CHAPTER

Active Filters

TEARNING OBJECTIVES
upon compretion of this chapter on active filters, you will be able to;

'

' '

types of row-pass fiIters: -20 dB/decade, _40 dB/ dB/decade roll_off. 'D"s'gn or anaryzs for three tlpes of high-pass filters: +20 dB, +40 dB, and +60 dB per decade of roll_off. cascade a row-pass firter with a high-pass firter to make a wide bandpass firter. calculate &e lower and upper cutoff frequencies of either a bandpass or a notch filtcr if you are given (l) uanawiatn ,"roJunt frequency, (2) and quariry fac_ tor, or (3) resonant frequency and qualiry factor. decade, or

'

Name the four general classifications of frlters and sketch a frequency-response c.rve that shows the band of frequencies ttrat tt eV pass and stop. Design or anaryze cir, cuitl forthree

-60

"":ry

*t

b;;idth

291

Acti\rs Fiiters

,AE

'
.

'
' '

and resonant frequency of a bandpass or notch filtcr fu a given lower and upper cutoff frequency. Desigl a bandpass filter frat uses only one op amp. Make a notch filter by (l) designrng a bandpass filter circuit with the same bandwidth and a resonant frequency equal to the norch frequency, and (2) properly connecting the

c:loilarc thc quality factor, bandwidth,

ba$flss circuit to an inverting adder. Expldn fu operrth of a *erco e$ralizer circuir Lhc PSffu b si'lrllr tb pcrfcmace of filter circuits.

n{ frfmtEtxuJ
Afibcr is a circuit thal is designed to pass a specifred band of frequencies while attenuming all signals outside this band Filter networks may be eitber active or passive. Passive fiber rctwor*s contain only resistors, inductors, and capacitors . Acrtve filters, which are fu mly type covered in this text, employ transistors or op amps plus resistors, inductors, ad c+acitss. Inductors are not often used in active frlters, because tby are bulky and cocdy and may bave large internal resistive componenfs. There are four types of filters: low-pss, high-pass, batdpass, andband-etimination
(also referred to as band-reject or notch) filters. Figure
lvol

ll-1

illustrates frequency-

t
I

t I

T.i

li'
Requency

T
(a) Low-pass filter.

f"
(b) High-pass filter.

Frequency

fi f, .fn
(c) Baodpass filter.

Frequency
N.I

fi f, h ,.:: Band-elimination filtcr. (d)

fotr categuiqs of filErs.

Frcquency

FIGURE

Frequercy rcsporrse for

296

ehapter

1.r

t.lL pf,"tkthe magnitude of the ourpur vorrage of a iow-pass filrer u".ru. rr"qu"n"y.'ir," is a prot for the ideal low-pass fi"lter, while the dashed tir* iiai"ut" the curves for practical low-pass filters. The range of frequencies rhat are tansmiyldi. k sband. The ratge of frequencies that are afienuated is known as the srop bana. he-ciionfrequency,f is also called the 0.707 frequency, the -3-dB frequency, the comer frequency, or the break frequancy.

response plots for the four types of filters. A Iow-pass filter is a circuit that has a constant outpiit voltage from dc up to a cubfffrequey* rrequency increases abovef,, the ouput voltage is attenuated l:ge taecreasesl. -rg,* f f _f

l ;""Iil;"

.; ; ;";

band-erimina_ tion filters are shown T.Iigr.rt-i(c) irra 16. once again, ,h";fiJfine represents the ideal plot, while dashed lines show rt" p*"JCA curves. Hlters are an integral part of electronic nurloortr uoa are used in applications from audio circuits to digital signal processing systems.

High-pass filters attenuate the output voltage for all frequencies Abovef the magnitud" oith" ourpr, voltage is constant. below the cutoff -theFigure ll-l(b) is the plot foi idear and practicar high-pass filters. The ,o=tid tin" is idear curve, the dashed curves show how praclical t igt -p*r firten deviate ,rr" io"a Bandpass filters pass only a uiu orftoquencies whire anenuatirfail fre,uencies outside the band. Band-elimination firten p"rf.T *"Jy-ilporr,. way; that is, band+limination firters reject a specified uiiJ of frequen"i", ."irit"'iussing an frequen_ cies outside &e band.

frequeacyf,.

'

i-*

rrgcar

n"q*n"y-*apo;;ilffiil;ilJana

' *

,1.1

BASIC LOW.PASS FILTER

ii-i.i

introduqion

The circuit of Fig. rl-2(a)-is a commonly used low-pass active firter. The filtering is done by the Rc network *d op amp i. uJ * uniry-gain The resistor it. is -q" equal to.R and is incruded for dc " ".;Iif; is infinire and the offset. [At dc, the *;";;; dc resistance path to ground f9r "upu"Itiu" both irp"r t ;""Id; ;;iiee section gai.l The differential voltage between pior -ira, z *a 3 is essentially 0 v. Therefore, the volt_ age across capacitor c eu.u{sgtput vortage tr,, b"""u*" ttris vottag" folrower. E; divides between rt and C. n" capacitoi roilg" equals V,"ircuit'isl and is

vo=

where ar is the &equency in radians per second (ot = 2zrfland7 is equal to .?t Rewriting Eq. (I.l-la) to obtain the voltage gain

f,fffi

1/i0f

X Et

(11-la)

l,

Acr.:*=,;he
,

"tor"Oioop

A.",we hare

Vlt.

(lr-rb)

To show that the circuit of Fig. I l-2(a) is a low_pass filhr; consider how A.rLn Eq. (l I _l b) varies as frequency is varied. er u.ry io* a"qJncies, oat,is, as, car approaches o, lA.rl = frequencies, as upp.*io infrniry, .1,'10,"1":o.higb lArrl =0. (n" absolute value srgn, I ' l, indicates magaitude.)

Active Fitters
ftr=
1o

uttl
ko

Il.tII

C=
uF

__-l_

l ',= Gilnc*8,
+

-l
I

(a) lrw-pass filrer fm a mll-off of -20 dB/decade.

l.o .0 0.707 e
'6
6

o^
-JE

6
a0

{ 9"

0.1

-20

o E

A.l

co,

ac

L0ro,

l0oa"

(b) Frequency reepclse plct fcr the clrc-:t of pa* (a).

tr'IGURE

I1-2

-20-dB/decade roll_off

Low-pass fiher and frequency_response plot for a filter with a

Figure l1'2(b) is a plot ol la.rl u"o* or and shows that fo,r frequencies greater than the cutoff frequency an lActl decraser at a rate of 20 dB/decade*. This is the same as saying that the voltage gain is divided by l0 when the frequency

of

ro

is increasea uy io

1'l-1.2 Designing the Fitter

[e--cutofffrequency ar" is defined as that frequency of .E, where 0.707 times its low-frequency value. This impirtani point'will be Section 1l-1.3. The cutoff frequency is evaluated from

lA.rl i, reduced to ai-irr*a n ir,;i i,

(11-2a)

": # =21f"
*dB = 20

,ofr#

298
Chager
is the cutofffrequency in radians mr n is in ohms, and ci, in r_"al

yl"1 rl

ti

AffiH,fi;fffit,"H:,$XTi#1":"rf,
R= I -@'C
2nf.

(lr-2b)

Exampte

II.l

l0 kO and C : 0.00I rF in fig. II-2(a); whar is the cutoff frequency? Solu3ion By Eq. (ttea),

kt,iR

'
.f.
Example
C

(10

x tdXOOOr x]ffi

= lO0lrad/s

ll-2

#=

:gorlc :

r5.e klrz

tlet6. tt-2(a),calcu} for low-pass fitrer in Fig. tt-.\ar, carculate = 0.005 pF.

R for a cutofffrequency

of

21g,,z and

-solutloa From Eq. (It-2b),

;fut=ffi Examprerr-3
Calculare R in

,?_

:15'e&o

Fig. l1-2(a) for

a cutofrfieguency

of

3O

Solution F*n Eq. (tl_2b),

had/s and C _ 0.01 pF.

r_:_E Desi8r.hocedure The desi- ar r^-_. _ '--- '" t ^ phht il;;;;u-;ne desisn of a low-pass filter simir* to Fig. rr-2(a)is
2. Choose the capaci 3.

,?= I I c-@-3.3k0

accom-

I 9I*

the

cutotrjeeuT"y---"it5er

c,il;;;ffi[xi:f;fr.'n''

ro.

orf,
p,F.

uetrveenb'ool and 0.r

Artive Fihers

z.JY

,l-r.i Flta

Reqonse
<,.r.

Thc value of 461- at

is found by letting lilftC

= I in Eq. (1l_lb):

A, tt:
Therefore.

llI

ll

:6/45"_: o'707 ./ -45"

ar. is

gs

megnilud e

of A61at

'Arri
,m

=+ \:

= 0.707 =

-3

dB

dle piu= angle is -45.. The soLd cun'e in Fig. l r-2(b) shows how the magnitude of the actual frequency rcspoos deviates from the straight dashed-rine approximation in the viciniry of ar". At 0.1a,. tAcLi I (0 dB), unJ o.t (-20 dB). rabre rr_l gives both the magnirude and the phase angre ror or"rl'nt varues of ro between 0.lr,r. and l0ar.. Many applications require steeper roll-offs after the cutoff frequency. one cornmon filter configuration that gives steepei roll-offs is the Butterworth

;;;i;::l;;;i

fitier

TABLE

PHASE ANGLE FOB THE LOW-PASS FILTER OF FtG. 11-2(al

'1.1

MAGNITUDE AND

a
0,1ar.

]errl
1.0

Phase angle (deg)

u.2tu,
0.5o4
@.

o.97 0.89
0.7A7

-t4
-27 -45

-6

2r,
4a.
lAol."

o.445 o.25

-63
-76 -84

0.I

,,.2

INTRODUCNAN TO THE BT,TTERWORTH FILTER

In many low-pass filter applications, it is necessary for the closedJoop gain to be as close I as possible within the passband. The Butterworth fitter is best suited for this type of application. The Butterworrh firter is also n.a u-^*i^oib,"flZi *"i.rn*firter, and alr filters in this chapter will be of the Butterworth " type. Figure ll-.3 shows rhe ideal (solid the practicar (dashed lines) frequen.y ,LrpoorJ;;;;;" 9") ,yp"s of Butterworth filters' As the roll-offs become stegJ*r they approach the idear firteimore closely. Two active firters similar to Fig. t b; ;;;r,nr. ,o give a roroff of -40'dB/decade- This rvourd not u. mL most economi"* a"*iin, because it would recuirc two op amps. In section ll-3.1, it is shown how one op amp-can ie used to build

to

*a

r-i(ri;;il

"r"pil

single op smp to give a -4,_dBldecade roll_off. Then in Secdon l14' a -4GdB/decaae ntterls cascade.d witrr a -20-dB/cecadefilter tc produce a -50{B/decade filter.

a Bufter*'orth filter with a

300

Chapter

it

or -zo dB/decade, the phase angle will increase by -+s' at ,,. we now proceed to a Butterworth filter that has a roll-off sleeper than -2O dB/decade.

filter has

Butterworth firters are not designed to keep a constant phase angre at the cutofffre_ quency' A basic low-pass firter of dB/decade has a phase ,"giE-"r _45o -20 at ot". A -40-dB/decade Bunerworth a phase angre of
a phase angre

of

!]grhas

135' at ar..'Therefore, for each

-90o

ir"r"*"

ar to", anda -6GdB/decade

'*,
0 dB l.o -3 dB 0.797 0.707 pornt

. -20d8
0.1

-2OdB/decade

-60dB/decade

,+k-dBdecadc
oc
plots for
lA
a>"

0.0t

v.terc

FIGURE

.
1

l1-3

Frequency_-response

Butterworth filters.

three types

of

low-pass

1.3 _ 4O.DBIDECADE LOW.PASS BUTTERWORTH FILTEN

I

t-3,!

Simr,tified Dasign proceciure

Tne circuit

a roll-off of -zt0 dB/decade; that is, aftcr the creases by 40 dB as ar increases !o

oiFig. ii'i(a) is one uf ii," uor; commody

ploq which is

ii.sed

ITlT-r.-r,":*i* unity rs connected for dc

voltage across C1 equals output voltage, " tzr. The design of the low-pass tttei or dig. 1r4(a) i1 ereatlr simplified by making re_ sistors R1 = R2 = rt rhen there are only fivl iteps in the design procedure.

9-4. Since the op amp circuit is basicariy

g.i1

y:i.t*

lOar.. Thc"ot-gT-fuq*ocy, sorid rine in *g. sbows the actual in more detail in section'1r-3.2. The op amp "*pt"io"a

low-pass fliers. It ploduces the magnitude of A61 de_

iii6l
u,

RTis

incrded

uo-ffi

f*

"tr;r, f;ffi;;-;*

d"

"rprained amplifier), the

fur

section

Design procedure

l.

Choose the cutofffrequency,

2. Pick C1; choose a conyeniert udue [enveen 100 pF and 0.1 p,F. 3. Make Cz'= ZCr. 4. Calculate

at"otf..

^ fi=. @"Cr
5. Choose Ry= 2R.

0.707

(1i-3)

iz=R

(a) Low-pass filter for

roll-off of -4O dB/decade.

,*, 6
'6
d

t.o
0.707

-3
-20
Slope =

!e
?
oo

bo

S
6

o.l
-49 6376."16"

oo g

=
-an

A.la"
FIGURE

&)c

o,

l0 ac

(b) Frcquency-resporse plot for the low_pass filterofpart (a).

U-4

-4O dB/decade.

Circuit and freguency plot for

low-pass

filter of

Exnmple

ll-4

t
of I kHz. I;:t

Determine R1 and rt2 in Fig. ll-4(a) for a cutoff frequency

Ct:

0.01 pF.

Solution Pick C2 :2Cr = 2(0.01 #,D :0.02pF.

Select Rr

Rz

R from Eq. (11.3):

lQ:
aad

alffi , @=11,258'f!
Ry:2(11,258 O)

22,516

dL

irt

3{t2
Chapter

ll-9.2 Filter

11

Response
I

filter of Fig. I l4(a) not only iis i_;(;;'#lnro.."rdr;,;;;;,rosr has a steeper up to about Ill;!;ffi#:;, ,l1rur,*,. noi-o i ,, , =0 rad,s (dc i;11#;.fi:tffiry':: pr,,.""ng,"io,;;#&iffi;.';;,":Ttyi#:,i_,1,?HTi,Trif*J;
,l rorr-off arter a" tnan aoes

The solid curve in Fie.

-aft)

shows that the

The next row-oass firrer

;1:,,g1fl.",yJ",*."fflff**":i,Ii,
l,c'.rl -20
4.7u"
0.25et"

;";d*ir""0i,"1. g t-,
o.

*" firrer Fig. ' d'**;;;iliil ,,. ofonry

' the

ri)ir,n

rr-

var_

FIGS. ti-z(a) AND t1-a{a)

Phase aagle (deg)

dB/decade;

Fig. ll-2(a)
1.0

*40 dB/decade; Fig. ll-4(a)

1.0

Fig. It-2(a)

Fig. 114(a)

O.5a"
arc

o.97 0.89

2r"
4r"
l0<o"

o.7M
0.445
4.25
0.1

0.998 0.97 4.707 0.24 0.053

0.01

-6
-14 -'r1
-45 -63 -76 -84

*21

-8

-43
-90

- 137 - 143
-172

t r-1 _ 6O.DB/DECADE

LOW.PASS BUTTERWORTH FILTEB

Design procedure

1t-4., Simptified

of 11'r'l $:jl#Tfim::"'r*-20 dB/decade Th9 gyerall ctosed-loo

ond filter.

or

,1ii^:1" row-pass nrter or -40 dB/decade g1r: --or"oil roll-of,lof -60 dB/decade. 'o '--p ga,o agl is the gain or tne n st nit urr"J*" gain of rhe sec_
is buirt

tr-, = lr:
For a Bufterworrh
fr

Vo,

Ei

"q,"n;y;;;il','#ffi tffi$TlX?tr,,tr"1tr;il.?;T.fl l*teerharrhe

Design procedure

firter

u Vo E' ^ T;

u1-4)

l. j-

Choose the cutoff

i*"*,:;#,,":

::HT:l, i;,::trween
Cr = ]Cr

oo, and o I pF

and

Cz

= 2Ct

(il-s)

AatiY? Frkers
_4ti dB/decade

-aa rrUJ -2OdBidecade

--

Rn=2*

ftz=R

Rl=&
3

,:,
cr

T +
t+r L;
v

Lla
I

(a) Low-pass filter for a roll-off

v
of -60 dB/decade.

,?,

I
-lo
s! 5 'a

o
a

bo

u,l

t.' t-^
Slope = -66

te
oo

'6

= 6976""*"

0.1a"

0)c

l0 a"

(b) plot of frequency response for the circuit of part (a).

FIGURE Low-pass filter designed for a roll-off of corresponding frequency_response plot. 4. Calculate

lr-s

-60

dB/decade and

R:
5'

I
@,

Cl

(11-6)

5.Makefil:ft2=ft:=R. &.: 2R- and ft, = R. For best rcsurts the value of R shourd be between
If
t-he

r0 ar,d iOo kc. value of R is outside this range, you should go back and pick a new value of c3.

304
Chapter i I

Example 1l-5 For the

and R for a cutoff frequency

60-dB/dec'11"*-r3:.{-ter of Fig. 1r-5(a), deterrnine the of t ktlz. kid'= 0.01 g,F.

From Eq. (lt_5),

values

of

c1, c2,

Solution
and

Cr

iCt:

|10.0t rr,F) = 0.005 p,F

C2:2C3:2(0.01 pfl =
From Eq. (11-6),

0.O2 p,F

R: _-_____ 1_ (6.28X1

to'Xoot x to-.o;

15,915

;".ffi,i:

Exampre 1l-5 shows that the value of n-in Fig. r1-5(a) is different from those of Fig. 1t-4(a), arthough the cutoff tue saie. ThJ;.-;;ary so dB in the passband untit ttre

f.d;;;,

.u.na"qu"r"y

trrat

e".

"1"*,r"r"*ted;

then

lA.r! =

,l-4.2 Filter Besponse

The sorid line in Fig' is rhe actuar The dashed curve in to: viciniu.to* dot 1i,trre..teeuency response for Fig. I l_5(a). '1-5g) tl! r""igrt-rio" Tabre ,_3 pares the magnitudes of Asproi the r"" pr.s fr-lters prase"r"a in ,r,i. chapter. com_ Note

tu*

"pp.r;;;;;.

[:',*:',fx],$::lr;f

i:i','*^;;;*

to r (0dB) untir the cutofffrequency,

Il?ij,r;ii, ]fttj,ro^ rHE Low-pASs FTLTERS oF F,cs. 11.2(at,

-2A dB/docade; Fig. ll-2(a) A.la"
O.25at" 0.5ar"
arc

-,t0

dB/decade;

Fig. 114{a)
1.0

-d)

dB/decade:

Fig. ll-s(a)
1.0

1.0

0.yt
0.89 o.707

2a"

4t
l0ar.

0.45
0.25
0.1

0.998 0.97 0.707

o.w
0.992
0.7a7 o.124

0.u
0.053
0.01

0.a22

0.ml

A.rrx

Fbs

JU_

rL FI-. a3res fu rhe low-pass firter of Fig- 1!-5(a) range from 0" at ar : 0 (dB *br b as tte hps -ntr ar approaches o. Tabre lI-4 compares the phase angies for the 6tren. c*
A[ digtal siglal
eeqrEocies above the Nyquist
processing syslems use a low-pass firter at the front erd to atren_ irqu"n"y, which is one-harne sampting ,ate.

7A8I-E I1.4 P.HASE ANGLES FOR THE LOW-PASS FILTERS OF F|GS. tl-2(a), 1t-4(al, AND 11_5(a)

-20
0.7a" 0.25o4
0.5ar. ac
2ro"

dB/decade;

Fig. ll-2(a)

-4O dB/decade; Fig. ll4(a)

_80

-60

dB/decade;

Fig. ll-5(a)

_4o -27" *63" -76"

-940

-6"

-45'

-21" -43"
-900

-12 -29
-60"

4at"

-137.

10o"

-143 -172

- 135' -210
-226

-256

,I-5

HIGH.PASS BUTTENWORTH FILTERS

1l-5.1 lntroduction
A high-pass filter is a circuit that attenuates all signars below a specified cutoff frequency a" and passes all
signars whose frequency is above the-cutoff

rnu, a high-pass fiirer perioru.s iirc opposite fuacdo; of i" t"rrj *".. nrra, Figure ll-6 is a prot of the magnrtud rr'". .i"r-rJoop gain versus ,, for three types of Butterworth filters' The phase angle for a circuit ot zo'diiaecarie
is *45" ar
ar..

frequ"of.

,3,
0dB -3 dB

,rl -rf
",I

0.707 point

Passband

-20 dB

-->
60 dB/decade

O.lot"

o)c

l0ro"
rhree high-pass

FICURE

!f-6

Comparison

Butterworth filten.

of frequency respotrse for

3+S
Chapier

li

Phase angies at a" increcse by *45" for each increaseof 20 dB/decacie. The phase gles for these three types an_ of t igrr-pu* rrrt"r* are kr this book the design lompared in section 1l -5.s. n ters' In fact' the only differince of rhe low-pass fir_ "irrirr,-pr* L* wuG *ifi d ,lr" p";tion of ,t,e fittering

,-il;;;-,#

capacirors and resisrors-

I 1-5.2 Z0-dB/Decade

Fiker

compare the high-pass-T*:

"f

Fi-e' rr-z(a) with the row-pass firter of Fig.

lr-2(a)

and

it!:I3i":"11:,1ffi'i:11-#;*:l*:l-t:",:,p,;;i';;dd,ominimizedc in Fig. t t -7 (a).,ilr,n* vortage y" .qrrr, ["11,,,*

*r"r;
rl

ffi ;:r.rt::riJ;B*'

'"

* l--

;fifi$
n

x E'

(U-7)

Rt=

,a)
-Y
I

nl

3t t p5

I
I
(a) High-pass

-v

] "= ilL: "u 'aRC

frler with a roll-off of 20 d}tdeeade.

,*'
o

oo

1.0

4.707
Slope = 20 dB/decade 0.1

l0 -3
-20

1'
d

o oo

60

0.0lar"
FIGURE

O.la4

lOro"

-40 >o)

(b) Frequency reqpouse for (a).

U-?

Basic higlr_pass f,rlter, 20 dB/decade.

Active Filters

sv!

l&'hen &, approaches 0 rad/s in Eq. (il-7), v, approaches 0 v. At high frequencies, infinity, v, equals E;. since the circuit is not an ideal filter, the frequency response is not ideal, as shown by Fig, ll-?(b). The solid line is the actual respons";
as r,r approaches

dashed lines show the straight-line approxirnation. The rragnirude

tnl

equals 0.707 when

altc = l.

ofthe closed-loop gain

Therefore, the cutoff frequency rrr. is given by

,"

#:2nf,
I

(l 1-8a)

R:
than

@,

znf" C

(11-8b)

it is C. The

The reason for solving for R and not C in Eq. (11-8b) is that it is easier to adjust R steps needed in designing Fig. ll-T(a) are as follows:

Design procedure tor Z0dBldecad high-pass

l. Choose the cutoff frequency, a" or f". 2. Choose a convenient value of C, usually between 0.001 and 0.1 /,F. 3. Calculate it from Eq. (ll-8b). 4. Choose R/: R.

Example 11-6
Caicuiate n in Fig. ii-71n5

if

C = 0.002 p.F ano j,

= i0 irtrz.

Solution

From Eq. (11-Sb),

R_
Example 1t-7

(6.28)(tO

103x0.002

10-6)

:8kO

In Fig ll-7(a) if R : 22 kO and C = 0.01 FF: calculate (a) a,;

(b)

f,.

Solution

(a) From Eq. (11-8a),

I t':6=4'54krad/s
(b)

n h = ,;:

0)"

4.54

x loi 724 Hz =

-r,28

Active Filters
3. Calculate R1 from
R1 '

EGF stE

= @.C
= *Rr

J-111

(i i -9)

4. Select
Rz

(11-10)

5. To rdnimize dc offset, let

l?r.

R1.

Example

ll-t
C2

In Fig. 11-8(a), let C, = of I kHz.

0.01 pF. Calculate (a) R1 and (b) rt2

for a curoff frequency

Solution

(a) From Eq.

(ll-9),
= 22'5 ko

1.4t4 ft,:_-_ ' (6.28X1 x 105001 fifT O) Rz : i(ZZ.S tO)

Example

= it.3

kO.

ll-9
in Fig. r l-g(a) for a cutoff frequency of g0 krad/s.

c-al-culate (a) Rr and (b) R2 125 pF.

ct = cz -

Solution

(a) From (11-9),

Rr=

@:I4oko
R2:
);g4A kO)

1 l.alt '1i

70 kO.

1l-5.4 d0-dBlDecade Fitter

As with the low-pass filter of Fig. t i-s, a high-pass filter of *60 dB/decade can be corrstucted by cascading a *4GdB/decade filter with a +20-dB/decade filter. This circuit (like the other high- and low-pass filters) is designed as a Butterworth filter to have the

frequency response in Fig. r 1-9(b). The design Gps for Fig. 1l-9(a) are as folrows:

Design procedure for 60.d8/decade high.pass

1. Choose the cutofffrequency,

2. Let

q:

Cz

Ct:

a"orf".

C and choose a convenient value between

lffi

pF and 0.1 ;rF.

4$ dBldee.a a

__

20dB/decaiie

Rfr= R,

,,6
+

rfH
(a) High-pass filter for a

Cr= C

6O

dB/decade slope.

,*,
1.0

rkt Ei

0.707
sB

r-J
Slom =
60 dBldecade

f
o

----l-:

uo

0.1

t: 1 -20
I

lro 11,

l3
-40

tt!

!oo lo rI

'E

0.001

0.1a"

ac

l-*
a 60-dB/decade

ffiff ll 3.
3. Calculate R3 from

(b) Frequency_rcsponse for the circuit ofpart (a). circuit and frequencv response for

Bufierworth

Rr: I4. Select

R1

@.C

(1r-11)

2R3

(11-12)

310

lciE
5

Eiers

3ii
Rz =

Sclecr

ilr

(l 1-r3)

6. To minimize dc offset curent, let

R, = r?1 and R, = ,l?r.

Example

ll-10

For Fig. l1-9(a), let C1-= = C3 _C2 @, = l krad/s. (f, = 159 Hz.)

C = 0.1 pF. Determine (a) i?3, G) Rr, and (c) R2 for

Solution

(a) By Eq.

(ll-lt),

ir:
(b) l?r (c) R,

(i x-roT(o.r x

roT

: l0 ko

: 2\ = 2119 kO; 20kdt. : 1fi3 : j{10 kf,}) ==5 kO.

11-ll
ft:, (b)
R1,-

Example

Determine (a)

Ct: Cz: C3= C:220pF.

and (c) R2 in Fig. l1-9(a) for a curoff frequency of 60 kHz.

L^et

Soluticn

{a) Frcrn Eq. (11-l!),

(b) Rr (c) Rz

If

: ZRr: 2112 kf); : 24 k{r. : +&: Xtz kO) = 6161.

l(r:--_"

(6.28X60

x rc\ezo x lo-

12)

- lZ t\tt

cause the op

desired, the 20-dB/decade section can come before the 40-dB/decade section, bearps provide isolation and do not load one another.

11-5.5 Comparison of Magnitudes and phase Angles

Thble 1l-5 compares the magnitudes of the closed-loop gain for the three high-pass filtrs; For each increase of20 dB/decade, the circuit nofonly has a steeperror-offbelow rrr. but also remeips closer to 0 dB or a gain of 1 above ar".
a 4GdB/decade filter it is 90', and for a 60{Bldecad" Rtt gles in the vicinity of or" for the three t-rlters are given

firc

pha"se

angle for a 2GdB/decade Butterworth high-pass filter is 45o at ar". For is 135.. other phase an-

rlt

in Tabre ri-6.

328
PROBLEMS ll-1. List the four types offilters.

Chapter

11

ll-2

1l-3. What is a flltcr called that

outside the band?

what type of filter has a constant output vottage from dc up to th cutoff frequency? passes a band of frequencies while attenuating all ftequencies Fig.
I I -2(a),

u'4. I!

if R =

100

ko

and

0.o2

pfl

1l-5. The low-pass filter of Fig. I l-2(a) is to be designed for a cutoff ftequeocy of 4.5 kllz. C = 0.005 pF, calculate R. l1-5. Calculate rhe cutoff frequeucy for each value of C in Fig. pl l{.

what is the cutoff @uency?

If

ftr= lokn

^_L '''Tr

0.001

PF

- -L 0.01 t''Tt pF ^

I ', -l-

0.r

pr

rIGURE PlI-6

11.7. What are the two characteristics of a Butterworth filter? ll-8. Design a -40-dB/decade low-pass filter at a cutoff frequency
0.O2 p.F.

of l0

krad/s.

l*t c, =
rhe cut_

l1-9. In Fig. ll-4(a), if fir

off frequencyf,.

:82 = l0 kO, C, = 0.01 g,F, and Cr:

0.ffi2 p,F,calculate

lI'10.

calculate (a) Rr, 15; R1, and (c) rtz in Fig. 1l-5(a) for a cutofffrequency of l0 kradls. Ler
C3

= 0.005 pF.

ll-ll.

ll-12. In Fig. ll-S(a), Cr : 0.0t tfr, Cz = 0.04 laF, aDd C3 : 0.02 pF. Calculate R for a curoff tiequency oi I kllz. 1l-13. Calculate rt in Fig. I1-7(a) if C = 0.04 p.F aadf, = 5(X) Hz.

20 kO, Cr = 0-OOZ pF, C2 = 0.00E frF, and 5(a), determine the cutoff frequency ar",

If fir = Rz: R: =

Cs:0.004 pF in Fig. ll_

*Fbr

?ro

l-fl h F*r ! l-?tel calculate (a) ar. and {b)t if ,R = 10 kd} aad C = 0.01 lF. I-lS. eslln a ,fiidBldecade high-pass filter for ar" = 5 krad/s. Cr = Cz = O.02 PFIl.lf. Ceblue (s) Rr and (b) iz in Fig. 1l-8(a) for a cutoff frequency of 40 krad/s. Ct = Cz =
150 pF.

11-17. For Fig. ll-9(a), let C1 = Cz= cutoff @uency of 500 Hz.

Cz:0.05 tlF. Determine (a) Rr, &) it1, and (c) fiz for a

U-l&

: Tb circuit of Fig. l1-9(a) is designed with the values C1 = C2= Cr = 40O PR l?t lm kO, Rz : 25 kO, and R3 = 50 kf,}. Calculate the cutoff frequency f,. ll-lr. FiDd the (a) bandwidth, O) resonaot frequency, and (c) quality factor of a bandpass filter with lower and up,per cutoff frequencies of 55 and 65 Hz' ll-20. A bandpass filter has a resooant frequency of 1000 Hz and a bandwidth of 2500 Hz' Find the lower and upper cutoff frequencies. 1l-21. Use the capacitor aud resistor values of the high-pass filter in Fig. ll-11 to prove/. =
3000 Hz.

11-22. Use the capacitor and resistor values of the high-pass filter in Fig. ll-11 to prove that 300 Xz. "f. = U-23. Find p for the bandpass frlter of Fig. 11-11' 1l-2. Design a narrow bandpass filter using one op amp. The resonant frequency is 128 Hz and Q = 1.5. Select C = 0.1 lf in Fig. 10-12. 11-25. (a) How would you coovert the bandpass filter of Problem 11-24 into a notch filter with the
same resonant frequency

afi

Q?

G) Calculatei andi, for

0re notch

filter'

2no
1',

Chapter i1

-5.3 4lt'd9/Decade Filter

designed as a high-pass Butterworth filter with a The circuit of Fig. 1l-8(a) is to satisfy the B.tterworth c'riteria' off of 4O dB/decade Ueiow rne cutoff frequency, ,.. io 0 dB in &e pass band' These condithe frequency resPonse must be O'707 at or" and be is followed: tions witt Ue metlf the following design procedure

roll-

Design procedure for t[(}-dB/decade high-pase

l. Choose a cutoff ftequency, to" ot f.' 2.lat Ct: Cz= C and choose a convenient value'

nr=*

(a) High-pass

filtcr with

roll-off of 40 dB/dccade'

,?,
1.0
6 6 6

0.1u7

A^ -JE

la 6
BO

b0

b0

0.I

-20 s
=
-(m
o)

o
0.01

C.|ar"

oc

l0al"

part (a)' @) Frequency respoasc for circuit of

flGUREll.ECircuitandfre4uencyrcsponsefora40.dB/decadehigh-pass
Butrcrworth hiter.