SITE GUIDE

site guide

Basement waterproofing

Foreword
This publication is one of a series related to basements for housing. It has been produced under the direction of the Basement Development Group, which was initiated and is co-sponsored by the British Cement Association.

Acknowledgements
The British Cement Association (BCA) is grateful to the British Structural Waterproofing Association (BSWA) for cosponsoring this publication. It is also grateful for the assistance and comments provide by members of the Basement Development Group and to the considerable work of its Waterproofing Task Group in drafting and progressing this publication. Thanks are also extended to all others who provided input to and comments on the preparatory drafts.

Basement Development Group

B Aspin (Chairman), House Builders Federation A K Tovey (Secretary), Tecnicom F Atkins, National Housebuilding Council D Burke, Zurich Municipal M Clarke, British Cement Association P Hart, Institute of Building Control D James, Bovis Homes South West A Jones, Stewart Milne Group Limited B Keyworth, Architect R S Reynolds, Institute of Clerks of Works G R Sharpe, Association of Building Engineers P Trotman, Building Research Establishment

Waterproofing Task Group

A K Tovey (Chairman), Tecnicom S Brown, Sika Limited V Connolly, Renlon Limited M Falla, Booth Engineering Services Limited Z Ginai, Marley Waterproofing Limited P Hewitt, Vandex UK Limited T Holloway, Renlon Limited M Lenaghan, Servicised Limited I J Moffat, Fosroc Expandilte Limited J A M Padley-Smith, Mastic Asphalt Council and Employers Federation Ltd A J Parker, SCL Group Limited M Radford, RIW Limited

Supporting Trade Groups

Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Products Association British Structural Waterproofing Association Concrete Block Association Mortar Producers Association Ready-mixed Concrete Bureau

Many construction activities are potentially dangerous, so care is needed at all times. Current legislation requires all persons to consider the effects of their actions or lack of action on the health and safety of themselves and others. Advice on safety legislation may be obtained from any of the area offices of the Health and Safety Executive. 48.059 First published 1994 ISBN 0 7210 1476 3 Price group D British Cement Association 1994 Published by British Cement Association Century House, Telford Avenue Crowthorne, Berks RG11 6YS Telephone (0344) 762676 Fax (0344) 761214 From April 1995 the code will be (01344)

All advice or information from the British Cement Association is intended for those who will evaluate the significance and limitations of its contents and take responsibility for its use and application. No liability (including that for negligence) for any loss resulting from such advice or information is accepted. Readers should note that all BCA publications are subject to revision from time to time and should therefore ensure that they are in possession of the latest version.

Contents

Introduction
Scope

2 2

Principles of design and installation

G e n e r a l Contract details Site information Construction category Further considerations Basement and site drainage

Application of waterproofing systems DOS and DONTs

General to all systems Category 1: Bonded sheet membranes Category 2: Cavity drain membranes Category 3: Bentonite clay active membranes Category 4: Liquid-applied membranes Category 5: Mastic asphalt membranes Category 6: Cementitious crystallization active systems Category 7: Proprietary cementitious multi-coat renders, toppings and coatings Geocomposite drainage systems

Glossary References

21 21

Production: Words & Pages

Introduction
The benefits of basements, and their viability and costs were examined in a previous report (1) . This indicated that they can be economically introduced onto most sites. In particular, it showed they have clear advantages where the ground is poor and might otherwise be difficult and possibly uneconomic to build on. However, to ensure success, particular attention must be given to the design and construction of the basement and any necessary waterproofing. This publication provides specific guidance on the site application or installation of the various waterproofing systems and comments on other associated construction matters. A companion publication, Basement waterproofing: Design guide (2), gives design information to help the builder or building designer decide which construction technique and waterproofing method offer the best solution, and to help them avoid unsuitable construction.

adequately protects the structure - and is practicable to install. Unless otherwise agreed with the designer, the materials and installation should be in accordance with the specified details, and all work should be carried out to the same high standards irrespective of the Grade of internal environment. All junctions, service penetrations, dpc/cavity tray junctions and laps in materials should be formed according to the designers or manufacturers details. The specialist waterproofing contractor should not use alternative waterproofing systems or membranes since they may not be appropriate for the conditions. For example, the system may have been selected to resist not just water but a specific ground chemical. Similarly, any protection boards or screeds should comply with the specifications and be positioned as on the drawings. In essence, no alterations should be made to the specified materials, their relative position and installation sequence, without clearance from the designer or the manufacturer of the waterproofing system.

Scope
The details and comments in this publication relate to the categories of structural waterproofing which provide Grade 2 or 3 internal environments, as defined in BS 8102, which are appropriate for residential basements. A Grade 2 environment is for use as workshops, plant rooms and other areas where the performance level permits no water penetration but where higher levels of water vapour would be tolerable and surface condensation may occur. A Grade 3 environment is for ventilated residential and working areas which require a drier environment.

Site information
Before the form of construction and the necessary waterproofing system can be chosen, information must be gathered on soil type, water tables and other relevant factors. This is the designers responsibility. The main contractor should find out from the designer what the site conditions are - particularly the likely severity of ground water conditions, and pass this information to the specialist waterproofing contractor. Sometimes, the main contractor may need to lower the water table temporarily or permanently to enable construction and waterproofing to go ahead. Any lowering of the water table will need to be maintained until the loads acting on the basement, from either itself or in combination with the superstructure, are greater than the forces that would be generated by the water pressures as the water table returns to its original level. Although a site survey will have determined the general nature of the site, there may be local variations. Any significant differences should be brought to the attention of the designer as they may create an additional hazard not previously taken into account. Changes from impervious to permeable soils may produce unexpected water channels. Similarly, interception of previous land drains or other elements could increase the amount of water present. Any unexpected chemicals or suspect materials should also be brought to the designers attention.

Principles of design and installation

General
Applying or installing a waterproofing system are specialist tasks that are just as important as choosing and specifying the system. The manufacturer should have been consulted early in the design stage to ensure that the most appropriate system has been selected. The manufacturer will also be able to carry out the installation or to recommend specialist waterproofing contractors familiar with the system to be used. Installation or application should not be left to inexperienced workers. The British Structural Waterproofing Association can provide details of manufacturers of various waterproofing systems and of appropriate specialist waterproofing contractors.

Contract details
The specialist waterproofing contractor should examine the contract drawings and waterproofing specifications to ensure the design requirements are completely understood. Since the designer should have consulted with the manufacturer of the waterproofing system during the design, there should be no obvious errors in the contract details. However, the important thing is that the final construction should perform satisfactorily. The specialist waterproofing contractor should therefore establish that the waterproofing concept does enable a continuous barrier to be created - or otherwise

Construction category
The structural walls will usually fall into one of the following three construction categories. Type A (tanked protection) structures will often be of masonry construction, although plain or reinforced concrete may be used. The latter may be in-situ or precast. The structure is regarded as having no integral protection against water ingress and so relies on the applied waterproofing system to provide the necessary control. Masonry walls may need a cement rendering or flush pointing to product an acceptable surface for subsequent application of the waterproofing system.

The waterproofing system will, depending on its type, tolerate certain construction cracks or minor defects. Fine hair-line cracks up to 0.3 mm wide in reinforced construction will generally be acceptable. Any larger or unusual cracks should be brought to the designers attention to allow for possible remedial action before the waterproofing system is installed or applied. Type B (structurally integral protection) structures will generally be of reinforced or prestressed concrete. Since they are specifically designed to be water-resistant, further waterproofing will be required only where additional control against free water or water vapour is considered necessary. In some instances, the additional protection may be used to safeguard the structure from aggressive chemicals. Again, any noticeable cracking or defect should be brought to the attention of the designer. Type C (drained protection) structures incorporate a drained cavity in the basement. Although defects in the outer leaf will not usually create problems, they may allow more water to enter the cavity. If too much enters, this might overload the cavity drain and lead to water penetrating the basement. The drainage channels must be properly formed and positioned, be free from obstructions, and be approved under test. Any defect or suspect area in the outer leaf should be raised with the designer before the inner cavity drain system is installed. The surface of concrete floors or oversite should be prepared to suit the particular waterproofing system to be used.

Chemical barriers
An externally applied membrane may have been specified to resist the effects of aggressive chemicals in the soil. It must not be replaced by any other membrane or system without the designers approval.

Movement joints
The designer is advised to eliminate movement joints in the basement substructure wherever possible. Where they are incorporated, details should have been included in the contract drawings and must be followed exactly. If the specialist waterproofing contractor finds movement joints with no specific waterproofing details, the designer must be asked to provide appropriate details. On no account should a waterproofing system be continued directly across movement joints.

Construction joints
Where reinforcement crosses construction joints in reinforced concrete structures, the joints are not movement joints and most waterproofing membranes may be directly placed across them. With Type B construction, these joints will often be provided with a waterstop, either within the concrete or on its surface.

Service penetrations
Any service penetration through the basement wall or lower floor slab will need special details. It is important to ensure that service penetrations are correctly formed and sealed in accordance with the specification or manufacturers instructions. On no account should penetrations be made or their waterproofing attempted without proper details being followed and agreed with the designer and manufacturer of the waterproofing system.

Further

considerations

Control of condensation
Because window areas are often reduced, there tends to be less natural ventilation in basements than in other parts of the structure. The designer will pay particular attention to this and detail specific heating and ventilation measures. It is important that any ventilation system is properly installed and not obstructed by waterproofing systems inside the structure. The waterproofing system must be installed where indicated by the designer as otherwise there could be excessive interstitial or surface condensation.

Basement and site drainage

Sometimes, installing a waterproofing system may mean that the area around the basement has to be drained. In any case, it is generally good practice to provide perimeter drains to enable any excess percolating water to run away - for example to the downside of a sloping site or to a lower soakaway. Since such drainage may be an essential part of the waterproofing measures, it is generally advisable to make sure this has been installed before the waterproofing system is applied or installed.

System restraint
Some waterproofing systems need to be restrained so that they can resist the hydrostatic pressure. The mass and thickness of such restraint must comply with the designers or manufacturers details.

Application of waterproofing systems - DOs and DONTs

Each waterproofing system has its own characteristics and application methods. In addition, each has procedures which should be adhered to (dos) and aspects which may later lead to defects or problems (donts). These are listed by category on the following pages, followed by some dos and donts for geocomposite drainage systems.

General to all systems 1 Bonded sheet membranes 2 Cavity drain membranes 3 Bentonite clay active membranes 4 Liquid-applied membranes

5 Mastic asphalt membranes 6 Cementitious crystallization active systems 7 Proprietary cementitious multi-coat renders, toppings and coatings Geocomposite drainage systems

General
A: Health & Safety
DOs OBTAIN Health & Safety product and equipment data, and have available on site HAVE protective clothing, cleansing creams, etc. on site DISPOSE of release paper, cores, primer tins, etc. properly STORE gas bottles in a compound with high, secure fencing ENSURE adequate ventilation to interior during working (particularly when asphalting) PROVIDE respiratory protection where necessary OBSERVE good housekeeping and general hygiene guidelines KEEP materials out of reach of children

DONTs DO NOT ignore Health & Safety advice DO NOT leave waste on site DO NOT burn scrap DO NOT transfer materials into unlabelled containers

POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES Accidents - personal injury, prosecution Third-party injury, prosecution Irritation from smoke and dust Improper handling and disposal of unidentifiable materials and risk of injury Fire, explosion (primers) and severe personal injury Environmental/legal considerations

DO NOT expose materials to heat or flame DO NOT dispose of waste or surplus materials incorrectly

B: Information
DOs ENSURE that detail drawings, manufacturers literature and site instructions are available to operatives on site CHECK that all information and details are in accordance with the waterproofing manufacturers instructions SEEK advice and guidance from manufacturer on installation procedures ENSURE specification conforms with the manufacturers recommendations CONSULT the manufacturer, if in doubt

DONTs DO NOT confine information to the site hut DO NOT start waterproofing until all the available information has been read and understood DO NOT assume that a manufacturer has been consulted in the design, even where specified. The concept or design may be basically flawed (see Basement waterproofing: Design guide) DO NOT apply membrane without consulting the manufacturers literature.

POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES Waterproofing Leakage failure

Litigation

Incorrect application leading to potential failure and financial loss

C: Associated works
DOs

ENSURE that associated works are co-ordinated and do not impede or damage waterproofing CHECK that other products and methods are compatible TAKE CARE not to damage system, but repair simple defects according to manufacturers instructions ALWAYS refer to manual PROVIDE for attendance of other trades where specified ARRANGE for hoisting facilities and any necessary scaffolding or other plant PROVIDE suitable surface for application ENSURE that measures taken will not interfere with the watertightness of the system

DONTs DO NOT proceed if unsure of next stage or of its effect on work in hand DO NOT drag steelwork across unprotected work DO NOT expect installers to provide services normally provided by other trades DO NOT pierce or breach waterproofing system DO NOT introduce non-specified chemicals, etc. DO NOT introduce any necessary vibration, heat, cold or pressure until the system will accept this DO NOT change drainage details without considering the waterproofing system DO NOT mix waterproofing systems, even if specified refer to client, designer or manufacturer DO NOT continue if the continuity of the membrane has been broken

POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES Damage, leakage, or longer-term adverse reactions between materials Damage or leakage Poor workmanship Leakage Harm to waterproofing system Damage to membrane by imposed loads Development of water pressures incompatible with forms of construction Failure through incompatibility of hybrid systems Damp/water penetration

1 Bonded sheet membranes

1A: Storage and handling
DOs STORE as required by the manufacturer RECORD batch numbers to check shelf life STORE upright KEEP in controlled temperature FOLLOW manufacturers instructions and check that all ancillary items, tools and protective clothing are present on site

DONTs
DO NOT leave out on site or allow rolls to become cold or wet DO NOT use after shelf life expired DO NOT store rolls horizontally DO NOT allow material to get too cold DO NOT allow material to get too hot DO NOT mix products and ancillary items from different manufacturers

POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES Difficulty in stripping release paper and probably poor adhesion As above Edges of sheet become damaged and rolls become difficult to strip and lay Material could lose its adhesion May become too sticky and prove difficult to lay Incompatibility or unsuitability, with no redress in case of failure

1B: Preparation of substrates

DOs INSPECT surface to be waterproofed. Does it meet manufacturers requirements for finish, imperfections and other criteria? CHECK whether in accordance with drawings, especially provision of chamfers at corners/edges and chases for terminations ENSURE that surface is free from all contaminants (mud, wet, release agents, curing compounds, etc.) and in accordance with manufacturers requirements AVOID awkward details ALLOW enough time for curing ALLOW for temporary weather protection in order to provide dry surfaces PLAN works to prevent membrane being left exposed for long period of time

DONTs DO NOT accept just any degree of finish DO NOT waterproof over blow holes, poorly compacted concrete or where brickwork or blockwork has not been flush pointed DO NOT accept surfaces not in accordance with manufacturers details (absence of chamfers/chases, etc.) DO NOT dress membrane around an impossible detail DO NOT lay on uncured background DO NOT take on the contract unless you are happy the membrane will be protected and that a suitable lap will be left to connect to

POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES Membrane puncture under load Membrane not sandwiched correctly

Leakage

Leakage Membrane not bonded to background surface Your company will get the blame for foreseen leaks

1 C : Application
DOs MAKE SURE the correct primer is applied, following the instructions for number of coats and coverage rate ALLOW primer to dry for the required length of time before applying membrane ENSURE that reinforcing strips, angle fillets, etc. are used at changes in direction and are as required by manufacturer ENSURE that all specified laps are provided and are rolled down ENSURE that all laps are weathered FOLLOW manufacturers instructions for laying membrane ALWAYS check what is required as a minimum loading coat, since the membrane is designed to be sandwiched

DONTs DO NOT omit primer on horizontal surfaces unless agreed by manufacturer DO NOT stretch the primer application DO NOT prime more than can be waterproofed in the same day DO NOT omit reinforcing strips, etc. at corners to save cost DO NOT omit or skimp on edge or end laps DO NOT just unroll and drop down a vertical surface

POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES Subsequent defects in unbonded sheets provide a path for water ingress Inadequate bond Contamination with site dust/condensation/rain resulting in lack of adhesion Leakage

Leakage paths Air pockets behind the membrane

1 D : Protection and backfilling

DOs USE appropriate or specified protection and apply carefully to prevent damage PROP or backfill in sequence when using board protection USE specified backfill material COMPACT in layers as specified ALWAYS USE a suitable protection board, of the correct thickness to avoid damage, spot-bonded to the membrane DISCUSS the backfilling procedure with the site manager or design team. If this work is to be done by others, arrange to be present to check for site damage ENSURE that the backfilling does not impede a lap joint that you may have to work from later

DONTs DO NOT store materials on unprotected membrane DO NOT tip waste material as backfill

POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES Leakage from punctured or damaged membrane Settlement and downward displacement of protection board and membrane As above Leakage failure

DO NOT backfill without compacting layers as specified DO NOT apply protection to damaged membrane without first making repairs DO NOT leave a sheet membrane unprotected

Subsequent problems, since damage - whether intentional or not - often goes unrecorded Loss of waterproofing integrity of the membrane and potential for leakage

DO NOT drill or puncture surface without checking with the installer

2 Cavity drain membranes

2A: Storage and handling
DO STORE as required by the manufacturer

DONTs DO NOT leave drainage sheets around on site DO NOT allow ancillary sealing tapes to become cold or wet Damage

POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES

Difficulty stripping release paper and probably poor adhesion

2B: Preparation of substrates

DOs CHECK and remedy unacceptable leaks in concrete or masonry substrate before the system is installed CLEAN horizontal substrate and remove all debris CHECK there are no depressions in floor slab which may cause ponding ENSURE slab drains to drainage exits and pump sump

DONTs DO NOT lay membrane over unswept substrate DO NOT lay cavity former over uneven floor surface Blockages

POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES

Damage and ponding, leading to leakage

2C: Application and finishing

DOs CHECK total integrity of cavity drainage system and inspect membrane for damage before placing screeds or blockwork finishes ENSURE that mesh reinforcement (if required) for floor screeds is supported ERECT walkways to support access and barrows for placing screeds CHECK and clean out all drainage points/channels ENSURE sump pump (where provided) is operational

DONTs DO NOT shorten recommended overlaps DO NOT omit recommended sealing strips and tapes DO NOT omit sealing washers for mechanical fixings DO NOT store materials on completed installations or traffic unnecessarily DO NOT allow fixing through finished floor screeds, or unauthorised channels in the finished loading screed DO NOT allow additional masonry wall ties without sealing washers DO NOT allow membrane and finishes over membrane to be carried out by two different parties

POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES Water and moisture penetration As above As above Puncture of membrane

Cavity membrane will not be loaded correctly

Leakage

A meaningful guarantee could not be issued by the membrane installer

2 D : Protection and backfilling

DOs CHECK integrity of cavity drainage system before proceeding AT WALLS, construct non-loadbearing blockwork wall in front of cavity drainage system AT FLOORS, keep to specified screed thickness, reinforced if required ENSURE that reinforcement mesh is supported and has not damaged cavity drainage system while being positioned

DONTs DO NOT proceed until everything has been inspected and any damage repaired DO NOT use ties unless properly sealed DO NOT drag reinforcing mesh across cavity drainage system

POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES Water penetration at damaged areas

Water penetration at ties Damage and perhaps water penetration

3 Bentonite clay active membranes

3A: Storage and handling
DOs STORE materials off the ground KEEP dry before use USE gloves when handling loose bentonite

DONT DO NOT place materials in standing water

POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES Prehydration and need for replacement

3B: Preparation of substrates

D O MAKE reasonably flat and free from voids

DONT DO NOT leave stones or voids larger than 50 mm

POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES Waterproofing efficiency impaired

3C: Application and finishing

DOs REFER to manufacturers fixing guide BRUSH standing water from substrate or blinding ALWAYS lap panels PROTECT from heavy steelwork LAY only what can be covered in one day WET the cut surfaces

DONTs DO NOT lay panels in standing water DO NOT place panels on unrendered masonry surfaces DO NOT walk on wet panels DO NOT drag heavy objects across panels DO NOT leave exposed for more than 48 hours DO NOT lay large areas and leave uncovered

POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES Prehydration and replacement needed Loss of bentonite into voids. Loss of efficiency Need for replacement Damage - loss of bentonite Prehydration and need for replacement Prehydration and need for replacement

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3 D : Protection and backfilling

DOs USE hardboard in specific circumstances (but not normally required) USE sand if possible, but nothing larger than 50 mm (MOT Type II is acceptable) ALWAYS compact well

DONTs DO NOT use plastic sheeting or prevent water reaching the system DO NOT leave large voids, or forget to compact

POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES System takes longer to react

Waterproofing efficiency impaired

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4 Liquid-applied membranes
4A: Storage and handling
DOs PROVIDE dry, safe storage away from sources of ignition RECORD batch numbers KEEP in controlled temperature ROTATE stock

DONTs DO NOT STORE longer than 12 months DO NOT USE beyond shelf life without consulting the manufacturer

POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES Some loss of solvents, causing increase in viscosity As above

4B: Preparation of substrates

DOs DRY surface to depth of 1-2 mm REMOVE dust, grease, oils and other contaminants ELIMINATE all hollows and voids FLUSH-POINT masonry walls REMOVE sharp edges or high points REMOVE existing floor or masonry paints PROVIDE 20 mm sand/cement fillet in all internal angles FOLLOW manufacturers recommendations for surface flatness, keeping it generally within 3-4 mm ALLOW for temporary weather protection in order to provide dry surfaces PLAN works to prevent membrane being left exposed for long periods

DONTs DO NOT apply to wet surfaces DO NOT apply to a dusty or flaking surface

POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES Membrane will not bond to substrate Membrane will not bond to substrate or may not leave the brush Continuity of membrane will be broken Will cause pooling in low points

DO NOT apply to open-textured surface DO NOT tamp surface heavily

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4C: Application and finishing

DOs PREPARE surface correctly REFER to manufacturers recommendations in cold conditions APPLY at published coverage rates APPLY in two coats ALLOW each coat to dry throughout its thickness REINFORCE angles where necessary ALWAYS employ a preferred applicator, who is conversant with the product

DONTs DO NOT apply when temperature is below 5C DO NOT pour onto substrate or apply thickly DO NOT sand membrane DO NOT screed until cured DO NOT leave exposed to UV light for more than 28 days DO NOT apply the material too thinly

POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES Surface may frosty, i.e. wet Trapped solvent and failure to cure Breaks continuity of membrane Membrane will be absorbed into screed Membrane will weather, become thin and brittle

Membrane will not function as designed but instead will leak Will damage continuity of first coat and cause solvent entrapment

DO NOT apply a second coat before the first is fully cured

4 D : Protection and backfilling

DOs External protection USE bitumen-impregnated fibre board horizontally USE geotextile drainage board vertically Internally REINFORCE slab or screed horizontally ADD masonry skin with 20 mm cavity filled with sand/cement mortar as work proceeds In all cases ALWAYS allow for suitable protection which should be provided by the company laying the membrane ENSURE protection is firmly fixed according to manufacturers recommendations MONITOR the backfilling process to reduce risk of damage

DONTs DO NOT lay protection boards loosely DO NOT leave exposed to backfilling or unprotected against following trades DO NOT leave membrane unsupported internally

POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES Movement, exposing membrane Damage to the membrane

Membrane will blow, leading to failure

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5 Mastic asphalt membranes

5A: Storage and handling
DOs PROVIDE dry, safe storage for primers, gauges, tools, etc. POSITION plant close to point of application PLACE mastic asphalt blocks tidily near to asphalt mixer

DONT DO NOT increase the distance that molten material is carried

POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES Material could cool down and become difficult to lay

5B: Preparation of substrates

DOS PROVIDE base to specified levels, tolerances and finish APPLY float finish to horizontal surfaces ENSURE adequate chases PROVIDE correctly prepared vertical surfaces ENSURE all oils, greases and contaminates are removed from all surfaces

DONT DO NOT penetrate horizontal or vertical surfaces with services

POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES Leakage failure around pipes

5C: Application
DOs ENSURE all horizontal and vertical work is applied in three coats PIERCE and make good any blows while mastic asphalt is still warm ENSURE all succeeding coats follow the preceding coats without delay

DONTs DO NOT allow temperature of remelt to exceed 230C for sustained periods DO NOT lay membrane on wet background DO NOT lay successive coats on cold or contaminated preceding coats DO NOT lay on dusty surfaces

POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES Adverse effect on viscosity of bitumen

Unacceptable increase in blowing Lack of bond and contamination between coats

Unacceptable increase in blowing

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5 D : Protection and backfilling

DOs PROVIDE protective screed to horizontal asphalt work as soon as practicable after laying PROVIDE vertical brickwork protection and concrete loading coat designed to withstand the expected water pressure on internally applied tanking, MAINTAIN sump with pump facility until all loading is complete - if water pressure present

DONTs DO NOT backfill externally without protection to the vertical asphalt DO NOT store materials, reinforcement, etc. on unprotected membrane or allow it to be trafficked

POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES Damage to asphalt by other trades, before and during backfilling Puncture damage or cracking

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6 Cementitious crystallization active systems

6A: Storage and handling
DOs KEEP products in dry, well ventilated area WEAR suitable protective clothing to prevent contact with skin, eyes, nose, throat, etc. WASH off immediately if bodily contact occurs

DONTs DO NOT use materials once they have become wet or hardened DO NOT leave wet materials on the skin DO NOT breathe in dust

POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES Materials will not hydrate fully

Burns to skin Burns to throat

6B: Preparation of substrates

DOs ENSURE all surface contaminants are removed ENSURE substrate is sound ENSURE there is an adequate key CONTROL suction

DONTs DO NOT ignore defects in the substrate DO NOT leave surfaces soft or dusty

POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES Cracking and debonding of the system As above

6 C : Application
DOs ENSURE surface is correctly prepared MIX strictly in accordance with manufacturers instructions MAKE sure substrate is saturated, surface dry STOP all leaks before applying

DONTs DO NOT apply to dry substrates DO NOT apply to surfaces running with water DO NOT apply while a dehumidifier is running

POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES Cracking and debonding of the system As above Insufficient hydration

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6 D : Protection and backfilling

DOs ENSURE system is properly cured USE appropriate protection when backfilling

DONTs DO NOT force-dry the system DO NOT allow point loading in the backfilling

POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES Cracking and debonding Damage to coating

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7 Proprietary cementitious multi-coat renders, toppings, and coatings

7A: Storage and handling
DOs FOLLOW manufacturers shelf life and general storage conditions STORE in sealed original containers, in frost-free conditions WEAR protective clothing, and keep a copy of the manufacturers safety sheet handy KEEP out of reach of children, and dispose of waste and surplus correctly RECORD batch numbers of the additive to check shelf life STORE all ancillary materials, cement and sand correctly

DONTs DO NOT allow prolonged skin or eye contact DO NOT allow materials to freeze or be subject to extreme heat, or store in an unsuitable environment DO NOT use materials past their shelf life DO NOT allow materials to become contaminated

POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES Health hazard Material may become unusable and system ineffective

As above Contaminated material, possible failure

7B: Preparation of substrates

DOs STOP infiltrations of water or lower the water table before proceeding ENSURE substrate is of sufficient structural quality and soundness WET the substrate before applying any coating REMOVE all surface applications such as plaster and paint ROUGHEN or hack all the surface to produce mechanical key or use surface retarders when placing concrete REMOVE all contamination, dust, etc. IDENTIFY likely problems or defective areas and agree what will be done as regards repair KEEP within prescribed temperature limits during cure ALWAYS use the sand and cement recommended by the manufacturer

DONTs DO NOT apply materials to a frosted surface, or when temperature is below 5C DO NOT apply to unsuitable contaminated surfaces DO NOT apply to uncured substrates

POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES Slow rate of cure and poor surface bond

As above Ineffective system, substrate movement or cracking which may reflect through render Mix will be incorrect and the system will not function As above Unable to apply system correctly to surface Cracking and failure of system

DO NOT use beyond shelf life DO NOT use old cement or ungraded sand DO NOT proceed until water infiltration is stopped DO NOT apply to substrate of inferior structural quality and soundness DO NOT apply to incorrectly prepared surface DO NOT apply to thoroughly dry surface

Poor bond of system to substrate Rapid drying out of material, causing poor surface bond

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7 C : Application
DOs MIX in accordance with manufacturers instructions and use potable water CONSIDER ground conditions, contamination USE correct grading of sand, and seive sand and cement before use, where appropriate FOLLOW manufacturers application procedures, and have a copy available for reference FOLLOW instructions for overcoating/waiting times USE suitable joint materials for sealing movement joints CURE correctly CONSULT BBA certificate for further information where required EMPLOY only experienced applicators MONITOR their progress to ensure backgrounds are prepared correctly and that each coat is applied properly DISCUSS whether fixing pockets are required before starting

DONT DO NOT scratch the previous coat to form a key. Use a splatter coat DO NOT butt-joint coats

POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES System failure and inability to apply materials correctly

System failure and inability to apply materials correctly. Damp/water penetration System failure and inability to apply materials correctly. If wrong mix is used, the system will leak Cracking and water penetration

DO NOT use soft sand or old cement

DO NOT expose fresh mortars to frost or to temperatures above 30C DO NOT add unspecified materials to the mix DO NOT use inexperienced staff DO NOT apply to unsuitable or unprepared backgrounds AVOID fittings fixed mechanically through the system

If wrong mix is used, the system will leak System failure and inability to apply materials correctly System may not be watertight

Continuity of waterproofing may be compromised, leading to water/damp penetration Poor quality render, system will leak Poor bond between coats Oversize grains and foreign bodies can cause problems May cause cracking and water penetration

DO NOT mix materials incorrectly DO NOT exceed waiting times between coats DO NOT use unsieved sand or cement DO NOT forget to cure correctly

7 D : Protection and backfilling

DOs USE suitable coatings where appropriate (consult manufacturer) BOND fixings

DONTs DO NOT drill or puncture surface DO NOT use unsuitable decorative coatings/finishes

POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES System failure, letting in water or damp Visual deterioration of coating/finish may occur

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Geocomposite drainage systems

A: S t o r a g e a n d h a n d l i n g
DO STORE as required by the manufacturer

DONTs DO NOT leave unused material around on site DO NOT leave exposed to ultraviolet light for long periods Damage

POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES

Decomposition of geotextile fabric

B:

Preparation of substrate
D O

ENSURE, for horizontal application, substrate is laid to falls

DONT DO NOT allow trafficking before backfill or concrete oversite is placed to horizontal areas

POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES Damage to drainage composite

C: A p p l i c a t i o n a n d f i n i s h i n g
DOs USE correct geocomposite type and fixings to suit substrate INSTALL geocomposite with filter fabric to soil face ENSURE that geocomposite filter membrane extends to wrap drainage pipe or links to a fin or other drain ENSURE drainage outlet is to lower side of structure and drains away from building

DONTs DO NOT allow use of dimpled drainage core directly against soft waterproofing membranes DO NOT allow mechanical fixing against waterproofing membranes DO NOT allow bonding tapes to become cold or wet DO NOT use sharp-footed reinforcement spacers directly on membrane

POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES Damage to waterproofing

Damage and leakage

Difficulty in stripping release paper or poor adhesion Damage and leakage

D : Protection and backfilling

D O USE approved backfill material and compact in layers as specified

DONT DO NOT use clay or chalk soil as backfill Clogging

POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES

2 0

Glossary
Air dry When the surface humidity of a material is equal to that of the ambient surrounding air

Loading coat

A material applied to the waterproofing membrane to enable it to resist hydrostatic pressure Resistant to water penetration Where the water table is permanently below the underside of the lowest floor level A material which forms a continuous effective barrier to the passage of water Water in the form of vapour as well as liquid Where, because of insufficient permeability of a soil, percolating water is held above the underside of the lowest floor level, resulting in hydrostatic pressure An element used to provide protection to a waterproofing system Where the waterproofing system is between the two non-tied leaves of the main structure A continuous vapour-resistant layer The ability of a material to resist vapour penetration Excludes water and has a high resistance to vapour penetration Where the water is occasionally above the underside of the lowest floor level Water in its liquid form A product or system, placed in-situ, to prevent the passage of water through a discontinuity or joint in site-placed concrete Impervious to water, not permitting water to penetrate The total method or combination of materials used to create a waterproof protection Having a high resistance to water penetration Water in its gaseous form

Low-permeability Low water table

C o m b i n e d s y s t e m Two or more waterproofing systems used together Construction joint Joint formed in-situ, for example in concrete, when continuity is not possible Damp The condition of a material when wetter than air dry Impervious to moisture, not permitting moisture to enter The ability of a material to exclude moisture Protection layer Damp-resistant Having a high resistance to moisture penetration A continuous cavity which intercepts and drains away incoming water Joint that permits relative movement caused by expansion and contraction due to changes of temperature or moisture Where the waterproofing system is positioned and placed against the outside face of the main structure Sandwiched waterproofing Perched water table Membrane

Moisture

Damp-proof

Damp resistance

Drained cavity

Vapour check Vapour resistance

Expansion joint

Vapour-resistant

External waterproofing

Variable water table

External (reverse) Where the waterproofing is positioned outside the main waterproofing structure but placed against the enabling works Free-draining Ground through which free water rapidly drains away

Water Waterstop

Waterproof High water table Where the water table is above the underside of the lowest floor level Water pressure, expressed as an equivalent depth of water The water pressure exerted as a result of a hydrostatic head Where the structure itself provides the necessary protection to the passage of water Small concrete upstand, cast above floor level to position wall or column formwork for the next lift A mechanical means of retaining formwork in position, eliminating a kicker Waterproofing system

Hydrostatic head

Hydrostatic pressure Integral protection

Water-resistant

Water vapour

References
1. BRITISH CEMENT ASSOCIATION. Options for quality in houses: Basements 1 - benefits, viability and costs. Slough (now Crowthorne), British Cement Association, 1992. 37 pp. (Ref. C/10) 2. BRITISH CEMENT ASSOCIATION. Basement waterproofing: Design guide. Crowthorne, 1994. 20 pp. (Ref. 48.058).

Kicker

Kickerless construction

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BASEMENT WATERPROOFING: SITE GUIDE

BRITISH CEMENT ASSOCIATION PUBLICATION 48.059

British Cement Association

British Structural Waterproofing Association