Biology Note Card Jeffery Sereno Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration: Chlorophyll-Primary pigment involved in photosynthesis absorbs blue

and red light, reflects green and yellow Chloroplasts-Organelle that uses light energy to make carbohydrates from Carbon Dioxide & Water. Have disc-like shape with thylakoids inside. Help produce O2. Parts of leaf: Epidermis-physically protects leaf. Cuticle-keeps leaf from drying out. Stoma-lets h2o/co2 in. Palisade layer-photosynthesis happens. Spongy layerphotosynthesis. Vein-brings in water, takes out sugar. Aerobic respiration-requires o2 anaerobic respiration-no air Law of conservation of energy- Energy is neither created nor destroyed. Photosynthesis equation- 6CO2(Carbon Dioxide) + 6H2O (water) light C6H12O6 (glucose) +6O2(Oxygen). Cellular respiration is opposite but with enzymes and no light. Chromosomes and Cell Reproduction, Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction Diploid-a cell that contains 2 sets of chromosomes Haploid-a gamete contains 1 set of chromosomes Cell cycle-G1, synthesis, G2, mitosis, cytokinesis. Mitosis-prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telephone. Gene-segment of DNA, holds code for proteins. Chromosome-structure made of DNA and proteins on which genes are located Meiosis-Prophas1, Metaphase1, Anaphase1, Telophase1, P2, M2, A2, T2. Mendel and Heredity Law of Segregation-two alleles for a trait segregate when gametes are formed. Law of Independent Assortment-alleles of different genes separate independently of one another during gamete formation. Homologous Chromosomes-C that are similar in size/shape/genetic content. Variation- crossing over, dominant/ recessive genes. Phenotype-physical appearance of a trait. Genotype-the set of alleles that an individual has. Incomplete Dominance-when an organism has a trait that is intermediate between 2 parents. Sex-linked-trait whose allele is located on the X C most=recessive. Multiple alleles-genes with 3+ alleles. Autosomes-Chromosomes not involved with determining gender. Sex chromosomes- determines the sex of the individual DNA: The Genetic Material, How Proteins are made Double Helix-2 strands twisted around each other, strands made of linked nucleotides. Nucleotides-subunits that make up DNA made of phosphate group, 5-carbon sugar and Nitrogen base-A, T, C, G Protein Synthesis- hoe DNA gets transferred into proteins. DNA replication-1. Original strands separate. 2. Polymerases add complementary nukes to each strand. 3. 2 new DNA strands are formed! Transcription-instructions for making proteins are transferred from a gene to a RNA molecule, firststep of protein synthesis. Translation-RNA that reads the amino acids and makes proteins Condons-RNA instructions written as series of 3 nuke sequences. Anti-condons- 3nuc sequence on tRNA, recognizes a complementary condon on mRNA mRNA-form of RNA that carries protein instructions to site of translation tRNA-strands of RNA that temporarily carries a specific amino acid on one end. Evolution Theory of Evolution-1.variation exists within in genes of every population 2.individuals are better suited to survive and have more offspring 3. Traits that help with survival become more common. 4. Fossils provide evidence. EX:Whales used to have legs. Vestigial structures. Natural selection-population changes in response to environment Adaptation-changing of species that results in being better suited to its environment. PIG : Circulatory And Respiratory Systems Blood path from heart to lungs-1. Superior/Inferior Vena Cava sends o2 poor blood to RA. 2. RA sends to RV. 3. Sends blood to pulmonary artery. 4. Pulmonary arteries send blood to lungs. 5. Pulmonary veins return blood to LA. 6.LA to LV. 7. LV sends blood to aorta. Path of inhaled air-Nares, nasal passage, naso-pharynx, glottis, larynx(vb), trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, capillaries. Digestive and Excretory Systems Esophagus-tube that connects mouth to stomach Sphincter-prevents acid soaked food from coming back up the esophagus Small intestine-long tube that absorbs nutrients Duodenum-1st part of small intestine Large intestine-where the wastes move, absorbs water Liver- breaks down amino acids and molecules absorbed from small intestine Ureters-tubes that carry urine from kidney to bladder Bladder-stores urine Urethra-long tube where urine exits. Nephrons-tiny tubes in kidneys that filter wastes from blood. Xtra vocab Phosphate-where Atp energy is located. Fermentation-CO2 released and bread dough rises. Glycolysis- first stage of cellular respiration. Clavin Cycle-CO2 molecules are broken down. ATP synthesase helps catalyze ATP formation. Prophasenuclear membrane disappears, mitotic spindles form. Aerobic respiration-produces most ATP. Photo means light. Pyruvic acid is formed by glucose during glycolysis. Telophase-last stage of mitosis and cytoplasm begins to divide. ADP- when Atp loses phosphate group. 46 chromosomes is the diploid number for human liver cell. Mutation-change in DNA. Point mutation-simple change in one base of gene sequence. Frameshift-when one or more bases are inserted or deleted. Heritable-can be passed on from parents to children. Most mutations-nothing happens. Autosome-first 22 chromosomes. Nondisjunction- problem that happens when sperm and egg are being made. Karyotype-diagram of persons chromosomes. Need living cell. Cytoplasm-where proteins are made.