Training Report On VARIOUS TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES IN DOORDARSHAN KENDRA Submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the

award of degree of Bachelors of Technology In Electronics & Communication Engineering

Submitted by: Name:SYED MOHAMMAD FAIZ Reg. Number:10902647 Name and Location of Company: PRASHAR BHARTI BROADCASTING CORPORATION OF INDIA DOORDARSHAN KENDRA, BHAGWAN MAHAVIR MARG, JALANDHAR CITY - 144 001 Period Training: 14/05/2012- 24/06/2012 Department of Electronics & Comm. Engg Lovely Professional University Phagwara140 401, Punjab (India) Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering Lovely Professional University Phagwara (Distt. Kapurthala) Punjab India 144001

Ref:

Dated: 24/072012

Certificate
Certified that this Training entitled VARIOUS TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES IN DOORDARSHAN KENDRA submitted by Syed Mohammad Faiz (RE2902A15), students of Electronics & Communication Engineering Department, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara Punjab in the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of Bachelors of Technology (Electronics & Communication Engineering) Degree of LPU, is a record of students own study carried under my supervision & guidance.

Name and Signature of Training Supervisor

SATISH BHATIA

Designation ENGINEERING HEAD SHARM Head of the STATION DR. OM GAURIDATT SHARMA

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Words often fail to express ones feeling towards others, still I express my sincere gratitude to Er. B.K.Saini,AssistantEnginee(ENG),doordarshan kendra ,jalandhar for his valuable guidance without which it would have been difficult for me to complete my training . The happiness that accompanies the successful completion of any task would not be completed without the expression of thanks to all those who helped me throughout my training. I wish to express my unlimited gratitude and thanks to all the respected members of doordarshan Kendra for teaching and guiding me.

Syed mohammad faiz

TABLE OF CONTENTS S. NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

1. ABOUT THE DOORDARSHAN KENDRA 2. FLOW CHART OF THE TECHNICAL DEPARTMENT 1. ENG SECTION 2. EARTH STATION 3. NLE/COMPUTER SECTION 4. OBVAN SECTION 5. STUDIO SECTION 6. TRANSMITTER SECTION 3. DETAILS OF VARIOUS TECHNICAL DEPARTMENT 1. ENG SECTION 1. EQUIPMENT USED FOR COVERAGE 2. EQUIPMENT FOR DUBBING AND LINEAR EDITING 3. VIDEO CAMERA SECTION CAMERA OPTICS OPTICAL BLOCK TRANSDUCER OR PICKUP DEVICE CAMERA ELECTRONICS 4.VIDEO CASETTE RECORDER

2.EARTH STATION INTRODUCTION UPLINK DOWNLINK 3.NON LINEAR EDITING 4.OB VAN OB VAN DSNG VAN 5.STUDIO SECTION PROCEDURE IN RECORD PROCEDURE IN TRANSMISSION LIGHTNING VIDEO CHAIN

 AUDIO CHAIN VIDEO MIXING 6.TRANSMISSION SECTION a.split round system b.inter carrir section

4. HARDWARE/ SOFTWARE IMPLIMENATION 5. LEARNING OUTCOMES & ANALYSIS 6. CONCLUSIONS 7. FUTURE SCOPE OF THIS TYPE TRAINING 8.REFERENCES

ABOUT THE DOORDARSHAN KENDRA

Doordarshan is the public television broadcaster of India and a division of Prasar Bharti, and nominated by the Government of India. It is one of the largest broadcasting organizations in the world in terms of the infrastructure of studios and transmitters. DD Bharati, DD HD, DD India, DD National, DD News ,DD Sports , DD Urdu. The Doordarshan center of Jalandhar is quite popular among the district people as it offers some high quality television infotainment at different times of the day.The inauguration of transmitter at jalandhar was done on april 27,1975 by Sh I.K Gujaral union minister of information and broadcasting Doordarshan kendra serving an individual organization which plays an important role in TVs cinemaIt provides free to air channels DD-1,DD-NEWS and many more It originates the programmes and telecast on the channel Another channel is telecasted by the doordarshan in punjabi is DD-PunjabiFirst studio in Punjab was made at jalandhar.Punjab has four doordarshan Kendra.

Doordarshan Kendra is a milestone in the field of entertainment and education media source .National programmes, mainly aimed at promoting national

integration and inculcating a sense of unity and fraternity are broadcast on this channel, which is the Number One channel in the country in terms of absolute viewer-ship. DD National blends a healthy mix of entertainment, information and education. The service is available in terrestrial mode from 5.30 am till midnight. In the satellite mode, DD National is available round the clock. The telecast time of this composite public service channel is so devised that it caters to the needs of different viewers at different timings.

All major National events like Republic Day Parade, Independence Day Celebrations, National Award Presentation ceremonies, President and Prime Ministers addresses to the Nation, Presidents address to the joint session of Parliament, important Parliamentary debates, Railway and General Budget

presentations, Question Hour in Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha, Election results and analysis, swearing-in ceremonies, President and Prime Ministers visits abroad and visits of important foreign dignitaries to India are covered live on DD

National. Important sports events like Olympics, Asian Games, Cricket Tests and One Day Internationals involving India and other important sporting encounters are also telecast live.

The education component is drawn from the contributions from varied sources such as Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU), University Grants Commission (UGC), Central Institute of Educational Technology (CIET) and State Institutes of Education Technology (SIET). In addition, there are sponsored programmes like Turning Point, Adult Education programmes, Terra Quiz and Bhoomi (programme on environment), programmes on issues related to women, tribal affairs and other public service programmes which are broadcast on regular basis.

The information component on DD National consists of news and current affairs programmes largely produced in-house. There is another television station that belongs to Jalandhar Doordarshan, which has been recently launched. The name of this new channel is DD Punjabi. This channel has been created specially for the people of the state. DD Punjabi telecasts a variety of Punjabi programs like LASKARA,SUR-SIRTAJ etc.

2. FLOW CHART OF THE TECHNICAL DEPARTMENT

Doordarshan jalandhar is divided into

Administrative Section and Technical

section.Admistrative section sees all the administrative works like payment of all

class of officers,cheque bearing,fixing the date of the various events of studio,maintaining records of all the data and programmes of the officers and the studio programmes.. Technical Section are categorized into various sections .like non linear editing section,electronic news gathering section,ob van section,studio section,earth station etc.

1.ENG SECTION Electronics news gathering or electronics field production abbreviated as ENG/EFP is the very important section in Doordarshan network. All outdoor news including VIP/VVIP & international events and programme including Plays, Documents, Song Picturisations have been carried by this section.ENG crew with the help of ENG equipments carries out all type of ENG coverage

2.EARTH STATION Digital earth station is basically satellite up-linking station which is broadcasting in digital mode. The satellite broadcasting has fully migrated from analog to digital mode world wide. The satellite broadcasting was introduced in late eighties and was begun with analog broadcasting. The analog video broadcasting occupies full 36 MHz transponder bandwidth for one video service. Doordarshan adopted Digital Video Broadcasting -Satellite (DVB-S) in Simulcast Mode in the late nineties. In simulcast mode, analog and digital services are transmitted simultaneously in the same transponder bandwidth. 27MHz bandwidth was assigned to analog service while 9 MHz to digital service. Simulcasting helped in smooth migration from analog to digital. Now the satellite broadcasting is fully digitalized and is popularly known as Digital Satellite News Gathering, Direct-to-Home, Digital Earth Station All major Doordarshan Kendras have Digital Earth Stations which are up-linking one regional and one national service. 9MHz bandwidth is allotted to each Kendra. Four Kendras are therefore sharing 36MHz bandwidth of a transponder. 3.NLE/COMPUTER SECTION

Non-linear editing for film and television postproduction is a modern editing method which involves being able to access any frame in a video clip with the same ease as any other. This method is similar in concept to the "cut and paste" technique used in film editing from the beginning. However, when working with film, it is a destructive process, as the actual film negative must be cut. Non-linear, non-destructive methods began to appear with the introduction of digital video technology. It can also be viewed as the audio/video equivalent of word processing, which is why it is called desktop editing in the consumer space 4.OB VAN Outside broadcasting is the production of television or radio programmes (typically to cover news and sports events) from a mobile television studio. This mobile control room is known as an "Outside Broadcasting Van", "OB Van", "Scanner" (a BBC term), "mobile unit", "remote truck", "live truck", or "production truck". Signals from cameras and microphones come into the OB Van for processing and transmission. 5.STUDIO SECTION Television signals for broadcasting are originated by cameras ,recorded at the studios and replayed by video tape recorders, mixed in studio vision mixers and finally distributed for transmission.Action In this includes staging, lightening, performance by artists. There types of studio are Studio A ,Studio B,Studio C. 6.TRANSMITTER SECTION In electronics and telecommunications a transmitter or radio transmitter is an electronic device which, with the aid of an antenna, produces radio waves. The transmitter itself generates a radio frequency alternating current, which is applied to the antenna. When excited by this alternating current, the antenna radiates radio waves. In addition to their use in broadcasting, transmitters are necessary component parts of many electronic devices that communicate by radio, such as

cell phones, wireless computer networks.

3.DETAILS OF VARIOUS TECHNICAL DEPARTMENTS 1. ENG SECTION Eng stands for electronic news gathering.The purpose of eng is to gather news from different outside locations.Cameras used in eng section are small and light weight.These cameras are called camcoders.The cameras used in ENG have three sections :a.A camera lens and optics:- to form optical image b.A transducer or pick up device:- to convert optical image into electrical signal. c.Electronics:- to process the output of transducer

EQUIPMENTS USED IN ENG SECTION FOR COVERAGES: Portable camcorder,Microphone with Audio cable, Head phone for monitoring Audio signal ,Video tapes for recording., Camera Tripod with spreader., 12V NiCd rechargeable battery with battery charger or AC adopter., Lights:-Mini light for

news coverage & halogen type light for programmes back facility for song picturisation such as CD player. Video monitor for monitoring the video signal.

including reflectors, Fold

EQUIPMENTS USED IN DUBBING & IN LINEAR EDITING Editing VCR (DVCPRO & BETACAM FORMAT), Edit controller., Video effects generator such as Magic Dave etc., Audio mixer., Video monitors.,Amplifying speaker.. CD player,Microphone for audio dubbing. Video camera consists of the following sections: (a) Camera Optics (b) Camera electronics (c) Recorder

(a) Camera Optics 1. Lens 2. Optical block 3. Tranducer or pick up device. 4. Electronics. 1. Camera Lens: * the purpose of camera lens is to form an optical image at the face of a pick up device. *To determine the magnification and size of the image. *To decide the field of view. Lens has the following sections: -

1) Focus section. 2) Zoom section with manual or servo mode. 3) Servo drives assembly for zoom & iris control. 4) Aperture section with manual or auto mode. .Focal length varies between 9mm to 108mm of a typical camera lens. picture.

Focus section It depends upon two variables, one is focal length, which is continuously adjusted, and another is the subject to camera distance. Whenever the lens is focused on a subject, there will be an area in front of the subject and behind the subject in which all object are seen in focus. Depth of field Distance between the nearest and farthest object in focus. It can be increased by the following: !) By working at higher frequency stop provided there is enough light to do so. !!)Using wide-angle lenses-Shorter the focal length wider the angle of view. !!!)By moving away from the objects. Depth of Focus: It is the distance by which the image plane can be shifted forward or backward with having sharp focus image of an object. Depth of focus is minimum at wide angle and with full open iris. This property is often used to adjust the back focus distance of a camera. 2) Zoom Section Zoom lens is normally specified by two number figure i.e.A*B A: - Zoom rangeit is the ratio between longest focal length and the shortest focal length B: - The shortest focal length for a lens. . Aperture Section This important parameter of a lens is called Aperture or iris. The opening of a lens is controlled by collapsible fins inside the lens. It is also related by the f stop numbers. F stop no.=focal length/diameter of lens opening through fins. (2)Optical Block Optical assembly is located inside the camera head and has: 1. 2. 3. Color filters wheel. Prism & Dichroic Mirrors. Bias light and a suitable lens mount.

Color filter wheel include the following filters

Opaque filter as a cap. Clear filter for indoors lighting of 3200o K. Reddish filter to match outdoor (4800o K) with indoor. Extra Reddish filter to match outdoor (6500o K) with indoor and this is sometimes accompanied by NDF to cut the light.

These filters may vary slightly from camera to camera. Fine adjustment for color temperature is done by means of white balance operations. ND Filters When the scene is too bright for the aperture, a ND filter (Neutral Density) is used to cut down the overall intensity. These transparent dics are usually fitted in a filter wheel behind the camera lens. Color Temperature It is the temperature of a black body radiator at which the color of a light source and black body radiator are identical. Color temperature is measured in Kelvin. Higher the color tempreature,light will become blueish and lower the color temperature light will tend to be reddish. White Balance: The camera is balanced. When input light is reflected (89.9%) from a white test chart and equals primary units of R, G, and B are produces. AWB is achieved by adjusting gain factor of R & b channels so that R & B channels equals to green channel automatically. Black Balance: Each pick up device gives some signal even when lens is capped. To correct reproduction of tones and colors, it is necessary that the black level should be same for all the three devices.

Dichroic Block Dichroism is the property of the material by which it becomes frequency selective Dichroic mirror are sheets of optical glass coated on the front surface with alternate layers of materials of high and low refractive index. With these layers the mirror

becomes a very efficient frequency selective device This block is also called beam splitter. It splits the incoming light into three beams i.e. red, green and blue. Incoming light when reaches the first Dichroic mirror DM-1 it reflect only blue & pass the green and red wave lengths, similarly, DM-2 reflects Red & pass Green to be collected by G-CH pick up tube. Reflected Red and Blue are passed on to the respective pick up tubes via fully reflecting mirrors M.R.

Bias Light This is to provide low level of even illumination on the targets of all the three tubes to overcome camera lag. This light is mounted in the optical block assembly. Lens mount: It is usually of two types for the Cameras used for ENG/EFP applications, these are (A) Bayonet type & (B) C - type. 3) Transducer or Pick up Device: The function of traducer or pick up device is to convert optical image into an electrical signal. There are three types of pick up devices based on:emissive material: These materials emit electrons when the light falls on them. Amount of emitted electrons depends on the light. These cameras are called image orthicon cameras. These cameras are bulky and need lot of light. These are no longer in use.

a)

b)

Photoconductive material: The conductivity of these material changes with amount of light falling on them. The material with variable conductivity is made part of an electrical circuit and the signal is thus recovered. First cameras based on this principle were Vidicon Cameras used in the monochrome telecine chain of Doordarshan Kendras. As these cameras have serious Lag and other problems relating to dark currents, further improvement in these cameras led to the development of Plumbicon and Saticon Cameras. Charge coupled devices: These semiconductor devices convert light into a charge image, which is collected at a high speed to form a signal. Chargedcoupled devices are being. used these days even in studio cameras of full broadcast quality. CCD Device is a kind of transducer which converts optical image into electrical signal. In order to understand the working of a CCD chip consider its construction as shown in Fig. 1. Initially with V=0, there will be an even distribution of holes (majority carriers) in the substrate doped with P type of impurities.
V ELECTRODE OXIDE (INSULATING LAYER)

SUBSTRATE (P-TYPE SILICON)

Fig. 1: A CCD Element CCD working principle ! -Photoelectric conversionIncident light generates electric charges at a photo sensor. The amount of the electric charges generated proportional of light. !!)Charge accumulationWhen a voltage is applied to the electrodes of a CCD, a potential well is created into the silicon layer; a charge can be stored in this well. !!!)Charge Transfer: The depth of the potential well proportional to the applied voltage to the electrodes i.e. the higher the voltage applied to the electrodes, the deeper the potential well.

Types of CCD chips

There are three different types of CCD chips used as a pick up device for CCD cameras, namely Interline transfer type Frame transfer type Frame interline transfer type The only different about these types is the way charge is collected or transferred. I) IT (Interline Transfer) Type CCD The IT type CCD consists of a light receiving CCD a kind of photo diode, vertical transfer CCD and horizontal transfer CCD. The light receiving CCD converts light into electrical signals. Thus the photosensitive and the storage section are interleaved in this type. For the transfer of charge, during the vertical blanking period the charges are first transferred to the vertical transfer CCD (1) and during horizontal blanking they are transferred to the horizontal transfer CCD (2) for each scanning line (1H) in sequence. The charges transferred to the horizontal transfer CCD are transferred at horizontal scanning speed to the signal detector where they are converted into a voltage. ii) FT (Frame Transfer) Type CCD These types of chips are bigger in the size, almost twice in size to accommodate additional storage area. The upper section of this chip is image section and the lower as storage section with a storage time of 20 ms or half field. The storage section is masked and is not exposed to light. FT devices are using shutter during the transfer of data from light receiving chip to this additional storage chip at fast rate to reduce smear. The shutter is synchronized with vertical blanking period. This type is not being in use in most of the present day cameras because of limitation of larger size, problem relating to the use of shutter and also because of improvement in IT cameras to reduce smear. Smear is caused when bright light enters the CCD and is seen as a comet like effect above and below the light source. iii) FIT (Frame Interline Transfer) Type CCD Although both the IT and FT type CCDs have excellent performance in their way, they cannot suppress the smear completely which is inherent in the CCD. The FIT type CCD consists of a light receiving CCD, vertical transfer CCD, storage CCD and horizontal transfer CCD. For the transfer of charge, during vertical blanking the charge, the result of light image converted to charge image by the photo diode (CCD pixel) is transferred to the vertical transfer CCD (2). This takes place after the residual charge in this CCD the cause of

smear has been swept out (1) via drain. Then the charges are transferred to the storage CCD at high-speed (3). It is the high speed of the charge transfer that is the major factor in reducing smear due to light. CCD was launched in 1983 for broadcasting with pixel count from a 2,50,000, which increased to 20,00,000 in 1994 for HDTV application. A typical specification of CCD cameras have 2/3 inch, FIT, with a 6,00,000 puixels, 850 lines h resolution, S/N ratio more then 60db, Sensitivity F-8 (2000 lux) etc. R, G & B different optical wavelength signals, as separated by the optical block are converted to electrical signal in the transducer section of the camera. It is then processed in camera electronics to give ccvs (color composite video signal) output. 4)Camera Electronics:The signal system in most of the cameras consists of processing of the signal from Red, Green, & Blue CCD. The signal picked up from the target is amplified at the target itself in a stage called Pre-Pre amplifier. Then the signal goes to Pre-Processor PCB, where auto white balance and auto black balance adjustment done. Then gain control of 0,9,18db and flare compensation is done. Flare is the compensation where a light is reflected or dispersed due to the lens optical system or CCD surface, causing the black level to rise from the correct level. The black level fluctions or deterioration due to the lens characteristics is reduced by means of electrical compensation. When flare occurs the pictures contrast drop and areas which normally are black become colored. Then B/W shading compensation is done. Black shading performs the picture black shading compensation for the black level. The signal amplitude may not be constant when there is no light known as black shading. The main cause of black shading is due to the temperature that changes the characteristics of the CCD. Auto white shading performs the white shading compensation for the white level. The signal amplitude is not constant even there is a fixed quantity of incandescent light known as white shading. The cause of white shading is a drop in light quantity around the edges of the lens. Compensation of this drop makes the white level to be as flats as possible. Then Pre gamma correction and pre Knee compensation is done during maximum input signal high level areas are compressed to prevent white spots. Gamma

Linearity is maintained through out the system from camera CCD to TV screen, in order to achieve correct luminance and color signal, most of the camera pick up devices have gamma nearly one, but as the TV picture Tube game is more than 1. To compensate this gamma correction is included in video processing stage in the camera. Gamma is increased, the effect on a picture is of stretching the whites and causing the blacks dark greys, when gamma is reduced, blacks are stretched. VIDEO CASSETTE RECORDER VIDEO TAPE RECORDING Video tape recorder is a most complex piece of studio equipment with analog and digital processing servo system, microprocessors, memories, logic circuits and mechanical devices etc. Also these recorders have been the main limitation so for as the quality output from studio is concerned. Right from fifties, continuous efforts are being made to improve its performance so as to reproduce cameras faithfully by improving S/N ratio and resolution. Designer for video tape recorders had to consider the following differences in the video and audio signals: S.No. Item Audio Recorders 20 Hz to 20 kHz 10 not so important No Video Recorders 20 Hz to 5 MHz 18 very important Yes*

1. Frequencies involved 2. No. of octaves 3. Timing accuracy 4. Recording medium limitation

Property of the ferromagnetic materials to retain magnetism even after the current or the H is removed is called retentivity and is used for recording electrical signals in magnetic form on magnetic tapes. This relationship can also be represented by a curve called BH curve. Magnetic tapes are made of ferromagnetic materials with broader BH curve than the material used for video heads as the heads are not required to retain information.

Recorded wavelength for one cycle of signal = speed x time Wave length of the magnetic signal tape = v / f 2.EARTH STATION INTRODUCTION An earth station, ground station, or earth terminal is a terrestrial terminal station designed for extraplanetary telecommunication with spacecraft, and/or reception of radio waves from an astronomical radio source. Earth stations are located either on the surface of the Earth, or within Earth's atmosphere. Earth stations communicate with spacecraft by transmitting and receiving radio waves in the super high frequency or extremely high frequency bands (e.g., microwaves). When an earth station successfully transmits radio waves to a spacecraft (or vice versa), it establishes a telecommunications link. When a satellite is within an earth station's line of sight, the earth station is said to have a view of the satellite. It is possible for a satellite to communicate with more than one earth station at a time. A pair of earth stations are said to have a satellite in mutual view when the stations share simultaneous, unobstructed, line-of-sight contact with the satellite. There are currently three classes of earth stations: Mass capacity station --Designed for large users or inter-exchange carrier applications. This type of earth station serves a user community with communications needs great enough to require feeder line access to the earth station. The cost for earth stations in this class runs into millions of dollars. Middle range earth station --Designed for large corporate applications. This type of earth station serves a single large user (e.g. newspaper publisher, financial institution, etc). The cost for earth stations in this class run into the hundreds of thousands of dollars. Low-end earth station --Designed for smaller corporate applications. This type of earth station serves a

single user (e.g., retailers, general business, etc) and is typically designed to handle data traffic (e.g., point-of-sale information, inventory control, credit authorization, and other types of remote processing). These types of earth stations are established with a minimal amount of equipment and a very small aperture terminal (VSAT). Earth station involves the two terms which are basically the important parameters of the communication i.e. UPLINK & DOWNLINK. UPLINK: The process of gathering any informative part & sending it to the satellite, running on specified frequency is termed as UPLINK. The uplink frequency is 5950MHz.

OUTPUT CHAIN OF EARTH STATION OR UPLINK 1. The information gets recorded is in the analog form which needs to be converted into digital form for long route transmission by encoder.

2. Moreover, Encoder also enables the compression technique. 3. Many digitalized signals are then feeded to multiplexer (many into that we can have one output signal at a time. one) so

4. This output signal has poor strength & power & not fit for the long distance transmission so its need to be pass through modulator where it superimpose on high power carrier signal. But modulator can raise its frequency up to 70MHz only. 5. After that IF switch selects one of the modulator o/p & divide it to 1:4 ratio. 6. It is then compared with Equalizer signal to limits its parameters like amplitude, phase etc. and also to compensate the effect of delay in the signal. 7. UPC (Up converter) increases the signal frequency to a range to reach to the satellite. This is done by mixing the signal with locally generated high frequency signal of oscillator. 8. It is then transmitted to RF selector switch where the signals gets partitioned & provided to two different HPA. 9. High power Amplifier (HPA) amplifies the signal to 750W. 10. The two signals are combined in combiner and transmitted through hollow rectangular waveguide (Now-a-days Travelling wave tubes ,TWT are also in use) to antenna & then to SATELLITE. 11. The uplink frequency assigned to Doordarshan service station is 5950

MHz.

12. All these signals are SD i.e. Standard definition, which uses 625 lines. 13. Very few signals are HD i.e. High definitions which uses 720 lines.

DOWNLINK: The process by which satellite sends the received signals to the controlling stations is termed as DOWNLINK. The downlink frequency is 3725 MHz.

INPUT CHAIN OF EARTH STATION OR DOWNLINK 1. Downlinking is just opposite of uplinking. 2. Satellite transmits the signal to be received by the earth station. 3. The signals are then passed through LNA (Low Noise Amplifier), so that we can have less noise while Rx signal from the satellite Or through LNBC (Low Noise Block Converter) to down the frequency near to 5150 MHz.

4. It is then divided into 1:4 ratio by the RF divider for the various o/p. 5. RF patch panel are used to monitor the signal at this point. 6. Now, incoming C band signals are converted into L band by C-L band down converter just to lower down the high frequency signals. 7. It is then divided into 1:4 ratio by the L band divider for the various o/p. 8. These four o/p are then passes through IRDs (Decoder) to convert them back to analog signals & then passes to Patch panel for monitoring purpose. 9. After this, through 40X40 SDI/ASI routers they are sent to Suit View Leitch (SVL). 10. The o/p of SVL enables us to view 8 channels simultaneously on single LCD (42) monitor. 11. The downlinking procedure is done for monitoring purpose mostly , just to confirm that whatever we are uplinking are actually happening or not.

3.NON LINEAR EDITING(NLE) NLE is video editing in digital format with standard computer based technology .Computer technology is harnessed in Random access, computational and manipulation capability, multiple copies, intelligent search, sophisticated project and media management tools, standard interfaces, and powerful display . In non linear editing video and audio data are first captured to hard disks or other digital storage devices. The data is either recorded directly to the storage device or is imported from another source. Once imported they can be edited on a computer using any of a wide range of software. For a comprehensive list of available software, see List of video editing software, whereas Comparison ovideo editing software gives more detail of features and functionality. In non-linear editing, the original source files are not lost or modified during editing. Professional editing software records the decisions of the editor in an edit decision list (EDL) which can be interchanged with other editing

tools. Many generations and variations of the original source files can exist without needing to store many different copies, allowing for very flexible editing. It also makes it easy to change cuts and undo previous decisions simply by editing the edit decision list (without having to have the actual film data duplicated). Loss of quality is also avoided due to not having to repeatedly re-encode the data when different effects are applied. Compared to the linear method of tape-to-tape editing, non-linear editing offers the flexibility of film editing, with random access and easy project organization. With the edit decision lists, the editor can work on lowresolution copies of the video. This makes it possible to edit both standarddefinition broadcast quality and high definition broadcast quality very quickly on normal PCs which do not have the power to do the full processing of the huge full-quality high-resolution data in real-time. The costs of editing systems have dropped such that non-linear editing tools are now within the reach of home users. Some editing software can now be accessed free as web applications; some, like Cinelerra (focused on the professional market) and Blender3D, can be downloaded free of charge; and some, like Microsoft's Windows Movie Maker or Apple Computer's iMovie, come included with the appropriate operating system. A computer for non-linear editing of video will usually have a video capture card to capture analog video and/or a FireWire connection to capture digital video from a DV camera, with its video editing software. Modern web based editing systems can take video directly from a camera phone over a GPRS or 3G mobile connection, and editing can take place through a web browser interface, so strictly speaking a computer for video editing does not require any installed hardware or software beyond a web browser and an internet connection.Various editing tasks can then be performed on the imported video before it is exported to another medium, or MPEG encoded for transfer to a DVD. The first truly non-linear editor, the CMX 600, was introduced in 1971 by CMX Systems, a joint venture between CBS and Memorex. It recorded & played back black-and-white analog video. Surprisingly, nonlinear editing systems are less expensive than traditional editing systems.A high-powered laptop computer can serve as a nonlinear editing system.

4.OB VAN OB Van is equipped with 8 numbers of Thomson TTV 1657 Digital CCD cameras, 16 input versatile vision mixers ROSS Synergy with various special effects. 16

channel Sound Craft make audio mixer with facility of individual channel equalization and limited. In addition to the above, one computerized MOVE CG for superimposing titles. Two nos. of broadcast quality VCR having slow motion (TTV3575p), two nos. of Recording VCRs and one EVS make Live slow motion hard disc recording system is also installed. One Long haul microwave link is also available with OB Van.

DSNG VAN This is known as direct satellite news gathering. It works simultaneously with OB van. Its also called as mobile earth station. The dish can be aligned acc to the requirement. Monitors are available in this van to check the telecast. High power ups are also available in this van. The mobile DSNG Van is equipped with 400 W TWT of Xycom and Tandberg E5500 encoder in 1+1 mode along with up converters / down converters of ADVENT and base band equipments. The DSNG van can be operated in both C or Ku band and it has the unique dual band waveguide in it. The system is operational since November 2002 The 2 meter antenna system is of advent make having the auto tracking facility controlled through laptop computer and can track any satellite in very short period automatically. It has a GPS system with flux gate compass etc

used for auto tracking of satellites. The vehicle mounted DSNG Van supplied through BECIL is used in live coverages for up linking. A typical OB Van is usually divided into 5 parts: > The 1st and largest part is the production area where the director, technical director, assistant director, character generator operator and producers usually sit in front of a wall of monitors. This area is very similar to a Production control room. The technical director sits in front of the video switcher. The monitors show all the video feeds from various sources, including computer graphics, cameras, video tapes, video servers and slow motion replay machines. The wall of monitors also contains a preview monitor showing what could be the next source on air and a program monitor that shows the feed currently going to air or being recorded. Behind the directors there is usually a desk with monitors for the editors to operate. It is essential that the directors and editor are in connection with each other during events, so that replays and slow-motion shots can be selected and aired. > The 2nd part of a van is for the audio engineer; it has a sound mixer. The audio engineer can control which channels are added to the output and will follow instructions from the director. >The 3rd part of van is video tape. The tape area has a collection of VTRs and may also house additional power supplies or computer equipment. > The 4th part is the video control area where the cameras are controlled by 1or 2 people to make sure that the iris is at the correct exposure and that all the cameras look the same. > The 5th part is transmission where the signal is monitored by and engineered for quality control purposes and is transmitted or sent to other trucks.

5.STUDIO SECTION Doordarshan-Jalandhar has three studio halls. One is used as News Room and the others are used for shooting various programs. Artificial sets are created in the studio hall according to requirements of the program to be shooted. Studio A is largest studio in comparison to B & C used for main recordings (like for the program me LISHKARA and STAR NIGHT) Studio B is used for the live programme like discussions, news & sajjari sawer

Studio C is the last studio.It is used ocassionly. Studios are acoustic treated to provide good quality of sound. Very efficient air conditioning is required for the heat dissipation by the studio lights

Procedure in recording 1. Set is designed in studio as per conceptual thought of program producer. 2. Floor plan is envisaged. 3. Lighting, Audio and placement of the cameras is arranged as per floor plan. 4. Pre testing of cameras, microphones, VCRs etc. is done before recording. 5. Recording begins and desired camera/mike are selected through VM/Audio console as per command of producer. Program is recorded on VCR. Procedure in Transmission 1. The programs are transmitted as per the daily cue sheet. 2. Normal transmission hours are 1600-2000Hrs. 3. Cue sheet is discussed daily by program and technical staff for details in it and for any last moment changes if any. 4. After getting D-link caption from Delhi end program is played from VCR/Server. The program is uplinked by Earth Station. 5. The program is also transmitted to transmitter at Pitampura via MW link. Then

DD channels are taken on air. 6. During our slot, both live as well as recorded programs are transmitted. Video Signal Generation Video is nothing but a sequence of pictures. The image we see is maintained in our eye for 1/16sec. So if we see images at the rate more than 16 pictures/sec, our eyes cannot recognize the difference and we see the continuous motion. In movies camera and movie projector it is found that 24 fps is better for human eyes. TV system could also use this rate but in PAL system 25fpm is selected. In TV cameras image is converted in electrical signal using photosensitive material. Whole image is divided into many micro particles known as pixels. These pixels are small enough so that our eyes cannot recognize pixels and we see continuous image. Thus, at any particular instance there are almost infinite numbers of pixels that need to be converted in electrical signal simultaneously for transmitting picture details. However this is not possible practical because it is no feasible to provide a separate path for each pixel. In practice this problem is solved by method known as Scanning in which information is converted one by one pixel, line by line and frame by frame. Color Composite Video Signals

Active waveform comprises of 2 signals: Luminance (Y)-black and white Chrominance (C)-colour signal.

Lighting Lighting for television is very exciting and needs creative talent. There is always a tremendous scope for doing experiments to achieve the required effect. Light is a kind of electromagnetic radiation with a visible spectrum

from red to violet i.e. wavelength from 700nm to 3800nm respectively. Basic three pointing lighting: Key light: It gives shape and modelling by a casting shadow. It is treated as a sun in the sky and should cast only one shadow. Fill light: Controls the lighting contrast by filling in shadows. It can also provide catch lights in the eyes. Back light: Separates the body from the background, gives roundness to the subject and reveals texture. Background lights: Separates person from the background and reveals background interest and shape. Lightening Equipments: HMI lights : compared to standard incandescent lights deliver five times the light output per watt. They generate less heat, which is an important consideration when shooting inside in a confined space. (HMI stands for Hydrargyrum Medium Arc-length Iodide). The light on the left side of this picture is a HMI light; the one on the right a standard quartz light. Cycs: (large, seamless, neutral backgrounds) can be lit from the top and bottom with cyclights.The one here sits on the studio floor and is directed up at the background.

VIDEO CHAIN

The video we see at our home is either pre-recorded in studio or live telecasted. Block diagram shown in fig illustrates different chains of video recording, video playback, news, and live broadcasting. In First chain we will understand studio program recording. Camera output from the studio hall is sent to CCU where many parameters of video signals are controlled. Output signal of CCU after making all corrections is sent to VM in PCR-1 (production control room). Output of 3 to 4 cameras comes here and final signal is selected here using VMaccording to a directors choice.The final signal from VM is sent to VTR. VTR uses both analog and digital tape recording system. At the time transmitting this pre recorded program cassettes is played in to respective in VTR room. Signal from VTR is sent to PCR-2. PCR-2 has one VM, video monitoring system, and CG (Computer Graphics). From PCR-2, signal travels from MSR to Transmitter or Earth station for terrestrial and satellite transmission. MSR is the main control room between studio and transmitter or receiver.

AUDIO CHAIN PCR-2 In studio program, audio from studio microphones is directly fed to the AUDIO CONSOLE place in PCR-1. It is used to mix audio from different sources and maintain its output. From AC, signal is directly recorded on tape with video signal in VTR. While playing back audio is extracted from tape and fed to another audio console placed in and then travels with the video signal.

Vision Mixer Vision mixer is the almost final equipment in programme (video) production and its output is used either for recording or transmission. Vision mixing is the process of providing a composite signal from various input sources. It has many input sources such as cameras, VCR/server, Graphics, IRDs. Out of these i/p, any source can be taken on o/p.

TRANSMITTER SECTION A television transmitter is a device which broadcasts an electromagnetic signal to the television receivers. Television transmitters may be analog or digital. Below the principals of analog systems are summarized.

DD1 transmitter

DD2 transmitter

The audio (AF) input (or inputs in case of stereophonic broadcasting) is usually a signal with 15 kHz maximum bandwidth and 0 dBm maximum level. Preemphasis time constant is 50 s. The signal after passing buffer stages is applied to a modulator where it modulates an intermediate frequency carrier (IF). The modulation technique is usually frequency modulation (FM) with a typical maximum deviation of 50 kHz (for 1 kHz. input at 0 dBm level).

The video (VF) input is a composite video signal (video information with sync) of maximum 1 volt on 75 impedance. (1 V limit is for luminance signal. Some operators may accept superimposed color signals slightly over 1 V.) After buffer and 1 V clipping circuits the signal is applied to the modulator where it modulates an intermediate frequency signal (which is different from the one used for aural signal.) The modulator is a amplitude modulator which modulates the IF signal in a manner where 1 V VF corresponds to low level IF and 0 volt VF corresponds to high level IF. AM modulator produces two symmetrical side bands in the modulated signals. Thus IF band width is two times the video band width. (i.e. if the VF bandwidth is 4.2 MHz, the IF bandwidth is 8.4 MHz.) However, the modulator is followed by a special filter known as Vestigal sideband (VSB) filter. This filter is used to suppress a portion of one side band, thus bandwidth is reduced. (Since both side bands contain identical information, this suppression doesn't cause a loss in information.) Although the suppression causes phase delay problems the VSB stage also includes correction circuits to equalise the phase.

The modulated signal is applied to a mixer (also known as frequency converter). Another input to the mixer which is usually produced in a crystal oven oscillator is known as subcarrier. The two outputs of the mixer are the sum and difference of two signals. Unwanted signal (usually the sum) is filtered out and the remaining signal is the radio frequency (RF) signal. Then the signal is applied to the amplifier stages. The number of series amplifiers depends on the required output power. The final stage is usually an amplifier consisting of many parallel power transistor.

Combining aural and visual signals Split sound system: Actually there are two parallel transmitters one for aural and one for visual signal. The two signals are combined at the output via a high power combiner. In addition to a combiner, this system requires separate mixer and amplifiers for aural and visual signals. This is the system used in most high power applications. Intercarrier system : There are two input stages one for AF and one for VF. But the two signals are combined in low power IF circuits (i.e., after modulators) The mixer and the amplifiers are common to both signals and the system needs no high power combiners. So both the price of the transmitter and the power consumption is considerably lower than that of split sound system of the same power level. But

two signals passing through amplifiers produce some intermodulation products. So intercarrier system is not suitable for high power applications and even at lower power transmitters a notch filter to reject the cross modulation products must be used at the output.

TV transmitter

4. HARDWARE/ SOFTWARE IMPLIMENATION In hardware we used the cam recorder,adjusted its focal length,zoom in,zoom out the image of the object.Done recording in professional camrecorder. In doordarshan pc uses intel Xeon 2.48 Ghz processor,6 Gb RAM AND 500 Gb hard disk or better configuration for the proper functioning of the programmes. In NLE section I done editing , added graphics, effects, and transitions without going to a different station in the studio or re-configuring the equipment. Those who have edited on a traditional system can fully appreciate this advantage. In the past, schools spent thousands of dollars for two high-quality editing VCRs, two monitors, and an editing control unit, and the result was simple cuts-only editing no effects, no graphics, no transitions. Mechanically-inclined teachers would reconfigure equipment, adding expensive character generators and video mixers in between the source and record VCRs to achieve basic effects. With a nonlinear editing system, those effects are taken to the next level at a fraction of the cost. Correcting Mistakes/Making Updates Mistakes made during the editing process are easily corrected using a nonlinear editing system. Segments anywhere in the program can quickly be trimmed or replaced. Also, existing programs can be updated with ease, as segments that no longer apply are replaced with appropriate segments. Media 100 - Final Cut XML Interchange Media 100 Release 13 now supports XML interchange with Final Cut Pro and with other applications that support the Final Cut Pro XML specification.

With this feature, one can export a Media 100 program timeline to an XML document and then import that document into a Final Cut Pro sequence for further editing. Exporting XML from a Final Cut Pro sequence and importing it into a Media 100 program timeline is also possible. The XML Interchange feature supports a large subset of the Media 100 program timeline.. Then Import dialog and Export dialog and here's that program after it's been exported to XML and imported in Final Cut Pro Transitions Mapping included in the mappings are start ratio, end ratio, reversed, direction, angle, border width, color. In software I also learn to load operating system,antivirus and all management and monitoring application required for complete functioning of system. 5. LEARNING OUTCOMES & ANALYSIS As I have learnt 6 different section of doordarshan and I am able to know that the complete communication process in tv transmitting and receiving system. Doordarshan, the national television service of India, is devoted to public service broadcasting. It is one of the largest terrestrial networks in the world. In my Industrial training at Doordarshan Kendra, Jalandhar , I have been pulled ahead of my knowledge which will surely be of great help in future. This training render me an opportunity to learn the practical aspects of the knowledge of my field of interest, communication

6. CONCLUSIONS Doordarshan, the national television service of India, is devoted to public service broadcasting. It is one of the largest terrestrial networks in the world. In my Industrial training at Doordarshan Kendra, Jalandhar , I have been pulled ahead of my knowledge which will surely be of great help in future. This training render me an opportunity to learn the practical aspects of the knowledge of my field of interest, communication. 7. FUTURE SCOPE OF THIS TYPE TRAINING Better programmes are available on doordarshan like live cricket mathch and social reforming programmes like satyameva jayate are available in doordarshan.Use of better camrecorder increases the quality of the picture.Also,better softwares for

nonlinear editing helps in better performance of editing. hese non-linear video editing systems typically use compression techniques developed by the Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) or the Motion Picture Experts Group (MPEG). There was always a persistent quest to increase the coverage area of broadcasting It increases my skills in communication field and helps me much when I get placed in the communication industry. 8.REFERENCES Television production handbook by Herbert Zett------page -436 Satellite communication by roddie---page -----531 Some materials provided by DDK JALANDHAR.