Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad.

Syllabus PET Physics 2010

1 Mathematical Methods in Physics Matrices: Special matrices and their properties: Hermitian, anti Hermitian, symmetric, antisymmetric, unitary, orthogonal, rotation matrix in two and three dimensions, trace of a matrix, rank of a matrix, inverse of matrix and its application for solution of systems of linear simultaneous equations. Eigen values and eigen vectors, Cayley Hamilton's theorem, diagonalization of matrices, Elementary complex analysis: Complex numbers and their representations, complex algebra, Euler formula, De Moivre's theorem, powers and roots of a complex number, elementary functions. Analytic functions of a complex variable, Cauchy-Riemann conditions, singular points, poles, harmonic functions, Differential equations: Second order differential equations with variable coefficients, ordinary and singular points of an ODE, series solution about an ordinary point, series solution about singular point. Solutions of the following differential equations by series expansions: Legendre, Bessel, Hermite and Laguerre differential equations. Special Functions: Legendre polynomials: Rodrigue's formula, generating function and recurrence relations, orthogonality. Bessel functions of the first kind: recurrence relations, orthogonality. Hermite Polynomials: generating function, recurrence relations, and orthogonality. Lauguerre Polynomials: recurrence relations, orthogonality. Fourier series : Definition, Evaluation of coefficients, Drichlet's conditions, Derichlet's theorem (without proof), extension of the interval. Fourier series representation of even and odd functions, complex representation of a Fourier series, Applications of Fourier series to half wave rectifier, full wave rectifier, sound Fourier transforms: Definition, Fourier transform of elementary functions, Fourier transform of rectangular aperture (Diffraction due to rectangular slit). Fourier transform of derivatives, Fourier transform of Dirac delta function, Fourier sine and cosine transforms, convolution theorem. Applications for solving integrals. Laplace transform: definition and properties, Laplace transform of elementary functions, Laplace transform of derivative and integral of a function, Laplace transform of Dirac delta function, convolution theorem, Inverse Laplace transform by partial fraction expansion: linear unrepeated and repeated factors, quadratic repeated and unrepeated factors, Applications of Laplace transform for solution of differential equations and problems in physics Classical Mechanics Preliminaries, Newtonian mechanics of single and many particle systems, work energy theorem; open systems (with variable mass). Constraints; their classification; DAlemberts principle, Generalized coordinates and momenta.

2 Conservation of linear and angular momentum for one and many particle system, energy conservation law Lagranges equations. Gyroscopic forces; dissipative systems. Generalized momenta and energy. Jacobi integral. Gauge invariance. Integrals of motion. Symmetries of space and time with conservation laws. Invariance under Galilean transformations. Central force: definition and characteristics. Two body problem; closure and stability of circular orbits. General analysis of orbits; Keplers laws of planetary motion and equation; Artificial satellites; Rutherford scattering Principle of least action, Derivation of equations of motion. Variation of end points; Hamiltons principle and characteristic functions. Hamilton Jacobi equation. Hamilton's equation of motion for holonomic system, equations from Hamilton's principle, Canonical transformations, generating functions; conditions on generalized functions in order to get canonical transformations. Properties of canonical transformations; examples. Infinitesimal generators. Poissons bracket; Poissons theorems. Angular momentum Poissons brackets. Theory of Small oscillations and it's applications to normal modes and coordinates. General Nuclear Physics Nuclear size and its determination, nuclear radii by electron scattering and mirror nuclei methods. Binding energy, mass defect, packing fraction. Semiempirical mass formula and its applications. Quantum numbers of nuclei, nuclear angular momentum, nuclear magnetic dipole moment, electric quadruple moment. The basis of the theory of radioactive disintegration, the disintegration constant, half-life and the mean life. Successive radioactive transformation, radioactive equilibrium, the natural radioactive series, units of radioactivity. The discovery of artificial radioactivity, the artificial radio nuclides. Electron and positron emission. Orbital electron capture. The artificial radio nuclides: alpha-emitters. Types of detectors, ionization chamber, G.M. Counters, proportional counter, semiconductor detector, counting errors, counting efficiency, scintillation counter, energy decapitation in phosphor, photoemission from phosphor, Liquid drop model, ingle particle levels and magic numbers, evidence of shell effects, Bohr-Wheeler theory of fission. Shell model, single particle shell model, deformed nuclei and collective model, nuclear wave function for even-even nuclei, energy spectrum and wave function for odd-A nuclei. Cascade generators, Cockcroft and Walton voltage multiplier, Vande Graff machine, tandem accelerator, linear multiple accelerator, Wave-guide accelerator, cyclotron. Synchro cyclotron.

3 Linear And Digital Electronics Operational amplifier, Symbol and terminals, the ideal op-amp, the practical op-amp. Operational amplifier parameters: Input offset voltage, input offset current, input bias current, input impedance, output impedance, open loop voltage gain, common mode rejection ratio and slew rate. Inverting, non inverting amplifier. Adder, subtractor, integrator, differentiator. Operational amplifier applications: Comparator & Schmitts trigger. Wave form generators: Astable multivibrator, Monostable multivibrator, and Wien bridge oscillator. Integrated circuit timer: Block diagram of IC 555. Monostable and Astable multivibrator using IC-555. Digital Electronics & Numbers systems: AND, OR, NOT, NAND and NOR operations. Exclusive OR operation. NAND and NOR as building blocks. Boolean algebra. BCD and Gray code. Standard representation for logical functions, and Karnaugh map. Decimal, Binary, & Hexadecimal numbers systems, and its arithmetics. Combinational circuits: Half & Full adder. Parallel 4-bit adder, encoder (decimal to binary), decoder, BCD to seven segment decoder. Multiplexer (4:1) , demultiplexer (1:8). Flip Flops & Sequential Logic: Flip-Flop: S-R, D- type, T-type, J-K and J-K master-slave. Shift registers: Serial in serial out, serial in parallel out. Parallel in parallel out, parallel in serial out. Ripple counters: Mod-16, Mod 12 and Mod 10. Synchronous counters: Mod-8 and Mod-16. Converters & Memories: Converters: Basic principals of A/D converter, R-2R Ladder D/A converter. Specification for D/A Converters. D/A converters, successive approximation A/D converter. Counting A/D converter, dual slope A/D Converter, A/D converter using voltage to frequency conversion. Semiconductors memories: read only memory, programmable ROMs (PROMs & EROMs), and Read/Write random access memories. Quantum Mechanics Black body radiation, Plancks law. Wave particle duality, uncertainty principle. Wave function, Operators, Schrodinger equation, continuity equation, expectation values. Ehrenfests theorem stationary states, boundary and continuity conditions, degeneracy orthogonality and parity. Simple one-dimensional problems, particle in a box, step potential, tunneling through a barrier, potential well, harmonic oscillator. Spherically symmetric potentials, Hydrogen atom conversion to spherical polar coordinates, separation and solutions of , and r parts. Wave functions of Hydrogen atom. Angular momentum operators and L+, Loperators in spherical polar coordinates, spherical harmonics. Diracs bra and ket algebra, linear operators, observables, completeness condition. Linear harmonic oscillator using creation and annihilation operators, wave function, matrices of creation and annihilation operators and of x and p. Unitary transformations. Evolution of system with time, The Hisenberg, Schrodinger and Interaction pictures.

4 Angular momentum, commutation relations between Lx, Ly, Lz, px, py, pz , L2, r2 etc. Angular momentum and rotations. Orbital and Spin angular momenta. Ladder operators J+ and J- eigen values of J2 and Jz. Lower and upper bounds. Angular momentum matrices for J= 1/2 or J=1, Pauli spin matrices. Addition of angular momenta. Possible values of j, Clebsch Gordan coefficients for J1 = J2 = 1/2 Time independent Perturbation theory, non-degenerate and degenerate case. Application to Stark effect and to anharmonic potentials of the form x3 and x4. The WKB approximation. Application to bound states connecting formulae Bohr sommerfield Quantization rules, WKB application to transmission problem, Variational method, H2+ ion. Time dependent perturbation theory, Harmonic perturbation, Fermis rule. The adiabatic perturbation and sudden approximation. Scattering: Scattering cross section, The scattering amplitude. Partial wave analysis. Phase shifts. Center of mass frame. Born approximation. Scattering by a hard sphere. Indistinguishable particles, Permutation symmetry postulates, Two-electron system, the helium atom. symmetrization

Semi classical theory of radiation: Atom field interaction. Transition probability for absorption and induced emission, Electric dipole approximation forbidden transition, Selection rules. Statistical Mechanics Postulates of classical statistical mechanics. Macroscopic & microscopic states. Phase space. Thermodynamical probability. Phase space, ensemble - microcanonical, canonical and grand canonical, density distribution of phase points in classical ensemble. Statistical equilibrium, Liouvilles theorem Ideal classical gas, Maxwell Boltzmann distribution law, partition function of a classical ideal gas. Entropy of a monoatomic gas. Entropy of mixing and Gibbs paradox Thermodynamical potentials in terms of partition function for an ideal monoatomic gas in microcanonical, canonical & grand canonical ensembles. Fluctuation in energy and density of particles. Postulate of Quantum statistical mechanics. Density matrix, statistics of indistinguishable particles, properties of ideal Bose Einstein and Fermi Dirac gases. Statistical photon gas and electron gas Bose Einstein condensation. Cluster expansion of classical gas, virial equation of state, co-operative phenomenon, Ising model in one and two dimensions. Landaus theory of phase transitions. Fluctuation & transport phenomenon, Brownian motion, transport equation,

5 Langevin theory of Brownian motion, Einsteins theory of Brownian motion, Fokker-Planck equation, fluctuation dissipation theorem. Electrodynamics And Plasma Physics Electromagnetic wave equation and field vectors: Plane waves in free space. Dispersion of electromagnetic waves. Poynting vector in free space. Polarization of electromagnetic waves, electric field vector in terms of scalar and vector potential. Wave equation in terms of scalar and vector potential. Retarded potentials, Lienard Wiechert potential. Reflection and Transmission of electromagnetic waves: Laws of reflection and refraction, Fresnels reflection and refraction for vertically and horizontally polarized waves. Brewster or polarizing angle, total internal reflection, reflection and transmission from good conductors for both polarization. Guided waves, wave guide and cavities: Electromagnetic wave propagation between two parallel conducting planes, (TE and TM waves). Rectangular waveguide, Characterizations wave impedance of rectangular waveguide cavity resonator (rectangular and cylindrical). Relativity and Formulation of Electrodynamics: The relativity of magnetic and electric fields. Transformation of E and B fields. Invariance of Maxwells equations. Four vectors, Maxwells equation in four vector form. Motion of Charged Particles in Electromagnetic Field: Uniform E and B field, Time varying E and B fields, Adiabatic invariant. Elementary concepts: Debye shielding. Plasma oscillations, plasma parameters, plasma confinement.

Atomic & Molecular Physics Atomic Spectra: Stern Gerlach experiment. Quantum states of an electron. Quantum numbers. Spectra of Hydrogen atom. Spin angular momentum, orbital angular momentum. Coupling of spin and orbit. Fine structure, spectroscopic terms, selection rules. Spectra of the alkali elements. LS & jj coupling. Interaction energy in L-S and j-j coupling Hunds rule and term reversal. Zeeman effect in one valence electron atoms, interactions energy, selection rules, Zeeman patterns. Paschen-Back effect, Pauli principle. Hyper fine structure (Qualitative). Line broadening mechanisms. Microwave Spectroscopy, Infra red Spectroscopy and Electronic Spectroscopy: Classification of molecules. Rigid rotator, non rigid rotator, isotopic substitution., rotational spectra of linear molecules, Intensities of rotational lines , symmetric top molecules. Diatomic molecule as a harmonic oscillator, anharmonic oscillator, vibrating rotator with & without born Oppenheimer approximations. Vibrations of polyatomic molecules. Overtones & combination bands. Electronic Spectroscopy: sequences and

6 progressions. Franck Condon principle. Dissociation energy. Raman Spectroscopy: Classical theory and quantum theory of Raman effect. Pure rotational Raman Spectra, Raman spectra of symmetric top molecules. Raman activity of vibrations, vibrational Raman Spectra. Rotational fine structure, depolarization ratio. Vibration of spherical top molecules. Structure determination. Instrumentation. Lasers: Spontaneous and induced emission. Einsteins A and B coefficients Population inversion, Properties of lasers. Ammonia maser. Principle & working of He-Ne, Ruby & CO2 lasers. Condensed Matter Physics Crystal structure: Lattice translation vectors and lattices, basis crystal structure, Primitive and non-primitive cell, fundamental types of lattices, characteristics of cubic lattices closed packed structures, Miller indices, symmetry elements, point groups and space groups, examples of simple crystal structures. Crystal diffraction and reciprocal lattice: Interaction of X-rays with matter, absorption of X-rays, Bragg law, reciprocal lattice vectors, diffraction conditions Laue equations, Brillion zones, atomic form factor, geometrical structure factor, experimental methods (Laue, powder and rotation crystal methods), elementary ideas about point defects and dislocations, short and long range order in liquids and solids, liquid crystals, quasi crystals and glasses. Crystal binding: Crystals of inert gases, Van der waal-London interaction, repulsive interaction, cohesive energy, Ionic crystals Madelung energy, Born-Mayer model, evaluation of Madelung constant for and infinite line of ions, binding in covalent, metal and Hydrogen bonded crystals Lattice vibration and thermal properties: Vibrations of one-dimensional monatomic and diatomic lattice, properties of lattice waves, phonons, Einstein and Debye models of lattice heat capacity. Free electron model of metals: Free electron gas in three dimensions, Fermi surface, Fermi Dirac distribution, heat capacity of electron gas, Matthiessen rule, Energy bands in solids: Origin of energy band gap, Bloch function, KronigPenney model, number of states in a band, distinction between metals, insulators and semiconductors, concept of holes, equation of motion for electron and holes, effective mass of electron and holes. Semiconductors and Superconductors: Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors Intrinsic and extrinsic carriers concentration Electrical conductivity and mobility and their temperature dependence, Hall effect and thermal electron power transport in semiconductors

7 Basic phenomenology, Meissner effect, type one and type two superconductors, qualitative ideas of BCS theory Dielectric and ferroelectrics: Polarization mechanisms, Clausius-Mossotti equation, Langevin-Debye equation, general properties of ferroelectrics materials, polarization catastrophe, the dipole theory of ferroelectrics, ferroelectrics domain, piezo and pyro electricity. Magnetic order and classification of magnetic materials: Langevin theory of diamagnetism, Langevin theory of Para magnetism, Curie law, Quantum theory of Para magnetism.