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Bartetzko, A., R. Pechnig, and J. Wohlenberg, 2002, Interpretation of welllogging data to study lateral variations in young oceanic crust: DSDP/ODP Holes 504B and 896A, Costa Rica Rift, in M. Lovell and N. Parkinson, eds., Geological applications of well logs: AAPG Methods in Exploration No. 13, p. 213228.

Interpretation of Well-logging Data to Study Lateral Variations in Young Oceanic Crust: DSDP/ODP Holes 504B and 896A, Costa Rica Rift
A. Bartetzko
Aachen University of Technology Aachen, Germany

R. Pechnig
Aachen University of Technology Aachen, Germany

J. Wohlenberg
Aachen University of Technology Aachen, Germany

ABSTRACT

eep Sea Drilling Project/Ocean Drilling Program Holes 504B and 896A were drilled into the upper oceanic crust of the Costa Rica Rift, only 1 km apart. Thus they provide an excellent opportunity to study lateral variation in the volcanic-rock section of the oceanic crust. Recovery of cores from these holes was poor. Therefore, comparison of one hole with the other is based on continuous information from geophysical well-logging data. Continuous lithologic profiles were created by calibration of logging data to cores, followed by statistical analysis. Four rock types can be distinguished as electrofacies from sets of log responses: massive units of basalt, thin flow-basalts, pillow basalts, and fractured or brecciated basalts. Massive units, thin flowbasalts, and pillow basalts are in both holes. These terms describe morphologies of lava flows. The morphologies can be distinguished by using physical information from logs; the evidence results from characteristic differences in fractured and altered rock. Fractured or brecciated basalts were classified only in Hole 896A; they are restricted to the depth between 350 m and 380 m below seafloor (mbsf). They are related genetically to a fault zone. Comparison of records of the two holes shows that average P-wave velocities and total gamma radiation are similar. In all log responses from Hole 504B, scattering is larger. This is especially true of electrical resistivities and P-wave velocities. Differences among physical properties measured in the two holes can be related to variation in thicknesses of lava flows and variation in fracturing and alteration. Massive units of basalt are much thicker in Hole 504B than in Hole 896A, which explains the higher electrical resistivity and P-wave velocity recorded in this hole. Fractures are more numerous and altered rock more abundant in Hole 896A.

INTRODUCTION
Structure of the oceanic crust can be described simply as layered. A section of eruptive and intrusive basalts is underlain by a thick layer of gabbros, beneath which is peridotitic mantle. Evidence for this model mainly is from seismic-refraction data (e.g., Raitt, 1963; Christensen and Salisbury, 1975); it is confirmed by
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investigation of ophiolites, which are sections of ancient oceanic crust on land (e.g., Coleman, 1977; Nicolas, 1989). Direct observations of the seafloor by dredging and by observation during dives of submersible vehicles support the layer model (e.g., Auzende et al., 1989; Juteau et al., 1995). Deep drilling into oceanic crust is a necessary extension of these observations. In the last 30 years, more than 1000 holes have been drilled through the seafloor as part of the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) and its predecessor, the Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP). Some holes penetrated through the cover of sediment and sedimentary rock into oceanic basement, and from them complementary information about the nature of oceanic crust was compiled (e.g., Anderson et al., 1982; Dilek et al., 1998). Few investigations have been made concerning the lateral structure of the crust. To study local variations in stratigraphy of basement rocks (Alt et al., 1993), Holes 504B and 896A were drilled only 1 km apart. About 100 m of extrusive basalt is available from both holes, for comparison. Both holes were cored continuously; however, units of volcanic rock cannot be defined precisely, because less than 30% of the cores was recovered. Consequently, correlation based on core data is difficult. Therefore, the continuous information from well-logging data was used in this study for reconstruction of the stratigraphic sections of the two boreholes. Using electrical resistivity logs, Ayadi et al. (1998) presented a reconstruction of the lithology drilled in Hole 504B. Brewer et al. (1995, 1998) used FMS-images (Formation MicroScanner) to reconstruct the lithology of Hole 896A. To some extent, these reconstructed profiles show large differences between lithostratigraphy reconstructed from well logs and lithostratigraphy established from cores. The reconstructions also differ concerning types of rocks that were distinguished. The profile by Brewer et al. (1995, 1998) is distinguished by large amounts of breccias, which are not in large quantities in any other profiles. This discrepancy indicates that the lithostratigraphic succession is still not considered in a way that permits comparison of the two holes. Therefore, in this study, lithology was reconstructed by a method that enables classification of rocks in both holes by identical criteria. For the first time, the reconstructed profiles are a basis for comparison of lithostratigraphy of the two boreholes.

Figure 1. Location of Holes 504B and 896A on the Nazca Plate, south of the Costa Rica Rift (C.R.R.).

DESCRIPTION OF BOREHOLES 504B AND 896A

Holes 504B and 896A were drilled about 200 km south of the Costa Rica Rift (Figure 1). The Costa Rica Rift is part of the Galapagos Spreading Center; the rate of spreading is approximately 7.0 cm/year (full rate). At the drill sites, the crust is young, dated as having been emplaced 6.63 m.a. at

Hole 504B and 6.68 m.a. at Hole 896A (Allerton et al., 1996). Hole 504B is the deepest hole drilled into oceanic crust. Total depth of 2111 meters below seafloor (mbsf) was reached in stages, during several expeditions (legs) between 1979 and 1993. Legs 69, 70, and 83 (Figure 2) were drilled during the Deep Sea Drilling Program, whereas Legs 111, 137, 140, and 148 were drilled during the Ocean Drilling Program (Figure 2) (Cann et al., 1983; Anderson et al., 1985; Becker et al., 1988, 1992; Dick et al., 1992; Alt et al., 1993). In 1986, during Leg 111, Hole 896A was drilled to evaluate sediments (Figure 2); it was deepened into basement rocks during Leg 148, in 1993 (Alt et al., 1993). Hole 504B penetrated 274.5 m of pelagic sediments and 1836 m of basement rock (Figure 2). Of the basement rock, the uppermost partapproximately 570 mis composed of pillow basalts and basaltic lava flows. Between about 846 m and 1055 m deep, the proportion of pillow basalts decreases in transition, as the proportion of dikes increases. The stratigraphic sequence below1056 m thickcomprises sheeted dikes (Cann et al., 1983; Anderson et al., 1985; Becker et al., 1988, 1992; Dick et al., 1992; Alt et al., 1993). Hole 896A drilled through 179 m of pelagic sediments and 280 m of pillow basalts and basaltic lava flows (Alt et al. 1993). Basalts were altered by contact with circulating seawater and hydrothermal fluids. In Hole 504B, the uppermost 310 m of basement rock underwent low-temperature seafloor oxidation. The underlying 314 m of rock was altered under reducing conditions. Rocks of the transition zone and of the underlying sheeted-dike complex (below 898.5 mbsf) were altered hydrothermally; these sequences are characterized by mineral assemblages of greenschist facies. Basement rocks of Hole 896A were altered at low temperatures, under oxidizing conditions, similar to alteration of the uppermost 310 m in Hole 504B (Alt et al., 1993; Laverne et al., 1996; Teagle et al., 1996). In general, basalts from the two holes are very similar

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in minerology, petrology, and geochemistry, and in type of alteration (Alt et al., 1993). In this study, comparison of the two boreholes was restricted to the logged section of Hole 896A (200 to 400 mbsf) and to the volcanic sequence and transition zone of Hole 504B. The boundary between the transition zone and the underlying sheeted-dike complex is 1054.3 mbsf, where the lowermost pillow basalt in the cores can be identified on wireline logs.

LOGGING DATA AND QUALITY OF DATA

Boreholes 504B and 896A were logged extensively. Downhole measure- Figure 2. Generalized lithostratigraphy and zones of altered basalt in Holes 504B and ments were conducted in Hole 504B dur- 896A. Figure composed after Cann et al. (1983), Anderson et al. (1985), Becker et ing DSDP Legs 70 and 83 (Cann et al., al. (1988, 1992), Dick et al. (1992), and Alt et al. (1993). 1983; Anderson et al., 1985). In 1986, when Leg 111 was drilled, logs were recorded as deep as 1525 mbsf (Becker et al., 1988). During Dual Laterolog (DLL). Resistivities of formations range Leg 140, Hole 504B was logged to 2000 mbsf (Dick et al., from 3 to 285 ohm-m, as recorded by the Laterolog Deep 1992), and a set of logs was run to 2080 mbsf during Leg 148 (LLD). Rock-forming minerals of basalt generally are con(Alt et al., 1993). Hole 896A also was logged during Leg 148 sidered to be electric insulators (Schn, 1996). Thus, the (Alt et al., 1993). Figure 3 and Table 1 give an overview of very low values of resistivity are evidence that seawater and well logs used in this study. Log interpretation of Hole 504B conductive secondary minerals fill fractures (Pezard, 1990). was based mainly on data from Leg 148. Data from Leg 111 During Leg 148, the Sonic Digital Tool (SDT) was used to were complementary. All downhole measurements were determine sonic velocities of formations in both holes. P-wave recorded by Schlumberger Ltd. velocities range from 2.6 to 6.8 km/s, typical of rocks in the The quality of most logs of Hole 504B was degraded by upper oceanic crust (White, 1991). In both holes, natural raborehole conditions, especially in the case of logs with shallow dioactivity was recorded with a Natural Gamma Ray Tool. depths of investigationfor example, neutron porosity1 and Because radioactive elements generally are not abundant in bulk-density logs. In the volcanic-rock section of Hole 504B, oceanic basalts, values are very low. Average values of the the borehole is enlarged; at some places, the diameter is altotal gamma ray are 2.9 API in Hole 504B (in the interval most 16 in. (40 cm). The hole was drilled with bits of 9.875 274.5 to 1054.3 mbsf) and 3.8 API in Hole 896A. Contents in. (25 cm) in diameter. Hole diameter decreases slightly of thorium and uranium are less than 2 ppm and at some downward. Hole 896A is mostly in gauge; deviations from bit places are negative, a phenomenon that is common in formasize (9.875 in.; 25 cm) are small (Figure 3). tions with low radioactivity. This is because of limits of the In both holes, electrical resistivity was recorded with the spectral-resolution capacity of the detector. Data about thorium and uranium were excluded from further analyses because of these problems with poor quality. Neutron porosity 1Neutron logs are calibrated in units of porosity, on the assumption and bulk density were recorded only in Hole 504B. Neutron that pores in rock are full of water. The logging tool measures signals that porosity (NPHI) is very high, ranging from 4% to 58%, with are proportionate to the hydrogen contents of materials logged. Thus, in a mean of 21%. Porosities measured from cores vary from rocks that contain gas, porosity commonly is underestimated, but in rocks 0.4% to 5.8% (Christensen and Salisbury, 1985; Becker et al., that contain clayin which hydrogen exists in intercrystalline formporos1988). In contrast to measurements of porosity from cores, ity is overestimated. Thus, the term neutron porosity is useful but ambiguous porosities recorded on well logs integrate voids and fractures unless evaluated by consideration of the kinds of materials logged.

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Table 1. Tools and logs used to record lithostratigraphy of Holes 504B and 896A.
Tool Logs 504B Leg 111 Electrical formation resistivity
DLLTM (Dual Laterolog) LLD (ohm-m) LLS (ohm-m) Laterolog Deep Laterolog Shallow

504B Leg 148

896A Leg 148

Sonic velocity
SDTTM Array sonic tool VP (km/s) compressional wave velocity

Induced radioactivity
CNT-GTM NPHI (%) (Compensated Neutron Tool) LDTTM RHOB (g/cm3) (Litho Density Tool) PEF (barns/e-) neutron porosity bulk density photoelectric factor

Natural radioactivity
NGTTM (Natural Gamma Spectrometry Tool) CGR (API) SGR (API) POTA (wt.%) THOR (ppm) URAN (ppm) computed gamma ray (POTA+THOR) sum (total) gamma ray potassium content thorium content uranium content

Borehole diameter
HD or C1, C2 (in)
TM

hole diameter

Trademark of Schlumberger Ltd.

that are filled with seawater, and particularly, they integrate the illusory response generated by hydrous minerals. Additionally, basalts contain elements with large-capture cross sections, such as gadolinium. These elements cause the neutron-porosity tool to overestimate porosity (Lysne, 1989; Brewer et al, 1996b). The fact that the tool was not centralized additionally affected the measurements (Broglia and Ellis, 1990). For reasons described above, the neutron porosity log (NPHI) can be used only qualitatively as an indicator of fractured and altered rock. Measurements of the Litho Density Tool in Hole 504B were influenced largely by the state of the borehole wall but give reliable results in massive rocks.

RECONSTRUCTION OF LITHOLOGY USING WELL-LOGGING DATA

The purpose of reconstructing lithology from well-log data is to translate physical measurements from logs into

lithologic terms. In this study, reconstruction was carried out by using the concept of electrofacies. Each type of rock is characterized by a set of log responses, which distinguishes it from other types of rock. This set of log responses is called an electrofacies; the prefix electro differentiates electrofacies from geologic facies (Serra, 1986). Use of the term is not restricted to interpretation of electrical measurements. The concept of electrofacies was developed for interpretation of sedimentary rocks, but was applied successfully to crystalline rocks by Haverkamp and Wohlenberg (1991), Pechnig et al. (1997), and Dick et al. (1999). The reconstruction described in this study was based on calibration of electrofacies by data from cores, followed by statistical analysis of the data. Calibration of electrofacies is conducted within stratigraphic sections called training intervals. In this paper, parts of the stratigraphic sequence that were not training intervals are referred to as remaining depth intervals. The basic principle of the discriminant analysis is reduc-

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because more logging data were available (Table 1; Figure 4). The training interval of Hole 896A was chosen on the basis of studies of FMS images by Brewer et al. (1995, 1998), which showed that the interval contains brecciated rocks (which were not recorded in Hole 504B). The sections of rock from 280 mbsf to 587 mbsf in Hole 504B and from 360.3 mbsf to 376 mbsf in Hole 896A were treated as one training interval. Discriminant analysis was carried out to check the reliability of calibration and to classify the depth interval 587 to 920 mbsf of Hole 504B and the remaining intervals of Hole 896A. The depth interval 920 mbsf to 1054.3 mbsf of Hole 504B was treated separately because the transition zone causes slight depth trends in the logs (Figure 3). The section 920 mbsf to 1000 mbsf was chosen as the training interval. Basic information about lithostratigraphy was taken from Figure 3. Composite log of Hole 504B (volcanic-rock section and lithologic transition zone) Adamson (1985, Table 2). Adand Hole 896A, showing standard logs used in this study. In Hole 504B, these logs show eviditional information about dence of difference in log signature below 920 m: HD, LLD, VP. Formation resistivities are lithology, petrology, and altershown in ohm-meters, on logarithmic scale. Abbreviations for logs are as follows: HD: hole diation of rock was compiled from ameter. LLD: Laterolog Deep. VP: compressional wave velocity. NPHI: neutron porosity. core descriptions in Cann et al. RHOB: bulk density. SGR: total gamma ray. C1C2: average diameter of hole. (1983), Anderson et al. (1985), and Alt et al. (1993). tion of the numerous logs to a few functions that are used (1) The objective of calibration is to determine the principal to check the reliability of calibration and (2) to predict a clasrelations between wireline logs and core lithology, so that each sification of rocks in depth intervals not included in the traintype of rock can be characterized by an electrofacies. Of rocks ing intervals. Prediction is done by application of Bayes rule, studied in the investigation described here, four electrofacies i.e., a depth point is classified into the electrofacies on the can be distinguished: massive units of basalt, thin flowbasis of its largest probability. The principle of discriminant basalts, pillow basalts, and fractured and/or brecciated rocks. analysis for well-log interpretation is described in detail by Discriminant analysis was used first to check the reliability of Doveton (1994). Discriminant analysis was performed using calibration. The result for the two training sections is shown the statistical software package SPSS. in Table 3. Numbers in Table 3 should be compared to the result of a random distribution, which would be 33.3% in the Calibration of Electrofacies case of three electrofacies. In total, 73.0% of the depth points within Training Intervals of the upper training interval and 80.2% of the lower training Training intervals were chosen with respect to core reinterval were classified as being of the same electrofacies, by covery, borehole conditions, data quality, and rock types. The calibration and by discriminant analysis. The percentage of longer training sections were selected from logs of Hole 504B consistent classification is high for massive units (69.6% and

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Table 2. Definition of rock types in lithostratigraphy of cores, Holes 504B and 896A.
Hole 504B (Adamson, 1985) Rock type
Massive basalts

Hole 896A (Alt et al., 1993) Rock type

Massive basalts

Definition
(a) Medium to very coarse grained; little affected by drilling. Core is recovered in long intact pieces. (b) Medium to coarse grained but affected by drilling. Cores generally break into short pieces.

Definition
Microcrystalline to fine grained. Well-developed brown oxidative alteration, generally higher recovery and longer sections of contiguous core than in pillowed units. Regular fracture pattern. Many could be classified as thin flows, following the definition of Adamson (1985).

Thin flow-basalts Dikes Pillow basalts

Fine to medium grained. Homogeneous areas of core thicker than 1 m. One or two chilled margins of intrusive rock Fine grained and commonly highly fractured. Chilled, curved, or inclined pillow margins; hyaloclastic breccias. All material remaining after other lithologic types are identified. Not defined as a separate rock type (included mostly in pillow basalts)

Thin flow-basalts Dikes Pillow basalts

Not defined (included in massive units). Chilled margins in contact with coarser-grained rocks Fine grained. Curved to planar or irregular chilled and/or glassy margins, interior variolitic zone, poorly developed oxidative alteration, abundant fractures and veins. Recorded as a unit where two or three pieces occur together

Breccias

Breccias

77.0%, respectively), pillow basalts (86.2% and 92.4%, respectively) and fractured and/or brecciated rocks (91.3%), but low for thin flow-basalts (49.8% and 34.6%, respectively). These percentages indicate that the electrofacies can be recognized within the training intervals by use of discriminant analysis. Of course, this is a necessary condition for classification of the remaining intervals of Holes 504B and 896A by use of discriminant analysis.

RESULTS OF LOG INTERPRETATION

Relations between Lithology and Log Responses
The main rock types distinguished in the lithostratigraphy of Hole 504B were massive units of basalt, thin flowbasalts, pillow basalts, and dikes (Adamson, 1985). In Hole 896A, the recorded core lithology discriminates among massive basalts, pillow basalts, and breccias (Alt et al., 1993; Table 2). Three of these rock types were classified as electrofacies in both holes: massive units of basalt, thin flow-basalts, and pillow basalts. Additionally, fractured and/or brecciated rocks were classified as an electrofacies. Table 4 gives the mean value and standard deviations of log responses of the electrofacies. General relations between log responses of electrical resistivity, sonic velocity, and total gamma ray are shown in Figure 5. The logs show evidence of variation in fracturing and alteration of the rocks. The basalt was fractured during cooling and contraction of lava. Electrical-resistivity, sonic-velocity, neutron-porosity, and bulk density logs indicate fractures filled with seawater. Electrical resistivity, neutron porosity, and density also are sensitive to fractures filled with secondary minerals, especially clay minerals, because they are conductive, contain hydrogen and, compared with basalts, are of lower density. The total-gamma-ray log is an indicator of low-temperature seafloor weathering because potassium-

Classification of Remaining Depth Intervals

After electrofacies were defined, discriminant analysis was used to predict the lithic classification of the remaining depth sections of Hole 504B and Hole 896A (Figure 4). The result was a computed lithologic profile of each hole; the profiles were controlled and corrected as necessary. Control was especially important where the borehole was enlarged and the classification of lithology was liable to be false. Furthermore, discriminant analysis describes very thin layers, which are not in accord with reality. Logging data are recorded every 15 cm; thus, discriminant analysis might calculate layers 15 cm thicki.e., one depth pointbut such layers are thinner than vertical resolution of most of the standard logging tools (0.4 m to 2.0 m). Because of the effects of smoothing of logs at the boundaries between beds, misclassification occurred, but it was corrected. The final result was a synthetic lithologic profile that is called an electrofacies log (EFA log).

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rich minerals such as celadonite and smectite are formed during this type of alteration (Alt et al., 1986; Gillis and Robinson, 1988). Pillow basalts are identifiable by these attributes: low electrical resistivity, low P-wave velocity, low density, high neutron porosity, and high values of total gamma ray. These log responses indicate that alteration, fractures, and interpillow zones have strong influence on physical properties of pillow basalts. Seawater that fills fractures and voids and conductive clay minerals in fractures or in pervasively altered rock cause formation resistivity to be reduced. As well, low Pwave velocity is evidence of extensive fracturing of the rocks. High neutron porosity is a result of seawater and hydrous secondary minerals in fractures. The high natural-gamma-ray signal is related to enrichment of potassium in basalt, during seafloor weathering. Therefore, pillow basalts of the upper alteration zone in Hole 504B (274.5 mbsf to 587 mbsf) are characterized by higher gamma-ray values than those of underlying sections. Pillow basalts commonly are penetrated by radial thermal-contraction fractures that extend from the outer rim toward the central part of the mass. A second set of fractures is approximately perpendicular to the first. In outcrops of pillow basalt, 7% to 18% of the rock is composed of interpillow zones (Gillis and Sapp, 1997). These interpillow zones generally are filled with rock fragments, glass particles, and hyaloclastic breccias and have high porosity (Gillis and Sapp, 1997). Where downhole measurements integrate signals from comparatively large volumes, interpillow zones make significant contribution to log responses of pillow-basalt sequences. Massive units of basalt are characterized by high formation resistivity, P-wave velocity, and bulk density, and low

neutron porosity and gamma-ray intensity. These log responses show that massive units are compact rocks, which are only slightly fractured and altered. Thermal-contraction fractures produce nearly vertical polygonal columns in some lava flows, but fractures are much less abundant in lava flows than in pillow basalts (Gillis and Sapp, 1997). Core properties of massive basalts are evidence of thick lava flows extruded on the seafloor or sills emplaced into the sequence (Adamson, 1985). Thin flow-basalts show log responses intermediate between those of massive basalts and pillow basalts. Formation resistivities and sonic velocities are less than in massive units; thus, the conclusion is that thin flow-basalts are more frac-

Figure 4. Training intervals and transfer sections of Holes 504B and 896A. Electrofacies were calibrated within the training intervals. Discriminant analysis was used to classify the remaining intervals. Because of depth trends in the data, the lower part of the transition zone in Hole 504B was analyzed separately.

Table 3. Result of discrimination analysis: Classification matrix for training intervals (upper table: Hole 504B: 280287 mbsf; Hole 896A: 306.3376 mbsf; lower table: Hole 504B: 9201000 mbsf).
Calculated electrofacies Electrofacies from calibration
Massive basalts Thin flow-basalts Pillow basalts Fractured, brecciated basalt

Massive basalts
69.6% 5.6% 0.8% 0.0%

Thin flow-basalts Pillow basalts

26.1% 49.8% 11.1% 0.0% 4.3% 43.3% 86.2% 8.7%

Fractured, brecciated basalt

0.0% 1.3% 2.0% 91.3%

n
257 639 1049 104

Calculated electrofacies Electrofacies from calibration

Massive basalts Thin flow-basalts Pillow basalts

Massive basalts
77.0% 24.7% 4.5%

Thin flow-basalts Pillow basalts

1.8% 34.6% 3.0% 21.2% 40.7% 92.4%

n
113 81 331

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Bartetzko et al. Figure 5. Crossplots of formation resistivity (LLD) versus P-wave velocity, and formation resistivity (LLD) versus total gamma radiation for Hole 504B (274.5 1054.3 mbsf) and Hole 896A, showing log responses of electrofacies units of massive basalts, thin flow-basalts, pillow basalts, and fractured/brecciated basalts. The data set was reduced for display by use of every third value.

tured and more altered than massive units. Average totalgamma-ray values given for thin flow-basalts in Table 4 are higher than those of pillow basalts in the depth interval from 274.5 to 920 mbsf in Hole 504B. Thin flow-basalts are more numerous in the upper 300 m of the hole, where gamma-ray signals generally are larger because of seafloor weathering. The name thin flows is applied to this rock type and electrofacies, but it is misleading to some degree. The electrofacies thin flows and massive units are distinguished by different in-situ physical properties, owing to differences in fracturing and alteration, but no threshold for the thickness is

defined. The name fractured or altered lava flows describes the electrofacies better, but the name thin flows is kept, following the terminology of Adamson (1985). In Hole 896A, fractured and brecciated basalts were logged predominantly between 350 and 380 mbsf. The electrofacies is denoted by extremely low resistivity (less than 7 ohm-m), low P-wave velocities (on average 4.4 km/s), and high total-gamma-ray values (on average 3.9 API). In the core from Hole 896A, most of the interval consists of microcrystalline to intergranular basalts, mostly assignable to massive units. The rocks were strongly affected by drilling and

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Table 4. Mean values and standard deviations, wireline-log responses of electrofacies. LLD: Laterolog Deep. VP: Compressional wave velocity. SGR: Total gamma ray. NPHI: Neutron porosity. RHOB: Bulk density.
Electrofacies
X

Log LLD (ohm-m)

s
X

VP (km/s)
s

SGR (API)
X

NPHI (%)
X

RHOB (g/cm3)
X

n
s

Hole 504B (274.5920 mbsf)

Massive units Thin flows Pillow basalts 1.54 1.20 0.96 0.27 0.24 0.17 5.6 4.9 4.7 0.5 0.6 0.6 2.3 3.7 3.1 1.0 1.3 1.4 13 22 29 6 7 8 2.7 2.5 2.5 0.2 0.3 0.3 565 783 2780

Hole 504B (9201054.3 mbsf)

Massive units Thin flows Pillow basalts 1.97 1.8 1.58 0.64 0.15 0.14 5.7 5.4 5.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 1.9 2.0 2.0 0.6 0.7 0.7 20 23 24 5 6 5 2.6 2.6 2.6 0.2 0.1 0.2 296 137 448

Hole 896A
Massive units Thin flows Pillow basalts Fractured/ brecciated basalts 1.26 1.13 0.89 0.70 0.16 0.09 0.13 0.07 5.2 5.1 4.7 4.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 2.7 3.34 3.7 3.9 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.0 111 253 715 243

were broken into pieces. Many pieces are cut by networks of thin veins filled with clay minerals, and numerous pieces are brecciated. In FMS images, many sections of these rocks appear as breccias (Brewer et al., 1995, 1998). However, the entire section consisting of breccias is not in the core; therefore, the name fractured/brecciated rocks was assigned to the electrofacies. Besides the strongly fractured and brecciated basalts described above, breccias such as hyaloclastic breccias could not be distinguished from fractured and brecciated basalts or pillow basalts. They are in cores from both holes, but most are in layers too thin to be identified by use of standard logs. For similar reasons, dikes could not be identified. In the core lithostratigraphy described by Adamson (1985), dikes were defined by chilled margins of intrusive-rock units, evident because near the margins, basalt is finely crystalline. The chilled rock generally is only a few centimeters thick and thus not thick enough to be manifested by logs used in this study. In the electrofacies logs, dikes are classified as massive units or as thin flows. Most electrofacies described above represent morphologic and structural variation of basalts, but not mineralogic or geochemical differences. Electrofacies can be distinguished by use of standard logs because the morphologic types of basalt are different in fracturing and alteration, which affect in-situ physical properties of the rocks. Differences

among the electrofacies/morphologic types of basalt are gradational and equivocal. Therefore, the log values of electrofacies overlap (Figure 5). This overlap affected the discriminant analysis, as could be observed in the classification matrices of Table 3. Pillow basalts and massive basalts are end-members of the spectrum of lava-flow morphologies. They are defined better by log responses than are thin flowbasalts. Therefore, the percentage of depth points classified as one electrofacies by calibration and discriminant analysis is greater for massive units and pillow basalts than for thin flowbasalts (Table 3).

Reconstructed Lithologic Profiles (EFA Logs) Hole 504B

Figure 6 shows the electrofacies log of Hole 504B and the core lithostratigraphy side by side. The EFA log and the core profile show good agreement. This is especially the case for the massive units at 320, 520, 545, 580, 680, and 720 mbsf. In most instances, massive units are slightly thicker in the core than they are as shown on the EFA log (Figure 6). This is an effect probably of poor core recovery. Core recovery generally is better from massive units than from the more fractured and altered pillow basalts. Therefore, when the stratigraphic succession is interpreted from cores, thickness of massive rocks is

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Figure 6. Electrofacies logs of Hole 896A and Hole 504B in comparison to the core lithostratigraphy from Alt et al. (1993) and Adamson (1985), respectively. The EFA logs are limited on right side by the electrical-resistivity log smoothed over a seven-datapoint window, displayed on logarithmic scale.

likely to be overestimated. Between 420 and 465 mbsf and between 800 and 850 mbsf, massive units recorded in the core lithostratigraphy are classified as thin flows, because of the log responses (Figure 6). Between 500 and 570 mbsf, many thin flows are interpreted in the EFA log, although they are not as abundant in the core lithostratigraphy (Figure 6). In this depth interval, zeolites are present as secondary minerals (Honnorez et al., 1983). Zeolites are not as conductive as seawater or clay minerals, which predominantly fill fractures in basalts of the other depth intervals. This circumstance may result in higher formation resistivities and thus falsify classification in the EFA log. The electrofacies designated as fractured/brecciated basalts is not recorded in the EFA log. Discriminant analysis classified only a few very thin layers of only one or two depth points (0.15 to 0.3 m) in thickness; these are below the vertical resolution of standard logging tools. These thin layers are between 347 and 396 mbsf.

Figure 7 shows a comparison of proportions of electrofacies in the EFA log and of rock types in the core. Pillow basalts make up 64.5% of the EFA log; this fraction is greater than that recorded in the core lithostratigraphy, in which 55.5% of the rocks are classified as pillow basalts. The higher proportion of pillow basalts in the EFA log may be explained by the preferential recovery of massive basalts from cores, as described above. The proportion of thin flow-basalts is slightly greater in the EFA log (18.4% versus 15.3%) and the proportion of massive units is less: 17.1% in the EFA log and 23.6% in the core lithology. In comparing these numbers, one should take into account the fact that dikes could not be identified by using the logs; therefore, they were classified as massive basalts or thin flow-basalts. Reconstruction of the section from 280 to 960 mbsf in Hole 504B was carried out by Ayadi et al. (1998) by use of electrical resistivity logs. Resistivity logs are among the more important logs for identification of lava-flow morphologies,

Interpretation of Well-logging Data to Study Lateral Variations in Young Oceanic Crust Figure 7. Proportions of electrofacies in EFA logs of Holes 504B and 896A and rock types in core lithostratigraphy (Adamson, 1985, and Alt et al., 1993, respectively). Percentages shown for core lithostratigraphy are valid for the logged intervals only.

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and the EFA log and the reconstruction from Ayadi et al. (1998) show good agreement. Both profiles indicate a larger portion of pillow basalts than does the core lithostratigraphy. Ayadi et al. (1998) were able to identify dikes separately by using a method of core-log integration. However, dikes were identified only where their locations were known from cores. No criterion derived from the logs was found to be reliable for identification of dikes.

Hole 896A With reference to Hole 896A, comparison of the EFA log with lithostratigraphy documented from the core is more difficult at first view (Figure 6). Most massive units are classified as thin flows on the EFA log. However, this is no contradiction of the core lithology; Alt et al. (1993) pointed out that most massive units could be classified as thin flows (Table 2). Lava flows (massive units and thin flows) are more numerous but thinner, as classified in the EFA log (Figure 6). Moreover, fractured/brecciated basalts shown on the EFA log do not have an equivalent in the core lithostratigraphy (Figure 6). Comparison of the proportions of electrofacies in EFA logs and of rock types in core lithostratigraphy is shown in Figure 7. Numbers in Figure 7 are difficult to compare, because fractured/brecciated basalts, which make up 18.4% of the EFA log, are not recorded in the core lithostratigraphy.

The portion of lava flows (massive units plus thin flows) is less in the EFA log (27.5%) than in the core lithostratigraphy (44.7%), but percentages of pillow basalts are similar (54.1 and 53.1%, respectively) (Figure 7). However, the electrofacies fractured/brecciated basalts probably include rocks that were erupted as both lava flows and pillow basalts. As mentioned, reconstruction of the lithology of Hole 896A was established by Brewer et al. (1995, 1998), based on Formation MicroScanner (FMS) images. The major difference between the EFA log and the reconstruction from FMS images concerns the interpretation of breccias. Breccias are the most abundant constituent (46%) of the profile constructed by Brewer et al. (1995, 1998). Although one section classified as breccias by Brewer et al. (1995, 1998) was used as a basis for calibration, the amount of fractured/brecciated rocks in the EFA log is significantly less.

COMPARISON OF HOLES 504B AND 896A

Figure 6 shows a comparison of the EFA log of Hole 896A with that of the upper part of Hole 504B. Massive units are shown as being much thicker in Hole 504B than in Hole 896A. Average thicknesses of massive units are 8.74 m in Hole 504B and 2.74 m in Hole 896A. Electrical resistivities

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measured in Hole 504B are greatermore than 100 ohm-m; this accounts for interpretation of the thicker massive units of Hole 504B. Thicknesses of pillow-basalt sections are similar in both holes. The proportion of pillow basalts is slightly less in Hole 896A (Figure 7). However, numbers given for Hole 896A should be interpreted carefully. Taking into account only the depth interval above 350 mbsf in Hole 896Ai.e., above the zone with fractured/brecciated basaltspillow basalts make up 66.5% of the rock, which is similar to the 64.5% estimated by the EFA log for the whole section of Hole 504B (Figure 7). In Hole 504B, pillow basalts are most abundant between 587 and 920 mbsf, where they compose 79% of the section; above 587 mbsf, they are 54% of the section. On EFA logs, fractured/brecciated basalts are recorded only in the log of Hole 896A. A long depth interval was classified as fractured/brecciated basalt in Hole 896A, but only single depth points were assigned to this electrofacies in Hole 504B. The depth interval in Hole 896A classified as fractured/brecciated basalts (Figure 6) is characterized by remarkably low and almost uniform resistivities. The same section was classified as breccias by Brewer et al. (1995, 1998); in their interpretation, breccias even constitute 46% of the lithologic column. Several types of breccias, of different origins (e.g. hyaloclastic breccia, tectonic breccia, broken pillows), were described as parts of the oceanic crust (Robinson et al., 1980). If the stratigraphic positions or quantities of breccias within a column of rock are used for a geological interpretation, differentiation among various types of breccias is necessary. Brewer et al. (1995, 1998) did not make distinctions among different types of breccias. Several hints exist that the section of rock classified as fractured/brecciated

basalts (Figure 6, Hole 896A, 350 to 380 mbsf) may be related genetically to a fault zone. Structural investigations of cores indicate tectonic breccias (Harper and Tartarotti, 1996; Dilek, 1998). De Larouzire et al. (1996) interpreted the separation between two sets of fractures observed in FMS images as evidence of an active fault. A depth interval with log characteristics similar to those of fractured/brecciated basalts does not exist in Hole 504B. Pezard et al. (1997) described evidence that a fault zone was penetrated in Hole 504B, between 800 and 1100 mbsf. Within this depth interval, resistivity diminished, but not to the extremely low values recorded in Hole 896A. Wireline-log data of the two holes are compared in Figure 8. At first inspection, data from the two holes correspond well. Averages of P-wave velocity and total gamma radiation are almost identical: 4.7 km/s and 3.8 API. However, the range of formation resistivities and P-wave velocities of Hole 504B are greater than those of Hole 896A (Figure 8). In particular, formation resistivity of more than 100 ohm-m was recorded in Hole 504B. No similar resistivity was recorded in Hole 896A. Comparison of electrofacies yields similar conclusions. Scattering of the data is larger in Hole 504B (Figure 5). Differences between electrofacies of the two holes are made especially obvious by comparison of formation resistivity and P-wave velocity (Figure 5). The crossplot of resistivity versus P-wave velocity for Hole 504B (Figure 5) indicates separation between pillow basalts and lava flows. Pillow basalts are characterized mostly by strong increase in velocity, from 3 to 5.5 km/s, whereas resistivity varies over approximately one decade, from 3 to 20 ohm-m (Figure 5, upper left crossplot). In contrast, lava flows cover a smaller velocity range from

Figure 8. Frequency distributions of electrical resistivity, P-wave velocity, and total gamma radiation, from wireline logs of Holes 504B and 896A. In this comparison, the data set of Hole 504B is restricted to the interval of oxidative alteration (274.5587 mbsf), to avoid the effects of different kinds of alteration.

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about 5 to 6.5 km/s, whereas resistivities vary over approximately one decade, from 10 to 300 ohm-m. Resistivity and Pwave velocity are positively correlated with formation porosity (Pezard 1990, Wilkens et al., 1991). Differences between lava flows and pillow basalts in pore-space geometry and fracture networks are described above, in the section on relations between lithology and log responses. These differences may explain the relationship between P-wave velocity and resistivity, which can be observed in Figure 5 (upper left crossplot). Similar high values of electrical resistivities and P-wave velocities do not exist in Hole 896A; therefore, the separation between pillow basalts and lava flows is not as distinct as in Hole 504B (Figure 5, upper right crossplot). Several variables may be responsible for differences among the in-situ physical properties of the two holes. As described above, massive units are much thicker in Hole 504B than in Hole 896A. The highest values of electrical resistivity and P-wave velocity observed in logs of Hole 504B are within the inner parts of thick massive units. Log responses of massive units and of thin flows, classified in the EFA log of Hole 896A, plot generally very close to log responses of pillow basalts and fractured/brecciated basalts (Figure 5). This indicates that porosity and pore-space structure of lava flows are more nearly similar to those of pillow basalts and fractured/ brecciated basalts than to porosity and pore-space structure of massive units of Hole 504B. Fractures are more numerous in Hole 896A than in Hole 504B, and in Hole 896A they tend toward being pervasive. This inference is in agreement with observations of basalts in the cores. Wilkens and Salisbury (1996) showed that massive basalts of Hole 896A generally are more porous than those of Hole 504B, and that the relation between P-wave velocity and bulk density is different. In basalts of similar density, P-wave velocities of core samples from Hole 504B are greater than those of core samples from Hole 896A. This implies a difference in mechanical properties of the rocks, perhaps because of microfissuring and/or pervasive alteration. Laverne et al. (1996) observed that basalt altered by oxidation is more widespread in Hole 896A. They concluded that water/rock ratios, and thus primary permeability, are greater in Hole 896A. Holes 504B and 896A are only about 1 km apart; one of the purposes of drilling Hole 896A was to evaluate the lateral extensions of lava flows (Alt et al., 1993). A study of paleomagnetic data proposed the correlation of sections between the two holes (Allerton et al., 1996; Dilek, 1998). Allerton et al. (1996) stated that the magnetic properties of rocks in Hole 896A, above the massive unit at 340 mbsf (Figure 6), correlate with magnetic properties of basalts above the massive unit at 320 mbsf in Hole 504B. Correlation of lava flows at approximately 3775 m below sea level, following the interpre-

tation by Allerton et al. (1996), is shown in Figure 9. The authors explained the situation by the ponding of lava flows and extrusion of a volcanic pile onto this ponded lava flow. Comparison of the two EFA logs shows no indications

Figure 9. Upper parts of EFA logs of Hole 504B and Hole

896A are shown side by side, with reference to sea level. Dashed lines: Correlation of massive units at approximately 3775 mbsl was proposed by Allerton et al. (1996), based on paleomagnetic data. EFA logs are limited on right-hand side by the resistivity log, smoothed over a seven-data-point window and displayed on logarithmic scale.

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for correlation of single lava flows or successions of lava flows (Figure 9). Such correlation should be based on patterns in the logs or characteristic successions of lava morphologies in the EFA logs and should be confirmed by geochemical, mineralogic, or petrologic data. However, geochemical data do not indicate correlation between rocks of the upper parts of the two holes. The geochemical composition of rocks from the two holes is very similar, but the uppermost 150 m of rock in Hole 896A is higher in Al2O3 and Ni and lower in P2O5, Ti, V, Y, and Zr (Alt et al., 1993; Brewer et al., 1996a).

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

Holes 504B and 896A were drilled only 1 km apart, into oceanic crust created at the Costa Rica Rift. They provide an excellent opportunity to study lateral variation in the oceanic crust. Because of poor recovery of cores from these holes, volcanic-rock units in the holes cannot be defined precisely. Therefore, in this study, geophysical downhole measurements were used for a continuous reconstruction of lithology of the two holes. In contrast to previous reconstructions of lithology and to the existing lithostratigraphic descriptions based on cores, one of the purposes of the present study was to make a lithologic classification of rocks in both holes, based on identical criteria. Thus, the synthetic lithologic profiles provide a base for comparision of the two holes. Each rock type is characterized by a set of wireline-log responses, which is called an electrofacies; the electrofacies were calibrated by reference to cores, in selected training intervals. Classification of the remaining depth intervals was based on discriminant analysis. In this way, a continuous lithologic profile of each hole (electrofacies log, or EFA log) was established. Four electrofacies can be distinguished: massive units of basalt, thin flow-basalts, pillow basalts, and fractured/brecciated basalts. Massive units, thin flow-basalts, and pillow basalts were classified from logs of both holes. These three electrofacies represent different types of lava-flow morphology; they are differentiated by variation in fracturing and alteration, which influences the in-situ physical properties of the rocks. Standard logs used in this study were electrical formation resistivity, P-wave velocity, and total-gamma-ray logs. They are suitable to distinguish among the lava morphologies. Wireline-log data from the two holes seem to be similar at first view, but scattering of responses is larger in well logs of Hole 504B. This is valid for the whole data set but also for log responses of individual electrofacies. Clear separation can be made between pillow basalts and lava-flow basalts (massive units and thin flows) in logs of Hole 504B by use of electrical

resistivities and P-wave velocities; however, on logs of Hole 869A, log responses of lava flows are similar to those of pillow basalts. This indicates stronger overall fracturing and alteration of rock in Hole 896A. Moreover, massive units are three to four times thicker in the EFA log of Hole 504B than in the log of Hole 896A, and high values of resistivity and P-wave velocity in logs of Hole 504B are related to the inner parts of massive units. Fractured/brecciated basalts are in Hole 896A only. This electrofacies can be related to a fault zone, a conclusion derived from observation of the structure of basalts in cores (Harper and Tartarotti, 1996; Dilek, 1998) and from FMS images (De Larouzire et al., 1996). Although paleomagnetic studies of cores indicate correlation between lava flows penetrated in the two holes (Allerton et al., 1996; Dilek, 1998), no indications of correlation can be found in the EFA logs. Comparison of logs of the two holes shows that in-situ physical properties of the oceanic crust reflect significant variation in fracturing, brecciation, and faulting over short distances, which might not be visible at first view. A structural overprint, observed in logs and cores of Hole 896A, makes identification of the original lava morphology difficult. Knowledge of the original morphology would be important to know if it were to be used for interpretation of the processes of accretion.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This study was funded by the German Science Foundation (DFG Wo 159/9). We thank Baker Hughes for providing log-interpretation software eXpress, which was essential for data management and display. Comments of two anonymous reviewers improved the manuscript significantly.

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