Stephen

Peppers World Hypotheses

Pepper, S. C. (1942/1972). World hypotheses: A study in evidence. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Analytic

Dispersive
Formism
Root Metaphor: similarity OR
artifact

Integrative
Mechanism
Root Metaphor: machine

Synthetic Contextualism
Root Metaphor: historic event

Organicism
Root Metaphor: integrative OR organism
Knowledge is orderly and systematic. World is orderly. Predictability. Determinate. Precision. Lack of scope.

Knowledge is not systematic. World is not orderly. Unpredictable. Indeterminate. Lack of precision. Broad scope.

Analytic & Synthetic polarity of fundamental approaches Dispersive & Integrative polarity of fundamental approaches

Formism

Mechanism Contextualism Organicism

Analytical

Synthetic

Associated with: Realism Platonic Idealism

Dispersive

Integrative

Dispersive
Associated with: Pragmatism Peirce James Bergson Dewey Mead

Integrative
Associated with: Absolute Idealism Objective Idealism Schelling Hegel Green Bradley Bosanquet Royce Root Metaphor: Integration Organism Holistic Focus on relationships Rejects mechanism, reductionism, vitalism

Plato Aristotle Neo-realists And others

Root Metaphor: Similarity Artifact Classification of similarities Focus on the concrete Descriptive

Associated with: Naturalism Materialism (Realism) Democritus Lucretius Galileo Descartes Hobbes Locke Berkeley Hume Root Metaphor: Machine Focus on the quantitative Cause-and-effect Reductionist Focus on laws & principles

Root Metaphor: Historic Event Focus on contexts in which phenomena occur Contextdependence

Strong Tendency to Combine

Strong Tendency to Combine