Cng ngh ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode)

Mc tiu ca ATM l nhm cung cp mt mng dn knh v chuyn mch tc cao, tr nh p ng cho cc dng truyn thng a phng tin (multimedia). Nhiu t chc chun ha quc gia v quc t nh ANSI, ATM Forum, ITU (CCITT) quan tm n vic chun ha ATM t nm 1984 v c nhiu kt qu c cng b t nm 1993. I. Kin Trc Ca ATM Hnh 1 minh ha mt topo in hnh ca ATM.

Hnh 1 Mt topo in hnh ca ATM

Trong hnh 2 mt Public UNI (Public User Network Interface)xc nh giao din gia mt mng ATM cng cng v mt ATM Switch dng ring ; mt Private UNI (Private User-Network) xc nh giao din gia mt ngi s dng cui (end-user) vi mt ATM Switch dng ring. Hnh 2 th hin m hnh kin trc phn tng ca mng ATM.

Hnh 2 M hnh kin trc phn tng ca ATM Lu rng khng c s tng ng hon ton gia cc tng ca mng ATM vi cc tng trong m hnh OSI. Tng ATM thc hin cc chc nng thng gp trong cc tng 2 v 3, cn tng AAL c cc chc nng tng t nh trong cc tng 4,5 v 7 ca m hnh OSI. Tng vt l ca mng ATM c th dng cng ngh SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierachy) hoc SONET (Synchronous Optical Network), hoc cc cng ngh khc nh DS1, DS3 hoc FDDI (Fiber Dtributed Data Interface) vv. Tng AAL t trn tng ATM nhm mc ch cung cp cc phng tin hi t cho php cc dng truyn thng khc nhau c th tng thch vi dch v ATM. Bn thn tng AAL c th tch thnh hai tng con l: CS (Convergence Sublayer) v SAR (Segmentation and Reassembly Sublayer). Tng con SAR m nhim vic ct cc n v d liu ca ngi s dng thnh cc t bo ATM gi i v hp cc t bo li thnh n v d liu ca ngi s dng khi nhn c chng. Hnh 3 th hin mt cch chi tit hn cc tng ATM.

AAL : ATM Adaptation Layer CBR : Constant/Continous Bit Rate VBR : Variable Bit Rate SAR : Segmentation and Ressembly Layer SHD : Synchronous Digital Hierarchy SONET : Synchronous Optical Network FDDI :Fiber Distributed Data Interface. Hnh 3 Chi tit ha cc tng ATM

i vi tng vt l, lu rng khng ch c cc cng ngh SDH hoc SONET c s dng. Hnh 4 ch ra cc kh nng cng ngh c th s dng tng vt l ca mt mng ATM.

STP : Shield Twisted Pair : dy xon c bc v UTP : Unshield Twisted Pair : dy xon khng c bc v Hnh 4 cc kh nng cng ngh hin ti cho tng vt l ca mng ATM

II. KHUN DNG T BO ATM n v d liu dng trong mng ATM c gi l t bo (cell). Cc t bo ATM x di c nh l 53 bytes, trong 5 bytes dnh cho phn cha thng tin iu khin (cell header) v 48 bytes cha d liu ca tng trn. Khun dng phn header ca t bo ATM c hi khc nhau t cht gia hai trng hp UNI v NNI (xem hnh 5)

(a) Trng hp UNI

(b) Trng hp NNI

UNI : User Network Interface NNI : Network Network Interface GFC : Generic Flow Control VPI : Virtual Path Identifier PT : Payload Type C : Cell Loss priority HEC : Header Error Control
Hnh 5 Khun dng phn Header ca t bo ATM trong trng hp UNI v NNI

Trong k thut ATM, cc t bo cha cc d liu khc nhau c vo (dn knh) mt ng dn chung c gi l ng dn o (virtual path). Trong mt ng dn o c th gm c nhiu knh o (virtual channel) khc nhau, mi knh o c s dng bi mt ng dng no ti mi thi im. Tham s VPI c dng nh danh ng dn o, cn VCI xc nh chnh xc knh o cn truyn t bo ATM i. Nh vy, trong trng hp UNI, cp tham s VPI/VCI c di 24 bits s cho php a ch ha c ti 16 triu knh o. Trong trng hp NNI, vng VPI cn c ni rng thm 4 bits (khng cn vng GFC na). Lu rng nhiu ng dn o c th phn chia cng mt ng truyn vt l. Tham s PT dng ch r kiu d liu cha trong t bo ATM (d liu ngi s dng hoc thng tin qun l/iu khin) . Tham s C dng ch u tin khi s dng loi b cc t bo ATM, nu C = 1 c ngha t bo l i tng b loi b ty theo tnh trng ca mng v qui nh ca ngi qun tr mng. Tham s HEC dng kim sot li cho 5 bytes ca vng header (ch khng kim sot cho vng d liu 48 bytes) theo phng php CRC vi a thc sinh c chn l x8 + x2 + x +1. Tham s GFC ch c mt trong trng hp UNI v c dng kim sot ng d liu. Vic s dng cc t bo c kch thc c nh l mt li th ca k thut ATM v n cho php ch to cc b chuyn mch hon ton bng vi mch. III. QUAN H VI TNG VT L Nh tn gi ca n ch r, k thut ATM s dng phng php truyn khng ng b (asynchronous) cc t bo t ngun ti ch ca chng. Trong khi , tng vt l ngi ta li thng s dng cc k thut truyn ng b nh l SDH (hoc

SONET), d hnh dung quan h gia 2 tng ATM v vt l trong trng hp ny, ta dng hnh nh minh ha sau y (xem hnh 6)

Hnh 6 minh ha cc t bo ATM c xp vo cc toa chuyn ng b gia hai ga.

tng vt l, gia 2 trm ngun v ch ( y ta coi nh l 2 ga tu ha A v B), thng xuyn c nhng on tu chy khng ngng (ng b) t A n B (v ngc li). on tu ko theo nhng toa c kch thc c nh (53 bytes). tng ATM, khi c d liu cn truyn chng s c cu to thnh cc t bo v c xp vo cc toa rng ca on tu cho n khi ht th thi (khng ng b). v c th tip din Nh vy cc t bo d liu ca nhiu ngi s dng khc nhau c th dng chung mt on tu (ng truyn vt l) i n ch m khng cn dng chuyn xa. IV. u im v nhc im ca ATM 1. u im Mng chuyn mch ATM l mng cho php x l tc cao, dung lng ln, cht lng truy nhp cao, v vic iu khin qu trnh chuyn mch d dng v n gin. c tnh ca chuyn mch ATM l ch n th nghim s bin i ca tr t bo thng qua vic s dng k thut t nh tuyn ca lp phn cng, v c th d dng h tr cho truyn thng a phng tin s dng d liu, ting ni v hnh nh. Hn th na, n c th m bo vic iu khin phn tn v song song mc cao. 2. Nhc im

Nhc im ca h thng chuyn mch ATM l s phc tp ca phn cng v s tng thm ca tr truyn dn t bo, v l s iu khin phc tp do vic chc nng sao chp v x l phi c thc hin ng thi. IV. TH TRNG ATM Nhn thc c v tr cha th thay th c (t nht l cho ti nhng nm u ca th k 21) ca k thut ATM, hu ht cc hng khng l v my tnh v truyn thng nh IBM, ATT, Digital, Hewlett-Packard, Cco Systems Cabletron, Bay Networks, u quan tm dc bit n dng sn phm hng n ATM ca mnh tung ra th trng. C th k ra y mt s sn phm nh DEC 900 Multiswitch, IBM 8250 hub, Cisco 7000 router, Cabletron, ATM module for MMAC hub, vv. Nhn chung, th trng ATM ang si ng do nhu cu thc s ca cc ng dng a phng tin. S nhp cuc ngy mt ng cc hng sn xut lm gim ng k gi bn ca cc sn phm loi ny, t cng m rng thm th trng. Ngay Vit Nam, cc d n ln v mng tin hc u c thit k vi h tng chp nhn c cng ngh ATM trong tng lai.