Chapter #6 Study Guide

a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) k) 1. Know the following definitions: Thermocline (know where the most pronounced exist)- where temperature decreases rapidly, middle layer, tropical areas with more water heat Halocline- where salinity increases rapidly Pycnocline-where density increases rapidly Surface Zone (or mixed layer)- upper layer where waves keep everything well mixed Deep Zone (makes up most of the ocean)- little change in density 80% of ocean Photic- thin region where sunlight penetrates: clarity of water, surface smoothness, and angle of sun affects depth Aphotic zone- no sunlight reaches SOFAR layer- sound fixing and ranging, minimum velocity layer, sound waves travel at minimum speed, ineffecient Active SONAR- sound navigation and ranging, sends sound pulses and records the reflection passive SONAR- listens to sounds Side Scan Sonar- sound pulses leave sonar, bounce off bottom, return to device, computers create images 2. Regarding water: What type of bond holds the 2 hydrogen and oxygen atoms together? 1. Polar covalent What type of bond holds the water atoms together and what effects does this have? 1. Hydrogen bond, negative end of oxygen attracted to positive end of hydrogen, limits temperature and phase changes, increases heat capicity What does salt do to the freezing point of water? 1. Adding salts lower the freezing points When salt water freezes, what is the ice made of? 1. Pure water Which is faster, the speed of sound in air or in water? 1. Speed of sound is 5 times higher in the water than the air, speed is affected by temperature and pressure Why is ocean water blue? 1. Blue is the last color absorbed by the ocean

a) b)

c) d) e) f)

3. Regarding heat and heat capacity: a) What is the difference between latent and sensible heat? 1. Latent heat causes phase change with no temperature change 2. Sensible heat- cause temperature change b) What happens to the environment during various phase changes? 1. Ice melting takes heat from the environment, evaporation takes heat energy too.

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e) f) g)

2. Condensation (vapor to liquid) releases heat, liquid to ice releases heat. What is meant by an object having high heat capacity? 1. It takes more heat to raise 1 gram of an object by 1 degree celsius What is meant by Latent heat of Fusion and Vaporization? 1. Latent heat of fusion is the heat needed to change from solid to liquid, 80 calories 2.Latent heat of vaporization is the heat needed to change liquid to vapor, 540 calories Be able to solve problems similar to your homework. What if our planet had no ocean? What would that do to the seasonal temperatures? 1. The hottest day of the year would be in june, not august What has more of an effect on transferring heat to the poles, atmosphere or ocean currents? Why? 4. Regarding density and the T-S diagram: Be able to solve problems on calculating density using a scale and beaker. What information does the T-S diagram give you? 1. Temperature vs salinity, density at those levels, higher salinity= higher density, higher temperature= lower density What happens to the density of water when it freezes? 1. What are the common units for measuring salinity? 1. Parts per thousand What does the profile of density look like as you go deeper in the ocean? 1. The deeper you get the more density What controls salinity in the ocean? 1. Effected by evaporation, precipitation

a) b) c) d) e) f)

5. Regarding sunlight and the ocean: a) What is refraction? 1. Bending of waves b) Know which wavelengths of light are absorbed first and last in the ocean. 1. Reds are absorbed first, blues last c) What determines the depth to which light can penetrate into the ocean? 1.

Chapter #7 Study Guide

1. a) Regarding the salts in the ocean: Where do the salts from the ocean come from and where do they go? 1. Run off from continents 2. Mid ocean ridges and seamounts (excess volatiles) 3. The salts go into the ocean, mix, remove What are excess volatiles?

b)

c) d) of water? e) f)

1. Not weathered from surface rocks What is meant by our oceans being in chemical equilibrium? 1. The supply rate of salts= the removal rate What do salts do to the heat capacity, freezing point and evaporation rates 1. Salts lower heat capacity, lower freezing point, lower evaporation rates What are the two most abundant salts in the ocean? 1. Chloride and sodium What is meant by residence and mixing time? 1. Resident time is the approximate time salts spend in the ocean 2. Mixing time is the amount of time to completely mix compenents in the ocean ~1600 years Why does water dissolve salts and not oil? 1. Salts have weak ionic bonds, the polarized water, attracts the negatives and positives and splits them. Oil on the other hand has no polarity and does not have weak bonds What is an ion? 1. An atom with a charge What is a molecule? 1. A group of atoms help together by chemical bonds What kind of bond holds salts together? 1. Ionic bonds- give one up 2. Regarding gases in the ocean: How does oxygen and carbon dioxide change as you go deeper? Describe why this happens. 1. Oxygen is abundant near the surface because of photosynthesis. Decreases below sunlit layers because of respiration. Levels of co2 increase with depth What are the sources and sinks for oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen in our ocean? 1. Nitrogen comes from the atmosphere 2. Oxygen comes from atmosphere and photosynthesis 3. Co2 comes from atmosphere and respiration What is meant by solubility? 1. Ability to contain gas in a solution. Co2 is highly soluable in water How does temperature and pressure affect the solubility of gas? 1. Lowering temperature and increasing pressure increases soluablity What happens to pH (see below) when excess CO2 enters the ocean? 3. Regarding pH: What does the pH scale tell you about the acidity or alkalinity of water? 1. pH of 7 is neutral anything above 7 is acidic, below 7 is basic (alkaline). Pure water is neutral, salt water is basic What is the pH of pure water?

g)

h) i) j)

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c) d) e) a) b)

c) d) next? e)

1. 7 What is the pH of our ocean and why? 1. 7.8-8.3 because of the salts and the other mixes How does the acidity or alkalinity change as you go from one number to the 1. Every number represents a 10 fold change in acidity What does a buffer do? 1. A buffer, carbonic acid, bicarbonate and carbonate ion act as a buffer preventing large pH swings

Chapter #8 Study Guide

1. Describe and identify the following: a) Hadley, Ferrel and Polar Cell i. Hadley cell- tropical cell in the north hemisphere warm air rises going to the right with coriolis effect, cold air falls(blue) ii. Ferrel cell is a mid latitude cell where westerlies are iii. Polar cell is a polar cell b) Meteorological Equator (or ITCZ) i. Intertropical convergence zone- mirgrates north or south depending on season, north in summer, south in our winter c) Doldrums- equator- no winds, dead. d) Horse latitudes- 30 north and south, light winds, dry in all seasons e) Trade winds and Westerlies i. Trade winds are at equator to 30 N and S- summer wet, needed!! ii. Westerlies are 30-60 north and south- winter wet, summer dry f) Air masses and fronts i. Air mass is a large body of air ii. Fronts are when to air masses collide iii. Continental polar- cold dry stable iv. Continental tropical- hot dry stable v. Maritime polar- cool moist, unstable vi. Maritime tropical- warm moist, unstable

a) b) c)

2. Regarding our atmosphere: In what layer does most weather occur on Earth? i. troposphere Know the top 2 components in our atmosphere. i. Nitrogen then oxygen Know how water vapor affects the density of dry air. i. Dry air holds less water vapor, forms into clouds d) What happens to an air parcel as it is forced to rise or sink? i. Air forced to sink, compresses and warms ii. Aire forced to rise, expands and cools

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3. Regarding the influence of the Sun on our weather: What causes summers and winters? i. Tilt of the earth which changes the heat Know the fundamentals behind a sea and land breeze. i. Sea breeze- smaller monsoon, winds come from sea, cool air descends, cooler sea, onshore flow, warmer land, warm air ascends ii. Land breeze- winds go to sea, cool air desends, cooler land, offshore flow, warm air ascends What is and what creates a monsoon? i. Seasonal winds created by low heat capacity of land, wet unstable air goes towards land d) What is a "rain shadow?" i. Rain hits the windward side of the mountain first, warm air pushes upward, other side of mountain in vlocked, warm dry air. Windward side is lush and moist, leeward is warm dry lack of rain e) What is meant by windward and leeward? i. Windward is the side the wind hits first ii. Leeward is the side the wind hits last 4. Regarding general wind patterns on Earth, answer these questions a) How do winds "generally" move at different latitudes? b) Where (what latitudes) on the planet would you find areas of very little surface wind motion but a lot of vertical air motion? c) At what latitudes would you find deserts, why? d) At what latitudes would you find rainy conditions, why? i. Equator, trade winds e) From a weather map of surface pressure, determine the direction and general wind speeds at different locations (similar to your homework). Regarding the Coriolis Effect: a) What is this effect caused by? i. Rotation of earth and uneven solar heating cause deflections of air or masses b) How are winds steered in the northern and southern hemispheres? i. Right in north hemisphere, left in south c) In what direction do winds rotate around a low and high pressure in the northern and southern hemispheres? i. Regarding tropical storms: a) Know how tropical storms rotate and what direction they typically travel. i. In the northern hemisphere they rotate counterclockwise, southern hemisphere clockwise. Central low pressure, high pressures around it, veers off due to coriolis effect b) How do winds move in the center of the storm?

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i. Know the energy source for tropical storms/hurricanes. What is usually the minimum temperature for hurricane formation? i. Hurricanes require ocean temperatures of over 79 farenheight Why dont hurricanes form on the equator? i. The equator has no coriolos, forms on trade winds and westerlies at higher latitudes