INVESTIGATION OF THE FAILURE MECHANISM AND MOMENT CAPACITY

PREDICTION IN A TEN BOLT FLUSH END PLATE MOMENT CONNECTION

A Thesis
Presented to
The Graduate Faculty of The University of Akron

In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements for the Degree



Master of Science



Godwin Addiah Arthur
August, 2010
ii

INVESTIGATION OF THE FAILURE MECHANISM AND MOMENT CAPACITY
PREDICTION IN A TEN BOLT FLUSH END PLATE MOMENT CONNECTION

Godwin Addiah Arthur

Thesis

Approved: Accepted:

_____________________________ ______________________________
Advisor Dean of the College
Dr. Craig Menzemer Dr. George K. Haritos


_____________________________ ______________________________
Faculty Reader Dean of the Graduate School
Dr. Anil Patnaik Dr. George R. Newkome


_____________________________ ______________________________
Faculty Reader Date
Dr. Kallol Sett


_____________________________
Department Chair
Dr.Wieslaw Binienda
iii


ABSTRACT
Moment end plate connections have found their usage in a number of applications
and extensive research has been done on smaller capacity connections of such type.
This study seeks to investigate the failure mechanism and the subsequent prediction
of the moment capacity of a ten bolt flush end plate connection. The model under
study is typical of a flush end plate connection present in an existing steel parking
deck. Yield line analysis methods have been employed in analyzing the various
failure mechanisms and have been used in developing prediction equations for the
design of the end-plate. The modified Kennedy method has also been used in the
prediction of the bolt forces for all cases of the analysis with failed bolts. A three
dimensional finite element model using ABAQUS Standard has been employed to
validate the results from the analytical methods taking into consideration, the
interactions between the connection components, boundary conditions and material
non-linearities. The moment capacity and the corresponding failure mechanism is
predicted under two cases of bolt loss in rows of the connection. Limit state of end
plate yielding governs the design for the ten bolt connection and that with one row
of bolt failure at the top. Bolt fracture governs the design when there are two rows
of failed bolts.

iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
My sincere thanks to all Faculty members of the Civil Engineering Department
at the University of Akron for their immense contribution and help especially my
advisor, Dr. Menzemer through whose guidance this work has been completed
succesfully.
To the other members of my thesis committee, Dr. Patnaik and Dr. Sett, for
their help, suggestions and contributions. To my friends, who through their
encouragement saw me through the completion of this research work. Finally, to
my family for the love, support and encouragement throughout the entire duration
of my study. To them I owe everything I have accomplished.








v

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
LIST OF TABLES .ix
LIST OF FIGURES ... x
CHAPTER
I. INTRODUCTION . ...1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Statement of Problem .3
1.3 Justification ...4
1.4 Objectives ......5
1.5 Scope of Thesis ..5
1.6 Outline of Thesis ....6
II. LITERATURE REVIEW ..................7
2.1 Overview 7
2.2 End -Plate Moment Connections .10
2.2.1 Moment Capacity Prediction and Moment rotation curves...14
2.3 End Plate Design and performance...17
vi

2.4 Flush End Plate Moment Connections .19
2.5 Finite Element Analysis ...22
2.6 Need for Further Research ...26
III. DEVELOPMENT OF MOMENT PREDICTION EQUATIONS .........27
3.1 Overview ..27
3.2 Yield Line Analysis of Steel End Plates ..............27
3.3 Earlier Moment Prediction Equations ..30
3.3.1 Two Bolt Flush End Plate connection .........31
3.3.2 Four Bolt Flush End Plate Connection ....32
3.4 End Plate prediction Equations 35
3.4.1 Case one ten bolt connection 35
3.4.2 Case two eight bolts ..37
3.4.3 Case three six bolts ...39
3.5 Bolt Force Predictions .40
3.5.1 Prying Action ...................41
3.5.2 Determination of Plate Thickness Limits 43
3.5.3 Modified Kennedy Model 45
3.5.4 Moment Capacity Prediction based on Bolt Forces .47
IV. RESULTS VERIFICATION AND FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS .51
4.1 Overview ..51
4. 2 Geometry of Structural components ...51
vii

4.3 Moment Capacity Predictions .53
4.3.1 Limit State of End Plate Yielding ................53
4.3.2 Limit State of Bolt Fracture .55
4.3.3 Determination of Predicted Capacity ...57
4.4 Finite Element Analysis ..58
4.4.1 Model of the Connection Components 58
4.4.2 Material Properties ...59
4.4.3 Assembly .61
4.4.4 Contact Interactions .62
4.4.5 Boundary Conditions ...62
4.4.6 Loading and Analysis Steps .63
4.4.7 Element Type and Meshing .64
4.4.8 Visualization of Results and Failure patterns ..65
4.5 Moment Capacity Prediction from Finite Element Analysis ..67
4.5.1 Comparison and Summary of Results .69
V. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 71
5.1 Summary ..71
5.2 Conclusions ..72
5.3 Recommendations ...73
REFERENCES .74
APPENDICES ..79
viii

APPENDIX A Assumed Yield Line Mechanisms ....80
APPENDIX B Finite Element Analysis Output Summary 88














ix

LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
4.1 Section Properties for End Plate and Beam...53
4.2 Summary of Predicted Moment Capacities with Failure mechanisms..57
4.3 Comparison of the Moment Capacity values 70











x

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
1.1 Typical Parking Deck with failed tension bolts, (Courtesy: UA) .....4
2.1 End plate moment connection types...8
3.1 Virtual Displacement in a two bolt flush unstiffened end plate ...30
3.2 Controlling Yield Mechanism for Four bolts Flush End Plate .33
3.3 Controlling Yield Line Mechanism for Four Bolt (AISC)34
3.4 Equivalent form of the 10 bolt Flush onto a Four Bolt
Flush Configuration ..36

3.5 Controlling Yield line Mechanism for the 10-bolt connection .37
3.6 Controlling Yield line Mechanism for the 8-bolt connection ...38
3.7 Controlling Yield line Mechanism for the 6-bolt connection ...40
3.8 Stages of Plate Behavior based on the Kennedy Model ...43
3.9 Modified Kennedy Model for cases of the flush end plate connection 46
3.10 Case One bolt forces with (a) No Prying Action (b) Prying Action........... 48
3.11 Case Two bolt forces with (a) No Prying Action (b) Prying Action...49
3.12 Case Three bolt forces with (a) No Prying Action (b) Prying Action.....50
xi

4. 1 Connection Details for End Plate with Adjoining Beam.. 52
4.2 Components of the Flush End Plate connection in ABAQUS CAE..59
4.3 (a) Stress Strain Relationship for Beam, Endplate and Column Material.60
4.3 (b) Stress Strain Relationship for Bolts and Nut ...60
4.4 An Assembly of the 10-bolt Flush end plate connection ..61
4.5 Connection Boundary Conditions .63
4.6 Mesh of Connection Assembly .64
4.7 Linear element, 8-node brick, C3D8 (ABAQUS Analysis Manual) 65
4.8 Patterns in different cases of connection failure ...67
4.9 Graph of applied moment against end plate separation for case 168
4.10 Graph of applied moment against endplate separation for case 2.69

1

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
The study and research on structural connections has been a subject of interest
in improving the overall performance of steel structures. Although some improvements
have been made to ensure economy and performance, a number of connections in
existing structures have been designed based on empirical methods and must be
examined in evaluating or determining the structural soundness of older infrastructure.
This has become necessary and evident due to the dilapidated state in which a good
deal of infrastructure has been found (ASCE Report Card, 2009). In this research, a
ten bolt flush end plate connection of an existing typical steel parking deck is
considered.
Upon a routine maintenance check, it had been established that some bolts of
the flush end plate connections had failed. Although the problem might be due to
causes other than over stressing, the structural adequacy of these connections is
investigated and the moment capacity of the 10-bolt flush end plate connection is
examined using prediction equations derived from existing methods and validated with
results from Finite Element Analysis (FEA). The predicted capacity is based on the
number of failed bolts, with the moment capacity of the connection determined at each

2

stage as a function of the number of failed bolts. Two cases of rows of failed bolts
have been considered. The neutral axis is directly affected by the loss of bolts and this
directly affects the number of bolts in tension. The various failure mechanisms that
arise are also of interest.
According to the AISC Specification (2005), the connection behavior of a
semi-rigid connection requires a good knowledge of the moment capacity, rotational
capacity and stiffness of the connection. Though moment end plate connections are
normally classified as type one (rigid), study have shown that they exhibit semi-rigid
properties especially in this case where there might be considerable rotation due to
some failed bolts in tension. (McGuire, 1988)
A typical flush end plate bolted connection has a rectangular steel plate of
almost the same depth of beam section and welded to the end of the beam. The end
plate is bolted to the column flange with bolts both in the tension and compression side
of the beam. Analysis of bolted end-plate connections seem quite complex due to the
behavior of the individual components of the connection. The varying properties
which include material, geometry, and contact interactions between the various parts,
bolt size, beam depth, grade of steel, web thickness and the column side parameters
make the analysis complicated. The effect of prying forces resulting from the column
and end-plate interfaces after an extent of load application complicates the problem.
In order to investigate the failure mechanism of the connection, an experimental
set-up usually needed to accurately predict the behavior and performance of the structural
components, will be a cost intensive option since connection behavior results from varied
parameters of the various components.

3

It would be difficult to study the various interactions between the end plate and
column flange. A three dimensional finite element analysis provides a convenient way to
study the behavior and interaction of the various parts of the 10-bolt flush end plate
connection using ABAQUS Standard commercial code. (ABAQUS Manual, 2006)

1.2 Statement of Problem
The loss of structural capacity of older structures has been of major concern
since the collapse of the I-35 Bridge in Minneapolis. The situation is not isolated to
bridges alone but to other structural systems which are either structurally deficient, due
to inadequate technology for analysis at the time of design or as a result of fatigue,
corrosion or a combination of other factors. In steel structures, connections play an
important role and account for the overall structural rigidity and stability of the
structure. Flush end plate connections have found use in a number of structures
including parking decks primarily due to the ease of erection and its added ability to
resist lateral loads in light frames.
Upon a routine inspection, it was found that some bolts at the flush end plate
connections of the beams had failed, thus affecting the overall structural performance
and moment capacity of the connection. Though the failed bolts have been replaced,
the extent to which the moment capacity of the flush-end plate connection was affected
needs to be evaluated to find out the impact on load carrying capacity and the probable
failure mechanisms which might result.

4



Figure 1.1 - Typical Parking Deck with failed tension bolts, (Courtesy: UA)

1.3 Justification
It is important therefore to have design equations for the prediction of the
moment capacity of these flush end plate connections. Murray and Shoemaker (AISC
Design Guide 16) provides a methodology for the design of extended and flush end
plate moment connections, but the configurations are only up to four bolts in both the
stiffened and unstiffened case. Extensive work has been carried out on the design of
extended end plate moment connections but very few on large capacity connections.
In studying the 10-bolt flush end plate connection of the parking deck, an
extrapolation of the Design equations in AISC Design Guide 16 is employed and
compared to a new set of design equations to be developed from yield line analysis and
a modified form of the Kennedy method. The behavior of the connection would further
be validated using finite element analysis and compared with other design equations
proposed.

5

1.4 Objectives
In studying the probable failure mechanisms resulting from the failed bolts and
predicting the moment capacity, the following will be examined:
Identifying possible failure modes that could result due to a certain number of
failed bolts, analyzing the failure mechanisms with the yield line method in
evaluating end plate yielding and the prediction of the bolt forces using a
modified form of the Kennedy method. The controlling failure mechanism will
be of upmost interest and will serve as a basis for the developed equation.
Accessing the effect of the various components of the connection on the overall
structural capacity including moment capacity and rotational stiffness, after a
certain number of failed bolts.
Prediction of the moment capacity of the 10-bolt Flush End plate Connection
and observation of various levels of failure using Finite Element Analysis
(ABAQUS Standard)
Design methodology for the prediction of the moment capacity for a 10 bolt
unstiffened flush end plate connection with a predetermined number of failed
bolts.

1.5 Scope of Thesis
The scope of this research involves predicting the moment capacity of a 10-bolt flush
end plate connection based on available models and equations, development of
prediction equations to be developed as part of this study using the yield line method

6

and examining bolt forces using a modified form of the Kennedy method. The failure
mechanism in the 10 - bolt flush end plate connection is to be investigated using finite
element analysis with ABAQUS Standard, a commercial software code.

1.6 Outline of Thesis
The thesis consists of five chapters. The first chapter gives a description of the
research, the scope and the objectives. A review of existing work in the area of end
plate moment connections, the behavior of components, failure modes, design
methodology and finite element modeling with emphasis on flush end plate
connections is highlighted in the second chapter. The assessment of the moment
capacity of the connection based on existing models and the development of prediction
equations based on the yield line analysis of the end-plate and the prediction of bolt
forces using the modified Kennedy method is presented in the third chapter. The finite
element model of the connection, geometry, boundary conditions, material properties
and nonlinearity together with the modeling of the contact surfaces, mesh generation
and analysis is evaluated in chapter four. It also presents a comparison of the
prediction equations with verification from the analysis of the finite element results.
The summary, major conclusions and recommendations derived from the research are
presented in the last chapter.




7

CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Overview
The role that structural connections play in the rigidity and performance of a
structure cannot be overemphasized, serving as points for the transfer of both service
loads and in some instances lateral loads. Welded and bolted connections have been
used in connecting structural members for decades after riveting outlived its
usefulness. Structural bolts and welds lend themselves to fabrication and erection of
structures. End plate connections have found usage in various parts of steel buildings
and frames but are mostly in beam column intersections. They are often preferred for
this purpose. The behavior of the end-plate connection will depend on variable
parameters, including bolt diameters, number of bolt rows, bolt spacing, grade, end-
plate dimensions, stiffeners, column and beam sizes, bolt pretension force, yield
strength of steel and the slip coefficient of contact surfaces.
According to the AISC Load and Resistance Factor Design specification
(2005), moment connections based on the stiffness may either be fully restrained (FR)
or partially restrained (PR) based on the category of construction. Fully restrained
connections must possess sufficient strength and stiffness to transfer

8

moment and still maintain an angle between connected members while a partially
restrained moment connection are designed to transfer moments but allow rotation
between connected members as the loads are resisted. Due to the complications
involved in the design of partially restrained moment connections, AISC states that the
response characteristics of a particular partially restrained connection must be
documented or established by analytical or experimental means.
End plate moment connections are made of several components involving a
steel plate welded to the end of a beam section and attached to a member with rows of
high strength bolts. Two types of end plate moment connections are commonly found
in practice namely the Flush end plate moment connection and the extended end plate
connection as shown in Figure 2.1

(a) Flush end plate Type (b) Extended End Plate Type


Figure 2.1 End plate moment connection types

9

In a flush end plate connection, the plate does not extend beyond the beam flanges and
the bolt rows are therefore confined within the beam flanges. Stiffeners might be
present to increase the overall strength rigidity. The flush end plate connection has not
been extensively used due to its lesser capacity to resist high lateral loads. It is
therefore used mainly in frames subjected to light lateral loads.
A number of experimental tests have been done on both rigid and semi-rigid
connections. Advances in structural analysis have allowed for the analysis of semi-
rigid steel framed structures so that, the real properties of the connections are
considered instead of typical simple assumptions of either pinned or fixed connections.
In the simulation of end plate connections, tee-stub models have long been used. The
bolts are subjected to direct tensile loading and thus are frequently used to transfer load
to the columns from the supporting beams and girders.
Accurate prediction of the structural behavior of steel beam-to column
connections, by estimating the local deformations and induced stresses is necessary in
assessing the capacity of the connections and preventing their failure. There are
factors affecting the study of these moment end plate connections. Experimental
testing forms a major basis for research. It has its limitations due to increased cost and
the inability to model certain testing conditions. Though finite element modeling only
gives an approximation of the actual solution, extensive research has shown that it
gives result comparable to experimental testing and thus suitable for this analysis.
(Choi and Chang, 1996)


10

2.2 End -Plate Moment Connections
End plate moment connections found application in the 1960s after
development from tee stub moment connections in the 1950s. A great deal of work
has been carried out on moment end-plate connections after a surge in usage dating
back to the 1960s. Extensive work has been carried out in the past and studies are still
ongoing especially on the performance of these connections in seismic regions,
(FEMA 2002).Experimental testing of various end plate connections over time and the
progress that has been made and projects ongoing currently is considered.
End plate connections have the advantage of being suitable for erection even in bad
weather since only field bolting is required. Shop welding of the plates eliminates
those problems that would have been encountered in the field and the erection process
is simplified. A major disadvantage is the presence of prying forces that may result due
to bolts loaded in tension.
Design procedures have been available for both flush and extended moment
end plates. Earlier methods only considered the use of statics and did not fully embrace
the concept of the existence of prying forces. The design procedure proposed resulted
in both thick end plates and large bolt diameters. Various techniques have been
employed in the analysis and the behavior of these connections. Yield line analysis
theory has been used in analyzing the various failure mechanisms that develop in the
end-plate and design equations have been proposed to better design end-plates. The
tee-stub analogy has found its use in predicting bolt forces. The major failure modes
occurring in end-plate connections are plate yielding and bolt fracture.

11

More recently, finite element methods have been employed to study connection
behavior and investigate various failure mechanisms. Regression analysis results have
been used in formulating design equations for these connections. The behavior of
connections can be established making a number of assumptions:
The components of the connection can be studied individually and each
contribution to the overall response of the connection under a given set of
forces.
The behavior of the connection on the overall stiffness and strength of
members joined.
The structural behavior of the connection can best be described with its rotational
stiffness and moment resistance depicted in a moment rotation diagram. This behavior
clearly differentiates the various types of construction as presented in the AISC
specification (2005). Connection stiffness is taken as the slope of the moment rotation
curve. Earlier design procedures, have proportioned connections so that joint
deformation is prevented or kept to a minimal level to simplify the analysis of the
connection. However, it has been established that most connections are actually semi-
rigid.
Murray (1988) presents developments based on research in the design of
moment end-plate connections. The various design methodologies and procedures that
had been proposed in the design of end plate connections were considered. The
procedures used in most of this analysis involved the determination of the end plate

12

using yield line analysis and the prediction of bolt forces using the modified Kennedy
method.
Douty and McGuire (1965) performed test on both tee-stub and end plate
moment connections. They investigated the forces induced in the bolts by the tension
flanges by testing both connection types. There was good correlation between
theoretical and experimental results and an increase in bolt tension in thinner plates
was observed.
Mann (1968) developed prediction equations for end plate strength based on
experimental testing. Nair et al (1974) further investigated bolt prying forces by
conducting tests on tee-stubs. The effect of prying forces in reducing the ultimate load
carrying capacity and the fatigue strength of bolts was clearly observed. A prediction
equation for bolt forces including prying action was developed.
Zoetemeijer (1974) used the yield line theory in his analysis of the yielding of
the end plate. He proposed a design method based on two different collapse
mechanisms. Results from series of tests were used to test his analytical model and
there was good agreement.
Packer and Morris (1977) also used yield line theory to predict end-plate
moment capacity. Their tests investigated failure of the column flange. Straight and
curved yield lines were considered in the yield line analysis of the plate, though the
work was not conclusive. Phillips and Packer (1981) continued the earlier work of
Packer and Morris to establish the role that the end-plate thickness had on moment-
rotation characteristics and on end-plate failure mechanisms.

13

After Mann and Morris (1979) had reviewed several research programs and
proposed design procedures for extended end plate moment connections, they
suggested two very basic requirements that needed to be fulfilled in plastic design:
Connections must be strong enough to withstand hinge movements.
Connections must provide adequate hinge rotation while sustaining these
moments.
The design procedure proposed included methods in determining bolt size and end
plate thickness.
In the prediction of bolt forces, Kennedy et al (1981) derived a method using
the tee-stub analogy. His method identified three stages of tee-stub flange plate
behavior. The first stage of loading occurred at lower loads and the behavior of the
plate was described as thick. Prying forces were absent at this stage. With an increase
in the load, the second stage of behavior starts with the formation of plastic hinges at
the base of the stem of the tee. The prying forces at this stage of loading are between
the two extremes, not being present and the maximum. A subsequent plastic hinge
forms through the bolt line in the third stage and the plate is said to be thin, and prying
forces are at a maximum. Kennedy developed equations which set the various stages of
plate behavior with geometric properties and yield stress values of the plate and the
applied flange force. A modified form of the Kennedy method has been found to be
ideal for the prediction of bolt forces after it had been tested to correlate well with
experimental results.

14

Tarpy and Cardinal (1981) discuss the effect of end-plate thickness on the
deformed shape and magnitude of displacements of the column flange. Two types of
end-plates are discussed and are described as thick when the end plate thickness is
about four times the thickness of the column flanges and thin when about one and a
half times the thickness of the column flange.

2.2.1 Moment Capacity Prediction and Moment rotation curves
Sherbourne and Bahaari (1994) proposed a methodology which involved finite
element modeling in establishing the moment-rotation relationships for steel
connections. As part of the findings, it was stated that one (beam) or two dimensional
(plate) models of connections do not accurately model the behavior when one of the
plates is in contact, and either the column flange or end plate is relatively thin. Prying
forces in the projected portion of the end plate increase with decrease of end-plate
thickness. The bolts in the projected portion of the thin end-plate connection are under
significant biaxial bending.
Foley and Vinnakota (1994) simplified the development of moment-rotation
curves for end plate beam to column connections. They used a semi-analytical
approach to develop moment-rotation curves for unstiffened extended end plate
connections. They used a modified form of the power model proposed by Kishi and
Chen (1990) which used a three parameter (M
p
,K
i
,) model based on initial stiffness,
moment capacity and an experimentally based parameter.

15

/ 1
1
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
p
i
i
M
K
K
M
Where M and are the resisting moment of the connection and the rotation of the
connection respectively, M
p
is the plastic moment capacity of the connection and K
i
is
the initial stiffness of the connection. K
i
and M
p
are determined analytically, while the
decay parameter is evaluated based on experimental data. The plastic moment
capacity of the connection was determined based on the failure modes listed below:
Failure of the bolts in the tension region.
Failure of the end-plate in the tension region.
Failure of the column flange in the tension region
Web yielding of the column in the compression zone
Web crippling of the column in the compression zone
Their proposed method was supposed to lead to easier creation of adequate moment-
rotation curves for design office use.
Maggi et al (2005) utilized parametric analyses to study the behavior of bolted
extended end plate connections using finite element analysis. T-stub failure models
were used for calculations of the flexural strength for the end plate. Failure modes
included formation of yield-lines in the plate and bolt tension failure was well defined.
Failure due to a combination of these mechanisms represents levels of interaction
between the end plate and bolts which is difficult to predict accurately.

16

Hongxia, et al.(2008) developed a tee stub model for end plate behavior at large
deformations. He proposed a yield line model based on the virtual work principle
considering material hardening for both the T-stub and bolts after yielding. His yield
line model was compared to end plate connections on the basis of equivalent yield-
lines. The model represented the behavior of endplate connections well. A single row
of bolts in an end plate connection was modeled as a tee stub. The effect of material
properties and varying end plate thickness was highlighted in his finite element
analysis. His model considered the yield strength and the hardening phase of the plate
and the bolt, as well as compatibility between them.
Kukreti, Murray and Abolmaali (1987) developed a methodology for
establishing moment-rotation relationships for bolted steel connections based on finite
element modeling. The methodology was demonstrated for a flush end plate
connection. A few specimens were experimentally tested to verify the finite element
solution and computer analysis. The data collected were regressed to develop a
prediction equation characterizing the general behavior of the flush end plate
connection.
Murray (1990) presented design procedures for three configurations namely
four bolt unstiffened, four bolt wide unstiffened and the eight bolt extended stiffened
end-plate moment connections. This was based on earlier methods of Krisnamurthy
(1978), Ghassemieh et al (1983) and Murray and Kukreti (1988).
Borgsmiller (1995) presented a simplified method for the design of four flush
and five bolt extended end plate moment connection using the simplified version of

17

the modified Kennedy method in predicting bolt forces and the yield line analysis
method in the design of the end plate. His studies established that prying forces in
connections become significant when ninety percent of the end plate strength is
achieved, establishing a threshold where prying forces can be ignored. Good
correlation with past results was obtained.
Summer and Murray (2001) investigated extended end plate connections with
tests on 6 multiple row extended end plate connections to investigate the validity of
current design procedures for gravity, wind and low seismic loading. The test also
investigated the effects of the standard and large inner pitch distances and the
connections utilized in both A325 and A490 bolts.
Kukreti & Biswas (1997) developed a computer program to analyze the
moment-rotation behavior of end plate connections subjected to seismic loading. The
program had the capability of applying pretension loads to bolts in the model. The
predicted results were validated with experiments conducted on three connection
geometries in which the end plate thickness is varied. The failure modes in the
analytical model compared well with that of the experimental with a maximum
difference of about 18%.

2.3 End Plate Design and performance
The underlying philosophy in the design of end plate connections lies in the
yielding of the endplate, fracture of the bolts and deformation in the column flange.
The performance of the endplate connection is affected by varying conditions notable

18

among them being seismic loading and in fire conditions. The performance of the
connections is reviewed with respect to these two conditions. The extended moment
end plate connection has been shown to provide the required ductile behavior during
earthquakes and thus performs better than flush end plate connections.
Broderick and Thomson (2001) studied the behavior and response of flush end
plate joints under earthquake loading. They performed an experimental investigation
under monotonic and cyclic loading; they observed that individual connections
displayed the same failure mode in both cyclic and monotonic loading. They
concluded that specimens under cyclic loading displayed large rotation ductility
capacities and their modes of failure were similar under monotonic loads. In many
instances, failure occurred due to thread stripping on nuts and bolts. They stated that
the European codes appeared to identify the failure modes for analysis correctly, but
under-predicted the moment capacity. They re-emphasized the low moment capacity
possessed by flush end-plate connections and that its use must be restricted to areas of
low to medium seismicity.
Gang Shi et al (2006) studied the behavior of end-plate moment connections
under earthquake loading. They performed eight full-scale tests in investigating end-
plate thickness, bolt diameter and end-plate stiffeners, with both flush and extended
end-plates. Their results showed that an extended end plate provided adequate strength,
joint rotational stiffness, ductility and energy dissipation capacity to perform better in
seismic frames than flush end-plate connections. The flush end plates did not provide
enough structural rigidity and showed large rotations between the column flange and
end plate under such conditions.

19

Connection behavior during fires might indicate the extent to which damage or
failure occurs in the structure, since connections contribute to the overall structural
stability of the frames. The performance of connections in fire is of upmost importance
in structures.
Al-Jabri (2005) investigated the behavior of unprotected flush end plate
connections at elevated temperatures using ABAQUS, commercial software code. A
three dimensional model was used to establish the moment-rotation characteristics of
the connections under load and in elevated temperatures.
Hongxia,et al.(2008) performed tests at both ambient and elevated temperatures
to investigate the behavior of connections at the end of unprotected beams in fire
situations. At higher temperatures, failure always occurred in the bolts. They
emphasized the role of thicker end plates at elevated temperatures in enhancing peak
resistance, but reducing the rotational capacity of the connection.

2.4 Flush End Plate Moment Connections
In the United States, flush end plate connections found widespread use in pre-
engineered metal buildings until the early 1980s. Application of the flush end plate
found extensive use in the United Kingdom. Flush end-plate connections have been
used in the structure under study that was built in 1979. Its usage has been limited and
currently available research shows extended end plate connections with stiffeners
perform better than flush end plates in frames and have the added advantage of
resisting lateral loads. Nevertheless, flush end plates have been used in a number of

20

structures where geometry does not allow the usage of extended end plates and where
lateral loads are minimal.
Phillips and Parker (1981) studied the effect of the thickness of the end plate on
flush end plate connections through experimental testing. There were two rows of bolts
in the tension region in order to study the influence of the second row of bolts on the
stiffness of the connection. They concluded that flush end-plates with two rows of
bolts in the tension region are suitable for semi-rigid construction, explaining that the
second row of tension bolts were effective to an extent than had earlier been under
estimated.
Zoetmeijer (1981) proposed a chart for approximating the ultimate load
capacity of a stiffened column flange or flush-end plate when the distance from the
bolt to the flange and web of the beam are known.
Srouji(1983), after a review of earlier work by Douty and McGuire(1965),
Zoetmeijer(1981) and Kennedy et al(1981) developed a methodology for the design of
four configurations of end plate connections including two-bolt flush, four bolt flush,
unstiffened four-bolt extended and stiffened four bolt extended. He used the yield line
method to determine end plate thickness, and a modification of the Kennedy method to
predict the bolt forces considering prying effects. Experimental testing of the various
configurations produced excellent agreement for both the end-plate strength and bolt
force magnitudes. Hedrick (1985) extended the work of Srouji and presented a unified
yield-line based design procedure for four types of flush end-plate configuration.

21

Li, et al.(1996) developed a method for the prediction of the moment capacities
of flush end plate composite connections. In as much as the tension side of the
connection had to work in conjunction with reinforced concrete, much of their findings
are applicable to this research. Possible failure modes based on careful study of various
experimental data included yield or fracture of bolts in tension, yield of the column
flange in bending, weld failure between the end-plate and steel beam, yield or buckling
of the lower beam flange in compression and shear, and yielding or buckling of the
column web in transverse compression. They investigated the effect of the slab
reinforcement on the flush end plate connection and derived equations for predicting
moment capacity of such connections. They proposed equations based on the number
of bolts in both the tension and compression zones. It was also noted that the effect of
the composite section on the connection could be treated as a row of bolts and will
give satisfactory results.
Bursi and Jaspart (1997) studied the behavior of the plastic and failure
mechanism of a tee stub connection which was later extended to investigate the
behavior of end plate connections. They used brick as well as contact elements and
based their conclusions on results from the finite element model.
Bose, Wang and Sarkar (1997) developed a sophisticated three dimensional
model to investigate the behavior of unstiffened flush end-plate steel bolted joints
using LUSAS commercial code. They compared the results with experimented data.
The results confirmed the accuracy of their finite element method prediction model.


22

Olsen (1997) proposed design formulae for bolted flush and extended end
plates based on plasticity theory, His model equation did not consider the effect of
prying forces for flush end plates. The design formulae was written in a generalized set
for both flush and extended end plate connections.
Murray and Shoemaker (2002) presented a guide for the design of both
extended and flush end plate moment connections. Flush end plate connections that
could be designed was limited to four types, four bolt unstiffened, two bolt
unstiffened, four bolt stiffened with stiffeners between the tension flanges and four bolt
stiffened with stiffeners inside the bolt rows. The provisions in the design guide are
limited to gravity and low lateral loads. A unified design based on the Borgsmiller
(1995) method was used.

2.5 Finite Element Analysis
Krishnamurthy and Graddy (1976), in their attempt to predict deformation in
end plates for an extended four-bolt extended connection, were constrained by
computer size, speed and the complexity of the mesh to better model connection
behavior. Krisnamurthy (1979) used finite element techniques to model three different
types of connection namely top-angle connections, tee stub connections and end plate-
connections. 2D and 3D models were created of the various types of connections.
Parametric studies were then performed on each to establish a correlation between the
two different models leading to the development of a set of prediction equations.

23

Kukreti et al (1987) in a comparison of two dimensional and three dimensional models
considering complexity and analysis accuracy, concluded that two dimensional models
provided adequate reliable modeling of moment end plate connections at the time.
Ahuja (1982) used finite element analysis to investigate the elastic properties of eight-
bolt stiffened connections. The investigation was continued by Ghassemieh(1983) to
include the non-linear behavior of the end-plate and bolts.
Abolmaali et al (1984) developed correlation coefficients from 2D and 3D
finite analysis for two bolt flush end-plate moment connection configurations. Finite
element 2D analysis served to generate regression equations for the design of the
connections adjusting them by correlation coefficients to closely match experimental
results.
Kukreti et al (1990) modeled an eight bolt connection and conducted
parametric studies to predict end plate displacement and inner bolt forces. Regression
analysis of the data was conducted after comparing with experimental data for
correlation.
Gebbeken, et al. (1994), Bahaari and Sherbourne (1994) used various finite
element analysis codes in studying the behavior of four bolt unstiffened end plate
moment connections. The non-linear material behaviors as well as the contact
interactions between the component parts were modeled using different elements.
Bahaari, et al. recommended that three dimensional models be used to generate
analytical formulations to predict the behavior and strength of the connection
components.

24

Choi and Chung (1996) studied several techniques involved in finite element
modeling of connections and pointed out flaws involved in earlier methods. They
developed a refined three-dimensional finite element model for end-plate connections
using an elastoplastic non conforming solid element with variable nodes. Effect of bolt
pretensioning and the shapes of bolt shank, head and nut were taken into consideration.
An algorithm for contact with a new gap element was used to simulate the interaction
between the end plate and column flange. Their model clearly established in detail,
moment-rotation relationships, contact phenomenon and effective stress distributions.
Bursi and Jaspart (1998) addressed some of the basic issues relating to finite
element modeling of end plate connections. According to their study, finite element
models depending on constitutive relationships, step size, number of integration points,
kinematic descriptions, element types and discretizations together with the non- linear
behavior of the components makes the modeling process cumbersome. They proposed
a suitable analysis methodology for end plate moment resisting connections and proper
three dimensional finite element models. The individual components of the connection
were critically examined.
Bahaari & Sherbourne (2000) studied the behavior of eight-bolt large capacity
endplate connections. They highlighted extensive work that had already been done on
end-plate connections, but those were limited to those with smaller capacity, thereby
making it necessary to study large capacity connections, as been done in this research.
They used ANSYS, a commercial finite element code in studying the structural
behavior of unstiffened eight bolt end plate. The endplate, beam and column flanges
were modeled with plate elements, and the bolt shank with six spar elements. They

25

proposed that an inelastic finite element model previously used for common extended
end plate connections may be employed for modeling the end plate with more bolts in
the tension region. As an alternative to the two row eight bolt connection, a hybrid
configuration was suggested in which four bolt rows are above, and two rows of two-
bolt are under the beam flange. The latter, offers slightly more initial stiffness,
especially for thick end plates, and the same ultimate strength. Olsen (2002) proposed
a new design method based on an easy to understand approach for developing the set
of equations derived from mechanics principles as presented in Eurocode 3.
Abolmaali, et al. (2005) developed a three parameter power model prediction
equation for the moment-rotation behavior of flush end plate connections with one row
of bolt below the tension and compression flanges. A finite element model of the
connection region along with the connected beam and column was developed for load
deformation analysis.
Shrih, et al. (2008) studied the behavior of flush end plate connections using a
highly detailed three dimensional finite element model in ANSYS. The connection
used in the analysis was typical of what is presently used in steel framed buildings.
Good correlation between experimental results and the finite element solution was
established with a deviation of about 12%. Serving as a methodology towards the
creation of finite element models, a sub-frame constructed with similar connection
properties was used to generate temperature rotation diagrams that described the
behavior of the connection and predicts the failure mechanism of such a frame in
extremely high temperatures.

26

Ju, et al. (2003) used three dimensional elastoplastic finite element methods to
study the structural behavior of butt-type steel bolted joint. They observed that when
steel reaches non-linear behavior, the nominal bolt forces obtained from the finite
element analysis were almost linearly proportional to the bolt number arranged in the
connection. Bolt failure depended marginally on plate thickness that dominates the
magnitude of the bending effect.

2.6 Need for Further Research
Extensive research work has been conducted in the area of end plate moment
connections. However, only a small percentage has considered the investigation of the
failure mechanism in large capacity flush end plate connections and moment capacity
predictions. Available literature provides for the design of flush end plate connections
of smaller capacity. There is therefore a need to investigate the behavior of flush end
plate connections with reduced capacities due to the failure of some tension bolts.
Corresponding failure mechanisms resulting from these failures is also of major
concern. Research findings illustrate the use of the yield line analysis in predicting
moment capacity of the end plates and the modified Kennedy method for the
prediction of the bolt forces. Three dimensional finite element analyses can accurately
predict the behavior of flush end plate connections, and has been utilized in the
analysis. Development of design equations from both the yield-line analysis method
and the modified Kennedy method are presented. Details of the study have been
presented in subsequent chapter.

27

CHAPTER III
DEVELOPMENT OF MOMENT PREDICTION EQUATIONS
3.1 Overview
The development of a moment prediction equation for the 10-bolt flush end plate
connection involves the investigation of the various failure mechanisms in the end-
plate and in the prediction of the maximum load that causes bolt fracture. Therefore,
two limit states have therefore been considered in the analysis namely end plate
yielding and bolt fracture. Yield line theory has been used in the investigation of the
steel end plates. The modified Kennedy method is employed to predict bolt forces.
Both methods have been used in previous studies and it has been shown to accurately
predict the moment capacity of end plate connections. (Sumner, 2001)

3.2 Yield Line Analysis of Steel End Plates
Local collapse mechanisms have been investigated using yield line theory. Though
originally designed for reinforced concrete, it has found its usefulness in the design
and analysis of steel plates. Assumed yield line modes are normally based on
experimental observations but since experimental testing has not been done in this
study, extensions of assumed yield lines based on earlier work by Srouji (1983) and the
AISC Design Guide 16 (AISC, 2002) have been employed.

28

Two major components of the method include:
(a) An assumed yield line mechanism model for all possible failure patterns based on
the geometry of the end plate.
(b) Generation of work energy equations for both external and internal work and the
subsequent determination of the moment capacity.
Srouji, et al. (1983) set out guidelines for the location of yield lines in steel plates by
making the following assumptions:
(a) Axes of rotation generally lie along lines of support
(b) Yield lines pass through the intersection of the axes of rotation of adjacent plate
elements
(c) Along a yield line , the bending moment is assumed to be constant and equal to the
plastic moment of the plate
Two methods of analysis are generally employed in yield line analysis namely the
equilibrium method and the virtual work method. The latter has been shown to be
more suitable for the analysis of steel plates and is therefore employed in the analysis.
This involves a small arbitrary displacement in the direction of the applied load and
the external work generated. The internal work done by the plate is estimated by the
rotation of the plate along the yield lines. By equating the internal and external work,
the unknown moment capacity of the plate can be predicted. It is an upper bound
theory and therefore several failure patterns need to be evaluated to get the least or
smallest upper bound. The least upper bound solution is the pattern that produces the
lowest failure moment.

29

The internal work for a yield line analysis is the summation of the internal work
stored in each of the yield lines forming the mechanism. The internal work per unit
length is equal to the normal moment on the yield line multiplied by the normal
rotation of the yield line. Therefore the work of the nth yield line is as given by the
expression:
n n p n
Ln
p i
L m ds m w = =


Total work for the entire mechanism is therefore given by
n n
N
n
p
N
n
i i
L m w W

= =
= =
1 1

Where m
p
is the plastic moment capacity of the plate,
n
is the normal rotation of yield-
line n, and L
n
is the length of the yield line projected to the axis of rotation.
Complicated patterns may be simplified by separating the internal work into its
components, that is:
( )
y ny px x nx px
N
n
i
L m L m W + =

=1

Where
nx
and
ny
are the x- and y- components of the relative rotation of the rigid
plate segments along the yield line, L
x
and L
y
are the x and y components of the yield
line length, and m
p
is the plastic moment strength of the plate per unit length.





30

h
p
t
b
s
g
tw
M
pl
h
p
p
f

=1







Fig 3.1 - Virtual Displacement in a two- bolt flush unstiffened end plate

Considering the two bolt flush end plate configuration in Figure 3.1, the external work
due to the unit virtual displacement is given
|
.
|

\
|
= =
h
M M W
pl pl e
1
For small angles,
M
pl
is the yield moment for the connection and is the virtual rotation of the
connection

3.3 Earlier Moment Prediction Equations
Extensive work has been done for the prediction of moment capacity in a two bolt and
four bolt flush end plate configuration. The work of Srouji (1983) and Murray (2002)

31

as highlighted in the AISC Design guide provide equations for the analysis of such
connections.

3.3.1 Two Bolt Flush End Plate connection
Srouji (1983) used yield line analysis to develop moment prediction equations for a
two bolt flush unstiffened end plate. Analysis of the possible failure modes led to the
choice of the controlling mechanism as shown in Figure 3.2, and is used in the
derivation of the internal work as:
( ) ( )
(
(

+ +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ = s p
g s p
b
p h
h
m
W
f
f
p
t
p
i
2 1 1
2
4

In the expression, s is an unknown expression that is found by differentiating the
internal work equation leading to the value of s as:
g b s
p
2
1
=
Equating the external Energy to the Internal energy yields the following expression for
the predicted moment of the end plate.
( ) ( )
(
(

+ +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ = s p
g s p
b
p h
h
m
h
M
f
f
p
t
p pl
2 1 1
2
4

( ) ( )
(
(

+ +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ = s p
g s p
b
p h m M
f
f
p
t p pl
2 1 1
2
4
The plastic moment per unit length of plate (m
p
) for yield line analysis is given by

32

yp p p
F t m =
2
4
1

Where F
yp
is the yield stress of the end plate and t
p
is the end plate thickness.
The design procedure presented in the AISC Design Guide 16 on Flush and extended
end plate moment connection employs the above moment prediction equation for the
design of a two bolt flush end plate configuration. The predicted moment capacity of
the flush end plate is given by:
( ) ( )
(
(

+ +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ = s p
g s p
b
p h t F M
f
f
p
t p yp pl
2 1 1
2
2


3.3.2 Four Bolt Flush End Plate Connection
Srouji (1983) developed equations for the four bolt flush end plate after yield line
analysis of several possible failure mechanisms. The controlling yield line mechanism
is shown in Figure 3.2. The total internal energy is
( )
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + +
|
|
.
|

\
|

+

=
g
p h
s p p
u
p h
p
p h
b
h
m
W
t
b f
t
f
t
p p
i
2
2
4
2

In the expression, u is an unknown expression that is found by differentiating the
internal work equation leading to the value of u as:
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
t
t
p
p h
p h
g b u
2
2
1



33

h
u
g
p
f
bp
p
t
p
b
pt
2

Figure 3.2 Controlling Yield Mechanism for Four bolts Flush End Plate (Srouji 1983)

The resulting moment capacity predicted is given by;
( )
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + +
|
|
.
|

\
|

+

=
g
p h
s p p
u
p h
p
p h
b
t F M
t
b f
t
f
t
p
p yp pl
2
2
2 2

The controlling mechanism for the four bolts unstiffened flush end plate in the
AISC Design Guide Manual for Flush End Plate and Extended End Plate connection is
different from that presented by Srouji (1983). This mechanism was reached after
further experimental testing of the end plate connection.

34

h
g
s
tw
t
p
h
1
h
2
p
t
b
p
p
b
pt
2
p
f

Figure 3.3 Controlling Yield Line Mechanism for 4-Bolt (AISC Design Guide 16)

The total internal energy is
( ) ( ) | |
(
(

+ + + + +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
2
25 . 0 75 . 0
2
2
4
2 1
2 1
g
p s h p p h
g s
h
p
h
b
h
m
W
b b f
f
p p
i

In the expression, s is an unknown expression that is found by differentiating the
internal work equation leading to the value of s as:
g b s
p
2
1
=
The value of p
f
is set as equal to s, if the value of p
f
is greater than s. The predicted
Moment Capacity is given by
( ) ( ) | |
(
(

+ + + + +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
2
25 . 0 75 . 0
2
2
2 1
2 1 2
g
p s h p p h
g s
h
p
h
b
t F M
b b f
f
p
p yp pl


35

3.4 End Plate prediction Equations
The moment carrying capacity of the connection depends on the resistance of
the components in the tension region of the connection. The neutral axis of the bolt
group directly affects the behavior of the connection because it provides a mechanism
for determining the number of bolts in the group that will be in tension. Different cases
of the flush end plate connection based on the number of rows of bolts are analyzed.

3.4.1 Case One Ten bolt connection. ( All rows of tension bolts present)
With the 10 bolt flush end plate connection under consideration, it is assumed
that the neutral axis lie directly in the third row of bolts. Two rows of bolts will be
found in the tension zone of the connection, and therefore will be synonymous to a
four bolt flush end plate configuration. The prediction equations for a four bolt flush
end plate configuration in the AISC Design Guide 16 can be employed. The equations
dealt with in this report do not include the safety factors employed in the process of
design. The study involves a measure of the actual strength of the connections.
A number of assumptions have been made in applying the equivalent form of
the proposed model below:
The minimum distance, s is less than p
b
(internal bolt spacing). Where s is
greater than p
b
, the value of p
b
must be used.
The bolts in compression only provide resistance against shear.


36

h
b
p
Neutral Axis
Compression Zone
Tension Zone
h
b
p
p
b

Figure 3.4 Equivalent form of the 10 bolt Flush onto a Four Bolt Flush Configuration

A yield analysis of the 10-bolt connection has been done as part of the study to
investigate the failure patterns. Different yield line patterns as presented in Appendix
A have been evaluated to determine the controlling yield line mechanism. The
controlling yield line pattern is as shown in Figure 3.5.
The total internal work of this mechanism is given by:
( ) | |
(
(

+ +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
b f
b f
p p
i
p p h
g p
h
p
h
b
h
m
W 2
2
2
4
1
2 1


37

g
h
h
1
h
2
h
3
p
t
b
p
p
b
p
b
p
f
pt
2

Figure 3.5 Controlling Yield line Mechanism for the 10-bolt connection

The predicted moment capacity is given by:
( ) | |
(
(

+ +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
b f
b f
p
p yp pl
p p h
g p
h
p
h
b
t F M 2
2
2
1
2 1 2


3.4.2 Case Two 8 bolts (One row of failed bolts)
An assessment of the connection strength of older structures makes it necessary
to consider Case 2. The upper bolts of a connection might have failed due to a number
of factors. A careful evaluation of the structure when the bolt loss has occurred is
important in investigating the overall effect on the moment capacity of the connection.
In the research, the moment capacity of the connection is predicted when one row of

38

tension bolts has failed. Different yield patterns have been investigated to determine
the controlling collapse mechanism. The controlling yield line mechanism is as shown
in Figure 3.6
g
h
h
1
h
2
h
3
p
t
b
p
p
b
p
b
pt
2
p
f
s

Figure 3.6 Controlling Yield line Mechanism for the 8-bolt connection

The total Internal Work of this mechanism is given by:
( ) | |
(
(

+ + +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
=
b f
b f
p p
i
p s p h
g s
h
p p
h
b
h
m
W 2
2
2 2
4
2
2

The predicted moment capacity is given by:
( ) | |
(
(

+ + +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
=
b f
b f
p
p yp pl
p s p h
g s
h
p p
h
b
t F M 2
2
2 2
2
2 2


39

In the expression, s is an unknown expression that is found by differentiating the
internal work equation leading to the value of s as:
g b s
p
2
1
=
This value of s gives the minimum moment capacity of the plate.

3.4.3 Case Three 6 bolts (Two rows of failed bolts)
The loss of two bolt rows changes the behavior of the connection and affects the
overall capacity of the connection. The neutral axis drops further downwards into the
second row of bolts present. The resulting model of the connection can therefore be
compared to the two bolt flush end plate in the AISC Design Guide 16, though with a
few modifications. As part of the research, a further review of the yield line analysis of
the connection with the two rows of bolt loss is investigated based on the assessment
of a number of cases. The controlling yield line mechanism is as shown in Figure 3.7
The total internal Work of this mechanism is given by:
( ) | |
(
(

+ +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ = s p h
g s
h
p
h
b
h
m
W
f
f
p p
i 3
3 3
2
2
4

In the expression, s is an unknown expression that is found by differentiating the
internal work equation leading to the value of s as:
g b s
p
2
1
=

40

h
h
3
g
p
f
b
p
s
p
b

Figure 3.7 - Controlling Yield line Mechanism for the 6-bolt connection

The predicted moment capacity is given by:
( ) | |
(
(

+ +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ = s p h
g s
h
p
h
b
t F M
f
f
p
p yp pl 3
3 3 2
2
2

When the value of p
f
is greater than s, its value should be set to s to give the least
moment capacity of the connection.

3.5 Bolt Force Predictions
The ultimate limit state of the connection depends on either the yielding of the end
plate or the failure of the tension bolts. Moment capacity of the connection has earlier
been predicted based on end plate yielding. The prediction of forces in the bolts as a

41

result of loading on the connection is necessary in order to establish the overall
capacity of the connection.
When a connection is subjected to flexure, its bolts in tension are acted on by the
tensile loads through the bending of the plates. Connection failure occurs when the
bolts in tension reach their tensile capacity. A major step involved in the prediction of
these forces is the determination of all the prying forces.

3.5.1 Prying Action
The effect of prying action in end plates tends to increase the effective tensile load that
is transferred to the bolts and therefore its effect needs to be evaluated. A modified
form of the Kennedy model (1981) has been employed in different studies which
involve end plate moment connections such as that by Srouji (1983) and Borgsmiller
(1995).
Three stages of plate behavior occur during the process of the application of the
load. The initial behavior of the plate stage (Figure 3.8a) is referred to as thick when
the load as applied. At this stage, no prying forces are acting and thus the bolts
experience only direct tensile forces as a result of the applied load. As the load is
increased, an initial plastic hinge is formed in the plate at the base of the tee stem; the
behavior of the plate is same to be intermediate. At this stage, prying forces are
present but not a maximum (Figure 3.8b). Another plastic hinge develops at the bolt
line in addition to that initially occurring at the stem of the tee after the load is further
increased. The end plate behavior at this stage is referred to as thin (Figure 3.8c)

42

2F
B B

(a) Thick Plate Behavior ( Prying Forces Absent)

2F
B+Q B+Q
Q Q

(b) Intermediate behavior ( Prying forces exist)


43

2F
B+Q
max
B+Q
max
Q
max
Q
max

(c) Thin Plate Behavior (Prying forces maximum)

Figure 3.8 Stages of Plate Behavior based on the Kennedy Model

A simplified method proposed by Borgsmiller (1995) has been used in this study
which considers only two stages of the behavior of the plate being the thick plate limit
where prying forces are absent and the thin plate limit where maximum prying forces
occur.

3.5.2 Determination of Plate Thickness Limits
Srouji (1983) proposed several thicknesses limits equations upon which the behavior
of the plate might be described as thick, intermediate or thin. After the resulting flange
force, F
,
has been determined with a flange stress,
f
, the thick plate limit t
thick
is found
by a set of two equations given by:

44

py
f f f
F
t p
t
11 . 2
1
=
Using the iterative equation below, the thick plate limit is found.
2
1
2
2
3
2
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
t
t
F
p t
t
f f
py
f f f
thick

If the actual plate thickness, t
p
is greater than t
thick
, then thick plate behavior has been
established and thus prying forces are absent, Q = 0.
For the thin plate limit, t
hin
, another set of two equations are involved given by :
( ) ' 80 . 0 85 . 0
16
2
3
2
w b F
F d p t b
t
f py
yb b f f f f
+
|
.
|

\
|

=

Where w= width of end plate per bolt at bolt line minus bolt hole diameter. F
yb
is the
yield stress of the bolt. Then using the interactive equation
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
' 2
3 '
2
3
16
2
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|

=
t w
t b
F w
t
t
F b
F d p t b
t
f f f
py
f f
yp f
yb b f f f f
thin

If t
p
is greater than t
thin
, then intermediate plate behavior occurs and thus prying forces
exist and should therefore be accounted for. In the same way, when t
p
is less than t
thin
,
maximum prying forces occur and is therefore considered in the estimation of the
capacity.

45

Borgsmiller (1995) simplified the requirement for the determination of the limits for
plate behavior through further experimental testing. Only the thin plate and thick plate
behavior is taking into consideration in his approach. The effect of the prying forces
becomes evident when 90% of the full strength of the end plate has been developed as
a result of the application of load. Therefore no prying forces need to be considered for
the prediction of the forces in the bolts when
pl np
M M 90 . 0

3.5.3 Modified Kennedy Model
A modified form of the Kennedy model has been used in the prediction of bolt forces
by taking half of the original Kennedy model to represent a flush end plate connection.
A simplified form of the Kennedy model had earlier been used by Srouji(1983) in the
prediction of the bolt forces. The various models have been employed to help predict
the models for each case of bolt loss.
P P a
F
M
b
B
1
f b
B
2
Q
M
b
M M
2 3 M1

(a) Case 1 10 bolts present

46

P a
F
M
b
f
B
2
Q
M
3
M1
P
b
M
b
M
4
B
3

(b) Case 2 -8 bolts present ( one row of failed bolts)

P a
F
M
b
f
B Q
M
4
M1

(c) Case 3- 6 bolts present ( 2 rows of bolts missing)

Figure 3.9 - Modified Kennedy Model for cases of the flush end plate connection.



47

3.5.4 Moment Capacity Prediction based on Bolt Forces
The maximum prying forces, Q
max
,
I
is given in the AISC design manual of flush and
extended moment end plate connections as :
2
'
2
2
max,
'
3
4
'
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
p
i
py
i
p
i
t w
F
F
a
t w
Q
where
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
16
1
2
'
b
p
d
b
w , 085 . 0 682 . 3
3

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
b
p
i
d
t
a
i f
t b
p
py p
i
p
F d
w
b
F t
F
,
3
2
'
4
8
' 80 . 0
2
85 . 0

+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
If the radical in either expression for Q
max,i
is negative, combined flexural and shear
yielding of the end plate is the controlling limit state and the end-plate is not adequate
for the specified moment. The last term in the numerator of the F
i
term represents the
contribution of the bolt shank bending.
In determining the maximum moment leading to maximum forces in the bolts,
the static moment of the bolts about the centerline of the compression flange is taken.
Moment capacity equations have therefore being derived for the three different cases
considered with or without prying forces.

Case One Ten bolts
Taking moments about the compression flange (Figure 3.10) gives the expression
i. Without Prying Action

48

( )
2 1
2 2 h P h P M
t t np
+ =
( )
2 1
2 h h P M
t np
+ =
M
np
g
2P
2P
t
t
M
np
2(P - Qmax )
t
2(P - Qmax)
t
(a)
(b)
h
h
1
h
2
h
3
p
t
b
p
p
b
p
b
p
f
pt
2

Figure 3.10 - Case One bolt forces with (a) No Prying Action (b) Prying Action

ii. With Prying Action
The bolt tension is increased by the maximum prying, Q
max
. The expression for the
moment is given by the maximum of either one of the two equations.
( ) ( )
2 max 1 max
2 2 h Q P h Q P M
t t np
+ =
( )( )
2 1 max
2 h h Q P M
t np
+ =
This expression is written in terms of the pretension Force, T
b
as
( )
2 1
2 h h T M
b np
+ =



49

Case Two Eight bolts
g
M
np
2P
t
M
np
2(P - Qmax )
t
2(P - Qmax)
t
2P
t
(a)
(b)
h
h
1
h
2
h
3
p
t
b
p
p
b
p
b
pt
2
p
f
s

Figure 3.11 - Case two bolt forces with (a) No Prying Action (b) Prying Action

Taking moments about the compression flange (Figure 3.11) gives the expression:
i. Without Prying Action
( )
3 2
2 h h P M
t np
+ =
ii. With Prying Action
The expression for the moment is given by the maximum of either one of the two
equations.
( )( )
3 2 max
2 h h Q P M
t np
+ =
This expression is written in terms of the pretension Force, T
b
as
( )
3 2
2 h h T M
b np
+ =



50

Case Three Six bolts
h
h
3
p
b
g
p
f
M
np
M
np
2P
t
s
(a)
(b) b
p
2(P - Qmax )

Figure 3.12 - Case three bolt forces with (a) No Prying Action (b) Prying Action

Taking moments about the centre line of the compression flange gives the expression
i. Without Prying Action
( )
3
2 h P M
t np
=
ii. With Prying Action
The expression for the moment is given by the maximum of either one of the two
equations.
( )
max 3
2 Q P h M
t np
=
This expression is written in terms of the pretension Force, T
b
as
( )
3
2 h T M
b np
=
T
b
= specified bolt pretension

51

CHAPTER IV
RESULTS VERIFICATION AND FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS
4.1 Overview
The behavior of the flush end plates with 10-bolts and the two cases of the connection
with failed bolts have been evaluated and consequently verified with results from an
investigation using a finite element analysis. Though there has not been experimental
testing of the connection, earlier studies (Choi and Chang, 1996) have shown that finite
element analysis can accurately predict the behavior of such connections. A finite
element model has been developed for the ten bolt flush end plate connection, and the
two cases of failed bolts which occur in the tension regions of the connection. The
detail of the proposed structure used in the study is a ten bolt flush end plate
connection of an existing steel parking deck.

4. 2 Geometry of Structural components
The structure is a steel frame structure with pre-tensioned concrete decking. The beams
between both sides of column along the span are castellated. The castellated beam,
which is a built up section using a W21 x 62 as the top chord and a W24 x 76 as the
bottom chord has been modeled as a combined section with properties as shown in

52

Figure 4.1. The beam is connected to a W10 x 39 column. The steel used for all
sections is Grade 60. The end-plate which has been welded to the end of the beam has
a thickness of 0.5 inches. The beam with the welded end plate is bolted to the column
flange with A325 high strength bolts of diameter. Details of the geometry of the
beam and end plate is shown in Figure 4.1 with dimensions presented in Table 4.1

h
h
1
h
2
h
3
p
t
b
p
p
b
p
b
g
pt
2


Figure 4.1- Connection Details for End Plate with Adjoining Beam



53

Table 4.1 Section Properties for End Plate and Beam

Component Dimensions
Beam
h = 22 in.
b
p
= 8.24 in
t
f
= 0.615 in.
t
w
= 0.4 in.
End Plate
b
p
= 8.24 in.
g = 4.12 in.
p
f
= 2.585 in.
p
b
= 3.9 in.
t
p
= 0.5 in


4.3 Moment Capacity Predictions
Moment capacity prediction equations developed in the earlier chapter have been used
to predict the moment capacity of the connection described above. This involved
prediction based on the yielding of the end plate and the rupture of the bolts.

4.3.1 Limit State of End Plate Yielding
Yield strength of end plate, F
y
= 60ksi
in g b s
p
91 . 2 12 . 4 24 . 8
2
1
2
1
= = =



54

AISC Design Guide 16 nominal connection strength
( ) ( ) | |
(
(

+ + + + +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
2
25 . 0 75 . 0
2
2
2 1
2 1 2
g
p s h p p h
g s
h
p
h
b
t F M
b b f
f
p
p yp pl

( ) | |
(

+ + + + |
.
|

\
|
+ =
2
12 . 4
9 . 3 25 . 0 91 . 2 9 . 14 51 . 5 8 . 18
12 . 4
2
91 . 2
9 . 14
585 . 2
8 . 18
2
24 . 8
5 . 0 60
2
pl
M

M
pl
= 1972 kip-in

Using Derived Prediction Equations
Case One nominal connection strength
( ) | |
(
(

+ +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
b f
b f
p
p yp pl
p p h
g p
h
p
h
b
t F M 2
2
2
1
2 1 2

( ) | |
(

+ + |
.
|

\
|
+ = 9 . 3 2 585 . 2 8 . 18
12 . 4
2
9 . 3
9 . 14
585 . 2
8 . 18
2
24 . 8
5 . 0 60
2
pl
M
M
pl
= 2106 kip-in

Case Two nominal connection strength
( ) | |
(
(

+ + +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
=
b f
b f
p
p yp pl
p s p h
g s
h
p p
h
b
t F M 2
2
2 2
2
2 2

( ) | |
(

+ + + |
.
|

\
|

+
+
= 9 . 3 2 91 . 2 585 . 2 9 . 14
12 . 4
2
91 . 2 2
22
9 . 3 585 . 2
9 . 14
2
24 . 8
5 . 0 60
2
pl
M
M
pl
= 1820 kip-in

55

Case Three nominal connection strength
( ) | |
(
(

+ +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ = s p h
g s
h
p
h
b
t F M
f
f
p
p yp pl 3
3 3 2
2
2

( ) | |
(

+ + |
.
|

\
|
+ = 91 . 2 585 . 2 11
12 . 4
2
91 . 2
11
585 . 2
11
2
24 . 8
5 . 0 60
2
pl
M
M
pl
= 937 kip-in

4.3.2 Limit State of Bolt Fracture
Bolt Data
Diameter, d
b
= 3/4in
Tensile strength for A325 Bolts, F
t
= 90ksi
Bolt Force,
t
b
t
F
d
P
4
2
= = 39.765kips
Yield strength of End Plate, F
py
= 60ksi

Without Prying Action
Case One - nominal connection strength
( ) ( )
1 2
2 2 39.765 18.8 14.9 2, 680
np t
M P h h = + = + = Kip-in
Case Two nominal connection strength
( ) ( )
2 3
2 2 39.765 14.9 11 2, 060
np t
M P h h = + = + = Kip-in


56

Case Three nominal connection strength
( ) ( )
3
2 2 39.765 11 875
np t
M P h = = = Kip-in

With Prying Action
2
'
2
2
max,
'
3
4
'
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
p
i
py
i
p
i
t w
F
F
a
t w
Q
Where
8125 . 0
16
1
4
3
2
24 . 8
16
1
2
' = |
.
|

\
|
+ = |
.
|

\
|
+ =
b
p
d
b
w
0059 . 1 085 . 0
75 . 0
5 . 0
682 . 3 085 . 0 682 . 3
3
3
= |
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
b
p
i
d
t
a
465 . 7
4
8
' 80 . 0
2
85 . 0
3
2
'
=
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
f
t b
p
py p
i
p
F d
w
b
F t
F

Ksi
567 . 2
5 . 0 8125 . 0
465 . 7
3 60
0059 . 1 4
5 . 0 8125 . 0
2
2
2
max,
= |
.
|

\
|

=
i
Q Kips
Case One nominal connection strength
( )( ) ( ) ( )
max 1 2
2 2 39.765 2.567 18.8 14.9 2, 510
np t
M P Q h h = + = + = Kip-in
Case Two nominal connection strength
( )( ) ( ) ( )
max 2 3
2 2 39.765 2.567 14.9 11 1930
np t
M P Q h h = + = + = Kip-in


57

Case Three Nominal connection strength
( )( ) ( )
max 3
2 2 39.765 11 820
np t
M P Q h = = = Kip-in

4.3.3 Determination of the Predicted Capacity
The failure mode with the minimum predicted value is chosen as the controlling failure
mechanism and its moment is taken as the predicted moment capacity of the
connection. The controlling failure mechanism can thus be determined based on these
moment capacity values. Experimentally, the predicted yield moment capacity is
determined from a moment end separation response curve using a bilinear
approximation if there are no clearly defined yield points. This method can be used in
determining the yield moment from a Finite element analysis (FEA). The predicted
moment capacity values with their corresponding controlling yield mechanisms have
been summarized in Table 4.2

Table 4.2 Summary of Predicted Moment Capacities with Failure mechanisms

Cases M
pl
-End Plate
Yielding.(kip-in)
M
np
- Bolt Fracture (kip-in) Controlling
Mechanism
Without
Prying
With
Prying
1 (10 bolts) 2106 2680 2510 End-plate
yielding
2(8 bolts) 1820 2060 1930 End-plate
yielding
3(6 bolts) 937 875 820 Bolt Fracture


58

4.4 Finite Element Analysis
ABAQUS Standard commercial software (a finite element code) has been used in
creating a three dimensional finite element model of the 10 bolt flush end plate
connection. In order to use the model to predict the moment capacity of the
connection, components of the connection including beam, column, end plate and bolts
have been modeled to represent their performance in service. Simplified modeling
techniques have been adopted to reduce analysis time and improve the accuracy of the
finite element solution. Symmetry about a vertical plane through the beam web and
flange and that of the column was employed and thus only half of the full model was
analyzed.

4.4.1 Model of the Connection Components
The components of the connection were modeled in ABAQUS CAE, using its graphic
building tools. For a simplified model, a typical connection in the structure was
modeled to include the column side, beam, end plate, bolts and nuts. A section of the
column which spans from floor to floor in the actual structure was modeled and the
necessary boundary conditions applied. The beam of the structure which is castellated
and directly supports the floor deck was modeled as a cantilever without the
perforations with movement restricted in the horizontal direction to represent a
continuous condition. The end plate was modeled to be in contact with the beam to
avoid complications which would arise in modeling the welds.

59


(b) Beam with End Plate Model

(a) Column Model (c) Bolt and Nut Model
Figure 4.2- Components of the Flush End Plate connection in ABAQUS CAE

4.4.2 Material Properties
Structural Steel was used as the material for the components of the model, but with
different stress -strain relationships. The modulus of elasticity for steel, E, was taken as
29,000ksi with a Poissons ratio, v, of 0.3. A bilinear stress strain curve was used in
modeling the material in the beam, end plate and column flanges, all having yield
strengths, F
y
of 60ksi. The plastic behavior was considered to be linear after yield
(Figure 4.3a). A trilinear stress strain curve was used in modeling the bolts and nuts
with yield strengths, F
y
of 90ksi and ultimate strengths of 100ksi (Figure 4.3b)


60

Stress ()
Strain()
F
y

y
11
y
E


Figure 4.3 (a) Stress Strain Relationship for Beam, End plate and Column Material

Stress ()
Strain()
F
yb

y
8
y
E
3.5
y
F
ub

Figure 4.3 (b) Stress Strain Relationship for Bolt and Nut (Sumner, 2001)

61

4.4.3 Assembly
The individual components of the connection were modeled as part instances in
ABAQUS as solid 3D deformable bodies. Each part instance was therefore presented
in its own coordinate system. The Assembly module in ABAQUS made it possible to
arrange the individual components in a single unit by assembling them using the
relevant position constraints and translations. Figure 4.3 shows an assembly of the
connection with the individual components.



Figure 4.4 An Assembly of the 10-bolt Flush end plate connection


62

4.4.4 Contact Interactions
The assembly module simply positions each component relative to each other under a
global coordinate system, but does not establish contact between faces even if the
surfaces are together. The contact between the various interfaces of the connection was
defined and established through the creation of both master and slave surfaces. Normal
and tangential behavior has been defined to represent the contact between adjoining
surfaces with or without friction. Contact was established between column and beam
interfaces as well as bolt and nut contact on both the beam and column sides arising as
a result of pretension. This was achieved in the first step of the analysis and the results
showed that there were no strains or deformations in the model before loading.
Penetration error between the interfaces was kept to a minimum and was within the
acceptable tolerance.

4.4.5 Boundary Conditions
The prescribed boundary conditions define states that various part of the assembly
exhibit both at the initial stage and within other stages in the analysis. It also describes
their behavior in terms of displacement and rotations during analysis steps. Two major
forms of boundary conditions including displacement and symmetry boundary
conditions were used. For an easy and economic analysis, only half of the connection
was modeled and a symmetric boundary condition applied to simulate the behavior of
the actual connection. The column ends were restrained in all the directions. The same
was applied to the bolts and the nuts in their initial state with movement in the

63

horizontal direction only when the load was applied. The free end of the beam was
restrained from movement in the horizontal direction. These conditions closely
represent the actual state in which the components undergo in an actual experimental
setup (Srouji, 1983).

Fig 4.5 Connection Boundary Conditions

4.4.6 Loading and Analysis Steps
Different analysis steps were employed to establish contact and to apply the loads.
General static analysis was conducted without linear perturbation. Loading on the
connection was induced by applying two vertical loads (a couple) to the beam tip at the
free end. These loads were increased until the model had shown signs of instability.
Bolt Pretension was achieved by the application of a tensile load to simulate the
tightened condition of the bolt and nut with the code specified minimum bolt tension.
(AISC, 2005). Three different cases was simulated including the ten bolt case, one
row of failed bolts and finally, two rows of failed bolts.

64

4.4.7 Element Type and Meshing
Proper meshing in a finite element model leads to an economic analysis with higher
accuracy, both of which cannot be overemphasized. In order not to unnecessarily
increase the degrees of freedom of the various part instances, the mesh was created
with varying densities, being denser only around regions of interest and bolt holes
where stress concentrations and surfaces of contact between individual components
make up the model.


Figure 4.6 - Mesh of Connection Assembly

An 8 node brick (C3D8) solid continuum element was chosen from the ABAQUS
element library and used on all components of the connection. This element has nodes
only at their corners as shown in Figure 4.6, uses linear interpolation in each direction

65

and is often called a linear element or a first order-element. There is a constant
volumetric strain in the element which prevents shear locking when the material
response is incompressible. Full integration elements are defined to control hour glass.

Figure 4.7 Linear element, 8-node brick-C3D8 (ABAQUS Analysis Manual)

4.4.8 Visualization of Results and Failure patterns
Visualization results for the three cases analyzed using ABAQUS is shown in Figure
4.7 for the three cases of the analysis with (a) being the undeformed shape and (b) the
deformed shape. It clearly indicates the likely failure patterns that would form in the
connection. Thick plate behavior could be inferred from the Von mises stress
distribution by examining the deformed shape in each analysis case. Areas in tension
showed high stresses in the tension zones and occurred along paths where yield lines
were likely to occur as outlined in the development of the yield line mechanism
models for the prediction of the moment capacity.





66

Case 1 -10 bolts

(a) Undeformed (b) Deformed

Case 2 1 row of bolt missing

(a) Undeformed (b) Deformed


67

Case 3 2 rows of bolts missing

(a) Undeformed (b) Deformed
Figure 4.8 Failure Patterns in different cases of connection failure

4.5 Moment Capacity Prediction from Finite Element Analysis
Nodal displacements from the end plate and column flange were used to calculate end-
plate separation. The values were recorded at each analysis step and used in plotting a
moment end plate separation curve for the various cases, with Case one (Figure 4.8)
and Case two (Figure 4.9) as examples in this report. The end plate yield moment was
then determined from these plots using bilinear approximation as shown in Figure 4.8.
There was a loss in stiffness in the connection when the applied moment was
increased. The ten bolt flush end plate connection had the highest stiffness in its elastic
region followed by the eight bolts and then the six bolts.

68


Figure 4.9 Graph of applied moment against end plate separation for Case One


69


Figure 4.10 Graph of applied moment against end plate separation for Case Two

4.5.1 Comparison and Summary of Results
A comparison of the predicted moment capacity values and that of the finite element
analysis showed very good correlation as outlined in Table 4.3. Predicted values were
within 6.. AISC design equations predicted the moment capacity of the ten bolt case
quite accurately based on the approximation that it represented a four bolt
configuration above the neutral axis.



70

Table 4.3 Comparison of the Moment Capacity values.
Cases
M
pl -
Developed
Equations
M
FE
-Finite Element
Solution)
M
PL
/M
FE

1(10 bolts) 2106 2200 1.04
2(8 bolts) 1820 1910 1.05
3(6 bolts) 937 995 1.06


The accuracy of the solution may have been affected by other factors such as
column side behavior and shear effects on the bolts resulting from the applied load.
Deformed shapes for the various situations emphasize the role that column side
behavior might have on the overall moment capacity of end plate connections.
An inference can be made for the parking deck considered in this study based
on the analysis results. The controlling failure mechanism for a 10 bolt flush end plate
connection has been established as the yielding of the end plate and not that of bolt
fracture. Therefore, if an end plate in the connection of the structure has not yielded
but a number of bolts have failed, then other factors such as corrosion or fatigue can be
inferred and needs further investigation.


71

CHAPTER V
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary
The primary objective of this research was to predict the moment capacity of a
10-bolt flush end plate connection and assess the capacity of the connection with failed
bolts, taking into consideration the controlling failure mechanisms. This has been
achieved by developing moment prediction equations using yield line analysis to
predict failure in the end plates and the bolt force derived using a modified form of the
Kennedy method. A comprehensive literature review regarding end plate moment
connections was conducted to gather the knowledge in the field and also highlight the
needs for further research.
Analytical models were developed by considering yield line formation in the
end plate. Yield line analysis was employed to determine the moment capacity for the
various cases within the scope of the research. The modified Kennedy method with
some modifications as applied by Borgsmiller (2005), was utilized to predict the bolt
forces with or without prying action.
A three dimensional finite element model of the end plate connection was
developed for each research case using ABAQUS Standard commercial code to
investigate mechanism of failure in the plate. The yield moment capacity of the end

72

plate was then predicted based on deductions from moment end separation curves
which has been generated from nodal displacements of end plate and column flange.
Comparison of the yield moment predicted from the set of equations developed and
that from the finite element showed good correlation within 6%.

5.2 Conclusions
After analysis of the 10 bolt flush end plate connection with the varying cases of failed
bolts, the following conclusions can be reached:
Yield line analysis forms an effective method for the prediction of moment
capacity in steel plates. An elaborated procedure has been followed in this
report to predict the moment capacity of the 10 bolt-flush end plate connections
and also for the various cases of failed bolts.
The AISC Design Guide on the Design of Flush and Extended End plates can
be used to predict the moment capacity of such a connection, provided the
neutral axis of the bolt arrangement lies in a position with exactly four bolts
above it.
For a 10 bolt flush end plate connection, the controlling failure mechanism
depends on the thickness of the end-plate. The dominant failure mechanism is
yielding of the end plate.
With one row of failed bolts, the controlling failure mechanism was due to the
yielding of the end plate.

73

The controlling failure mechanism in a connection with two rows of failed bolt
was not due to the yielding of the end plate but due to the fracture of the bolts.
Finite Element Analysis can be used to accurately predict the moment capacity
of a ten bolt flush end plate connection.

5.3 Recommendations
Moment capacity prediction was achieved for the 10-bolt flush end plate connection
using bolt analytical and finite element methods. The following recommendations can
be considered for further research:
Experimental testing of the models would provide a more generalized method
for comparison and deductions.
The column side behavior has been considered to be rigid in the analysis of the
endplate analytically, but the results from the finite element analysis showed
that the moment capacity of the flush endplate is affected by column flange
behavior and should be considered in future investigations.
The loading involved in analysis of the research was mainly monotonic but
fatigue analysis of the connection can be studied with cyclic loading.
In an unbalanced condition, or for connection with failed bolts, the effect of
compression on the column flange along the compression side of the end plate
needs further investigation on end plate failure and moment capacity
prediction.

74

REFERENCES
AISC (2005),Steel Construction Manual, American Institute of Steel Construction
AISC (2002),AISC Steel Design Guide 16; Flush and Extended Multiple Row
Moment Endplate Connections, American Institute of Steel Construction,
Chicago

ASCE (2009),Report Card for Americas Infrastructure, American Society of Civil
Engineers, Virginia

ABAQUS Manuals 6.8, Dassault systems Simulia Corp. Providence, RI , U.S.A

Abolmaali Ali, Matthys John H, Farooqi Mohammed, Choi Yeol, Development of
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79










APPENDICES











80

APPENDIX A - Assumed Yield Line Mechanisms
Case One Ten bolts
h
h
1
h
2
h
3
p
t
b
p
p
b
p
b
g
p
f
pt
2





81

g
h
h
1
h
2
h
3
p
t
b
p
p
b
p
b
p
f
pt
2


g
h
h
1
h
2
h
3
p
t
b
p
p
b
p
b
p
f
pt
2

82

g
h
h
1
h
2
h
3
p
t
b
p
p
b
p
b
p
f
pt
2


g
h
h
1
h
2
h
3
p
t
b
p
p
b
p
b
p
f
pt
2

83


g
h
h
1
h
2
h
3
p
t
b
p
p
b
p
b
p
f
pt
2


g
h
h
1
h
2
h
3
p
t
b
p
p
b
p
b
p
f
pt
2


84

g
h
h
1
h
2
h
3
p
t
b
p
p
b
p
b
p
f
pt
2


g
h
h
1
h
2
h
3
p
t
b
p
p
b
p
b
p
f
pt
2


85

Case Two Eight bolts (one row of failed bolts)
g
h
h
1
h
2
h
3
p
t
b
p
p
b
p
b
pt
2
p
f
s


g
h
h
1
h
2
h
3
p
t
b
p
p
b
p
b
p
f
pt
2
s


86

g
h
h
1
h
2
h
3
p
t
b
p
p
b
p
b
pt
2
p
f
s


g
h
h
1
h
2
h
3
p
t
b
p
p
b
p
b
pt
2
p
f
s


87

Case Three Six bolts (Two rows of failed bolts)
h
h
3
g
p
f
b
p
s
p
b












88

APPENDIX B FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OUTPUT SUMMARY
Case One
Time step Moment (kip-in) Beam column End Separation (in)
0 0 0 0 0.0000
0.1 360 0.00175574 -3.05E-05 0.0018
0.175 630 0.00307221 -5.33E-05 0.0031
0.25 900 0.00438841 -7.60E-05 0.0045
0.3625 1305 0.00636544 -1.10E-04 0.0065
0.53125 1912.5 0.00945429 -0.00016114 0.0096
0.78437 2823.732 0.0152431 -0.00024435 0.0155
1 3600 0.0219558 -0.00033924 0.0223


Case Two
Time step Moment (kip-in) Beam column End Separation (in)
0 0 0 0 0.0000
0.1 360 0.00365217 -1.03E-04 0.0038
0.2 720 0.00730344 -2.05E-04 0.0075
0.35 1260 0.0127787 -3.58E-04 0.0131
0.575 2070 0.0210336 -5.90E-04 0.0216
0.9125 3285 0.0342042 -0.00099443 0.0352
1 3600 0.0379633 -0.00111319 0.0391



89

Case Three
Time step Moment (kip-in) Beam column End Separation (in)
0 0 0 0 0.0000
0.1 360 0.00477048 -2.29E-04 0.0050
0.175 630 0.008348 -4.00E-04 0.0087
0.25 900 0.0119252 -5.72E-04 0.0125
0.35 1260 0.0172901 -8.28E-04 0.0181
0.5 1800 0.0253376 -0.00121864 0.0266
0.726 2614.02 0.0379369 -0.00187691 0.0398
1 3600 0.0521809 -0.00254078 0.0547