A general format of a business plan

Business Plan Definition: A business plan is a formal statement of a set of business goals, the reasons they are believed attainable, and the plan for reaching those goals. It may also contain background information about the organization or team attempting to reach those goals. Business plans may also target changes in perception and branding by the customer, client, taxpayer, or larger community. When the existing business is to assume a major change or when planning a new venture, a 3 to 5 year business plan is required, since investors will look for their annual return in that timeframe.( According to Wikipedia.org ) Contents of a business plan: Business plans are decision-making tools. There is no fixed content for a business plan. Rather the content and format of the business plan is determined by the goals and audience. A business plan represents all aspects of business planning process declaring vision and strategy alongside sub-plans to cover marketing, finance, operations, human resources as well as a legal plan, when required. A business plan is a summary of those disciplinary plans. A good Business plan can help to make a good business credible, understandable, and attractive to someone who is unfamiliar with the business. Writing a good business plan cant guarantee success, but it can go a long way toward reducing the odds of failure. ( 'The Ernst & Young Business Plan
Guide' (New York: John Wiley and Sons )

Elements of a general business plan:

1. An executive summary This should be a short, self-explanatory piece which covers the key points you have made in your plan, including condensed version of the timetable and finances. You should conclude this by emphasizing why you believe the plan is sound and deserves support. Within the overall outline of the business plan, the executive summary will follow the title page. The summary should tell the reader what you want. This is very important. All too often, what the business owner desires is buried on page eight. Clearly state what you're asking for in the summary.

The statement should be kept short and businesslike, probably no more than half a page. It could be longer, depending on how complicated the use of funds may be, but the summary of a business plan, like the summary of a loan application, is generally no longer than one page. Within that space, you'll need to provide a synopsis of your entire business plan. Key elements that should be included are: 1. Business concept. Describes the business, its product and the market it will serve. It should point out just exactly what will be sold, to whom and why the business will hold a competitive advantage. 2. Financial features. Highlights the important financial points of the business including sales, profits, cash flows and return on investment. 3. Financial requirements. Clearly states the capital needed to start the business and to expand. It should detail how the capital will be used, and the equity, if any, that will be provided for funding. If the loan for initial capital will be based on security instead of equity, you should also specify the source of collateral. 4. Current business position. Furnishes relevant information about the company, its legal form of operation, when it was formed, the principal owners and key personnel. 5. Major achievements. Details any developments within the company that are essential to the success of the business. Major achievements include items like patents, prototypes, location of a facility, any crucial contracts that need to be in place for product development, or results from any test marketing that has been conducted.

2. Statement of purpose for the plan Have you designed it primarily to be an operating guide, or a financing proposal? In this section, you should also include something about the team and structure that will be used to put the plan into action. You should also start to make the case for why you think the plan has merit and should succeed. If you're using your business plan as a document for financial purposes, explain why the added equity or debt money is going to make your business more profitable. Show how you will expand your business or be able to create something by using that money. Show, why your business is going to be profitable. A potential lender is going to want to know how successful you're going to be in this particular business. Factors that support your claims for success can be mentioned briefly; they will be detailed later. Give the reader an idea of the experience of the other key people in the business. They'll want to know what suppliers or experts you've spoken to about your business and their response to your idea. They may even ask you to clarify your choice of location or reasons for selling this particular product.

3. Organizational structure and Objectives The organizational structure of the company is an essential element within a business plan because it provides a basis from which to project operating expenses. This is critical to the formation of financial statements, which are heavily scrutinized by investors; therefore, the organizational structure has to be well-defined and based within a realistic framework given the parameters of the business. Although every company will differ in its organizational structure, most can be divided into several broad areas that include:

Marketing and sales (includes customer relations and service) Production (including quality assurance) Research and development Administration

These are very broad classifications and it's important to keep in mind that not every business can be divided in this manner. In fact, every business is different, and each one must be structured according to its own requirements and goals. This section will cover a description of the programme being proposed, how it will be developed and how it will be delivered. It should cover the level of award the programme will lead to and how the components of the programme will fit together. In short, it will contain the kind of information that a validation document usually comprises.

4. Defining The target market Market strategies are the result of a meticulous market analysis. A market analysis forces the entrepreneur to become familiar with all aspects of the market so that the target market can be defined and the company can be positioned in order to garner its share of sales. A market analysis also enables the entrepreneur to establish pricing, distribution and promotional strategies that will allow the company to become profitable within a competitive environment. In addition, it provides an indication of the growth potential within the industry, and this will allow you to develop your own estimates for the future of your business. Begin your market analysis by defining the market in terms of size, structure, growth prospects, trends and sales potential. Understanding target markets, their motivations and financial status are fundamentals in focusing the specific design and delivery of the programme. You should also cover in this section what the total market is for the programme and what proportion of that market you expect to capture. What is the market's growth potential, and will you be in a position to capitalize on this growth and increase your intake or market share? You

should substantiate this information from the market research you have carried out. This leads neatly into the next section about competition.

5. Strengths and weaknesses of the programme and its development team in light of the environment Who will be involved in developing the programme? Where might the programme be vulnerable in terms of the competition? Consider whether opportunities open to you are appropriate for you to pusue - You need to strike a balance between target markets that are attractive and those that your organisation has the capacity to function within. You should notes what plans are in place to compensate for any weaknesses and show how the programme has strengths and features which distinguish it from the competition.

6. Marketing mechanisms and promotional plans In this section you should show how you plan to market the programme so that it will come to the attention of your specific target audience. Will you advertise in trade journals? Would it be better to work only through the training managers of large corporates? Perhaps general newspaper advertising would work best? You should state clearly what the plan is, and why you have decided on this particular course of action. 7. Selling and pricing Selling is, of course, not the same as marketing. Once people know about the course, how will you make sure they enrol? Who will deal with potential students and what information will be prepared for them? What sort of follow-up procedure will be put in place and who will carry it out? What fees will you charge and how have you set the fee? Is it competitive in the marketplace? Does one fee fit all your potential clients or can you differentiate between market segments (for example individual or corporate clients and national and international students). 8. Resources Apart from discussing any physical resources that might be needed, this section should show how institutional input will be used. This is an important part of quantifying the real costs of developing and delivering the programme. 9. Timescales

See the section on leaving enough time for some ideas about how long the development part of the project might need. This section should also draw on the financial predictions to show at what point the programme will break even or begin to make a profit.

10. Costing and cash flow A full projected costing of the development of the project, as well as the delivery costs over a period of five or so years. This should make it clear what cash will be required and what costs will be 'in kind' by virtue of the institution putting in the resources noted under that heading earlier. This will give a much truer figure on which to base pricing than one which does not take account of the use of institutional input. Costs can then be compared with projected incomes to allow you to evaluate whether the project is attractive to you or not. You should keep the plan as concise as possible. Probably the most important point is not to underestimate your funding requirements, and also to allow enough time for the development of the programme and effective marketing.