Letter Paper Int. J. of Recent Trends in Engineering and Technology, Vol. 4, No.

3, Nov 2010

Design of Non-Concentric Circular UWB Fractal Antenna for Wireless Communication

Raj Kumar
Department of Electronics Engg. DIAT, Girinagar, Maharashtra-411025 Email: omnamhshivay2010@gmail.com
AbstractThis paper proposes new design of Ultra-Wideband (UWB) antennas using multiple rings with and without notch. A parametric study of antenna parameters, including the length and width of the ground plane, the gap between the patch and ground, and iteration number is presented. The optimized design has been printed on a FR4 substrate of r = 4.3, h = 1.53mm with substrate size of 44.2mm x 45 mm. The experimental result of antenna exhibits the ultra wide band (UWB) characteristics from frequency 3.07 GHz to 15 GHz except the notched-band. The notched-band characteristics has been achieved by incorporating the U-shape slot into the CPW-fed. The experimental radiation pattern of antenna is nearly omnidirectional in azimuth plane and dumbly shape in E-plane. The cross polarization of the antenna is -10 dBi at 4.35 GHz and reduces with the increase in frequency. The simulated and experimental results are in good agreement. These antennas can be used for UWB system, Satellite and Space applications. Index TermsAntenna, fractal antenna, resonant frequency, CPW-fed and UWB

incorporated in CPW - fed line to create the band-notched characteristics. These antennas have the advantages of low weight, small size and easy to fabricate and suitable to integrate with MIC/MMIC circuits and devices. The antenna has been characterized in terms of impedance bandwidth and radiation pattern. The antennas can be used for UWB system, Satellite and Space applications. II. ANTENNA GEOMETRY

I.

INTRODUCTION

In recent years, there is an increasing demand for ultrawideband (UWB) system because of its attractive features, such as simple configuration, low cost, and resistant to severe multipath and jamming [1-2]. As one of main issues of UWB systems, UWB antenna has drawn much attention. In modern these days, printed planar monopole antennas have become very popular due to their low profile, lowcost, ease of fabrication, large bandwidth, and radiation properties. Many have been proposed for UWB applications. Planar UWB monopole antennas with rectangular, disc, elliptical, and triangular shaped have been reported [3 6] in open literature. The frequency range for UWB systems approved by the FCC is between 3.1 and 10.6 GHz, whereas the 5.155.825 GHz frequency band has been allocated to WLAN systems. To avoid interference from or causing interference to WLAN systems, the UWB antenna with a notched band is highly demanded. The many UWB antennas have been reported with band-notched frequency [7-12] with various shape of slot to create the notched band. The fractal antenna considered to be the miniaturized configuration for multiband and UWB applications. Min Ding et. Al. [13] has reported the UWB fractal antenna. The UWB fractal antenna with band-notched has not been reported much with detail study. This paper presents the new design of Ultra-Wideband (UWB) fractal antennas with and without notch. The UWB characteristics and compact size have been achieved using the concept of fractal antenna. The U-shape slot is
2010 ACEEE DOI: 01.IJRTET.04.03.31

The antenna is constructed by a set of self-similar circular rings as shown in Fig. 1. The simple circular disc monopole antenna has been designed on the substrate r = 4.3 and thickness h=1.53 mm. The diameter of circular disc monopole antenna initially has been 20 mm. This is called the zeroth iteration as shown in Fig. 1a. The first iteration has been achieved by subtracting the circle of 10 mm diameter from the initial circle of 20 mm diameter as shown in Fig. 1b. In the second iteration, a circle of 5 mm diameter is made and a circle of 2.5 mm diameter has been subtracted from this circle. This is called the second iteration as shown in Fig. 1c. This process can be repeated infinite times like this. But the infinite iterative structure is not possible due to the fabrication constraints. So, 2nd iterative structure has been decided to study.

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 1. The antenna configuration with respect to the number of iteration

The proposed final fractal antenna is shown in Fig. 2. The antenna has been fed with CPW-feed. In this, radiating patch and feed both are printed on the same side of substrate. The CPW-fed is simple to fabricate and easy to integrate with devices in comparison to partial microstrip feed. The CPW-fed has others advantages such as low dispersion at higher frequency, suitable for broader impedance matching and good radiation pattern. The optimized dimensions of this antenna are shown in Fig. 2 with the notation h1 = 20 mm, h2 = 10 mm, h3 = 5 mm, h4 = 2.5mm. The heights are such that h2 is half of h1 and so on. The width of 50 line is 3.2 mm and gap between feed and patch is 0.5mm. The optimized ground plane of one side is 20 mm and length of ground plane is 22.1 mm. The optimized gap between patch and ground plane is 0.5 mm for proper coupling from feed to radiating elements.

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bandwidth is reduced with increasing gap, but the matching became poor for larger values of gap. In this instance, the optimized gap is 0.7 mm. It is observed from the simulated results that at the particular gap the proper coupling between the patch and ground plane take place for maximum bandwidth. The optimized gap 0.5 mm gives the UWB impedance matching.

Figure 2. Fractal antenna structure with optimized dimension

Figure 3. Simulated results of fractal antenna w.r. to iterations number

III.SIMULATED RESULTS AND PARAMETRIC STUDY WITHOUT NOTCH The antenna has been designed on the substrate r = 4.3 and thickness=1.53 mm. The substrate size of the antenna has been taken as 44.2 mm x 45 mm. It is noticed by the distribution of the current on the radiating patch and ground plane. It is clear that the gap between the ground plane and patch, number of iteration and ground length and width are the critical parameters to achieve UWB impedance bandwidth of the antenna. The fractal antenna has been optimized for these parameters. A parametric study of the antenna has been done to achieve the UWB characteristics. A. The Effect of Number of Iteration The proposed fractal monopole antenna is shown in Fig. 2. The monopole antenna with respect to the each iteration is shown in Fig. 1. The dimension of zeroth iteration has been taken 20 mm diameter. All iteration of the antenna has been constructed with scale of 0.5. The antenna has been simulated using EM simulator. The simulated result of each iteration is shown in Fig. 3. It is observed from the simulated results as the number of iteration increases, the first resonant frequency of antenna shifted to lower frequency side with improved impedance matching. The impedance matching is also improved with number of iteration at higher frequency as shown in Fig. 3.
B. The Figure 4. Simulated results of fractal antenna with various gap between patch and ground plane

Effect of gap between patch and ground plane The design parameter gap between the patch and ground plane is critical because current distribution is on the edges of circular disc and along the upper edge of ground plane. The simulated results of various gap from 0.3 mm to 0.7 mm between the patch and ground plane is shown in Fig. 4. The substrate size is 44.2mm x 45mm, ground length Lg = 22.1 mm and width Wg =20mm. It was seen that the lower-edge frequency of the impedance 126

C. The Effect of the Ground Plane Size The ground plane (GP) dimensions are very important parameters in the design of the antennas, because of strong dependence of bandwidth on GP size. Fig. 5 shows the simulated results of fractal antenna with respect to ground length. From the result, it is observed as the ground length increases from 18 mm to 22.1 mm, the first resonant frequency shifted to lower frequency side. It is seen that the bandwidth is heavily dependent on GP length. To design a compact UWB antenna, the GP Lg is selected and optimized as 22.1 mm. It was also found that the return loss is sensitive to the GP length Lg. The simulated results of various value of ground width from 18mm to 22 mm is shown in Fig. 6. It is observed that optimized ground width for UWB is Wg =20 mm. This optimized width improves the impedance matching. It is observed the effect of ground length of impedance bandwidth and matching is more in comparison to the ground width. Although first resonant frequency of the antenna is due to quarter wavelength of the diameter of the disc. The optimized design parameters have been taken for fabrication.

2010 ACEEE DOI: 01.IJRTET.04.03.31

Letter Paper Int. J. of Recent Trends in Engineering and Technology, Vol. 4, No. 3, Nov 2010

rectangular ground planes to improve the impedance matching. The parameters of U-shape slot in ground plane and feed are shown as shown in Fig. 8 and optimized using EM simulator. The various design parameters of UWB antenna with band-notched characteristics are length of slot, width of the slot, position of the slot. To improve the impedance matching, U-shape slot dimension have been optimized for better return loss.

Figure 5. Simulated results of fractal antenna for variation ground length

Figure 8. Fractal antenna with U - shape slot Figure 6. Simulated results of fractal antenna with various ground width

D. The Effect of the Monopole Antenna Size It is seen that the current density on the edges of circular antenna disc is more and in middle is very small. It indicates that the first resonant frequency of the circular disc monopole antenna depends on the diameter of disc. As the diameter of circular disc increases, the resonant frequency decreases as shown in Fig. 7.

A. Effect of U-shape slot in Ground Plane The return loss with slot cut in the ground was very poor. To improve the impedance matching, the dimension of the slot has been optimized. The dimension of ground plane Lg = 22.1 mm, Wg = 20 mm has been taken. The dimension of slot is shown in Fig. 8. A comparison in return loss versus frequency with and without slot in left and right rectangular ground plane is shown in Fig. 9. The return loss without a cut in ground was poor. To overcome this, a curved cut-out was produced in both the left and right grounds and optimized. The result improvement in term of return loss is evident from Fig. 9. B. Effect of U - shape slot length The position of the notch can be tuned to any desired value very conveniently by simply varying the length nlen. Shifting in the notch position for various values of U-shape length nlen is shown in Fig. 10. It is evident that as the length increases from 7.5 mm to 9.0 mm, the notch peak becomes better and shifted from 5.8 GHz to 4.9 GHz. The fractal antenna has been fabricated with slot width of 0.3mm, gap between the U-shape slot 0.6 mm and length 8.5 mm for the simulated center frequency of notch 5.3 GHz.

Figure 7. Simulated result of monopole circular disc antenna of various diameters

III.

UWB ANTENNA WITH NOTCH

The band-notched characteristic is important to stop interference from WLAN external signal. The bandnotched characteristic can be created by incorporating the U-shaped slot in CPW-feed line as shown in Fig. 8. The another U-shape slot has been incorporated in both side of

2010 ACEEE DOI: 01.IJRTET.04.03.31

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dBi at 3.2 GHz as shown in Fig. 16. This cross polarization reduces as the frequency increases. The gain of this fractal antenna is less than 5 dBi as required except the notched frequency. At the notched frequency gain drastically drop to -7 dBi as shown in table 1. This exhibits good impedance matching, stable radiation patterns over bandwidths suitable for UWB system.

Figure 9. Simulated result with and without notched frequency

Figure 11. Experimental Result of fractal Antenna without notch-band

Figure 10. Simulated band-notched frequency w.r.to the U-shape slot length

IV.

EXPERIMENTAL RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The proposed fractal antenna with and without bandnotched have been fabricated with optimized dimension. The configuration of the antennas are shown in Fig. 2 and Fig. 8. The antennas have been tested using VNA R&S ZVA40. The experimental result of antenna exhibits the excellent UWB characteristics. The measured -10 dB return loss bandwidth is from 3.075 GHz to 15 GHz as shown in Fig. 11. The U-shape slot in CPW-fed of fractal antenna also offers the UWB characteristic from 2.9 GHz to 15 GHz for VSWR < 2 except notched at 4.875 GHz as shown in Fig. 12. The shift in notched frequency in comparison to simulated results has been observed which can be corrected. The simulated and the measured results are in good agreement. The proposed antennae have been analyzed using 3D electromagnetic simulator based on FDTD method. A slot in the rectangular ground planes improves the impedance matching of notched-band antenna. The radiation patterns of the antenna have been measured in in-house anechoic chamber. The experimental radiation patterns in azimuth plane have been measured at selective frequencies 3.0 GHz, 4.275 GHz, 6.075 GHz and 8.475 GHz. It is observed that the nature of radiation pattern in azimuth plane is nearly omnidirectional as shown in Fig. 14a and 14b. The nature of E - plane radiation pattern is dumbly shape, measured at some selective frequencies 3.0 GHz, 6.45 GHz and 10.2 GHz as shown in Fig. 15. The cross polarization of proposed antenna is -10
2010 ACEEE DOI: 01.IJRTET.04.03.31

Figure 12. Experimental Result of fractal Antenna with notch-band

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characteristics performance. The simulations results obtained by 3D-electromagnetic simulator show good agreement with the measured results. It is shown that the proposed antenna covers operating ultra wide bandwidth included in FCC-defined UWB frequency band and beyond. The nature of radiation pattern in azimuth plane is nearly omni-directional over entire bandwidth. U-shaped slot in CPW-fed is used to create a notch-band (band reject) characteristics. The total length of the U-shaped determines the center frequency of the notched WLAN band. The designed antenna has simple configuration, easy to fabricate and integrate with MIC/MMIC. The proposed antenna can be used for UWB system applications.
Figure 14. Experimental H-Plane Radiation Pattern

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors sincerely thanks to the Vice Chancellor, Pro-Vice Chancellor, Dean, DIAT, Pune and for constant encouragement and support. Authors are thankful to all the research scholar of Microwave and Millimeter wave Antenna Lab and staff of Depart. of Electronics Engg for their support directly or indirectly REFERENCES
[1] C Report and Order for Part 15 Acceptance of Ultra Wideband (UWB) Systems from 3.1 10.6 GHz, F3-CC, Washington, DC, 2002. [2] Oppermann, M. Hamalainen, and J. Iinatti, UWB theory and applications, Wiley, New York, 2004, pp. 34 [3] C.C. Lin et. al., A planar triangular monopole antenna for UWB communication, IEEE Microwave Wireless Compon. Lett. 15 (2005), 6246. [4] C.Y. Huanget.al., Planar elliptical antenna for ultra-wideband communications, Electron Lett 41 (2005),2967. [5] M. John and M.J. Ammann, Optimisation of impedance bandwidth for the printed rectangular monopole antenna, Microwave Opt Technol Lett 47 (2005), 153154. [6] J. Liang et. al, Study of CPW-fed circular disc monopole antenna for ultra wideband applications, IEE Proc Microwave Antennas Propag 152 (2005), 520526. [7] K. Chung et. al., Wideband microstrip-fed monopole antenna having frequency band-notch function, IEEE Microwave Wireless Compon Lett 15 (2005), 766768. [8] Y. Kim and D.H. Kwon, CPW-Fed planar ultra wideband antenna having a frequency band notch function, Electron Lett 40 (2004), 403405. [9] K.L. Wong et. al., Band-notched ultra-wideband circular-disk monopole antenna with an arc-shaped slot, MOLT- 45 (2005), 188191. [10]T. Yuan, C.-W. Qiu, L.W. Li, M.S. Leong, and Q. Zhang, Elliptically shaped ultra-wideband patch antenna with bandnotch features, MOLT-50 (2008), 736738. [11]J.C. Ding, Z.L. Lin, Z.N. Ying, and S.L. He, A compact ultra wideband slot antenna with multiple notch frequency bands, Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49 (2007), 30563060. [12]S.H. Lee et.al.,, A coplanar waveguide fed monopole ultrawideband antenna having band-notched frequency function by two folded-striplines, MOLT. 49 (2007), 27472750. [13]M.Ding et. al. Design of a CPW-fed Ultra Wideband Crown Circular Fractal Antenna MOLT, Jan. 2007, pp. 173-6.

Figure 15. Experimental E-Plane Radiation Pattern

Figure 16. Experimental Cross polarisation TABLE I GAIN IN DBI OF FRACTAL ANTENNA WITH NOTCHED-BAND AT VARIUS
FREQUENCIES

Frequency (GHz) 3.0 5.0 7.2

Gain(dBi) 1.3 -7.0 4.69

V.

CONCLUSION

UWB fractal monopole antennas with and without band- notched characteristic have been designed and experimentally demonstrated. A parametric study of the fractal antenna has been done which effect the UWB

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