum Report on A Study of HVAC System at BPL 6. The condensing unit operates better and longer if it is and has been setting level. If the unit is settling, it make soon need new copper pipes because they are under strain and may start leaking Freon or other cooling liquid.
6.4 Bibliography: www.google.com www.wikipedia.com www.bpl.net Machine manual A Text book of Refrigeration and Air conditioning by R.S. Khurmi & J.K. Gupta. Power plant Engineering by P.K. Nag. Refrigeration and Air conditioning by Ahmadul Ameen Introduction to HVAC system by Robert Me
6.5 Appendix
Air Handling Unit- AHU 1. Fan Coil Unit - FCU 2. Fresh air intake - FAI 3. Constant air volume CAV 4. Air changes per hour ACH 5. Vapor Adsorption Machine VAM 6. Diesel Generator DG 7. Air Conditioner- AC 8. Co-efficient of Performance COP 9. Beximco Pharmaceuticals Ltd- BPL 6.7 List of Illustration
List of Figure:
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6.6 Glossary
Air changes per hour (ACH)-The number of times per hour that the volume of a specific room or building is supplied or removed from that space by mechanical and natural ventilation. Air handler, or air handling unit (AHU)-Central unit consisting of a blower, heating and cooling elements, filter racks or chamber, dampers, humidifier, and other central equipment in direct contact with the airflow. This does not include the ductwork through the building. British thermal unit (BTU)-Any of several units of energy (heat) in the HVAC industry, each slightly more than 1 kJ. One BTU is the energy required to raise one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. Chiller-A device that removes heat from a liquid via a vapor-compression or absorption refrigeration cycle. Coil-Equipment that performs heat transfer when mounted inside an Air Handling unit or ductwork Condenser-A component in the basic refrigeration cycle that ejects or removes heat from the system. Constant air volume (CAV)-A system designed to provide a constant air volume per unit time. Controller-A device that controls the operation of part or all of a system. Damper-A plate or gate placed in a duct to control air flow by introducing a constriction in the duct. 94
Practicum Report on A Study of HVAC System at BPL T-T (delta T) is a reference to a temperature difference. Evaporator-A component in the basic refrigeration cycle that absorbs or adds heat to the system. Fan coil unit (FCU)-A small terminal unit that is often composed of only a blower. Fresh air intake (FAI)--An opening through which outside air is drawn into the building. Furnace-A component of an HVAC system that adds heat to air or an intermediate fluid by burning fuel (natural gas, oil, propane, butane, or other flammable substances) in a heat exchanger. Grille-A facing across a duct opening, usually rectangular is shape, containing multiple parallel slots through which air may be delivered or withdrawn from a ventilated space. Louvers-Blades, sometimes adjustable, placed in ducts or duct entries to control the volume of air flow. Makeup air unit (MAU)-An air handler that conditions 100% outside air. Packaged terminal air conditioner (PTAC)-An air conditioner and heater combined into a single, electrically-powered unit, typically installed through a wall and often found in hotels. Packaged unit or rooftop unit (RTU)-An air-handling unit, defined as either "recirculation" or "oncethrough" design, made specifically for outdoor installation. Thermal zone A single or group of neighboring indoor spaces that the HVAC designer expects will have similar thermal loads. Variable air volume (VAV) system-An HVAC system that has a stable supply-air temperature,
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Practicum Report on A Study of HVAC System at BPL

International University of Business Agriculture and Technology

A study on HVAC system in Beximco Pharmaceuticals Ltd.

Submission Date: August, 10, 2012

Practicum Report on A Study of HVAC System at BPL

Subject: Request for the Report

Den Islam ID # 09107034

Practicum Report on A Study of HVAC System at BPL

Thank you Sincerely Yours, ..

Den Islam ID # 09107034

Practicum Report on A Study of HVAC System at BPL

12th April,2011 Uttara, Dhaka Author ---------------------

Den Islam ID # 09107034

Practicum Report on A Study of HVAC System at BPL

Author .. Den Islam Program : BSME

Practicum Report on A Study of HVAC System at BPL

Practicum Report on A Study of HVAC System at BPL

Practicum Report on A Study of HVAC System at BPL

Practicum Report on A Study of HVAC System at BPL

Practicum Report on A Study of HVAC System at BPL

Practicum Report on A Study of HVAC System at BPL

Practicum Report on A Study of HVAC System at BPL

Practicum Report on A Study of HVAC System at BPL

Practicum Report on A Study of HVAC System at BPL

Practicum Report on A Study of HVAC System at BPL

Practicum Report on A Study of HVAC System at BPL

Practicum Report on A Study of HVAC System at BPL

Practicum Report on A Study of HVAC System at BPL

Practicum Report on A Study of HVAC System at BPL

Practicum Report on A Study of HVAC System at BPL

Practicum Report on A Study of HVAC System at BPL

Practicum Report on A Study of HVAC System at BPL

Practicum Report on A Study of HVAC System at BPL

Practicum Report on A Study of HVAC System at BPL

Practicum Report on A Study of HVAC System at BPL

Practicum Report on A Study of HVAC System at BPL

Practicum Report on A Study of HVAC System at BPL

Practicum Report on A Study of HVAC System at BPL

Practicum Report on A Study of HVAC System at BPL

Practicum Report on A Study of HVAC System at BPL

Practicum Report on A Study of HVAC System at BPL

Organization of Beximco Pharmaceuticals Ltd.

Key Company Information

Practicum Report on A Study of HVAC System at BPL

Overseas Offices & Associates

Practicum Report on A Study of HVAC System at BPL

Abu Bakar Siddiqur Rahman

Dr. Abdul Alim Khan

Dr. Farida Huq

Osman Kaiser Chowdhury

Mohammad Abul Qasem

Corporate Governance & Committees

Practicum Report on A Study of HVAC System at BPL

Practicum Report on A Study of HVAC System at BPL

Practicum Report on A Study of HVAC System at BPL

Practicum Report on A Study of HVAC System at BPL

Practicum Report on A Study of HVAC System at BPL

Practicum Report on A Study of HVAC System at BPL Opportunities:

Practicum Report on A Study of HVAC System at BPL

Asset management ratio:

Practicum Report on A Study of HVAC System at BPL

Future expansion programs

Practicum Report on A Study of HVAC System at BPL