Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
1950 5: 1017-1035
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Blood (print ISSN 0006-4971, online ISSN 1528-0020), is published weekly by the American Society of Hematology, 2021 L St, NW, Suite 900, Washington DC 20036. Copyright 2011 by The American Society of Hematology; all rights reserved.
From bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org by guest on July 30, 2012. For personal use only.
THE I.
ELECTRICAL
RELATIONSHIP TO
CONDUCTIVITY
ERYTHROCYTE
OF
CONCENTRATION
BLOOD
By
FREDERIC
G.
HIRSCH,
M.D.,
WILLIAM
E. C.
AND
CLINTON BALLARD,
TEXTER, JR.,
JR.
M.D.,
FRANCIS
LLOYD
A.
WooD,
PH.D.,
HORAN,
ME.,
E.
PH.D.,
IRVING
S.
WRIGHT,
M.D.
AND DOROTHY STARR,
llith
the THE of
technical COURSE
assistance of study was undertaken. during and direct to the Stewart of Endres7 Fricke approximately cell of value the effects certain due also will design
Research
CONSTANCE of
FREY,
BA.
B.S. the in resistance blood pathologic almost of property which from made the perfect blood sys-
it
became
necessary interfacial
to
measure potentials of in various investigated. is and of cell an this tables volume characterissurface the also it acts AC have workers unable blood as been resistance
a value
determining electrical electrical clot showed studies the for by delineated showed to that conduct its of direct with been observed, but conductivity of vary with the of the serum conductance. rise retraction4 that
conductivity characteristics conductivity was the red that formulation the the that resistivity, plasma. current, low frequency and Some others during were cells, clot
37.
normal
1897,
nonconductor
determination and
Subsequent
6
Moore
Fricke,202 layer interior shown9 a dielectric bridges, been confirm was have to resistance variaunable attributed at of had the
electrophysical
of
cell. of
erythrocyte a conductivity that In tions to these these observed conductivity stirring.394 effects with
From
is nonconducting, the high in conductivity on a true to to increase was It are almost cell
Vascular
while measurements
red
does blood
sufficiently
frequency. conductivity time of of to found be entirely are shown the designs extrusion to a function essentially
Department
with
have blood
workers
agree
changes
coagulation,3034 of
findings.3536with
retraction.32 Blood 35
38 agitation,3 or
from
herein the
that
conductivity
proper
the York,
Cornell
eliminated.
Medicine, of
University
Laboratory, of Chemistry,
Cornell
and the
University
School of Electrical
Medical
New
ing,
N.
was
Y.,
theDepartment
Ithaca,
in supported
Cornell
University,
N.
pant
Y.
This
2.64
work Order
by by
of H. are
Naval Kness
Research Foundation,
(Contract the
Task The
io)
and
and are
in
part the
Lasken
Foundation
the Lillia
views the
senting
Navy
as a whole.
1017
From bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org by guest on July 30, 2012. For personal use only.
1018
ELECTRICAL
CONDUCTIVITY
OF
BLOOD
It
is
well
known
that
plasma
conductivity
depends
on
the
electrolyte
content
including of erythrocytes
a complicated of the relation affect blood
TABLE
Decrease
salts,
way,
prothe
describe
of erythrocyte conductivity
Which Influence
,.-Factors
ConductivityIncrease
Conductivity
Conductivity
Unchanged
Normal Constituents
Increase Increase
13, 43
in in in
in in
in
Urea
to
o.400%4
50
400%
Glucose
47,
50
to
0.
Decrease
Cholesterol5#{176}
Clotting Sedimentation
Clot
retraction425 in U cell537#{176} or
Clotting432
Sedimentation vertical
Flow
Effects
During
stirring
Following
37,39-42,44,45
stirring
Slow
flowing44
flowing44 with by water#{176}#{176} Laking freezing followed Sapotoxin4 and by and out by thawing addition freezing withof
of water#{176}#{176}
water#{176}5
Clinical
conditions
Pneumonia
with
loss
of
Anemia
plicated
Increased Hemodilution
diabetes0
Diabetes sugar na
40
with and/on
high
blood ketonu-
Uremia48 Jaundice40
Many of blood
used not
for
accurate
recent
taken trode
There measure
cell
design.
that difference
volume5#{176}#{176}with
From bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org by guest on July 30, 2012. For personal use only.
HIRSCH,
TEXTER,
WOOD,
BALLARD,
HORAN
AND
WRIGHT
1019
opinion report
exists
regarding a description
its
correlation of
with
to does in normal
the
measure exist
red
cell
blood between
count.
the
The
electrical
present
and obserconductivity
methods
conductivity
vations of blood
that red
the
subjects.
MATERIALS
A
1075, 52.00,
variable
ii,ooo,
frequency and
19,000
This per
2..t
of
the
RC
of
second. bridge. to
output resistance
could
gram
2..
of the An
circuit
shown is
of
re-
megohm adjustable
of better
ohms
cent. steps,
arm
and
bridge ohms.
in Iohm
a second
1.
F;2
Fio.
i-Apparatus
for
conductivity
and
microphotography
measurements.
3. and
The eye
null tube.
indicator bath. A
connected
between the
midpoints
to maintain
of the the
bridge,
4. Constant
tivity cells
.
temperature
30
C.
o.z
degree was
a cell
used
conduc-
at a constant
temperature.
Glass
type57 conductivity employed were preliminary Engineering, Cornell circuit was by measuring conductance calculated from of o.i University, added the for this M forthe made
constants
of
7.045
reciprocal
centimeter nients
*
1-5 ,S
studies.
wine
The
cell
used
for
platinum
Expeni-
shown
electrodes and
coated with
The
actual
student
design,
inthe
testing under
equipment direction of
was Prof.
doie
by
Paul
Weaver, Ballard,
of Electrical Engineering,
William
of Electrical
Ithaca. using VRI05 VR,5o and tubes. resistance of the cell when solution
=
t Subsequently,
The tassium in standard reciprocal o.i M KCI
with
o.i as in of
M recorded
po-
at
KR,
the when R
=
proper
C
=
cell
=
constant
specific
constant resistance
centimeters, in ohms.
conductance
C.,
and
measured
From bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org by guest on July 30, 2012. For personal use only.
102.0
ELECTRICAL
CONDUCTIVITY
OF
BLOOD
OSCILLATOR PREQ.
Cpu
C XX
600
/075 5200
1/000
250 150
/9000
(0)
R2QOOO
CIRCUIT A-C
FIG.
DIAGRAM BRIDGE
of AC. resistance bridge. diagram
RESISTANCE
i-Circuit
,1
I
FIG.
;.-Conductivity
cell
as designed
by
W.
C.
Ballard,
Jr.
From bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org by guest on July 30, 2012. For personal use only.
HIRSCH,
TEXTER,
WOOD,
BALLARD,
HORAN
AND
WRIGHT
102.1
black. mately
The
i
distance of blood
between was
the required
electrodes to fill
was the
about horizontal
cm.,
the
cell
constant cell.
ml.
section
of the
METHOD
In
measuring portion to the be cell, observed this the cell most rate
conductivity, A portion cell whole Even without blood though greater so the It end rise that
to to
homogeneity horizontal nium value of was that tween the of the A The ments The urements i. The solution. in the
i.
was the
in
measured
remained
()
lower
in resistance introduced erythrocytes increased The at been same was within of the the red difficulty above. each gave possible sedimentation blood then
If enough
filling the
tubes
were portion
full, of
an cell, path
horizontal of geometry
of nonconducting sedimentation any which to correlate designed. to and determined centrifuged precision was cell sedimentation were
conductivity that designs with similar in resistance free from resistance ways, chamber The in and
cells
horizontal
cylinder scribed.
absent
has the
laboratory was
change
in cells
the
plasma of following
reproducibility in the
the
desired cells
per in the
cent. plasma methods being used: Levy-Hausser counting one, attaching were an used determining of red per cent. in a graduated was calculated, counted. Erb for the cells and the
concentration
only c)ne method being used red cells were counted visually Five squares, was of the using ioo. visual count was consisting
and in others all four by using a calibrated corner made and the center by
of each
counting A check
Gray whole
microscope,
35 mm.
individual square, 164. 3. An accurate relative cells and also of the to prepare Another the volume of this
density and
weights
suspensions of accurately known method consisted of centrifuging of red meLhod. cells, from which the
centrifuge subject
per
imitations
RESULTS
In cytes
m 0.85
order
to
obtain
saline,
information
regarding
effect
of
of with count.
in
per
an
electrolyte
cent
solution,
for comparison
initial
experiments standard
times with o.8 per cent saline and then Serial dilutions were made containing in 0.85 per cent saline. Resistance measurements
by the usual method were made. The
the
Jones
counts
a series are shown in table and a marked 2., variation as a function of red cell count. Similar experiments were carried out and essentially identical results were obtained. that the apparatus and the magnitude of the effect appeared
*
in
The York.
original The
cell cell
was constants
designed were
by 48.9
Prof.
Ballard. cm.i.
Two
subsequent
cells
New
From bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org by guest on July 30, 2012. For personal use only.
102.2.
ELECTRICAL
CONDUCTIVITY
OF
BLOOD
investigation
of
the
between was
blood
cell
count variable
and
It was
sufficiently
conductance
of
plasma.
ratio have an of whole exact relationship
Numerous
to plasma conductance (K/K0) did the red cell count. This is evident measured accepted
in result stated cubic this of
from
the
scattered
points
in
the
plot
of
the
red cell count, as may be seen in figure 6. Commonly the precision of the visual counts, as well as experiences
seem reasonable to suppose that this of within scattering eighty cells about squares per 8oo,ooo was the
visual counting
method.
erythrocytes,
and
field
co-workers#{176}
405,000 equal
have
that
for the
a count standard
hence
of ,ooo,ooo deviation
the count
is examined,
millimeter;
of
would
the
would counted
deviation
cells.
times
Even
using ten
when
technicians
standard
2.
in Ohms
a
was
single
386,000
specimen
cells per
ten
RBC
10
Resistance
Specific
Conductance
Mho,
cm
1000
390
18.07
.89
1.94
1.73
446 549
651
35.79
11.83
3.59
4.31
572.
955
9.2.3
7.38
cubic millimeter. They found that errors of calibration relatively small, and that the main sources of error pipets and variation due to the field. In addition,
cians will fail to enumerate about whose io average per cent of the
were they
cells
technicians
enumeration
cent.
error
only the
to relative
within
i6er p accuracy
determine
experiments
of the
plasma
electrical
mixtures
and
of
visual counts,
precisely
serial known
dilurelative
yielding erythrocyte volumes per cent and red cell content Venous blood from 4 normal subjects the
nated measured, were volume in terms mixed per of
were was by
from The free
thoroughly
were arbitrarily of
mixed
and
desig-
red The
cells packed
as ioo
and
red volumes
were
nearly percent
separated
red cells.
volume
red
cells
was
and
in
the
cent red of per cent
plasma blood
suspensions
density
proportions,
was
also
measured.
Then
red
cells
and
varying
cells on
yielded a series
the which of
and from the density of these mixtures, above arbitrary basis was determined. the volume per cent was precisely cells above.
of the original
packed
From bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org by guest on July 30, 2012. For personal use only.
H1RSCH,
TEXTER,
WOOD,
BALLARD,
HORAN
AND
WRIGHT
102.3
red
cell
on each
each and
of blood
samples calibrated
were
made pipets, of
by the
difof
calibrated determinations
chambers
conductances
and
in was washed
volume
of the
tables
per
plasma
3 and
cent,
for each
ratio
dilution
of these in figure
were
determined
i.
and
were
the
data
obtained
with
are
the
given
known
conductances
compared
4, Experiment
series that
cell
of experiments the
counts
also
carried
free of 100
out
plasma
in a similar
with
manner,
physiologic
with
saline,
red
were
cells
were
made in
\
90 80\
70 60
0
O-EXPNO.I #{149}-EXPNO.2
x40
42
30 20
I0
102030405060708090100
VOLUME
Fio.
4._,\Taniation
PER
ratio (K/K0) as
CENT
a function
RED
ofvolume
CELLS
pen cent red cells.
of conductance
usual once.
procedure, in tables
i.e.,
sides
of
one
chamber
were
counted
of
relative
per be cent noted
volume
and
,
per
volume
cent
is shown
per cent
in
by may
figure
tables
as calculated
the
centrifugation between be
the of the
that metric method
headed
the Vol.
Vol. assumption
figures
%
in
not relatively
because
that
each
the
series
initial
are
sample gravimetric
in the the inaccuracies
of red
accurate
cells
to ratio of the
was
o.oi
ioo
per the
per
cent
cent,
since
nevertheless
respective
the of Vol.
solutions
were
values this
prepared
do quantity. not reflects
by
stand
serial
same
dilutions.
as
The
gravi-
fact
% %
(Sedimentation)
(Density)
sedimentation
determining
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102.4
ELECTRICAL
CONDUCTIVITY
OF
BLOOD
While
ment
2.
it
was
not
to
be
expected concordant
present to be It
that
in the
the because
of
Experiment possibility
and
of
Experi-
would
have
plasma
been
being
of different
the cells, since the the
amounts
the initial
of residual
between
ioo
the
volumes
two series
per of
two cent
cent
were
red cells
found
preparation
in may
in
arbitrary
within the
in each
limits
manner with
series,
of that
nevertheless
experimental conduct-
measurements
ance volume in these per
10
the
of red
conductance.
samples varies
be concluded
regular
the
relative
blood
cells
in these
two
samples.
C,) -J -J Li C)
c
EXP.
NO.1 NO.2
#{149} -EXP
8
7
Li
a:
Iz
Li 0
a:
50
Li
a-
Li
-J
0
>
I RED
Fio. .-Vaniation
2 CELL
of volume
3 COUNT
per
4
cent red
5 (MILLIONS
cells
6
as a function
7 PER
of red
8 CU.
cell count,
9 MM.)
10
to
point
out
that
to in from the cell the
the
the
number
relative serial count density
of red
volume dilution as in a function
blood
per their of
cells
cent the
per
in
cubic
these
plotted
as precisely
computed
measurements, and
to
the
scattering
must The careful fact that technic. is more
of
fall
the
on that the It
points.
a there major may the straight is
If the
much
red
line, more
cell
count
scattering
points
figure the figure in the 4
presumed
probably
inaccuracies
measurement.
From bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org by guest on July 30, 2012. For personal use only.
TABLE
Approx. ; Red Vol. Cells
3.-Experiment
No.
Wt.
Cells
of
Red
(Gm.)
Vol.
Cells
of
Red (ml.)
\Vt.
of Plasma (Gm,)
Vol. of
Plasmat (ml.)
Vol. (Density)
Vol. % (Sedimentation)
2.0 30 40 50
1.131
2.053
8.2.37
7.2.32.
8.02.3
7.045
2.0.
37
2.1.4 2.9.4
3.2.61
4.137
2.9.87
6.
195
6.034
38.69
47.80
6o
70
4.975 6.ii
7.110
5.133
4.105 3.071
.000
3.999
1.991
58.6o 68.95
of
2.4.87
2.4.88
cc.
of
red
plasma
at 30.0
C. weighed
2.7.02.6
Gm.; Gm.;
density density
No.
red plasma
cells
=
3.087
Gm/mI.
cc. of
30.0C. weighed
2.5.542.
4.Experiment Resistance
of
i.oi6
Gm/mi.
TABLE (Mss/rmn.)
(Ohms)
(Mhs/cm.)
KX100
0 19.72. 1.05
72.30
cm.)
10 300
100 300 100
13.3*
100.0 70.2.
constant
0.33 0.04
10300
100
300
3.86 1.84
This
is
K,,.
(Cell
was
96.3
TABLE
Approx. 7,, Red Vol. Cells
5.-Experiment
Wt. Plasma
No.
Wt.
Cells
of
Red (Gm.)
Vol. Cells
of
Red (ml.)
of
(Gm.)
Vol. of Plasmat
Vol. (Density)
Vol. % (Sedimentation)
1.184
1.946
2.72.1
8.i8i
7.360
19.72.
2.0.5
30 40 50
2.5.0
3.82.0
6.o8
5.067 4.041 3.055 2.7.943
4.505
6o
70
*
6.919
1.959
2.4.87
2.4.88
cc. cc.
of of
red plasma
Gm.; Gm.;
density density
No.
2
1.12.3 1.033
Gm/mI.
Gm/mI.
weighed 2.5.69!
TABLE
6.-Experiment
Vol.
Red
Cells
(Density)
Visual
(Millions/cu.mm.)
Count
Resistance
(Ohms)
K X 1000 (Mhos/cm.)
K X 100
0
2.0.37
0
1.2.4
72.60
10000 11800
13.3
300.0 72.3
2.9.87
3.38
4.09
38.69
47.80
14600
5.19
6.03
19400
8.6o 68.95
*
i6;oo
342.00
11.4
This
is
cm.i)
102.5
From bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org by guest on July 30, 2012. For personal use only.
102.6
ELECTRICAL
CONDUCTIVITY
OF
BLOOD
It
was
thought
in
the
visual counting
method
may
have
been due to the error in enumeration under the microscope, and that an count of improved precision could be obtained by photographing the counting chambers. Therefore venous blood fromfour normal subjects was combined, the red cells and plasma were separated by centrifuging. Dilutions were
lOC
to
9(
\
\
80
70
260
x
42
50
40
3(
5
00
20
0
IC
I RED CELL
3 COUNT
4 (MILLIONS
ratio (K/K0)
5 PER
6 CU. MM)
FiG. 6.-Variation
of conductance
as a function
of red
cell
count.
ofdifferent
volumes
per
cent.
The and
red three
cell
counts
were pipets
made and
visually by using three differentcounting counting each chamber three times, Each whole field was photographed the five squares counted was likewise were visual used to give enlarged count. A typical prints example
chambers
different
giving a total of nine counts blood per at the time counting. of In addition, photographed. The photographic to compare an individual with
From bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org by guest on July 30, 2012. For personal use only.
HIRSCH,
ET
AL.
102.7
0
-sue
-w
..
4-.... 0
.,
o..
C)
,, .:. . 0
o
I
,
t
o#{149} o
0
Cl,
g0#{149}0
C
1
-:
.,4.,
.-. .-
0 5g 0
r-0
0
S
C:
-1
00.
___
FIG.
___
of ned cells
TABLE
__Jo
in counting chamber.
No.
__
(Square 3* within double lines is o.15 mm.)
7.-Photograph
7.-Experiment
Appnox.
Vol.
Visual
Count
Range
of Counts
Visual
Photo Whole
Count Field
Range Whole
of
Photo Field
0 10 2.0 1.09
0.02.
1.01
1.10 2.03
1.30
1.79
0.02.
3.08
1.71
4
1.89 3.35
3.96
3.05
o.o6
0.01 0.04 0.11 0.02.
i.86
3.00
o.o6 o.i8
0.2.5 0.19
30
40
50
3.11
3.91 5.51
3.05 4.03
3.84
5.30 6.13
3.76
5.15
3.78
4.60
4.94
6o
6.oo
6.ii
o.i8
5.44
Photo
Count
Individual
Range of individual
Photo
Resistance
(Ohms)
K X 1000 (Mhos/cm.)
ox
100
7400
13.7f
100.0
i.o8 i.8i
3.09
counts is
0.0k 0.05
0.15
1.10
8730
10430 12.300 14800 19500 2.5700
ii.6
9.70
84.6
70.8 6o.o
1.89 3.34
4.30
8.2.3
4.03
0.2.4 0.2.7
49.9
36.1
5.09
5.71
o.i8
2.7.4
All
was
Cm.)
in
figure specific
7.
summary
of data
the
visual in
and
.
photographic counts
and
corre-
conductance
is given
table
From bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org by guest on July 30, 2012. For personal use only.
102.8
ELECTRICAL
CONDUCTIVITY
OF
BLOOD
It
curate
was
found
that
the
visual
count
in
the
microscope
was
apparently
more
ac-
than
of
the
photographic
resolution.
count,
Therefore
due was it
to
the
ability that
of the the
for
cells
difficult
concluded
the
precision similar to
three whole
4*
the
8.-Experiment
Range of
No.
Visual
Appnox.
Vol.
Visual
Count
Count
Photo Whole
Count Field
Range
of Count
Photo
0
10 2.0
0.87 3.67
o.86
1.61
1.77
o.88
1.72.
0.82.
3.70
0.01
0.0!
o.8i
0.83 1.71
x.68 3.32.
3.90
30
40
i.8i
3.70
2.85
3.71
3.69
4.40
3.38 3.92.
6.40
0.04 0.02.
3.41
50
4.43 6.44
7.12.
4.46 6.52.
7.15
6o
70
6.39
7.10
6.30
8o
90 100
7.85
9.30
7.75
9.00 9.00
7.95
9.2.0
6.40
8.2.5 8.35
9.03
o.o6
9.10
Resistance (Ohms)
K X
1000
(Mhos/cm.)
100
7,830
11.
9t
100.0
91.4
9.90
76.7 61.7
51.5
40.9
8. o8 6. 6
5.2.8
800
44,450
3 .76
1.17
19.1
17.6
11.9
6o,
2.50
3.67
All
counts is K0.
are (Cell
expressed constant
as was 101
million/cu.mm.
cm.)
t This
counted
same above
cell
conclusion are
count
serial dilutionexperiments
of K/K0 as a function
shown
is plotted.
the
variation
is apparent about
of
that equally,
the
in were
curve
fits
the
data
of
the
various
.
experithe
inaccuracies counts
is believed to as demonstrated
were measured
be principally in figure
on thirty-three
cell
done and
conductances
specimens
of normal
blood. The
data
as given figure
table
have
been dilutions
plotted were
in figure carried
a reproduction
6. Arbitrary
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HIRSCH,
TExTER,
WOOD,
BALLARD,
HORAN
AND
WRIGHT
102.9
out and
to give three
points pipets
end each
of the chamber
curve.
the
counts, times.
three
chambers
three
NORMAL
BLOODS
#{149}0
0
0
3 RED
FIG.
CELL
COUNT
(MILLIONS PER
as a function
CU
MM)
8.-Variation blood.
of conductance
ratio (K/K,,)
of
normal
DISCUSSION
To of tivity
determine
the experiments
effect
of was
red done
cell
concentration using
on
blood
a series
dilution
heparinized
The
temperature by tween zation the
variations
of use the and each bath of electrodes thereby
in
blood
plasma
sample
conductivity
to the cell, the in Five the temperature. which
were
conductivity all of
eliminated
its the own suspended was Sedimentation errors current orientation
by
plasma.
relating
A erythrocytes used to red were
the
constant
conduc-
controlled at all
a horizontal minimize
times.
kilocycle
streaming
of
the
sample was also kept to a minimum. between the conductivity of blood and in figure 4. is It evident that the reproducibility
the
volume of results
From bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org by guest on July 30, 2012. For personal use only.
1030
ELECTRICAL
CONDUCTIVITY
OF
BLOOD
TABLE !Iotation
9.-Data
Visual
on
That
Count
v-three
of Normal
Blood
ubiect Ad Ad Ad Ad Bu Ca Ca Ca Ca Ca Co Fa Le
In
Fig.
{?Ullions/cu.nnn.)
I+73*
.(ish.os/ciiv.) 13.1 11.1 13.1 11.1 13.1+ 13.1+ 13.7 13.7 13.7 13.7 11.9 13.1 13.0 13.1 13.1 12.6
K x 1000 knth.os/cin.)
_L
.Jt,,
100
5.23 9.53
6.1+6
39.9 72.8
l+9#{149}3
3.03 5.68 5.1+6 14.91 11.50 3.23 1.79 14.93 5.37 5.73 6.29 2.16 l+.88 5.89
5.02
35.8
83.6
1+.l+6* 1+67*
t:t
14,58*
Ro
5.29*
Ro
(3
Not
ltlnn
5.114*
+.63
Count
K,,
1000
1000
Lx in 25.1
100
-
Subject Ro
fib
So
to
1e.
jhos/cm.) 13. 13.1+ 13.1+ 13.3 13.1+ 11.1+ 13.1+ 13.14 13.1+ 11.1+
13.5
()
()
St To To To To To To To To To
0
Q
0 0
Q
Q
This
was
the
original is very
count of good,
two
experiments
that volume
there per
is
a cent
definite of red
relationship cells.
between
the
conductivity
of
blood
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HIRSCH,
TEXTER,
WOOD,
BALLARD,
HORAN
AND
WRIGHT
1031
To visual per ity slight the slight the cells. the which identical cent ratio
determine red of and scattering method conductivity However, visual is count, undoubtedly values and of as is seen cell red
or data
this
type conductivity
of
when volume
the
Experiments
1-4
6 which
illustrates that
that all
there
red be
is a quantitative
count.
relationship 6 do
in errors exact per counting used the count the in (tables enumeration points to of done, were fact since of the
of
between lie
electrical the no electrical scattering volume red of method. cells points One the 8), 6 was cell is data to of the to count investigate given arbitrary points from in most
the
conductivcurve.
in is when of against expect were the red points cent
It is apparent
of the
due The is the plotted same
,
points
to error importance
in figure
either of there against an volume more in fields from in the conductivity validity was The the the
not
in
on
a smooth
measurements or of per is plotted
The
could counting. in figure ratio when as of the thus curve relating 8. of 8. either the red the
an
the
measurement
4 in which relative errors if then with the errors through for of of the the count, the This curve. the
is practically cent
relative
in the
considerably to
scattering making
is observed, might count when is visual there accepted and in lie the table dilutions reasonably constandard between instances.
nonconducting of the the susK, of particles
photographed photograph able The standard duced of give close ductivity curve falls plotted points to the and in in specimens at deviation, smooth curve figure
made visual
However, method.
is compared
repro-
One Many
normal
specimens
quantitative
Maxwell0
spheres in
medium conductance
volume
concentration Ko and
pension as shown
K,
K/&-i K/K0+iKi/K0+i
K,/&-i
Fnicke1
modified
this
equation
_____ _____
-
for
the
case
of spheroids
K/KU
K,/K9
(2.)
where
K,/Ko.
X,
the
form case
is
a function cell
=
of
the
axial the
ratios
in
of
the
particles
of K
and to
the
conductance
ratio
In the
K, 0, therefore
equation
terms
reduces
K=
Ko(z-p)X
x+p
of the particles in the case of ellipsoids
()
the equa-
Velich tion in
and terms
Gonin
showed
for was
random
orientation
of conductance
Ko(I
K=
()
)
Cf
in
+
that
which
f represents
the
form
factor.
It is easily
shown
X i/Cf
i).
From bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org by guest on July 30, 2012. For personal use only.
1032.
ELECTRICAL
CONDUCTIVITY
OF
BLOOD
If cubic
is
the
volume
in ()
fraction
of
corpuscles
in
quantity
blood, of
g is
the
number
=
of
corpuscles
per
millimeter
is the
mean
volume
of the individual
corpuscles,
then p
g/C.
Substituting
solving
for
g X(K g=C
-
K)
(5)
the was in
observed formula:
in
Experiments
and
2.
utilizing values
the
of Velich 3 and
and 4, and
Gorin, and
the 6 were
form sub-
independently
C. ofThe
known
r/ro
=
r/r0
Where
volume
per
cent
red
cells
r
= =
in
blood of of factor with of0.110. whole plasma of Velich a standard The form and Gonin deviation factor X then
0.138. of
blood
f
From Experiment
1.717
1,
f was
found
In
Experiment to be 1.393
2.,
f equalled
0.111.
with
a standard
deviation
was
calculated
The
equation
relating conductivity
becomes
g=C
(K0 I(
i, .,
K)
+ 4,
K and
.
The
factor C was
then
obtained
from
Experiments
Experiment
Number
of Specimens
Mean
Deviation
i
2.
6 6
7
ii.i 10.95
o.i 0.04
4 5
11.11
0.30
0.II
33 52.
io.8o 567.4!
On
greater
the basis of these, the mean weight from to the samples the 33 normal of the specimens
to
be 10.91.
it
However,
was
since
this use
gives cal0.1 I.
experiments,
preferred
to
culated
a better
statistical
average-namely io.8o
It
is clear
from
this
analysis
that
the
average
volume
and to
shape another,
of
the
itso is
red
blood
cells do not deviate greatly from one therefore certain that the conductance curate a greater within these limitations. than that precision obtainable
cell this
count method.
is ac-
It is the
authors
represents
counting
CONCLUSIONS
These
observations
show
that
the
electrical
conductivity
of
blood
can
be
used
The cells
blood
conductance
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HIRSCH,
TEXTER,
WOOD,
BALLARD,
HORAN
AND
WRIGHT
1033
These
but
ments
observations
the
give
suggest
of doing
results
that
a visual and are
the
error
erythrocyte a valid
lies
not
in the
for the
electrical
The conductance red cell
measurements
measureconcentra-
in
method
reproducible
count. measure
tion
for
human
.
blood
in
the
normal
range.
SUMMARY
I.
2.. ductivity.
The An
to
noted. blood
and
plasma
con-
3.
been
5.
A new
shown
been
on between
to
blood
measure
before
conductivity
and after and the dilution, red
of blood.
a correlation cell count.
1.393. to
4 Through
studies
has
conductivity
The
normal
form
blood.
factor
for
normal
human is presented
red
cells relating
has red
been cell
be
6. A mathematical
for
equation
conductivity
1.393
(K,,
K)
K
g=
C .393 K +
7. The
io.8o.
factor
on
the
basis
of
33
determinations
has
been
calculated
to
be
REFERENCES
1 HORAN,
F. F.
E.,
HIRSCH,
F. G., WOOD, L.
L.
A., AND
WRIGHT,
I. S.:
Surface
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effects
2.02.,
on
1950.
blood
clotting beBull.
WRIGHT,
com-
ponents
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ELECTRICAL
CONDUCTIVITY
OF
BLOOD
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Thienische
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5
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i8,
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