GREEN FUEL TECH

Save ENERGY... Save ENVIRONMENT With EMULSIFIED FUEL OIL

JUNE, 2012

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WATER-IN-OIL FUEL EMULSIONS

Emulsion fuels an economical and environmentally responsible option

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EMULSIFIED FUEL

Emulsions consist of at least two distinct materials that do not physically mix but are blended to stay suspended one in the other. Most common Emulsified Fuels are water-in-oil emulsions where micron sized water droplets are suspended in a Hydrocarbon medium like Heavy Oil ( Furnace Oil) , Diesel or even Bitumen. Emulsified fuels have excellent combustion characteristics, with complete Carbon burn-outs, controlled peak-flame-temperatures, which results in Higher Economy, Less Smoke and lower NOx formation. Emulsified Oils can be manufactured by various means processes depending on factors like the type of Hydrocarbon used and the quantity of water added.

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EMULSIFIED FUEL Benefits and uses

Benefits of using Emulsified fuel Benefits of using Emulsified fuel
Emulsified Fuel results in lower fuel costs by 10 to 15% depending on fuel quality and operational parameters. Emulsified Fuel burns cleanly with considerable decrease in emissions (dust, ash, SOx, NOx,CO,CO2 and CO).

Applications of Emulsified fuel Applications of Emulsified fuel

Boilers, Furnaces and diesel engines.

Fuels that can be Emulsified Fuels that can be Emulsified

Residual Fuel oils (furnace oil included), waste oils, diesel, gasoline, vegetable oils, etc.

Direct additional benefit for environment Direct additional benefit for environment
Near complete combustion results in lower emissions and green house gas emissions. Emulsions are the only fuel technology that simultaneously reduces both NOx and particulate matter (PM) emissions.

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PRINCIPLE OF EMULSIFIED FUEL COMBUSTION

Introducing water to petroleum products for combustion is a concept that has been around for centuries. In fact, reference to water as an ancillary combustion control technique can be found as early as 1791 in a gas turbine patent. Emulsified Fuel is embedded with water droplets of 5-10 micron size. When it is atomized by the burner, the flame temperature causes the embedded water droplets in the emulsified Fuel to burst into steam increasing in volume by many times. This rapid expansion shatters the fuel oil droplet into a 1-5 micron sized Oil drops, thus having 1000 times greater surface area. This unique combustion characteristic of Emulsified Fuels is known as Secondary Atomization.

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COMPARISON OF FLAME GEOMETRY

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NORMAL & EMULSIFIED FUEL DROPLET AN ILLUSTRATION

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FUEL OIL ENCASED WATER DROPLET

Each H2O molecule is surrounded by petroleum, creating emulsified droplets

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PROCESS OF MAKING EMULSIFIED FUEL

Hydrocarbon Oil

Water

Additive

Mixer

Emulsified Fuel Oil

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WATER PARTICLE SIZE POST ATOMIZATION

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NORMAL FUEL AND EMULSION FUEL PHYSICAL APPREARANCE

Normal fuel oil
Water in black oil, distance Between lines of 100 micron)

Water-in-fuel emulsion
Black oil after proper dispersion - atomized drops of waters - it is not visible.

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NORMAL COMBUSTION PROCESS

When a regular fuel is sprayed into the combustion chamber (whether it is a steam boiler, diesel engine or a furnace), it is atomized into droplets varying in size from 50 to 200 microns.

Because only the surface of each fuel droplet exposed to air can burn, larger liquid fuel droplets do not burn completely, leaving unburned carbon to collect on the surfaces of a combustion chamber or escape as particulate matter in exhaust gases. This reduces overall thermal efficiency and increases harmful emissions.

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COMBUSTION OF NORMAL FUEL DROPLET - SCHEMATIC

Example: Bunker C Oil

Bunker C Oil Evaporation point 300 DEG c Ignition combustion point 530 DEG c Ash 0.01~0.04% Reserved carbon 7~10 wt% Combustion rate is insufficient compared to light oil

Pyrolysis*
The different evaporation point 300 Deg C and ignition [combustion] point 530 Deg C generates carbon elements that are difficult to be burned.

50~200 microns

Heat in combustor

Evaporating combustion

Decomposing combustion

Pyrolyzing temperature Above 300 Deg C

*The transformation of a substance into one or more other substances by heat alone without oxidation

A carbon dust which includes concentrated ash that (20~50 microns) is a result of the lack of evaporation.

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COMBUSTION OF NORMAL FUEL IN THE COMBUSTION CHAMBER

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COMBUSTION OF EMULSIFIED FUEL OIL

When emulsified fuel droplets are sprayed into the combustion chamber, they are atomized a second time as a result of the violent transformation of their water content into steam. This transformation of water into steam shatters th e petroleum surrounding that water into much smaller droplets.

Smaller droplets have a much greater surface area, significantly improving the efficiency of combustion. This unique combustion characteristic of emulsified fuels is commonly referred to as secondary atomization. A secondary effect of water transforming into steam is that peak combustion temperatures are reduced, resulting in the formation of significantly fewer smog-forming NOx emissions. The changes in combustion kinetics also significantly reduce PM emissions that result from incomplete combustion.

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PRINCIPLE OF EMULSIFIED FUEL COMBUSTION

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COMBUSTION OF EMULSIFIED FUEL - SCHEMATIC

Principle-Combustion of Emulsified Fuel PrinciplePrinciple-Combustion of Emulsified Fuel
At a nano level the free H+ radicals combine with the O3 This micro burns restors the calorie loss due to heat of vaporization.

When vaporized, Water expands more than 1700 times

Explosive evaporation of the micron sized water molecules in high temperature free the oil molecules. The micron size oil molecules have a greater surface area supporting cleaner combustion.

Emulsion fuel particle, O3, Oil and water mix

Combustion chamber of boiler

Micro Explosion

Heavy Oil evaporation point above 300 Deg C Water evaporation point above 100 Deg C

When the diameter of the emulsion particle is below 100 micron, the oxygen contactable surface area becomes 100 times greater. When the diameter is below 5 micron, it becomes 5,000 times greater.

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COMBUSTION OF EMULSION FUEL IN COMBUSTION CHAMBER

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WATER A PRODUCT OF COMBUSTION

Combustion of any hydrocarbon will produce a significant amount of water, in the form of steam, from the reaction of the hydrogen in the fuel and oxygen in the air. In fact, depending on the type of fuel, the water mass produced during combustion can be greater than the mass of the fuel source. In other words, emulsified fuel technology is only altering the sequence in which the water is introduced into combustion - not introducing water as a new compound. The following combustion reaction for methane illustrates this: CH4 + 2O2 > CO2 + 2H2O One mole of methane with an atomic weight of 16 producing two moles of water with an atomic weight of 36. GFT

WATER BALANCE
(During combustion of normal fuel and emulsified fuel)

1 kg fuel needs ~14.5 kg of air to burn:

The combustion develops: N2 CO2 / SO2 / NOx H2O produced during combustion : ~11.0 kg : ~3.2 kg : ~1.3 kg

1 kg emulsion with 90% oil & 10% H2O needs ~13.0 kg of air to burn:
The combustion develops: N2 CO2 / SO2 / NOx H2O produced during combustion Added H2O Total H2O : ~9.9 kg : ~2.9 kg : ~1.2 kg : ~0.1 kg : ~1.3 kg

Therefore there is no change in the moisture content in flue gases (steam) in spite of adding water for preparing the fuel emulsion.

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BENEIFITS OF EMULSION FUELS

Emulsion fuel
Small sized particles Surfactant holds the H20 and Oil molecule together Near Complete combustion

Attributes

Emulsion

Merits

Uses any fresh water supply Considerable reduction in CO2, SO2, etc Dust reduction rate

Economical issue
Works without any modification on burner system Economy in price - 10 to 15% less fuel consumption

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WINWIN OPPORTUNITY

Salient features of our contract:

No investment in emulsifying equipment, additive or manpower by the customer. The equipment is owned, operated & maintained by us. On site Real-time demo for 15 to 30 days (free of cost) to evaluate the saving potential of emulsified fuel oil. After a successful demo, a service fee will be charged for every Kl of emulsified oil produced (this payment will come from fuel savings). No savings - No pay. Therefore, it is a No RiskAll Gain opportunity for the customer.

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TYPICAL ASSEMBLED EMULSION SYSTEM

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EMULSION FUEL SERVICES

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION. PLEASE SWITCH TO EMULSIFIED FURNACE OIL TO SAVE ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT.

For emulsion services and management, please contact: Mr S Suriyanarayanan Green Fuel Tech Cell : +91 90527 88398 E-mail: gft@gmail.com

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