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2010

LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY

2010
TERM PAPER

HOW DOES A ROCKET GET LIFT FOR Its PROPULSION ,BRIEFLY EXPLAIN THE PRINCIPAL OF ROCKET PROPULSION

STUDENT BIODATA
NAME ROLL NO DEGREE TERM SUBJECT REG.NO
AAMIR FEROZE SIDDIQUI RM4901A18 B.Tech(ME) 3ST FLUID MECHANICS

10906326

SUBMITTED TO :-Mr. DINESH KUMAR GUPTA

INDEX
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT INTRODUCTION ROCKET DESIGN AND ITS FUNCTION DEVELOPMET OF A ROCKET MODEL OF A ROCKET ROCKET MOTION ROCKET POWER PRINCIPALS BEHIND ROCKET PROPULSION APPLICATIONS REFRENCES

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
To many individuals I am indebted good counsel and assistance in various ways in this respect one of my sincerest thanks to Mr. DINESH KUMAR GUPTA of Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, for their kind cooperation and able guidance. I owe a deep sense of ineptness of my pureness that has been source of inspiration in every work of my life. I deeply express our ineptness and thanks to all my faculty member of B.TECH (ME) for their in valuable, guidance which enable me to bring out this project in a presentable manner.

INRODUCTION TO ROCKETS LIFT AND ITS PROPULSION


Any vehicle propelled by ejection of the gases produced by combustion of self-contained propellants. Rockets are used in fireworks, as military weapons, and in scientific applications such as space exploration. Rocket Propulsion The force acting on a rocket, called its thrust, is equal to the mass ejected per second times the velocity of the expelled gases. This force can be understood in terms of Newton's third law of motion, which states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. In the case of a rocket, the action is the backward-streaming flow of gas and the reaction is the forward motion of the rocket. Another way of understanding rocket propulsion is to realize that tremendous pressure is exerted on the walls of the combustion chamber except where the gas exits at the rear; the resulting unbalanced force on the front interior wall of the chamber pushes the rocket forward. A common misconception, before space exploration pointed up its obvious fallacy, holds that a rocket accelerates by pushing on the atmosphere behind it. Actually, a rocket operates more efficiently in outer space, since there is no atmospheric friction to impede its motion. Rocket Design The key elements in designing a rocket are the propulsion system, which includes the propellant and the exit nozzle, and determining the number of stages required to lift the intended payload. Rocket navigation is usually based on inertial guidance; internal gyroscopes are used to detect changes in the position and direction of the rocket. Rocket Propellants The most vital component of any rocket is the propellant, which accounts for 90% to 95% of the rocket's total weight. A propellant consists of two elements, a fuel and an oxidant; engines that are based on the action-reaction principle and that use air instead of carrying their own oxidant are properly called jets. Propellants in use today include both liquefied gases, which are more powerful, and solid explosives, which are more reliable; the space shuttle main engines use liquid propellant, while its boosters are solid-fuel rockets. The chemical energy of the propellants is released in the form of heat in the combustion chamber. A typical liquid engine uses hydrogen as fuel and oxygen as oxidant; a typical solid propellant is nitro-glycerine. In the liquid engine, the fuel and oxidant are stored separately at extremely low temperatures; in the solid engine, the fuel and oxidant are intimately mixed and loaded directly into the combustion chamber. A solid engine requires an ignition system, as does a liquid engine if the propellants do not ignite spontaneously on contact. The efficiency of a rocket engine is defined as the percentage of the propellant's chemical energy that is converted into kinetic energy of the vehicle. During the first few seconds after liftoff, a rocket is extremely inefficient, for at least two unavoidable reasons: High power consumption is required to overcome the inertia of the nearly motionless mass of the fully fueled rocket; and in the lower atmosphere, power is wasted overcoming air resistance. Once

the rocket gains altitude, however, it becomes more efficient. as the trajectory, at first vertical, curves into a suborbital arc or into the desired orbit. Although all known rockets currently in use derive their energy from chemical reactions, more exotic propulsion systems are being considered. In ion propulsion, plasma (ionized gas consisting of a mixture of positively charged atoms and negatively charged electrons) would be created by an electric discharge and then expelled by an electric field. The engine could provide a low thrust efficiently for long periods; on a lengthy flight this would produce very high velocities, so that if there is ever a trip to the outer planets an ion drive might be used. Deep Space 1, a space probe launched in 1998 to test new technologies, was propelled intermittently by an ion engine. Even nuclear power has been considered for propulsion; in fact, a nuclear ramjet was developed in the early 1960s before it was realized that because the exhaust gases would be highly radioactive such a drive could never be used in earth's atmosphere. Design of the Exit Nozzle A critical element in all rockets is the design of the exit nozzle, which must be shaped to obtain maximum energy from the exhaust gases moving through it. The nozzle usually converges to a narrow throat, then diverges to create a form which shapes the hypersonic flow of exhaust gas most efficiently. The walls of the combustion chamber and nozzle must be cooled to protect them against the heat of the escaping gases, whose temperature may be as high as 3,000C;above the melting point of any metal or alloy. Staging of Rockets Although early rockets had only one stage, it was early recognized that no single-stage rocket can reach orbital velocity (5 mi/8 km per sec) or the earth's escape velocity (7 mi/11 km per sec). Hence multistage rockets, such as the two-stage Atlas-Centaur or the three-stage Saturn V, became necessary for space exploration. In these systems, two or more rockets are assembled in tandem and ignited in turn; once the lower stage's fuel is exhausted, it detaches and falls back to earth. Soviet systems clustered several rockets together, operated simultaneously, to obtain a large initial thrust. Development of Rockets The invention of the rocket is generally ascribed to the Chinese, who as early as A.D. 1000 stuffed gunpowder into sections of bamboo tubing to make military weapons of considerable effectiveness. The 13th-century English monk Roger Bacon introduced to Europe an improved form of gunpowder, which enabled rockets to become incendiary projectiles with a relatively long range. Rockets subsequently became a common if unreliable weapon. Major progress in design resulted from the work of William Congreve, an English artillery expert, who built a 20-lb (9-kg) rocket capable of travelling up to 2 mi (3 km). In the late 19th cent., the Austrian physicist Ernst Mach gave serious theoretical consideration to supersonic speeds and predicted the shock wave that causes sonic boom. The astronautically use of rockets was cogently argued in the beginning of the 20th cent. by the Russian Konstantin E. Tsiolkovsky who is sometimes called the "father of astronautics." He pointed out that a rocket can operate in a vacuum and suggested that multistage liquidfuel rockets could escape the earth's gravitation. The greatest name in American rocketry is

Robert H. Goddard whose pamphlet A Method for Reaching Extreme Altitudes anticipated nearly all modern developments. Goddard launched the first liquid-fuel rocket in 1926 and demonstrated that rockets could be used to carry scientific apparatus into the upper atmosphere. His work found its most receptive audience in Germany. During World War II, a German team under Wernher von Braun developed the V-2 rocket, which was the first longrange guided missile. The V-2 had a range greater than 200 mi (322 km) and reached velocities of 3,500 mi (5,600 km) per hr. After the war, rocket research in the United States and the Soviet Union intensified, leading to the development first of intercontinental ballistic missiles and then of modern spacecraft. Important U.S. rockets have included the Redstone, Jupiter, Atlas, Titan, Agena, Centaur, and Saturn carriers. Saturn V, the largest rocket ever assembled, developed 7.5 million lb (3.4 million kg) of thrust. A three-stage rocket, it stood 300 ft (91 m) high exclusive of payload and with the Apollo delivered a payload of 44 tons to the moon. Rockets presently being used to launch manned and unmanned missions into space include the U.S. Athena 1 and 2, Taurus, Titan 2 and 4B, Delta 2, 3, and 4, Atlas 2 ,3, and 5, and STS or space shuttle; the Chinese Long March 2C, 2E, and 2F; the Russian Soyuz and Proton K and M; the Japanese H-2A; the European Space Agency's Arianne 5 series; the Indian PSLV (Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle); the Israeli Shaved 2; the Brazilian VSV-30; and the multinational, private Sea Launch Zenit-3SL, which uses a converted oil platform located some 1,400 mi (2,250 km) southeast of Hawaii.

Centre of Gravity

Most people have at least an intuitive notion of the centre of gravity (CG) of an object: it is the point on which the object can be perfectly balanced. Grab a broom at one end and the other end tries to drop down; grab it at its centre of gravity, and it stays balanced, neither end tipping over. If you have learned to balance a chair or a broom on the palm of your hand, you know the trick is to place your hand right below the centre of gravity. Since your hand is not at the CG but below it, it must be constantly moved to keep that strategic position. There also exists a precise mathematical definition--it has nothing to do with gravity, which is why many scientists and engineers prefer the term centre of mass. However, it leads off the main subject and therefore we won't bother with it now. A lightweight stick with two balls of equal weight at its end obviously has its CG in the middle. When one ball is twice the weight of the other, the CG divides the distance between them by a ratio 1:2, in a way that makes it closer to the heavier mass. And similarly for other ratios.

Balls that push each other


Now imagine that instead of a lightweight stick the above two heavy balls have a

spring between them, held compressed by a string. Even though the balls are separate, one can speak of their common center of gravity, on the line connecting their centers, 1/3 of the distance from the center of the heavier ball.

(The CG of the Earth-Moon system can be defined in the same manner. Since the ratio of masses of the two bodies is about 81:1, the CG is the point on the line between their centres dividing it by that ratio. It can be shown that-neglecting the pulls of the Sun and of other planets--the Moon does not orbit the centre of Earth, but rather the common CG--and so does the Earth, reacting to the pull of the moon. Of course, since the Earth is much more massive, the CG is not very far from the centre of the Earth-in fact, it is closer than the Earth's own surface.) Suppose next that a lit match is placed against the string, burning it through. As the spring expands, it pushes the balls apart; if it is sufficiently light, its own motion does not matter and we can assume that the balls push each other.

Launch Atlas-Centaur.

of

an

By machs formulations of the equations of motion, if the heavy ball receives an acceleration a, then the light one gets 2a, twice as much. For each increment in the velocity of the heavy ball, the light one receives twice as much, and it follows that at any time, its total velocity, as well as the distance covered, are twice those of the heavy ball. leads to the same result. If then the heavy ball is at a distance D from the initial position of the spring, the light one is at distance 2D--as in the earlier, reproduced here. No matter how much time passes, the centre of gravity stays at the same spot.

Rockets
That turns out to be a very general principle: in any object or collection of objects, forces which only involve those objects and nothing else ("internal forces") cannot shift the centre of gravity. An astronaut floating in a space suit cannot shift his position without involving something else, e. g. pushing against his spacecraft. The centre of gravity--or "centre of mass"--is a fixed point, which cannot be moved without outside help (turning around it, however, is possible). By throwing a heavy tool in one direction, the astronaut could get moving in the opposite direction, though the common centre of gravity of the two would always stay the same. Given a bottle of compressed oxygen, the same result follows from squirting out a blast of gas (a scene that appeared in an early science fiction film). A rocket does much the same, except that the cold gas is replaced by the much faster jet of glowing gas produced by the burning of suitable fuel. The powerful rockets which lift hundreds or even thousands of tons off the launching pad depend on the same principle. If you ever watched a rocket lift off at Cape Canaveral, it is worth remembering that if you could somehow remove from the scene the launching pad, the atmosphere and the Earth, then the combined centre of gravity of the rocket and its exhaust gases would always remain where it started, at the launching point. It may seem like a roundabout way for producing motion. And yet, rockets are (at least for now) the only practical means of leaving Earth and flying into space.

Rocket Motion
Suppose we have a rocket of total mass 2M, of which M is payload and M is fuel. As the fuel is burned, it is ejected with some constant velocity w relative to the rocket, creating (we assume) constant thrust. Let us simplify matters by also assuming the launch is from some point in space, so that the thrust of the engine only has to overcome the rocket's inertia. In launches from the ground, part of the thrust is needed to overcome gravity too--see. The rocket accelerates gradually. Starting from rest, its moves rather slowly at first. After a while, however, not only is its velocity greater, but its acceleration has grown too: at first, nearly the entire mass 2M must be accelerated, but as fuel is used up, the mass being accelerated is less and less. By the time a mass M of fuel has been burned--half the starting mass of the rocket--its acceleration has doubled, because the same push is applied only to a mass M. Its velocity V at this point may be significant, but to calculate it (given w and the rocket's thrust) requires calculus, so let us just assume we have somehow got that value. The payload now has gained velocity V. But we need more! So we build a rocket of mass 4M, of which 2M is fuel, while the payload, also of mass 2M, is the smaller rocket described above, serving as second stage, with half of its mass also given to fuel (to simplify the calculation, we neglect the mass of the bigger rocket itself, although it, too, needs to be accelerated). When the fuel of the big rocket is finished, we reach a velocity V, then the second stage is ignited, adding another V to the velocity of the payload, for a total of 2V. Still faster! Now the rocket has mass 8M of which 4M is fuel of the first stage, while 4M is the two-stage rocket of the preceding design. The first stage gives velocity V, to which the other two add 2V, for a total of 3V. By now you can see the trend. If the mass of the final payload is M, then

Total mass Gives final velocity 2M V 4M 2V 8M 3V 16M 4V 32M 5V 64M 6V Each time the velocity increases by one notch, the mass doubles. Staging of the rocket makes the process more efficient. If the rocket of total mass 8M (say) had just one engine and it burned 7M of its fuel, it seems as if the same effect would be obtained as firing 3 identical rockets simultaneously. (We still need divide the calculation into stages--say, the burning of the first 4M, then the burning of 2M, then of the remaining M. Each time, less mass needs to be accelerated). However, the initial rocket engine for accelerating 8M would have to be very big, and that creates at least two problems. First, it would be heavy, and towards the end of the burn, it is inefficient to carry along such a massive engine (and a big empty fuel tank, too), in addition to the payload. And second, because it is powerful enough to lift 8M (and rockets cannot very well adjust their thrust), at the end it creates a large acceleration, subjecting the structure of the rocket to a much greater force. It is better therefore to drop the big empty tanks and large engines along the way, and continue with smaller ones. (By the way, the "Atlas" rocket pictured above kept its very lightweight stainless steel tank all the way, but dropped two of its three engines). But the basic pattern remains: the final velocity grows much more slowly than the mass of the rockets required by it (like the logarithm of the mass, if this means something to you). A rigorous derivation (which uses calculus) gives the equivalent of a huge number of little stages, fired one after the other, but leads to the same conclusion. This is one of the great problems of spaceflight, especially with the first stages which rise from the ground: even a small payload requires a huge rocket. Perhaps some day space explorers will be able to shave off some fuel weight by using air-breathing rockets ("scramjets") but those seem practical only for the lowest 1/4 to 1/3 of the orbital velocity. Launching from a high-flying airplane--like Burt Rotans "Spaceship One" (using a clever combination of liquid and solid fuel), or the "Pegasus" solid-fuel rocket, used in launching some small satellites--also helps cut air resistance, another factor. But no other shortcuts are in sight. Once in orbit, of course, more efficient but more gradual ways of generating thrust can be enlisted, like ion propulsion. Actual rockets are staged more carefully, with each stage designed separately. We do not just place one rocket on top of two, which go on top of 4, which go on top of 8, etc. However when the first US satellites were launched, there was no time for sophistication: Russia had successfully beaten , while the carefully designed "Vanguard 1" crashed and burned during launch, in full view of TV. Von Braun, leader of the US military rocket program, quickly assembled a 4-stage launcher to fill-in for "Vanguard.". The first stage was a modified big "Redstone" missile, the second stage, a cylindrical cluster of 11 solid-fuel "Sergeant" rockets strapped together, the third stage 3 "Sergeants" strapped together (in the middle of the cylindrical cluster) and the fourth

stage a single "Sergeant" which stayed attached to the payload. It worked, and the rest is history. Rocket Power There are a number of terms used to describe the power generated by a rocket.

Thrust- It is the force generated, measured in pounds or kilograms. Thrust generated


by the first stage must be greater than the weight of the complete launch vehicle while standing on the launch pad in order to get it moving. Once moving upward, thrust must continue to be generated to accelerate the launch vehicle against the force of the Earth's gravity. To place a satellite into orbit around the Earth, thrust must continue until the minimum altitude and orbital velocity have been attained or the launch vehicle will fall back to the Earth. Minimum altitude is rarely desirable; therefore thrust must continue to be generated to gain additional orbital altitude.

Impulse- Sometimes called total impulse; is the product of thrust and the effective
firing duration. A shoulder fired rocket such as the LAW has an average thrust of 600 lbs and a firing duration of 0.2 seconds for an impulse of 120 lbsec. The Saturn V rocket, used during the Apollo program, not only generated much more thrust but also for a much longer time. It had an impulse of 1.15 billion lbsec.

The Efficiency of a rocket engine is measured by its specific impulse (Isp). Specific
impulse is defined as the thrust divided by the mass of propellant consumed per second. The result is expressed in seconds. The specific impulse can be thought of as the number of seconds that one pound of propellant will produce one pound of thrust. If thrust is expressed in pounds, a specific impulse of 300 seconds is considered good. Higher values are better.

rocket's mass ratio is defined as the total mass at liftoff divided by the mass remaining after all the propellant has been consumed. A high mass ratio means that more propellant is pushing less launch vehicle and payload mass, resulting in higher velocity. A high mass ratio is necessary to achieve the high velocities needed to put a payload into orbit.

How Newton's Third Law and Conservation of Momentum Propel Rockets


There is an old myth that rockets need something to push against to move forward. The fact that rockets work in space far from anything to push against provides convincing evidence that this myth is incorrect. What then propels rockets forward? Rocket propulsion can be explained equally well with either of two fundamental laws of physics: Newton's third law or conservation of momentum 1.Newton's third law states: "For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction." The key to understanding the concept behind these words is action reaction pairs. If A applies a

force on B, the reaction must be that B applies an equal but opposite force on A. There can be no third object involved. In a rocket engine some type of (usually) chemical reaction spits the burned rocket fuel out of the back of the rocket. Via this chemical reaction, the rocket exerts a strong backward force on the burned rocket fuel. According to Newton's third law the required reaction is that the burned rocket fuel exerts an equal forward force on the rocket. This force accelerates the rocket forward. Newton's third law explains the rocket's forward propulsion. Because Newton's third law says nothing about pushing against something, the rocket does not need to push against anything to accelerate forward. 2.Law of Conservation of Momentum An object's momentum is its mass multiplied by its velocity: momentum equals mass times velocity. Momentum, like velocity, is a vector quantity. It includes direction. If an object changes the direction of its motion, its velocity and momentum both change. The law of conservation of momentum applies only to isolated systems, which have no external forces acting on them. Momentum conservation states that the total momentum of an isolated system must remain constant. Physicists say that any quantity, such as momentum or energy, that must remain constant is conserved. A rocket sitting on a launch pad or at rest in space has a zero velocity and total momentum. If the rocket and the fuel inside the rocket is an isolated system, then the total momentum of the rocket and fuel must remain zero as the rocket launches. When the rocket ignites, violent chemical reactions in the rocket fuel thrust the burned rocket fuel out the back of the rocket at a high rate of speed. This burned rocket fuel has a large backwards momentum. However the total momentum of the rocket fuel system must be conserved and remain zero. If the burned fuel has a backwards momentum, the rocket must have an equal forward momentum. The rocket must accelerate forward to get the needed forward momentum. The backward and forward moment add up to zero because momentum is a vector. The two moment have opposite signs. If the forward momentum is positive, the backward momentum is negative. The equal positive and negative numbers add to zero. The rocket has a forward momentum so that the rocket and fuel system keep the zero total momentum when the burned fuel has a backward momentum. These principles apply to any rocket from a toy water rocket to the launch of the space shuttle. They also apply to more than rocket propulsion. For example, a gun recoils when fired because of the same principles

REFERENCE
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. WIKIPEDIA FREE PATENTS ONLINE NASA http://www.suite101.com/content/basic-physics-of-rocketpropulsion-a84585#ixzz14wnjdPlx http://www.suite101.com/content/basic-physics-of-rocketpropulsion-a84585 http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=1&ved=0C BkQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fspace.au.af.mil%2Fprimer%2 Frocket_theory.pdf&ei=3nnbTOuVDMnJcfzX_MIG&usg=AFQ jCNHC9IKhElKscQGlBeaXlxTeQG9P_w http://www.the-crankshaft.info/2010/08/rocket-propulsiontheory.html http://exploration.grc.nasa.gov/education/rocket/thrsteq.html

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