Dynamics

Lecture (3/4)

Recap of Lecture 2
IMPULSE = change in momentum of the object

From Newtons

2nd

Law

dp F= dt
pf f

Integrating,

t2

F dt = dp = p
t1 pi

pi = p

Impulse

Recap of Lecture 2
F-t graph:
Area under the graph gives change in momentum (impulse)

Impulse = F dt = Area under F-t graph

p-t graph:
Gradient gives the net force acting on the body

dp F= dt

v = v u
v = 50 m s-1 <F> = p / t = (mv) / t = m (v / t) = 0.1 x (50 / 0.1) = 50 N Direction: 120o to the initial vel

Vector diagram

-u

60o

u=0 m = 0.10 kg

v=15 ms-1

Impulse = Change in momentum = mv - 0 = (0.10)(15) 0 = 1.5 N s F-t graph for the ball :

The same change in momentum can either result from a large force acting for a very short time, or, a much smaller force acting for a much longer time

QUICK QUIZ

When a cricket player catches the ball, he would feel a sting on his hands. What should he do to reduce the sting?

QUICK QUIZ

Draw back his hands as the ball is caught. This reduces the momentum of the ball to zero over a longer time interval. A smaller force is thus exerted on the hand.

Newtons 2nd Law Fluid flow problems

Newtons 2nd Law of Motion

The rate of change of momentum of a body is proportional to the net force that acts on it, and the momentum change takes place in the direction of the force.

dp d (mv ) F= = dt dt
d (v ) d ( m) =m +v dt dt

F = ma
Constant mass

Continuous mass flow problem.

d ( m) F =v dt

The exhaust gases push against the atmosphere behind the rocket.

Rocket propulsion How does it work?

Professor Goddard (1882-1945) American rocket pioneer

January 13, 1920 New York Times editorial ridiculed Goddards idea:

Robert H. Goddard

That Professor Goddard with his "chair" in Clark College and the countenancing of the Smithsonian Institution, does not know the relation of action and reaction, and of the need to have something better than a vacuum against which to reactto say that would be absurd. Of course he only seems to lack the knowledge ladled out daily in high schools

Newtons 3rd Law: Rocket Propulsion

Reaction: Action: Force by exhaust gas on Force by rocket on exhaust gas rocket which is propelled forward. which is pushed backwards.
The inflated balloon has compressed air pressing equally against all the sides. Air rushes out the open hole. Action: Force by balloon on air that is pushed out of the hole. Reaction: Force by air on balloon which fly off in opposite direction.

On 17 July 1969, the day after Apollo 11's launch,

the New York Times issued this correction over a 1920 story it ran saying spaceflight is impossible.

Thrust Force

dp Thrust force is equal and opposite in direction to the Thrust Force F = rate of change of momentum of the exhaust gas. dt dm =v dt
Velocity of exhaust gas (relative to rocket) Mass flow rate of exhaust gas (or fuel consumption rate)

Thrust Force

dp Thrust force is equal and opposite in direction to the Thrust Force F = rate of change of momentum of the expelled water. dt dm =v dt
Velocity of water (relative to pipe) Mass flow rate of water

dm F =v dt d ( V ) =v dt d ( Ax) = v dt d ( x) = vA dt
= vA(v)

F = v 2 A = (0.20) (1000)(100 10
2 4

= v A
2

) = 0.4N

PRINCIPLE OF CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM

What is momentum? v Momentum ( p ) is defined as

Momentum is a vector. SI Base units: kg m s-1
Faster object has higher momentum (comparing 2 objects of same size)

v v p = mv
Bigger mass object has higher momentum (comparing 2 objects of same velocity)

What is momentum? v Momentum ( p ) is defined as

Momentum is a vector. SI Base units: kg m s-1
v p A = 200 Ns

v v p = mv

Q: Which object (A or B) is faster? A B

v pB = 50 Ns

Principle of Conservation of Momentum

The total momentum of an isolated system remains constant (or is conserved). When no external force acts on a system, the total momentum of a system remains constant with time.

Note: The momenta of the individual objects in the system may change, but the vector sum of all the momenta will not change with the passage of time (provided system is isolated).

Update your lecture notes

What is an isolated system?

Net external force or torque A system that is isolated from ...

No external force internal force

Example 11: Conservation of Momentum

pA pB

pC
pA

pA

pC

pB

Example: Man & Skateboard

10 N s 10 N s

What does this system comprise? Man & skateboard What is the total initial mom of this system? Zero Is this system isolated? Yes, there is no net external force. What will be the total final mom of this system? Zero If man walks forward with mom of 10 N s, what do you predict will happen to skateboard? It will move backward with mom of 10 N s.

Derivation of Principle of Conservation of Momentum (1) from Newtons 2nd Law

dp F= dt

If F = 0, dp then =0 dt

p = 0
This derivation is within the scope of the syllabus. Tested in Nov 2009.

Derivation of Principle of Conservation of Momentum (1) from Newtons 3rd Law

This derivation is within the scope of the syllabus. Tested in Nov 2009.

How to solve problems on Conservation of Momentum

Draw diagrams of system BEFORE & AFTER the interaction. Indicate the masses & velocities of the objects in the system. Mark a line along which the law is applicable & choose one direction as positive.

Equate the total momentum before and after the interaction.

Example: Blocks on compressed spring

Solution: Velocity of B =?

Since no net external force, total momentum is conserved:

p =p
i

Total initial mom = Tot final mom Taking vectors to the left as positive

0 = 0.70(5) + (0.40(v) v = 8.7 m s -1

Ballistic Pendulum to determine speed of bullet

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oNGm4mVWMuY

B: Conservation of Momentum B C: Conservation of Energy

Apply conservation of energy:

C: Conservation of Energy

Loss in KE = Gain in GPE (m + M) V2 = (m + M) g h V2 = 2 g h V = ( 2 x 9.81 x 0.040 ) = 0.88589 m s-1

B: Conservation of Momentum

Take vectors to the right as positive. Total momentum just before impact =Total momentum just after impact m v = (m + M) V (0.020) v = (0.020 + 4.98) (0.88589) v = 221 m s-1

** Note: Once the pendulum leaves its vertical position, there is a net external force on the system and momentum of the system decreases momentum no longer conserved .