PENGAMATAN PERCOBAAN:

CONVECTION AND RADIATION

1. Data:
(a) Cylinder diameter D = ? m
(b) Cylinder heated length L = ? m
(c) Effective air velocity local to cylinder due to blockage effect Ue = (?) (Ua )
(d) Physical Properties of Air at Atmospheric Pressure
T T V V k k Pr Pr
K K m m
2 2
/s /s W/mK W/mK - -
300 300 1.568E-5 1.568E-5 0.02624 0.02624 0.708 0.708
350 350 2.076E-5 2.076E-5 0.03003 0.03003 0.697 0.697
400 400 2.590E-5 2.590E-5 0.03365 0.03365 0.689 0.689
450 450 2.886E-5 2.886E-5 0.03707 0.03707 0.683 0.683
500 500 3.790E-5 3.790E-5 0.04038 0.04038 0.68 0.68
550 550 4.434E-5 4.434E-5 0.04360 0.04360 0.68 0.68
600 600 5.134E-5 5.134E-5 0.04659 0.04659 0.68 0.68
T is the absolute temperature, V is the Dynamic viscosity of air, k is the thermal
conductivity and Pr is the Prandtl number.
2. Natural (free) convection dan radiasi
(a) Pengamatan
Set Set
Q Q
input input h h
r r h h
C1th C1th h h
C2th C2th
W W W/m W/m
2 2
K K W/m W/m
2 2
K K W/m W/m
2 2
K K
1 1 4 4
2 2 8 8
3 3 12 12
4 4 16 16
(b) Analisis
The total heat input is: Q The total heat input is: Q
input input = V = V I I
The heat transfer rate by radiation is: The heat transfer rate by radiation is:
Q Q
rad rad = = A (T A (T
s s
4 4
Ta Ta
4 4
) = h ) = h
r r A (T A (T
s s T T
a a) )
So, So,
a s
a s
r
T T
T T
h

) (
4 4

The heat transfer rate by convection is: The heat transfer rate by convection is:
Q Q
conv conv = Q = Q
input input - Q - Q
rad rad
From Newtons law of cooling From Newtons law of cooling
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) (
a s c conv
T T A h Q

And And
) (
a s
conv
c
T T A
Q
h

(c)Perbandingan dengan teori

For an isothermal long horizontal cylinder, Morgan suggests a For an isothermal long horizontal cylinder, Morgan suggests a
correlation of the form, correlation of the form,
n
D D
cRa
k
D h
Nu
(1) (1)
c and n are coefficients that depend on the Rayleigh number c and n are coefficients that depend on the Rayleigh number
Rayleigh Rayleigh
number number
c c n n
10 10
-10 -10
10 10
-2 -2
0.675 0.675 0.058 0.058
10 10
-2 -2
10 10
2 2
1.02 1.02 0.148 0.148
10 10
2 2
10 10
4 4
0.850 0.850 0.188 0.188
10 10
4 4
10 10
7 7
0.480 0.480 0.250 0.250
10 10
7 7
10 10
12 12
0.125 0.125 0.333 0.333
The Rayleigh number is calculated from, The Rayleigh number is calculated from,
Pr
D ) T T ( g
Ra
2
3
a s

where where
film
T
1

and and
2
T T
T
a s
film
+

Churchill and Chu recommend a single correlation for a wide Churchill and Chu recommend a single correlation for a wide
range of Rayleigh number, range of Rayleigh number,
[ ]
2
27 / 8
16 / 9
6 / 1
D
Pr) / 559 . 0 ( 1
Ra 387 . 0
60 . 0 Nu

'

+
+

12
10 Ra (2) (2)
From correlation (1) and (2) we can determine h From correlation (1) and (2) we can determine h
C1th C1th and h and h
C2th C2th and and
compare with h compare with h
c c obtained from the experiment. obtained from the experiment.
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3. Forced convection dan radiasi
(a) Pengamatan
Set Set
Q Q
input input h h
r r h h
C C Re Re Nu Nu
1 1 Nu Nu
2 2 h h
C1th C1th h h
C2th C2th
W W W/m W/m
2 2
K K W/m W/m
2 2
K K - - - - - - - - - -
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5
6 6
7 7
(b) Analisis
The total heat input is: The total heat input is:
Q Q
input input = V = V I I
The heat transfer rate by radiation is: The heat transfer rate by radiation is:
Q Q
rad rad = = A (T A (T
s s
4 4
Ta Ta
4 4
) = h ) = h
r r A (T A (T
s s T T
a a) )
So, So,
a s
a s
r
T T
T T
h

) (
4 4

The heat transfer rate by convection is: The heat transfer rate by convection is:
Q Q
conv conv = Q = Q
input input - Q - Q
rad rad
From Newtons law of cooling From Newtons law of cooling
) (
a s c conv
T T A h Q

and and
) T T ( A
Q
h
a s
conv
c

(c) Perbandingan dengan teori

For an isothermal long horizontal cylinder, Hilper suggests, For an isothermal long horizontal cylinder, Hilper suggests,
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3 / 1 m
D
D Pr Re C
k
D h
Nu
(3) (3)
where C and m are coefficient that depend on the Reynolds where C and m are coefficient that depend on the Reynolds
number: number:
Re Re
D D C C m m
0.4 0.4 - 4 - 4 0.989 0.989 0.330 0.330
4 - 40 4 - 40 0.911 0.911 0.385 0.385
40 - 4000 40 - 4000 0.683 0.683 0.466 0.466
4000 - 4000 -
400000 400000
0.193 0.193 0.618 0.618
40000 - 40000 -
400000 400000
0.027 0.027 0.805 0.805
All properties are evaluated at the film temperature All properties are evaluated at the film temperature
2
T T
T
a s
film
+

Churchill and Bernstein proposed the following correlation for Re Churchill and Bernstein proposed the following correlation for Re
Pr>0.2 Pr>0.2
5 / 4
8 / 5
D
4 / 1
3 / 2
3 / 1 2 / 1
D
282000
Re
1
Pr
4 . 0
1
Pr Re 62 . 0
3 . 0 Nu
1
1
]
1

,
_

+
1
1
]
1

,
_

+
+
(4) (4)
where all properties are evaluated at the film temperature. where all properties are evaluated at the film temperature.
From correlation (3) and (4) we can determine h From correlation (3) and (4) we can determine h
C1th C1th and h and h
C2th C2th and and
compare with h compare with h
c c obtained from the experiment. obtained from the experiment.
4. Diskusi
(a) (a) Apakah nilai heat tranfer, baik radiasi maupun konveksi, yang Apakah nilai heat tranfer, baik radiasi maupun konveksi, yang
dihitung dengan korelasi teoritis/empiris cukup memadai? dihitung dengan korelasi teoritis/empiris cukup memadai?
Uraikan mengapa demikian. Uraikan mengapa demikian.
(b) (b) Apakah dimensi alat percobaan berpengaruh terhadap kesesuaian Apakah dimensi alat percobaan berpengaruh terhadap kesesuaian
korelasi teoritis terhadap data hasil percobaan? korelasi teoritis terhadap data hasil percobaan?
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