10 Systems of Linear Equations

Sheet 10. Systems of Linear Equations

Exercise 10.1. Solve the following systems:

(a) by means of Cramer's Rule,

(b) by means of elementary operations.

 

 x1 − 3x2 + 5x3 = −4  −
 x1 + 2x2 − x3 = 2
1
a) 2x1 + 5x2 − x3 = 3 b) 3x1 − x2 + x3 = 2
 
− x1 − x2 + 3x3 = −4 2x1 + 8x2 − 3x3 = 12
 

  x2 − 3x3 + 4x4 = 0
5x1 − 3x2 + 7x3 = 0


 
  x
1 − 2x3 = 0
c) − 4x1 + x2 − 5x3 = 0 d)
  3x1 + 2x2 − 5x4 = 2
x1 − x2 + x3 = 0
 


 4x
1 − 5x3 = 0

  x + 2y − 3z = 0
 2x − y + z = 2


 
 4x + 8y − 7z + t = 1
e) 3x + 2y + 2z = −2 f)
  x + 2y − z + t = 1
x − 2y + z = 1
 


 − x + y + 4z + 6t = 0
     
1 1 −1 x1 −2  x1 − 2x2
 = −2
1 −3 2   x2  =  0  2x2 + x3 = 1
    
g)  h)

−1 2 −1 x3 1 x1 − x3 = 1

 
 x1 + 3x2 − x3 = 8
  x1 +
 x2 + x3 = 0
i) x1 + x2 − 3x3 = 2 j) 2x1 − x2 − x3 = −3
 
2x2 + x3 = 5 x1 − − x2 + x3 = 0
 

Exercise 10.2. Solve the following systems:

   
" # x1 " # " # x1 " #
2 5 −7 1 1 −2 5 0
 x2  =  x2  =
   
a) b)
3 −8 5 2 1 2 −3 0
x3 x3
   
4
1 3
−3   3 
  x1    x1 − 2x2 = 2
 3 2 −5    0  
c)   x2  =   d) − 2x1 + 4x2 + x3 = 3
 3 4 −9   9  
x3 − x1 + 2x2 + x3 = 1
    
5 2 −8 0

Last update: January 7, 2009 1

 10 Systems of Linear Equations

Exercise 10.3. Find the general solutions of the following systems. Indicate two distinct particular
solutions:

  − x1 + 2x3 + x4 = 0
2x1 − x2 + x3 − x4 = 0


 
  2x1 − x2 + 2x3 − x4 = 0
a) − x1 + 3x2 − x3 + 2x4 = 0 b)
  x1 + 2x2 − x3 = 0
x1 + 2x2 + x4 = 0
 


 2x1 + x2 + 3x3 = 0
 
 x1 + x2 + 2x3 + 3x4 = 0
  x1 − x2 +
 2x3 = −3
c) 2x1 − 3x2 + 4x3 + x4 = 0 d) x2 + x3 = −2
 
4x1 − x2 + 8x3 + 7x4 = 0 x1 − 2x2 + x3 = −1
 

Exercise 10.4. Find one of the basis solutions of the following systems:

 x1 − 2x2 = 1
( 
x1 − x2 + x3 − x4 = −1
a) b) 2x2 + x3 = −1
2x1 + x2 − 3x3 + x4 = 5 
x1 + x3 = 0



 x1 − x2 + x3 + 2x4 = 0
c) − x1 + 2x2 + x3 = 1

− 2x2 + 3x4 = −2


 − 2x1
 + x3 + x4 = 5
d) x1 + x2 − x3 = −2

3x1 + 2x3 + x5 = −2


Exercise 10.5. Find all basis solutions of the systems:


(  x1 + x2 + x3 = 1
x1 − 2x2 + 3x4 = 2 
a) b) − 2x1 + 2x2 + 3x3 = −1
− 2x1 + 4x2 + x3 + x4 = 3 
− x1 + 3x2 + 4x3 = 0



 − 5x2 + x5 = 3 
x1 + x2 + x3 = 3


 
 + 6x2 + x4 = 3 
c) d) − 2x1 + 2x2 + 3x3 = 3
 x1 − 7x2 = 2 
− x1 + 3x2 + 4x3 = 6

 

 8x2 + x3 = 1
Exercise 10.6. Solve the system of equations by means of elementary operations on rows. What are
the basis variables and the free variables of the found general solution. Indicate two distinct particular

solutions of the system, one of them should be the basis solution. Find the conditions for the general

solution to be nonnegative
 


 x + 2y + 3z + t = 1 

 2x + y + z + 2t = 16

 2x + 4y − 
z + 2t = 2  x − 2y + 3z + t = 3
a) b)


 3x + 6y + 10z + 3t = 3 

 − x + y + 2z − 5t = −9

 x + y + 
z + t = 0  x + y + z = 8

Last update: January 7, 2009 2

 10 Systems of Linear Equations

Exercise 10.7. Solve the system of equations


 6x1 + 3x2 − x3 + x4 = 3

x2 + x 3 − x4 = 1

3x1 + 3x2 + x3 − x4 = 3


with respect to the indicated variables, characterize the set of nonnegative solutions.

(a) The basis variables x1 , x2 ,

(b) the basis variables x3 , x4 ,
(c) the basis variables x2 , x3 .
Answers:

Exercise 10.1.

    x1 = 0 
 x1 = 1  x1 = 1  x1 = 0  x=2


    x = 8
 
2 13
a) x2 = 0 b) x2 = 12 c) x2 = 0 d) e) y = −1
    x 3 = 0 
x3 = −1 x3 = −2 x3 = 0 z = −3
   
 
 x =−2

 4 13
 t=1    
 x1 = −1  x1 = 0  x1 = 3  x1 = −1



 x=4    
f) g) x2 = 1 h) x2 = 1 i) x2 = 2 j) x2 = 0
 y = −2    
x3 = 2 x3 = −1 x3 = 1 x3 = 1

    

 z=0

Exercise 10.2.
 18
  27
 x1 = 31 + x3
  x1 = −x3
  x1 = − 7

1 9
a) x2 = − 31 + x3 b) x2 = 2x3 c) x2 = − 14 d) No solution
  
x3 ∈ R x3 ∈ R x3 = − 18
  
7

Exercise 10.3.
  
 x1 = 15 x4 − 25 x3  7
x1 = 13 x4  x1 = −2x3 − 2x4 
 x1 = −3x3 − 5

 
 

 x = 1x − 3x
  x =−5x
 
 x = −x 
2 5 3 5 4 2 13 4 2 4
a) b)
3
c) d) x2 = −x3 − 2
 x3 ∈ R  x3 = − 13 x4  x3 ∈ R 
x3 ∈ R

 
 
 

 x ∈R 
 x ∈R 
 x ∈R
4 4 4

Exercise 10.4.
 
 x1 = 23 x3 + 43   x1 = 54 x4 + 1
 x1 = −x3

 

 x = 5x − x +
 7
  x = 5x − x +
 7
2 3 3 4 3 2 3 3 4 3
a) b) x2 = − 21 x3 − 1
2
c)
 x3 ∈ R   x3 ∈ R
x3 ∈ R

  


 x ∈R 
 x ∈R
4 4


 x1 = 27 x4 − 17 x5 − 12
7
 3
 x2 = 2 x4 + 1



d) x3 = − 74 x4

x4 ∈ R





x5 ∈ R


Last update: January 7, 2009 3

 10 Systems of Linear Equations

Exercise 10.5.

  x1 = 75 x5 − 11
5
 x1 = 2x2 − 3x4 + 2  1 3

 1 3
 1 3
 x1 = 4 x3 + 4  x2 = 5 x5 −  x1 = 4 x3 + 4

 

5

 x ∈R   
2
a) b) x2 = 14 − 54 x3 c) x3 = 29
5
− 85 x5 d) x2 = 94 − 54 x3
 x3 = 7 − 7x4   
x3 ∈ R x4 = 33 − 65 x5 x3 ∈ R

  
 
5

 x ∈R 

4 
x5 ∈ R


Exercise 10.6.
 


 x=t−1 

 x=8−t

 y=1 
 y =t+1
a) b)


 z∈R 

 z =t−1

 z=0 
 t∈R

Exercise 10.7.
 


 x1 = 23 x3 − 32 x4 

 x1 ∈ R

 x =x −x +1  x = 1 − 3x

2 4 3 2 2 1
a) b) impossible c)
3


 x3 ∈ R 

 x3 = 2 x1 + x4

 x ∈R 
 x ∈R
4 4

Last update: January 7, 2009 4