A Beginner's Workshop On LaTeX

L
A
T
E
X Workshop
Tay Jun Jie Chang Hai Bin
NUS Mathematics Society
January 25, 2011
(NUS Mathematics Society) L
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E
X Workshop January 25, 2011 1 / 69
Scope
1
Introduction
Name of the Game
Why L
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E
X?
Installation
2
Getting Started
Your rst L
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E
X document
Typing mathematics
3
Typing the paper
Structures in the input le
Structures in the document
Special structures
4
Support
Log le
Online resources
Further reading
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Name of the Game
What is T
E
X?
A computer program aimed at typesetting text and mathematical
formulae.
Current version is 3.1415926.
What is L
A
T
E
X?
A macro dened on T
E
X.
To typeset and print an authors work at the highest typographical
quality, using a predened, professional layout.
Current version is L
A
T
E
X2
.
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L
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E
X versus Word
Dierence between L
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T
E
X and Microsoft Word?
1
Word emphasizes visual design, L
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E
X emphasizes logical design.
2
Professionally craft layouts e.g. lecture notes.
3
Convenient to typeset mathematical formulae.
4
Add-on packages to support dierent kinds of typographical tasks.
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Installation
Setting up L
A
T
E
X.
1
A L
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E
X distribution and a text editor.
2
Recommended L
A
T
E
X distribution:
MiKTeX for Windows.
MacTeX for Mac OS X.
TeX Live for Linux.
3
Recommended text editors:
For Windows:
1 TeXnicCenter
2 WinEdt
For Mac OS X:
1 TeXShop
For Linux:
1 Kile
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Your rst L
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E
X document
1
Open TeXworks.
2
Switch output prole to pdfLaTeX.
3
Type the following:
\documentclass{article}
\begin{document}
Hello world!
\end{document}
4
Create a new folder on the Desktop and save your le as myFile.tex.
5
Compile.
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Typing mathematics
Type the following:
\documentclass[12pt,a4paper]{article}
\usepackage{amsmath,amsfonts}
\begin{document}
This is text style: $\lim_{n \to \infty}
\sum_{k=1}^{n} \frac{1}{k^{2}} = \frac{\pi^{2}}{6}$.
And this is display style:
\begin{equation}
\lim_{n \to \infty} \sum_{k=1}^{n} \frac{1}{k^{2}}
= \frac{\pi^{2}}{6}
\end{equation}
\end{document}
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Typing mathematics
This is text style: lim
n
n
k=1
1
k
2
=

2
6
. And this is display style:
lim
n
n
k=1
1
k
2
=

2
6
(1)
If equation numbering is undesired, use \begin{equation*} and
\end{equation*} instead.
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Typing mathematics
To type math, one have to enter math mode.
$ ... $ is used for inline maths.
\begin{equation} ... \end{equation} is one of the many
dierent environments used for displayed maths.
\[...\] is similar to \begin{equation} ... \end{equation}
For other math environments, refer to Short Math Guide.
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Typing mathematics
\usepackage{amsmath,amsfonts}
\begin{document}
\begin{align}
\int x \cos(x) dx &= \int u dv
\\ &= uv - \int v du
\\ &= x \sin(x) - \int \sin(x) dx
\\ &= x \sin(x) + \cos(x) + C
\end{align}
\end{document}
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Typing mathematics
_
x cos(x)dx =
_
udv (2)
= uv
_
vdu (3)
= x sin(x)
_
sin(x)dx (4)
= x sin(x) + cos(x) + C (5)
To remove numbering, use \begin{align*}
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Typing mathematics (Optional)
Sometimes Displaystyle Output,
e.g. lim
n
n
k=1
1
k
2
=

2
6
is desired in text style.
Use \limits after each operator.
\lim_{n \to \infty}\limits
\sum_{k=1}^{n}\limits
or use \displaystyle for the whole section.
$\displaystyle lim_{n \to \infty}\sum_{k=1}^{n}$
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Symbols
Greek letters
\alpha \theta o o \upsilon
\beta \vartheta \pi \phi
\gamma \iota c \varpi \varphi
\delta \kappa \rho \chi
c \epsilon \lambda \lambda \psi
\varepsilon j \mu \mu \omega
\zeta \nu \varsigma
\eta \xi \tau
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Symbols
Binary Relations
< < > = =
\leq or \le \geq or \ge \equiv
\ll \gg
.
= \doteq
\prec ~ \succ \sim
_ \preceq _ \succeq \simeq
\subset \supset \approx
\subseteq \supseteq

= \cong
\sqsubset \sqsupset \Join
_ \sqsubseteq _ \sqsupseteq > \bowtie
\in \ni or \owns \propto
\vdash \dashv [= \models
[ \mid | \parallel \perp
\smile \frown \asymp
: : , \notin ,= \neq or \ne
You can negate the following symbols by prexing them with a \not command.
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Symbols
Binary Operators
+ + -
\pm \pm \triangleleft
\cdot \div > \triangleright
\times \setminus \star
\cup \cap \ast
. \sqcup \sqcap \circ
\vee or \lor \wedge or \land \bullet
\oplus \ominus \diamond
\odot \oslash \uplus
\otimes _ \bigcirc H \amalg
\bigtriangleup _ \bigtriangledown \dagger
\lhd \rhd \ddagger
\unlhd \unrhd / \wr
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Symbols
BIG Operators
\sum
\bigcup
_
\bigvee
\bigoplus
\prod
\bigcap
_
\bigwedge
\bigotimes
\coprod
\bigsqcup
\bigodot
_
\int
_
\oint
\biguplus
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Symbols
Miscellaneous Symbols
. . . \dots \cdots
.
.
. \vdots
.
.
.
\ddots
\hbar \imath \jmath \ell
\Re \Im \aleph \wp
\forall \exists \mho \partial
\prime \emptyset \infty

\nabla \triangle \Box \Diamond
\bot \top \angle
\surd
\diamondsuit \heartsuit \clubsuit \spadesuit
\neg or \lnot \flat \natural \sharp
Refer to Short Math Guide or The Comprehensive L
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E
XSymbol List or DeTeXify
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Fonts and Size
Some commonly used Fonts (when in Math Mode)
$\mathnormal{x^2 -y^3}$
r
$\mathbb{C,R,Q}$
C, R, Q
$\oint \mathbf{v} \cdot d\mathbf{r} =0$
_
v dr = 0
$\mathcal{H,O,C}$
1, O, (
etc.
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Fonts and Size (Optional)
For Text Mode:
Standard fonts: \textrm{This is a sentence}
This is a sentence
\texttt{...}: This is a sentence
{\itshape ...}: This is a sentence
etc.
There are a whole range of fonts available for Text Mode.
You may need to download add-ons or \usepackage{...} if you
want to use some (fancy-looking) fonts.
Look it up online if you are interested.
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Fonts and Size (Optional)
{\tiny Hello} Hello
{\small...} Hello
{\large...} Hello
{\huge...} Hello
{\Huge...} Hello
For more info, refer online, such as Wikibooks
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The text command
Often one is required to type text in math mode:
a, b, c N such that a
2
+ b
2
= c
2
The above is produced by
$\exists a,b,c \in \mathbb{N} \quad
\text{such that} \quad a^2+b^2=c^2$
One can see that the text is produced by \text{}. However, what is
\quad?
The whitespace character do not create space in math mode.
Special commands are needed.
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Math spacing commands
Commands to dictate spacing in math mode.
\, \: \; \quad \qquad \hspace{1.3cm}
a, b, c Nsuch that a
2
+ b
2
= c
2
2
+ b
2
= c
2
2
+ b
2
= c
2
2
+ b
2
= c
2
2
+ b
2
= c
2
2
+ b
2
= c
2
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Matrices
There are ve environments for matrices:
pmatrix bmatrix Bmatrix vmatrix Vmatrix
_
a b
c d
_ _
a b
c d
_ _
a b
c d
_
a b
c d
_
_
_
_
a b
c d
_
_
_
_
For example,
\begin{pmatrix}
a & b\\
c & d
\end{pmatrix}
_
a b
c d
_
\begin{bmatrix}
a & b & c\\
d & e & f\\
h & i & j
\end{bmatrix}
_
_
a b c
d e f
h i j
_
_
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New commands
Symbols such as , R may be troublesome to type.
\varepsilon, \mathbb{R}
Use \newcommand{\ve}{\varepsilon}.
\ve will now call .
\newcommand{\ve}{\varepsilon}
\begin{document}
$\ve$
\end{document}
Declare new commands in the preamble (before \begin{document})
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New commands
$( \dfrac{1}{2} )$ produces (
1
2
)
Use \left(...\right) to t the brackets
$\left( \dfrac{1}{2} \right)$ produces
_
1
2
_
\newcommand(\abs)[1]{\left| #1 \right|}
\abs{x} and \abs{\sum_{n=1}^\infty\limits \frac{1}{n}}
will give [x[ and
n=1
1
n
respectively.
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New commands
\newcommand{\WHAT}[4]{\sum_{#1}^{#2}
\limits \dfrac{#3}{#4}}
\WHAT{k=1}{\infty}{1}{k^2}.
k=1
1
k
2
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Declare Math Operator (Optional)
$sin(x), \sin(x)$
sin(x), sin(x)
For pre-dened functions, no need to do this: \textrm{sin}
Sometimes the desired function is not predened, e.g. the function Span.
\DeclareMathOperator{\Span}{Span}
However, if you use \DeclareMathOperator*{\Span}{Span}
\displaystyle \Span_{y \in V} now gives Span
yV
i.e. similar eect to $\displaystyle \lim_{n \to \infty}$
lim
n
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Typing Theorems (Optional)
Often required to type theorems.
Use the amsthm package.
\begin{theorem} ... \end{theorem}.
The theorems will be numbered automatically.
Theorem-like environments can be created. e.g. Denitions,
propositions and corollaries.
Refer to the documentation of amsthm for more details.
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Special Characters
The characters
# $ % &
are commands in L
A
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E
X. To specify them, use
\# \$ \% \^ \& \_ \{ \} \~ $\backslash$
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Comments
Use % to make comments (the compiler will ignore anything after the %
symbol)
Useful when you face bugs/errors.
this is a % hidden
message
this is a message
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The input le
What is in the input le?
Preamble
Document class
Packages
Commands that dene new functions, or to format the document
Document body
Title page
Table of Contents
Chapters, sections, subsections and so on
Bibliography, appendix, index, etc.
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The input le
Document classes
article for articles in scientic journals, presentations, short reports,
program documentation, invitations, . . .
report for longer reports containing several chapters, small books,
PhD theses, . . .
book for real books.
beamer for creating Presentation, like this one
Options for document classes:
10pt,11pt,12pt Sets the size of the main font in the document. If no
option is specied, 10pt is assumed.
a4paper,letterpaper,. . . Denes the paper size. The default is
letterpaper. Besides that, a5paper, b5paper,
executivepaper and legalpaper can be species.
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The input le
Examples:
documentclass{article}
documentclass[11pt]{article}
documentclass[12pt,a4paper]{article}
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The input le
Packages
amsmath provides various features to facilitate writing math formulas
and to improve the typographical quality of their output.
amsfonts a set of miscellaneous T
E
X fonts that augment the standard
Computer Modern set normally distributed with T
E
X.
amsthm facilitates the kind of theorem setup typically needed in
American Mathematical Society publications.
graphicx support for graphics.
geometry provides a exible and easy interface to page dimensions.
pstricks a set of macros that allow the inclusion of PostScript
drawings directly inside L
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X code.
TikZ producing vector graphics from a geometric/algebraic
description
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The input le
Examples:
usepackage{amsmath}
usepackage{amsmath,amsfonts}
usepackage[margin=3cm]{geometry}
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The input le
Example:
\documentclass[a4paper,12pt]{article}
\usepackage{amsmath,amsfonts,amsthm}
\newcommand{\ve}{\varepsilon}
\begin{document}
.
.
.
\end{document}
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Typing Text
How to type text in L
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T
E
X?
As per how it is done in Word.
A new paragraph is specied by a blank line between the previous and
current paragraph.
A new line is specied by \\.
Vertical Spacing: \\[1.3cm]
A new page by \newpage.
Use two (grave accent) for opening quotation marks and two
(vertical quote) for closing quotation marks. For single quotes, use
one of each.
. . . is specied by ldots.
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Titles
Author information are specied by the following commands in the
preamble:
\title{}
\author{}
\date{}
Example:
\title{The Not So Short Introduction to \LaTeXe}
\author{by Tobias Oetiker \and Hubert Partl \and
Irene Hynaand \and Elisabeth Schlegl}
\date{\today}
Use \maketitle to insert the title. It is usually placed right after the
\begin{document}.
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Chapters, sections and subsections
Dierent document classes support dierent levels of organization.
article Sections, subsections, subsubsections.
report Chapter and those of article.
book Same as report.
To declare them, use
\chapter{}
\section{}
\subsection{}
\subsubsection{}
Note. There is no \subsubsubsection{}.
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Chapters, sections and subsections
Example:
\chapter{Typesetting Text}
\section{The Structure of Text and Language}
\subsection{Justified Paragraphs}
\subsection{Hyphenation}
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Table of Contents
How to create a Table of Contents?
Created by \tableofcontents.
Usually inserted after \maketitle.
Automatically retrieve the section names.
Automatically retrieve the page numbers.
Document have to be L
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Xed twice.
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What we learn so far
Example:
\documentclass{report}
\title{The Not So Short Introduction to \LaTeXe}
\author{by Tobias Oetiker \and Hubert Partl \and Irene Hynaand
\and Elisabeth Schlegl}
\date{\today}
\begin{document}
\maketitle
\tableofcontents
\chapter{Typesetting Text}
\section{The Structure of Text and Language}
\subsection{Justified Paragraphs}
\subsection{Hyphenation}
\end{document}
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Special Structures
Very often, special structures are required:
Tables
Graphics
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Abstract
How to type a abstract?
\begin{abstract} ... \end{abstract}.
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Lists
Three type of list environments:
itemize
enumerate
description
Itemize and enumerate are specied in a similar manner.
\begin{itemize}
\item itemize
\item enumerate
\item description
\end{itemize}
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Lists
An example of description.
\begin{description}
\item[article] Sections, subsections, subsubsections.
\item[report] Chapter and those of article.
\item[book] Same as report.
\end{description}
It gives:
article Sections, subsections, subsubsections.
report Chapter and those of article.
book Same as report.
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Tables
How to create tables?
The tabular environment is used.
L
A
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E
X determines the width of the columns automatically.
Example:

c
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Tables
The previous table is specied by:
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|}
\hline
$\alpha$ & $\beta$ & $\gamma$\\
\hline
$\delta$ & $\epsilon$ & $\zeta$\\
\hline
\end{tabular}
{|c|c|c|} is know as the table
specications.
\hline generates a horizontal
line.
& skips to the next column.
\\ starts a new row.
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Tables(Optional)
What are table specications?
The letters specify the alignment of text horizontally in the column.
l for left-aligned text.
c for centered text.
r for right-aligned text.
Sometimes control over column width is desired
Use p{width}.
| draws a vertical line.
|| draws a double line.
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Tables(Optional)
Examples:
{ccc}

c
{|ccc|}

c
{|l|c|r|}

c j
{|p{5pt}|p{1cm}|p{1in}|}

c
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Tables
You can use \array if your table includes many math symbols
$\left(\begin{array}{ccc|c}
1 & 2 & 3 & \alpha
\\ 4 & 5 & 6 & \beta
\\ 7 & 8 & 9 & \gamma
\end{array}
\right)$
_
_
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
_
_
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Floats(Optional)
What are oats?
Figures and tables cannot be broken across pages.
To oat them so that L
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E
X can decide where to best place them.
L
A
T
E
X have two oat environments:
1
gure
2
table
Figures are usually used for graphics.
Tables are usually used for tables.
Captions are specied by \caption{}.
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Floats(Optional)
How to create oats?
\begin{figure}[placement specifier] ... \end{figure}
\begin{table}[placement specifier] ... \end{table}
Placement specier tells L
A
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E
X where the oat is allowed to be moved.
h here, at the very place in the text where it occurred. This is
useful mainly for small oats.
t at the top of a page.
b at the bottom of a page.
p on a special page containing only oats.
! without considering most of the internal parameters, which
could stop this oat from being placed.
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Floats(Optional)
Example:
\begin{table}[!htbp]
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|}
\hline
$\alpha$ & $\beta$ & $\gamma$\\
\hline
$\delta$ & $\epsilon$ & $\zeta$\\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\caption{An example of floating tables}
\end{table}
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Import Graphics
Graphics support is not native to L
A
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E
X.
Use the graphicx package.
The command is \includegraphics{}.
PDF can import JPEG, PNG, PDF and MetaPost graphic formats.
The graphic le have to be in the same folder as the input le.
Options to control the graphic.
\usepackage{graphicx}
.
.
.
\includegraphics{Einstein}
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Import Graphics(Optional)
The most commonly used options for \includegraphics{}.
height The height of the graphics (in any of the accepted T
E
X units).
width The width of the graphics (in any of the accepted T
E
X units).
scale Scale factor for the graphic. Specifying scale=2 makes the
graphic twice as large as its natural size.
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Import Graphics(Optional)
Example:
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\center
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{Einstein}
\caption{Example of including graphics}
\end{figure}
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{Einstein}
\includegraphics[height=0.5\textheight]{Einstein}
\includegraphics[scale=2]{Einstein}
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Creating Graphics(Optional)
\usepackage[all]{xy}
\begin{displaymath}
\xymatrix{
A \ar[r]^f \ar[d]_g & B \ar[d]^{g} \\
D \ar[r]_{f} & C }
\end{displaymath}
A
f
//
g
B
g
D
f

//
C
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Creating Graphics(Optional)
r
r
r
r
r
A
B
C
a
b
c
F =
_
s(s a)(s b)(s c)
s :=
a + b + c
2
-

6
= v,c = tanh
Refer to WikiBooks for more tutorials/examples of creating graphics
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Bibliography
L
A
T
E
X have native support for simple bibliographies.
\begin{thebibliography}{num} ... \end{thebibliography}.
Each entry starts with \bibitem{marker}.
The marker is used to cite the reference in the document.
To cite, use \cite{marker}.
The entries will be enumerated in automatically in the bibliography.
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Bibliography
Example:
.
.
.
\begin{document}
.
.
.
An example of a citation~\cite{example1}.
.
.
.
\begin{thebibliography}{99}
\bibitem{example1} H.Partl: German T
E
X, TUGboat Volume~9
\bibitem{example2} Jun Jie: L
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E
X Workshop
\end{thebibliography}
.
.
.
\end{document}
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Bibliography
The above method is only recommended for simple bibliographies.
For a more robust method, BibTeX is preferred.
However, it is not recommended for absolute beginners to L
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E
X.
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Beamer
Copy-and-Paste, and compile the provided beamer le for
presentation-like output.
Search online if you are interested to learn more.
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Log le
The log le is a compilation report.
It contains errors and warning that L
A
T
E
X generated.
Important to check the log le after each compilation.
More often than not, the log le is able to locate the error.
Try to L
A
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E
X the document again if errors are present.
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Online resources
L
A
T
E
X have a wealth of online support.
Each package comes with its on documentation.
Numerous tutorials set up across the web.
Google is your best friend.
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Further reading
Recommended readings:
Short Math Guide.
The Not So Short Introduction to L
A
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E
X2
.
Using L
A
T
E
X to Write a PhD Thesis.
L
A
T
E
X - Wikibooks.
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L
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E
X in the real world
Examples of latex being used to produce articles.
U0402328 - Depth-First Search Algorithm
U0402339 - Spanning Cycles in Tournaments
U0502893 - Panoramic Image Mosaicing
U0805124 - PC1325
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The end
Q & A
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The end
Thank You
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E

A Beginner's Workshop On LaTeX

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